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Current Advances for Development of Functional
Foods Modulating Inflammation and Oxidative
Stress
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Current Advances for
Development of Functional
Foods Modulating
Inflammation and Oxidative
Stress
Edited by
Blanca Hernández-Ledesma
Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Institute of Food Science Research
(CIAL, CSIC-UAM, CEI-UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain

Cristina Martı́nez-Villaluenga
Department of Food Characterization, Quality and Safety, Institute of Food Science,
Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Contents

List of contributors xv 2.2.1 Dietary polyphenols 17

Preface xxi 2.2.2 Fatty acids 19
2.2.3 Proteins and amino acids 20
1. Bioactive compounds modulating 2.2.4 Dietary fibers 21
inflammation and oxidative stress in 2.3 Fermented foods for better bioavailability
some traditional functional foods and of some nutrients—fighting with
inflammation and oxidative stress 23
beverages 1
2.3.1 Importance of good nutrition in
Ilkay Gok inflammation and oxidative stress 23
2.3.2 Food fermentation 24
1.1 A brief overview of inflammation and
2.3.3 Fermented food
functional foods
oxidative stress 1
and health impact 25
1.2 Food compounds for the control of the
2.4 Conclusion 27
oxidative stress and inflammation 2
Acknowledgments 27
1.2.1 Effect of dietary fiber/prebiotics on
References 27
oxidative stress and inflammation 2
1.2.2 Effect of nutritional antioxidants on 3. Development of functional foods by
oxidative stress and inflammation 3
using 3D printing technologies:
1.2.3 Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on
inflammation and oxidative stress 5
application to oxidative stress and
1.3 Traditional diet: effects on oxidative
inflammation-related affections 33
stress and inflammation 6 Ivana M. Cotabarren and Camila A. Palla
1.3.1 Effect of food composition on gut
3.1 Introduction 33
microbiota, oxidative stress, and
3.2 3D food printing technologies 33
inflammation 6
1.3.2 Effect of fermented foods on oxidative 3.2.1 Extrusion 34
stress and inflammation 7 3.2.2 Power binding 35
1.4 Functional traditional foods effect on 3.2.3 Inkjet printing 36
oxidative stress and inflammation with 3.3 The role of diet and nutrients in oxidative
bioactive compounds 9 stress and inflammatory processes 36
1.5 Conclusion 13 3.4 Personalized functional foods through
References 13 3D printing 38
Further reading 16 3.4.1 Incorporation of food components
with antioxidant and/or
2. Health-promoting activities and antiinflammatory action 38
bioavailability of bioactive 3.4.2 Customized health diseases
compounds from functional foods 17 preventive foods 46
3.4.3 New food textures for people with
Sonia A. Socaci, Anca C. Fărcaş, Francisc V. Dulf,
swallowing and chewing
Oana L. Pop, Zoriţa M. Diaconeasa and
difficulties 48
Melinda Fogarasi
3.4.4 New ingredients for functional foods
2.1 Introduction 17 development 49
2.2 The role in modulating inflammation and 3.5 Functional foods through 3D printing:
oxidative stress of food bioactive opportunities, challenges, and
compounds 17 perspectives 50

v
vi Contents

3.6 Conclusions 51 5.4 Physicochemical properties of multiple

Acknowledgments 51 emulsions 77
References 51 5.5 Applications of multiple emulsions in
developing functional foods 81
4. The regulatory aspects of substantiating 5.5.1 Multiple emulsions in improving
health benefits of foods containing the fatty acid profile of foods 81
antioxidants 57 5.5.2 Role of emulsions in developing
low-fat food products 82
Karin G.M. Lenssen and Alie de Boer 5.5.3 Multiple emulsions in developing
4.1 Introduction 57 low-sodium food products 83
4.2 European food law 57 5.5.4 Encapsulation of functional
4.2.1 The regulation of novel foods 58 ingredients 83
4.2.2 The regulation of nutrition and health 5.6 Stability of multiple emulsions 92
claims 59 5.6.1 Characterization of multiple
4.3 Health claims on antioxidants 61 emulsions in assessing their stability 92
4.3.1 The substantiation of antioxidant 5.7 Bioavailability and bioaccessibility of
health claims 61 bioactives encapsulated with multiple
4.4 Biomarkers for oxidative damage to DNA, emulsions 93
proteins, and lipids 62 5.8 Conclusion and future trends 94
4.4.1 General characteristics of References 94
biomarkers 62
4.4.2 Biomarkers for protein oxidation 63 6. A new approach of functional pectin
4.4.3 Biomarkers for DNA oxidation 64 and pectic oligosaccharides: role as
4.4.4 Biomarkers for lipid oxidation 65 antioxidant and antiinflammatory
4.5 Discussion and conclusion 68 compounds 105
References 69
Antonia Montilla, Nerea Muñoz-Almagro and
Mar Villamiel
5. Developing novel foods using multiple
emulsions: insights with reference to 6.1 Pectins 105
bioaccessibility and bioavailability 73 6.1.1 General aspects 105
6.1.2 Pectins as antioxidant agents 107
Hafiz Ubaid ur Rahman, Sadia Aslam, 6.1.3 Antiinflammatory effects 109
Aqsa Akhtar, Waqas Asghar and Nauman Khalid 6.2 Pectic oligosaccharides 111
5.1 Introduction 73 6.2.1 General aspects 111
5.2 Types of multiple emulsions 74 6.2.2 Antioxidant activity 112
5.3 Methods of preparing multiple emulsions 74 6.2.3 Antiinflammatory activity 114
5.3.1 Two-step method of multiple 6.3 Concluding remarks 115
emulsion preparations 74 References 116
5.3.2 Phase inversion techniques 76
5.3.3 Preparation of double emulsion by 7. Fatty acids from natural resources in
solvent evaporation techniques 76 inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases
5.3.4 Preparation of multiple emulsion by with specific focus on inflammatory
microfluidics (one-step formation of bowel disease 121
multiple emulsion) 76
Marcin Talar, Aleksandra Tarasiuk,
5.3.5 Preparation of multiple emulsion by
Maciej Salaga and Jakub Fichna
pressure homogenization 76
5.3.6 Preparation of multiple emulsions by 7.1 Preface 121
ultrasonication 76 7.2 Gastrointestinal diseases and fat
5.3.7 Preparation of double emulsion digestion—the background 121
(W/O/W) by microchannel 7.3 Overview of fatty acids nomenclature,
emulsification process 77 classification, their occurrence, and
5.3.8 Preparation of multiple emulsion by role in IBD 123
layer-by-layer deposition 77 7.3.1 Saturated FAs 124
 Contents vii

7.3.2 Unsaturated FAs 127 9.2.3 Sources of phenolics compounds 169

7.4 Tight junctions, FAs, and inflammation 128 9.3 Phenolic compounds as antioxidants 169
7.5 FFAs and FFAR cross-talk in IBD 129 9.3.1 Mechanism of actions 170
7.6 Summary of the role of FAs in 9.4 Phenolic compounds as antiinflammatory
inflammatory gastrointestinal disease 130 agents 171
Acknowledgments 130 9.4.1 Mechanism of actions 174
Author disclosures 130 9.5 Conclusion and future perspectives 177
Authors’ contributions 130 References 177
Abbreviations 131
References 131 10. Role of micronutrients zinc and
selenium in inflammation and
8. Proteins, peptides, and protein oxidative stress 181
hydrolysates as immunomodulatory
Graziela Biude da Silva Duarte, Bruna Zavarize Reis
and antioxidant agents for the and Marcelo Macedo Rogero
formulation of functional foods 137
10.1 Inflammation, oxidative stress,
Andrea Araiza-Calahorra, Martin Mondor,
and chronic diseases 181
Christine Boesch, Caroline Orfila,
10.2 Selenium 181
Francisco M. Goycoolea and
10.2.1 Biological essentiality 182
Alan Javier Hernández-Álvarez
10.2.2 Recommended intake and
8.1 Introduction 137 bioavailability 182
8.2 Sources of food-derived bioactive 10.2.3 Se, inflammation, and oxidative
hydrolysates and peptides 138 stress 183
8.3 Bioactive peptides as antioxidants 138 10.3 Zinc 184
8.3.1 In vitro studies 138 10.3.1 Biological essentiality 184
8.3.2 Studies using in vitro biological 10.3.2 Recommended intake and
models 154 bioavailability 184
8.3.3 In vivo studies 155 10.3.3 Zn, inflammation, and oxidative
8.4 Antiinflammatory properties of stress 185
bioactive peptides 155 10.4 Conclusions 186
8.4.1 In vitro studies in cultivated cells 155 References 186
8.4.2 In vivo studies 156
8.4.3 Structure
function relationship to 11. Glucosinolates and their bioactive
modulate inflammatory activity 157 metabolites as functional compounds
8.5 Bioactive peptides as ingredients in modulating inflammation 189
functional foods 157
Paula Garcı́a-Ibañez, Oumaima Ben-Romdhane
8.5.1 Market opportunity 157
and Diego A. Moreno
8.5.2 Technical aspects of bioactive
peptide incorporation into foods 158 11.1 Introduction 189
8.5.3 Biomarkers 158 11.1.1 Brassicas and their impact on
8.6 Conclusion and future prospective health 189
studies 158 11.1.2 Diet, Brassicas, and inflammation 190
References 159 11.2 Molecular mechanisms of glucosinolates
and their bioactive form in
9. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant inflammatory pathways 191
phenolic compounds 165 11.2.1 Aliphatic isothiocyanates and
related metabolites 191
Sirima Puangpraphant, Edith-Oliva Cuevas-
11.2.2 Indoles and related compounds 191
Rodrı́guez and Miguel Oseguera-Toledo
11.2.3 Glucosinolates and inflammatory
9.1 Introduction 165 diseases 192
9.2 Phenolic compounds: definition, 11.3 Concluding remarks 198
classification, and sources 166 Acknowledgments 198
9.2.1 Definition 166 Abbreviations 198
9.2.2 Classification 166 References 199
viii Contents

12. Microalgal bioactive components as 14.1.1 Health implications of aging and

antiinflammatory and antioxidant antiaging interventions 247
agents for health promotion 205 14.1.2 Cereal bioactive compounds and
their potential to counteract
Javier Ávila-Román, Elena Talero, Azahara age-related diseases 247
Rodrı́guez-Luna, Sara Garcı́a-Gil, Marı́a Dolores 14.2 Molecular antiaging mechanisms of
Jiménez-Gordillo and Virginia Motilva bioactive compounds in cereals 261
12.1 Potential scope of microalgae and 14.2.1 Mechanisms behind the
biotechnological implications 205 suppression of oxidative stress 261
12.2 Biotechnology of microalgae in the 14.2.2 Mechanisms behind the
food industry 206 suppression of low-grade chronic
12.3 Biological compounds from microalgae inflammation 262
with properties of interest in 14.2.3 Mechanisms behind the suppression
inflammatory processes 207 of cellular senescence 263
12.4 Main pathological mechanisms of 14.2.4 Mechanisms behind changes in
inflammation, including mediators and microbiota composition and
molecular pathways involved 207 activity 264
12.5 Microalgae-derived products 210 14.3 Health effects of wholegrain cereals 265
12.5.1 Carotenoids 210 14.3.1 Risk factors for T2DM 265
12.6 Conclusions 220 14.3.2 Weight gain, satiety, and food
References 220 intake 274
14.3.3 Risk factors for CVD 274
13. Polysaccharides from macroalgae: 14.3.4 Cognitive function and risk of
chemical characterization, functional neurodegenerative diseases 276
properties and biological activity 233 14.4 Conclusion 276
Acknowledgments 277
Tarcisio Vieira de Brito, Cynthia Maria Carvalho References 277
Pereira, Jalles Arruda Batista, Diva de Aguiar
Magalhães, Stefany Guimarães Sousa, Fernando 15. Potential role of pulses in the
Mesquita de Sousa de Lima, Antonio Kleiton de development of functional foods
Sousa and André Luiz dos Reis Barbosa modulating inflammation and
13.1 Compounds extracted from macroalgae oxidative stress 287
with biological action 233 Helena Ferreira, Elisabete Pinto,
13.2 Sulfated polysaccharides: structure and Ana M. Gil and Marta W. Vasconcelos
chemical characterization 234
13.3 Functional properties and industrial 15.1 Introduction 287
applications of sulfated polysaccharides 15.2 Pulses bioactive compounds,
from seaweed 235 inflammation and oxidative stress 289
13.4 Proven biological activities of sulfated 15.2.1 Proteins and bioactive peptides 289
polysaccharides 238 15.2.2 Carbohydrates 290
13.5 Perspectives for the use of sulfated 15.2.3 Tocopherols and carotenoids 295
polysaccharides 240 15.2.4 Phytosterols 296
13.6 Conclusions 241 15.2.5 Saponins 296
Acknowledgment 241 15.2.6 Polyphenols 297
References 241 15.3 Challenges and opportunities of pulses
in the development of functional foods 298
14. Role of cereal bioactive compounds 15.3.1 Traditional and new uses of
in the prevention of age-related pulses 298
diseases 247 15.3.2 Types of pulses and their
applications 299
Irene Tomé-Sánchez, Elena Peñas, Blanca
15.3.3 Effects of food processing 299
Hernández-Ledesma and Cristina Martı́nez-
15.3.4 Pulse-based new ingredients 300
Villaluenga
15.3.5 Ensuring in vivo biological
14.1 Introduction 247 activity 301
 Contents ix

15.4 Concluding remarks 302 17.7 Gryllodes sigillatus 352

Conflicts of interest 302 17.7.1 Antioxidant activity 356
Acknowledgments 302 17.7.2 Antiinflammatory activity 356
References 302 17.7.3 Antidiabetic activity 356
17.7.4 Antihypertensive activity 357
16. Probiotics and postbiotics: focus on 17.8 Alphitobius diaperinus 357
metabolic syndrome 311 17.9 Conclusion 357
References 358
Paola Gauffin-Cano, Antonela Marquez,
Matı́as Russo, Estefanı́a Andrada,
Claudia Abeijón-Mukdsi and Roxana Medina 18. Advances in production and
properties validation of multifunctional
16.1 Introduction 311 ingredients from Argentine food fruits
16.1.1 Metabolic syndrome, a
to modulate oxidative stress and
noncommunicable disease 311
16.2 Probiotics as nutritional approaches for
inflammation 365
the prevention or treatment of Iris Catiana Zampini and Marı́a Inés Isla
metabolic syndrome 315
18.1 Introduction 365
16.2.1 Short-chain fatty acids 317
18.2 Argentine food fruits and their
16.2.2 Polyunsaturated fatty acids 319
antioxidant and antiinflammatory
16.2.3 Phenolic compounds 320
properties 367
16.3 Conclusion and future directions 322
18.2.1 Solanum betaceum 367
Acknowledgments 322
18.2.2 Ziziphus mistol 367
Conflict of interest 323
18.2.3 Geoffroea decorticans 368
References 323
18.2.4 Prosopis alba 369
17. Potential of edible insects as a new 18.2.5 Prosopis nigra 370
18.3 Use of Northwestern Argentine fruits in
source of bioactive compounds
oxidative stress and inflammatory
against metabolic syndrome 331 processes related to metabolic
Joaquı́n Navarro del Hierro, syndrome 371
Blanca Hernández-Ledesma and Diana Martin 18.4 Development of multifunctional
ingredients from Argentine food fruits 372
17.1 Introduction 331
18.5 Conclusion 374
17.2 Composition of edible insects in
Acknowledgments 374
relation to their health properties and
References 374
metabolic syndrome 332
17.3 Tenebrio molitor 333
17.3.1 Antioxidant activity 333 19. Bioactive compounds from Moringa
17.3.2 Antiinflammatory activity 335 oleifera as promising protectors of
17.3.3 Antidiabetic activity 335 in vivo inflammation and oxidative
17.3.4 Antihypertensive activity 336 stress processes 379
17.3.5 Antilipidemic activity 336
Jaime González-Romero, Eduardo Jesús
17.4 Hermetia illucens 337
Guerra-Hernández and Celia Rodrı́guez-Pérez
17.4.1 Antioxidant activity 337
17.4.2 Antiinflammatory activity 342 19.1 Introduction 379
17.4.3 Antilipidemic activity 342 19.1.1 Chemical composition and
17.5 Musca domestica 343 traditional uses of Moringa
17.5.1 Antioxidant activity 343 oleifera 379
17.5.2 Antiinflammatory activity 346 19.1.2 Principal bioactive compounds
17.5.3 Antidiabetic activity 347 from Moringa oleifera 379
17.5.4 Antihypertensive activity 347 19.2 In vivo antioxidative effect of Moringa
17.5.5 Antilipidemic activity 347 oleifera 386
17.6 Acheta domesticus 348 19.2.1 Antioxidative effect in liver 386
17.6.1 Antioxidant activity 348 19.2.2 Antioxidative effect in other
17.6.2 Antilipidemic activity 352 organs 389
x Contents

19.2.3 Antidiabetic effect of Moringa oleifera 21.3 Emerging technologies for the
associated to its antioxidant extraction of bioactives 429
activity 389 21.3.1 Pressurized liquid extraction 429
19.3 In vivo antiinflammatory activity of 21.3.2 Microwave-assisted extraction 434
Moringa oleifera 393 21.3.3 Ultrasonic-assisted extraction 435
19.4 Conclusion and future prospects 395 21.3.4 Enzyme-assisted extraction 436
References 395 21.3.5 Supercritical CO2 extraction 437
21.3.6 High voltage electrical
discharge 438
20. Cruciferous vegetables: a mine of 21.3.7 Pulsed electric field 439
phytonutrients for functional and 21.4 Comparative performance 439
nutraceutical enrichment 401 21.5 Combinations 440
Satish Kumar, Shweta Sharma, Vikas Kumar, 21.6 Challenges and future trends 440
Rakesh Sharma, Anamika Minhas and References 441
Revathi Boddu
22. Encapsulation technologies
20.1 Introduction 401 applied to bioactive phenolic
20.2 Cruciferous vegetables and their compounds and probiotics with
significance 402 potential application on chronic
20.3 Crucifer phytochemicals and their
inflammation 447
activity 404
20.4 Nutraceutical significance of the Miriam Ferrer-Sierra, Paloma Rodrı́guez-López,
crucifers 405 Francisco Javier Leyva-Jiménez,
20.4.1 Cabbage 405 Isabel Borras-Linares, Daniela Giacomazza,
20.4.2 Cauliflower 405 Carolina Fredes, Paz Soledad Robert Canales,
20.4.3 Broccoli 408 Antonio Segura-Carretero and
20.4.4 Horseradish 408 Jesús Lozano-Sánchez
20.4.5 Mustard green 408
22.1 Methods 447
20.4.6 Kale 409
22.1.1 Search strategy 447
20.4.7 Arugula 409
22.1.2 Inclusion criteria 447
20.4.8 Kohlrabi 409
22.2 Importance of phenolic encapsulation:
20.4.9 Radish 410
stability, digestion, and absorption 448
20.5 Crucifers their processing and
22.2.1 Stability of phenolic compounds 448
antioxidant potential 410
22.2.2 Digestion and absorption 448
20.6 Recent trends for nutritional
22.2.3 In vitro, in vivo and clinical
improvement of the crucifers 414
trials to study polyphenol
20.6.1 Application of biotechnological
metabolism 449
tools 414
22.3 Encapsulation process applied to
20.6.2 Controlled abiotic stresses to
improve the phenolic bioaccesibility/
enhance the nutraceutical
bioavailability 454
properties 416
22.3.1 Encapsulation of phenolic
20.7 Conclusion and future prospects 418
compounds subject to in vitro
Acknowledgments 418
simulated digestion 454
Conflict of interest 418
22.3.2 In vitro gastrointestinal digestion 459
References 418
22.4 Probiotic encapsulation techniques to
improve the cell viability 463
21. Challenges in the extraction of 22.5 Gut microbiota and polyphenols diet
antiinflammatory and antioxidant interactions: synergistic effects against
compounds from new plant inflammation 465
sources 427 22.5.1 In vitro, in vivo and clinical trials
to study polyphenols—gut
Beatriz Dı́az-Reinoso and Herminia Domı́nguez
microbiota interactions 466
21.1 Introduction 427 22.6 Conclusions 470
21.2 Conventional solvent extraction 428 References 470
 Contents xi

23. Fermentation and germination as 24.4.6 Bovine colostrum and fermented

a way to improve cereals milk 507
antioxidant and antiinflammatory 24.5 Concluding remarks 510
properties 477 Acknowledgments 511
Conflict of interest 511
Morena Gabriele and Laura Pucci References 511
23.1 Background 477
23.2 Fermentation technology for enhancing 25. Current evidence on the modulatory
the nutritional and functional properties effects of food proteins and
of postprocessed cereal grains 477 peptides in inflammation and gut
23.2.1 Effects of fermentation on cereal microbiota 517
grains nutritional value 478
Samuel Fernández-Tomé, Lourdes Amigo,
23.2.2 Effects of fermentation on
Cristina Martı́nez-Villaluenga and Blanca
bioactive compounds and
Hernández-Ledesma
functional properties of cereal
grains 481 25.1 Introduction: inflammation and
23.3 Germination technology for enhancing oxidative stress 517
the nutritional and functional properties 25.2 Impact of “gut health” on
of postprocessed cereal grains 484 “general human health” 517
23.3.1 Effects of germination on cereal 25.3 Inflammatory bowel diseases:
grains nutritional value 485 the role of foods and their bioactive
23.3.2 Effects of germination on bioactive compounds 518
compounds and functional 25.4 Role of food proteins and peptides
properties of cereal grains 489 against inflammatory bowel disease 520
23.4 Possible harms and hurdles 491 25.4.1 In vitro evidence on the
23.5 Conclusions and future perspective 492 antioxidant, antiinflammatory,
References 492 and immunomodulatory
effects 520
24. Modulation of inflammation and 25.4.2 In vivo evidence on experimental
oxidative stress in Helicobacter pylori models of inflammatory bowel
infection by bioactive compounds disease 521
from food components 499 25.5 Effects of food peptides on gut
microbiota 525
Jose Manuel Silvan and Adolfo J. Martinez- 25.6 Future prospects 526
Rodriguez Acknowledgments 529
24.1 Brief overview of Helicobacter pylori as Conflict of interest 529
human pathogen 499 References 529
24.2 Inflammatory response and oxidative
stress associated to H. pylori infection 500 26. Immunonutritional agonists in the
24.3 Helicobacter pylori virulence factors neuroimmune response in
and their relationship with gastric AGE-Ing 535
inflammation and oxidative damage 500
Jana Baranda, Juan Antonio Giménez-Bastida,
24.4 Bioactive compounds from food
M. Morante, Aurora Garcı́a-Tejedor and
components as tools against inflammatory
Jose Moises Laparra
and oxidative damage associated to
H. pylori infection 502 26.1 Introduction 535
24.4.1 Probiotics 502 26.2 Neuroinflammation: pathways and
24.4.2 Phenolic compounds 503 biomarkers 536
24.4.3 Fruits, vegetables and their 26.3 Metabolic-induced neuroinflammation:
metabolites 505 from periphery to central nervous
24.4.4 Herbal extracts, spices and system 537
honey 506 26.4 Immunonutritional communication
24.4.5 Fatty acids 507 within the gut
brain axis 539
xii Contents

26.5 Concluding remarks and future 29. Cancer on fire: role of inflammation
perspectives 540 in prevention and treatment 605
Acknowledgements 540
References 540 Manoj K Pandey, Max Von Suskil,
Robert Chitren, Omar Al-Odat,
Subash C. Jonnalagadda and Bharat B. Aggarwal
27. Role of dietary spices in modulating
inflammation and oxidative stress 545 29.1 Introduction 605
29.2 Inflammatory players and their roles in
Ester S. Oh, Kristina S. Petersen,
tumorigenesis 605
Penny M. Kris-Etherton and Connie J. Rogers
29.2.1 Tumor necrosis factor-α 605
27.1 Introduction 545 29.2.2 Interleukins 607
27.2 Methods 547 29.2.3 Chemokines 607
27.3 Results 547 29.2.4 Inflammatory enzymes 608
27.3.1 Capsicum spp 558 29.2.5 Transcription factor 609
27.3.2 Cardamom 558 29.3 Prevention and treatment of cancers
27.3.3 Cinnamon 559 by targeting inflammatory pathways 610
27.3.4 Cumin 560 29.3.1 Curcumin 612
27.3.5 Dill 560 29.3.2 Capsaicin 612
27.3.6 Fenugreek 561 29.3.3 Diallyl sulfide 613
27.3.7 Garlic 561 29.3.4 Cinnamaldehyde 613
27.3.8 Ginger 562 29.3.5 6-Gingerol 613
27.3.9 Onion 563 29.3.6 Eugenol 613
27.3.10 Oregano 564 29.3.7 Diosgenin 614
27.3.11 Parsley 564 29.3.8 Garcinol 614
27.3.12 Sage 564 29.3.9 Thymoquinone 614
27.3.13 Sesame 565 29.3.10 Quercetin 614
27.3.14 Turmeric 565 29.3.11 Sulforaphane 614
27.3.15 Spice blend 566 29.3.12 α-Pinene 615
27.4 Discussion 567 29.3.13 Piperine 615
27.4.1 Antioxidative effect of spices 567 29.3.14 1,8-Cineole 615
27.4.2 Antiinflammatory effect of spices 568 29.4 Conclusion and future perspective 615
27.5 Conclusion 569 Acknowledgement 616
References 569 Conflict of interest 616
References 616
28. Functional foods, hormesis, and
oxidative stress 581 30. The effects of soya consumption
on glycemic parameters of type 2
Mohammad Alizadeh and Sevana Daneghian
diabetes: potential for functional
28.1 Introduction 581 foods 627
28.2 What is hormesis? 581
Longli Zhou, Alan Javier Hernández-Álvarez,
28.3 Stressor-mediated pathways and
Christine Boesch and Caroline Orfila
disease 582
28.3.1 Endoplasmic reticulum stress 582 30.1 Introduction 627
28.3.2 Mitochondria and oxidative stress 582 30.1.1 Glycemic markers of type 2
28.3.3 KEAP1/NRF2/ARE pathway 583 diabetes mellitus 627
28.3.4 NF-kB signal pathway 584 30.1.2 Dietary approaches in type 2
28.3.5 Heat shock proteins 584 diabetes mellitus 627
28.3.6 Autophagy 585 30.1.3 Soya: an ancient food for
28.4 Antioxidants and related food sources modern times 628
(prooxidants or antioxidants) 586 30.2 Soya intake and type 2 diabetes
28.4.1 Hormetins 586 mellitus 630
28.5 Conclusion and future prospects 595 30.2.1 Evidence from epidemiological
References 595 studies 630
 Contents xiii

30.2.2 Evidence from clinical trials: soya 30.3.2 Isoflavones 633

protein and isoflavones 630 30.4 Conclusion 633
30.3 Mechanistic effects and potential for References 634
formulation of functional foods 632
30.3.1 Protein and bioactive peptides 632 Index 639
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List of contributors
Claudia Abeijón-Mukdsi Center of Reference for
Lactobacilli (CERELA) -CONICET, San Miguel de
Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
Bharat B. Aggarwal Inflammation Research Center, San
Diego, CA, United States
Aqsa Akhtar School of Food and Agricultural Sciences,
University of Management and Technology, Lahore,
Pakistan
Mohammad Alizadeh Food and Beverages Safety
Research Center, Urmia University of Medical
Sciences, Urmia, Iran
Omar Al-Odat Department of Biomedical Sciences,
Cooper Medical School of Rowan University,
Camden, NJ, United States; Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ,
United States
Lourdes Amigo Institute of Food Science Research
(CIAL, CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC), Department
of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Madrid, Spain
Estefanı́a Andrada Center of Reference for Lactobacilli
(CERELA) -CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán,
Tucumán, Argentina; Faculty of Agronomy and
Zootechnics, National University of Tucumán,
Tucumán, Argentina
Andrea Araiza-Calahorra School of Food Science &
Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Waqas Asghar School of Food and Agricultural
Sciences, University of Management and Technology,
Lahore, Pakistan
Sadia Aslam School of Food and Agricultural Sciences,
University of Management and Technology, Lahore,
Pakistan
Javier Ávila-Román Department of Biochemistry and
Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili,
Tarragona, Spain
Jana Baranda Molecular Immunonutrition Group,
Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food
(IMDEA-Food), Madrid, Spain
Jalles Arruda Batista Laboratory of Experimental
Physiopharmacology, LAFFEX—Parnaiba Delta
Federal University, Parnaiba, PI, Brazil
Oumaima Ben-Romdhane Unit of “Related Risks to
Environmental Stresses, Control and Prevention”
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of
Bizerte, University of Cartage, Zarzouna, Tunisia
Revathi Boddu Department of Food Technology and
Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional
University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
Christine Boesch Nutritional Sciences and Epidemiology
Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University
of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Isabel Borras-Linares Center of Research and
Development of Functional Food, Health Science
Technological Park, Granada, Spain
Paz Soledad Robert Canales Department of Food
Science, Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
Robert Chitren Department of Biomedical Sciences,
Cooper Medical School of Rowan University,
Camden, NJ, United States; Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ,
United States
Ivana M. Cotabarren Chemical Engineering
Department—National University of the South, Bahı́a
Blanca, Argentina; Pilot Plant of Chemical
Engineering (PLAPIQUI, UNS-CONICET), Bahı́a
Blanca, Argentina
Edith-Oliva Cuevas-Rodrı́guez Faculty of Chemistry
and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of
Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
Graziela Biude da Silva Duarte Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Science, University of São Paulo, São
Paulo, SP, Brazil
Sevana Daneghian Food and Beverages Safety Research
Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia,
Iran
xv
xvi List of contributors
Diva de Aguiar Magalhães Laboratory of Experimental
Physiopharmacology, LAFFEX—Parnaiba Delta
Federal University, Parnaiba, PI, Brazil
Alie de Boer Food Claims Centre Venlo, Campus Venlo,
Maastricht University, Venlo, The Netherlands
Tarcisio Vieira de Brito Laboratory of Experimental
Physiopharmacology, LAFFEX—Parnaiba Delta
Federal University, Parnaiba, PI, Brazil
Antonio Kleiton de Sousa Laboratory of Experimental
Physiopharmacology, LAFFEX—Parnaiba Delta
Federal University, Parnaiba, PI, Brazil
Fernando Mesquita de Sousa de Lima Laboratory of
Experimental Physiopharmacology, LAFFEX—
Parnaiba Delta Federal University, Parnaiba, PI, Brazil
Zoriţa M. Diaconeasa Faculty of Food Science and
Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and
Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca,
Romania
Beatriz Dı́az-Reinoso CITI-University of Vigo, Galician
Technological Park, Ourense, Spain
Herminia Domı́nguez Department of Chemical
Engineering, University of Vigo, Faculty of Science,
Campus Ourense, Ourense, Spain
André Luiz dos Reis Barbosa Laboratory of
Experimental Physiopharmacology, LAFFEX—
Parnaiba Delta Federal University, Parnaiba, PI,
Brazil
Francisc V. Dulf Faculty of Agriculture, University of
Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-
Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Samuel Fernández-Tomé Health Research Institute of
the University Hospital La Princesa (IIS-IP), CIBER
of Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD),
Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid,
Spain
Helena Ferreira Universidade Católica Portuguesa,
CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Quı́mica Fina –
Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de
Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
Miriam Ferrer-Sierra Department of Food Science and
Nutrition, University of Granada, Campus
Universitario Granada, Spain
Jakub Fichna Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of
Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
Melinda Fogarasi Faculty of Food Science and
Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and
Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca,
Romania
Carolina Fredes Department of Health Sciences,
Nutrition and Dietetics Career, Faculty of Medicine,
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago,
Chile
Anca C. Fărcaş Faculty of Food Science and
Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and
Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca,
Romania
Morena Gabriele Institute of Agricultural Biology and
Biotechnology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
Sara Garcı́a-Gil Department of Pharmacology,
Universidad de Seville, Seville, Spain
Paula Garcı́a-Ibañez Aquaporins Research Group, Plant
Nutrition Department, CEBAS-CSIC, University
Campus of Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
Aurora Garcı́a-Tejedor Valencian International
University (VIU), Valencia, Spain
Paola Gauffin-Cano Center of Reference for
Lactobacilli (CERELA) -CONICET, San Miguel de
Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
Daniela Giacomazza Biophysic Institute, National
Research Council, Palermo, Italy
Ana M. Gil Department of Chemistry and CICECO-
Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro,
Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
Juan Antonio Giménez-Bastida Laboratory of Food and
Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and
Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food
Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia,
Spain
Ilkay Gok Faculty of Applied Sciences, Istanbul Okan
University, Istanbul, Turkey
Jaime González-Romero University of Granada,
Departmen of Nutrition and Food Science, Campus of
Cartuja, Granada, Spain
Francisco M. Goycoolea School of Food Science &
Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United
Kingdom
Eduardo Jesús Guerra-Hernández University of
Granada, Departmen of Nutrition and Food Science,
Campus of Cartuja, Granada, Spain
Alan Javier Hernández-Álvarez Nutritional Sciences
and Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and
Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United
Kingdom
Blanca Hernández-Ledesma Department of Bioactivity
and Food Analysis, Institute of Food Science Research
(CIAL, CSIC-UAM, CEI-UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain

Marı́a Inés Isla Faculty of Natural Sciences and Miguel
Lillo Institute, National University of Tucumán,
Institute of Bioprospecting and Plant Physiology,
National Council for Scientific and Technical
Research, San Lorenzo, Argentina
Marı́a Dolores Jiménez-Gordillo Department of
Pharmacology, Pediatrics and Radiology, Universidad
de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
Subash C. Jonnalagadda Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ,
United States
Nauman Khalid School of Food and Agricultural
Sciences, University of Management and Technology,
Lahore, Pakistan
Penny M. Kris-Etherton Department of Nutritional
Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, PA, United States
Satish Kumar Department of Food Science and
Technology, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of
Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, India
Vikas Kumar Department of Food Technology and
Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional
University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
Jose Moises Laparra Molecular Immunonutrition
Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food
(IMDEA-Food), Madrid, Spain
Karin G.M. Lenssen Food Claims Centre Venlo,
Campus Venlo, Maastricht University, Venlo, The
Netherlands
Francisco Javier Leyva-Jiménez Center of Research
and Development of Functional Food, Health Science
Technological Park, Granada, Spain
Jesús Lozano-Sánchez Department of Food Science and
Nutrition, University of Granada, Campus
Universitario, Granada, Spain; Center of Research and
Development of Functional Food, Health Science
Technological Park, Granada, Spain
Antonela Marquez Center of Reference for Lactobacilli
(CERELA) -CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán,
Tucumán, Argentina
Diana Martin Department of Production and
Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food
Science Research (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), Madrid,
Spain; Departmental Section of Food Science, Faculty
of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM),
Madrid, Spain
Adolfo J. Martinez-Rodriguez Food Microbiology and
Biocatalysis Group (MICROBIO), Department of
List of contributors xvii
Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food
Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
Cristina Martı́nez-Villaluenga Institute of Food Science,
Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Department
of Food Characterization, Quality and Safety, Madrid,
Spain
Roxana Medina Center of Reference for Lactobacilli
(CERELA) -CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán,
Tucumán, Argentina; Faculty of Agronomy and
Zootechnics, National University of Tucumán,
Tucumán, Argentina
Anamika Minhas Department of Food Technology and
Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional
University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
Martin Mondor Saint-Hyacinthe Research and
Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food
Canada, Quebec, Canada; Institute of Nutrition and
Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec,
Canada
Antonia Montilla Chemistry and Functionality of
Carbohydrates and Derivatives, Institute of Food
Science Research, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM
+CSIC) Madrid, Spain
M. Morante Molecular Immunonutrition Group, Madrid
Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA-
Food), Madrid, Spain
Diego A. Moreno Phytochemistry and Healthy Foods
Lab (LabFAS), Department of Food Science and
Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University Campus of
Espinardo-25, Murcia, Spain
Virginia Motilva Department of Pharmacology,
Universidad de Seville, Seville, Spain
Nerea Muñoz-Almagro Chemistry and Functionality of
Carbohydrates and Derivatives, Institute of Food
Science Research, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM
+CSIC) Madrid, Spain
Joaquı́n Navarro del Hierro Department of Production
and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food
Science Research (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), Madrid,
Spain; Departmental Section of Food Science, Faculty
of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM),
Madrid, Spain
Ester S. Oh Department of Nutritional Sciences, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,
United States
Caroline Orfila Nutritional Sciences and Epidemiology
Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition,
University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Floor of Heaven
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
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you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Floor of Heaven

Author: T. D. Hamm

Illustrator: Dan Adkins

Release date: November 8, 2023 [eBook #72070]

Language: English

Original publication: New York, NY: Ziff-Davis Publishing Company,

1960

Credits: Greg Weeks, Mary Meehan and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FLOOR OF

HEAVEN ***
 Floor of Heaven

By T. D. HAMM

Illustrated by ADKINS

[Transcriber's Note: This etext was produced from

Amazing Stories January 1961.
Extensive research did not uncover any evidence that
the U.S. copyright on this publication was renewed.]
The three crew members of the Ad Astra looked at one another,
grinning weakly, in the whispering silence after the motors had kicked
off. This was the culminating point of a half-century of preparation;
behind them was the satellite launching station—ahead of them, a
faint red dot, was Mars.
Bryan, nominal head of the expedition, touched the shutter studs that
opened their windows on the universe. They stood silently, the three
of them; Bryan and Hughes looking back at the majesty of the
retreating Earth—Williams, rigid with ecstasy at the forward port.
The stars were his passion and his joy. Women filled a momentary
need, men he accepted or rejected as they could help him to achieve
his goal. Now, as astrogator of the Ad Astra he had fulfilled his
dream; and now before him Canopus, Rigel, Cassiopeia and
Aldebaran lay jewel-like on the dark velvet of space.
How stars had absorbed the thoughts of mankind since the
beginning, he thought happily, and what dreams had the ancient
Chaldeans known as they mapped the routes of the galleons of
space? And the poets.... "See how the floor of Heaven is thick inlaid
with patines of bright gold—" he quoted softly.
"My, that's pretty," Bryan said solemnly behind him. "Who said that?"
"Williams did—" returned Hughes equally dead-pan.
Williams flushed under their good-natured grins. "Shakespeare said
it, you uneducated yokels," he said loftily. "How come you aren't
cheating each other at gin rummy yet? Last I heard one of you owed
the other a million dollars."
"It was only six hundred thousand," Hughes grinned, "and I'm about
to take him double or nothing!"
The weeks passed slowly. Barely audible, the computers ticked,
keeping the ship on course. Bryan and Hughes wrangled amiably
over their interminable card-games, throwing an occasional, joking
aside to Williams watching the stars, absorbed as a miser fingering
his jewels.
Mars, from a minute speck, grew to a planet lying bloody in the cold
rays of the distant sun. Strapped down in obedience to the computer-
given signal, the ship reversed, fired its rockets and touched down on
her supporting pillars of flame and became only a shining needle
dwarfed in the immensity of the pinkish-red desert.
They looked at each other doubtfully, conscious of anti-climax. This
was little different from the far reaches of the Gobi plateau where they
had trained for weary, boring months. Bryan and Hughes drew the
lots as the two to don their heated, protective suits and explore within
cautious distance of the ship. Williams, restless and bored, watched
their horseplay resentfully. Even the tenuous atmosphere of the dead
world dimmed the splendor of the heavens; why didn't they hurry and
get it over with? He shivered a little watching Bryan and Hughes
trudging clumsily in the sand, throwing out a comment occasionally
for the benefit of the tape recorder in the cabin.
"This is different from the deserts back home," Hughes said. "Back
there you get the feeling they're just waiting for somebody to move in,
but here...."
"It's more like a haunted house," Bryan finished for him. Williams,
adjusting his headphones, was conscious of a deepening of his faint
uneasiness—why didn't they hurry up and get back! All they really
had to do was build a cairn and plant the Federation flag. They had
found a few rocks and Bryan was stooping to bury the prepared
canister with the data of the flight—
Williams watching incredulously as Bryan and Hughes reeled and
staggered, was dimly conscious of a sudden faint tremor along the
ship. There was an abrupt metallic shrieking in his headset, a
background of thundering, grinding bedlam, and over it Bryan's voice
frantic—
"Cave-in! Lift ship—lift ship!"
It had been the one constant in the shifting, nebulous mass of theory
drilled into them. They were valuable—the ship was irreplaceable.
With a last unbelieving look of horror at the gigantic crack widening
under the very feet of his companions, Williams threw himself into the
control seat and threw the lever over to "takeoff" position. The rockets
fired and the ship rose majestically, the thousand foot fiery splendor
of her trail blotting out the space-suited figures toppling into the
thundering chasm.
Hours later, Williams pulled himself up, looking around dazedly. The
motors had shut off and the great ship was coasting noiselessly along
the return track; only the computers ticked steadily and the air-valves
made a muted shushing in the silence. Funny he hadn't noticed the
silence on the way out—sometimes he had even been irritated with
the noise Bryan and Hughes had made with their eternal wrangling
over their cards. Automatically he pushed the forward viewing plate
button feeling the familiar sense of timeless peace as he looked out
on the eternal suns.
Mechanically he ate and slept in the days that followed, dimly aware
of a giggling, wild-eyed stranger in some remote corner of his mind,
waiting to overtake him if he showed awareness of his presence. He
pushed away too, the thought of Bryan and Hughes, forgetting in the
sameness of his days that he had ever been anything but alone. At
first he had cried a little in his lonesomeness, but as the weeks went
on he remembered only that once there had been others who had
deserted him. He nodded familiarly to the stars, smiling a little; there
was only himself and them, shining steadfastly above him. They
would never change—never desert him!
Time went by unnoticed. The green dot of Earth became a glowing
green and blue orb, circled by a tiny white dot. The computer
changed its rhythm—above the control board the "strap-in" warning
flashed unseen as the rockets fired swinging the ship into the
turnover, ready for orbit with the satellite ferry station. Williams gazing
with dreamy pleasure at the jewelled curtain above him was hurled
against the port by the sudden surge of acceleration. The ship heeled
over, twisted, then turned——
Williams hung head down, screaming, as the black curtain tore, the
stars falling dizzily away—below him....

He screamed once, falling face down through the stars, through

the gold-inlaid, dizzying, beautiful, sickening....

A year later, the psychiatrists, quite pleased with themselves found

him ready for duty again; not in Space of course, but the hero of the
first Mars expedition was always sure of a job with Space Authority.
Now he could even look up at the stars at night without screaming
with vertigo.
Tonight walking confidently along the country road, fragrant and
dotted with shining pools after the recent rain, he looked up thinking
nostalgically, "the patines of bright gold...."
A coldness about his feet halted him. He looked down and once
again the black curtain tore before his eyes—once more they were
there, the cold unfriendly stars, swinging in the empty void—
Below him.
Falling downward past the whirling suns, he screamed, hardly aware
of the choking wetness in his lungs....
About him the inch-deep shining pool rippled for a moment and was
still, reflecting once more the floor of Heaven.
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FLOOR OF
HEAVEN ***

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