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Microgrids
This page intentionally left blank
Microgrids
Modeling, Control, and
Applications

Edited by

JOSEP M. GUERRERO
Center for Research on Microgrids (CROM),
Aalborg University, Aalborg East, Denmark

RITU KANDARI
Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University
for Women, Delhi, India
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
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or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
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 In the honor of
My father Late Mr. Matwar Singh Kandari

I cannot find words to express my gratitude to my late father who always

supported me unconditionally and made me an independent and deter-
mined person. He always pushed me to be more than what I think I'm
capable of doing!

I would also like to dedicate this to my beloved mother, Mrs. Trilochana

Devi, my siblings, Mrs. Manju, Mrs. Meenu, and Mr. Deepak Kandari, my
nephew and niece, Adit and Adhya without whom I would never be able
to achieve my objectives and succeed in life.

I am also thankful to my grandfather, Mr. Bhawan Singh Kandari, R/O

Paithani, Uttarakand for always being so supportive and understanding my
thought process.

I am grateful to my coeditor, Prof. Josep M. Guerrero and all the contri-

butors for working so hard with me for the timely completion of this
book.

Last, but not the least, I would like to express my gratitude to the pub-
lisher, Elsevier, Aleksandra Packowska, Prasanna Kalyanaraman, Greg Harris,
Lisa Reading, Joe Hayton and team for their continuous support, feedback,
and suggestions throughout this process and publishing this book with
Elsevier.

Ritu Kandari
This page intentionally left blank
Contents

List of contributors xiii

Section I Introduction to microgrids

1. Microgrids, their types, and applications 3
Ayush Mittal, Aryan Rajput, Kamya Johar and Ritu Kandari
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Microgrid classification 4
1.3 Structure 6
1.4 Modes of operation 8
1.5 Control of AC microgrid 9
1.5.1 Hierarchical control schemes 10
1.6 Control of DC microgrid 12
1.6.1 Control structures 13
1.7 Control of hybrid (AC/DC) microgrid 16
1.8 Microgrid research areas 17
1.9 Solar 20
1.9.1 Independent (or stand-alone) PV system 21
1.9.2 Grid-connected PV system 21
1.9.3 PV modeling 22
1.10 Maximum power point tracking 24
1.10.1 P&O method 24
1.11 Wind turbine system 25
1.12 Battery 26
1.12.1 Lithium-ion battery 26
1.12.2 Lead
acid battery 27
1.12.3 Battery modeling 27
1.12.4 Sizing batteries correctly 28
1.13 Fuel cell 29
1.14 Advantages and applications of microgrid 32
1.15 Conclusion 34
References 34

vii
viii Contents

Section II AC microgrids
2. Disturbance observer
aided adaptive sliding mode controller for
frequency regulation in hybrid power system 43
Vivek Patel, Dipayan Guha and Shubhi Purwar
2.1 Introduction 43
2.2 System modeling 46
2.2.1 Model of reheated thermal power system 47
2.2.2 Distributed energy resources 48
2.3 Disturbance observer
aided adaptive sliding mode load frequency
controller 51
2.3.1 Traditional sliding mode load frequency controller (SMLFC) 51
2.3.2 Adaptive sliding mode LFC with disturbance observer 52
2.4 Results and discussion 55
2.4.1 Performance analysis of isolated HPS against multiple load
perturbation 55
2.4.2 Performance analysis of isolated HPS with multiple-step loads and
random wind power perturbation 57
2.4.3 Performance analysis of isolated HPS with GRC and GDB 57
2.4.4 Performance analysis of interconnected two-area HPS with
multiple-step load and RWPP 58
2.4.5 Performance analysis of two-area HPS with GRC and GDB 61
2.4.6 Robust stability analysis 62
2.5 Conclusion 63
References 63

3. Recent advancements in AC microgrids: a new smart approach

to AC microgrid monitoring and control using IoT 67
P. Madhumathy and Shweta Babu Prasad
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 Problem statement 73
3.3 Literature survey 74
3.4 Block diagram 77
3.5 Methodology 79
3.6 Details of hardware and software used 79
3.6.1 LCD display (JDH162A): a 16 3 2 LCD is a display unit used in
different activities 79
3.7 Details about the web portal: ThingSpeak 80
3.8 Algorithm 81
3.9 Software development flowchart 81
 Contents ix

3.10 Results and discussions 82

3.10.1 Hardware section of the model 82
3.11 Graphical analysis 83
3.12 Conclusion and future scope 85
References 86
Further reading 87

Section III DC microgrids

4. DC microgrid 91
Ritu Kandari, Neeraj and Ayush Mittal
4.1 Introduction 91
4.2 DC microgrid 92
4.3 Mode of operation 96
4.4 Advantages of DC microgrid 101
4.5 Standards 101
4.6 DC microgrid architecture 102
4.6.1 Photovoltaics cell/solar 106
4.6.2 DC
DC converters 110
4.7 Principle of chopper 111
4.8 Boost converter 111
4.9 Case-I (switch S is ON) 111
4.10 Case-II (switch S is OFF) 112
4.11 Buck-boost converter 112
4.12 Case-I (switch S is ON) 113
4.13 Case-II (switch S is OFF) 113
4.13.1 Maximum power point tracking controller 114
4.13.2 Storage device—battery 118
4.14 Working principle 118
4.15 Discharging mechanism 119
4.16 Charging mechanism 119
4.17 State of charge and state of health 121
4.18 Types of batteries 121
4.18.1 Modeling 124
4.19 Types of modeling methods 127
4.20 Equivalent circuit model 128
4.21 Data-driven model 130
4.22 Case study 131
4.23 Conclusion 134
References 134
x Contents

5. Role of dual active bridge isolated bidirectional DC-DC

converter in a DC microgrid 141
Anupam Kumar and Abdul Hamid Bhat

5.1 Introduction 141

5.2 Microgrid 142
5.3 Dual-active bridge converter 143
5.3.1 DAB parameter design 146
5.4 Fuzzy logic controller 148
5.5 Performance evaluation 149
5.5.1 Single-phase shift technique 149
5.5.2 Forward conduction mode 151
5.5.3 Reverse conduction mode 151
5.6 Experimental verification 153
5.7 Conclusion 154
References 155

Section IV Hybrid AC/DC microgrids

6. Introduction to hybrid AC/DC microgrids 159
Shivani Mishra and R.K. Viral
6.1 Introduction 159
6.1.1 Hybrid micro-grid 160
6.1.2 The topographies of hybrid micro-grid 162
6.1.3 Need of hybrid micro-grid 162
6.1.4 Comparison between conventional grid and hybrid micro-grid 162
6.2 Architecture of hybrid micro-grid 163
6.3 Architecture of AC-coupled hybrid micro-grid 164
6.4 Architecture of DC-coupled hybrid micro-grid 165
6.5 Architecture of AC-DC coupled hybrid micro-grid 166
6.6 Modeling of hybrid micro-grid components 167
6.6.1 PV system model 167
6.6.2 Wind energy system model 168
6.6.3 Biomass energy model 169
6.6.4 Small-hydro system model 169
6.6.5 Battery model 170
6.6.6 Fuel cell model 171
6.7 Power quality issues in hybrid micro-grid 172
6.8 Control strategies and energy management system for hybrid micro-grid 172
 Contents xi

6.8.1 AC-coupled hybrid micro-grid 172

6.8.2 DC-coupled hybrid micro-grid 173
6.8.3 AC-DC coupled hybrid micro-grid 174
6.8.4 Transition between grid-connected and standalone operation
mode for energy management 175
6.9 Modeling of hybrid micro-grid 176
6.9.1 Modeling of PV and wind hybrid micro-grid 176
6.9.2 Modeling of PV, wind and biomass hybrid micro-grid 177
6.9.3 Modeling of PV, wind, biomass and small hydro hybrid micro-grid 177
6.10 Mathematical modeling of hybrid micro-grid 178
6.10.1 Modeling of AC micro-grid 178
6.10.2 Modeling of DC micro-grid 179
6.11 Coordination control of the converters 179
6.11.1 Isolated mode 179
6.12 Grid-connected mode 180
6.13 Economic potential and their benefits for hybrid micro-grid 181
6.13.1 Credit risk 183
6.13.2 Commercial risk 183
6.13.3 Returns 184
6.14 Case study regarding hybrid micro-grid 184
6.15 Conclusion 186
References 187

7. Control of hybrid AC/DC microgrids 191

P. Shambhu Prasad, Alivelu M. Parimi and L. Renuka
7.1 Introduction 191
7.1.1 Microgrid stability 194
7.1.2 Frequency stability 195
7.2 Literature review 196
7.3 Theoretical approach—different control techniques 198
7.3.1 Structures of robust controllers 199
7.3.2 General mixed sensitivity problem 202
7.3.3 H Infinity control problem 205
7.3.4 Structured singular value- μ control theory 206
7.4 Methodology 209
7.5 Results and discussion—case studies 212
7.5.1 H infinity controller frequency response 212
7.5.2 Mu synthesis controller frequency response 214
7.5.3 μ synthesis controller with parametric variations 215
7.5.4 Order reduction of the controller 216
xii Contents

7.5.5 Case studies—comparison of control techniques 216

7.6 Conclusion 220
7.7 Summary 220
References 223

8. Recent advancements in hybrid AC/DC microgrids 227

P. Shambhu Prasad and Alivelu M. Parimi
8.1 Introduction 228
8.2 Challenges in hybrid AC/DC microgrid and possible solutions 231
8.2.1 Operational aspects 231
8.2.2 Compatibility issues 232
8.2.3 Uncertainty, and perturbations in the renewable sources of energy 232
8.2.4 Protection 233
8.2.5 Reliability 234
8.3 Advances in hybrid microgrids 234
8.3.1 System modeling 235
8.3.2 K-nearest neighbors 236
8.3.3 Control law formulation 236
8.4 Case study 238
8.4.1 Preparation of data set 238
8.4.2 Data labeling 238
8.4.3 Data division for training and testing 240
8.4.4 Training the model 240
8.4.5 Training accuracy 240
8.4.6 Testing accuracy 240
8.4.7 Making predictions 241
8.4.8 Evaluating testing accuracy 241
8.4.9 Evaluating training accuracy 242
8.4.10 Plotting 242
8.4.11 Using logistic regression 242
8.5 Conclusion 243
References 244

Index 247
List of contributors

Abdul Hamid Bhat

National Institute of Technology, India
Dipayan Guha
Electrical Engineering Department, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology
Allahabad, India
Kamya Johar
IEEE Member, India
Ritu Kandari
Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, India
Anupam Kumar
Modern Institute of Technology and Research Centre, India
P. Madhumathy
Dayananda Sagar Academy of Technology and Management, India
Shivani Mishra
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Amity School of Engineering and
Technology, Amity University, India
Ayush Mittal
Open Systems International, Inc., India
Neeraj
Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, India
Alivelu M. Parimi
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus,
India
Vivek Patel
Electrical Engineering Department, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology
Allahabad, India
P. Shambhu Prasad
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus,
India
Shweta Babu Prasad
Dayananda Sagar Academy of Technology and Management, India
Shubhi Purwar
Electrical Engineering Department, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology
Allahabad, India
Aryan Rajput
HMR Institute of Technology and Management, India

xiii
xiv List of contributors

L. Renuka
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus,
India
R.K. Viral
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Amity School of Engineering and
Technology, Amity University, India
SECTION I

Introduction to
microgrids
This page intentionally left blank
CHAPTER 1

Microgrids, their types, and

applications
Ayush
1
Mittal1, Aryan Rajput2, Kamya Johar3 and Ritu Kandari4
Open Systems International, Inc., India
2
HMR Institute of Technology and Management, India
3
IEEE Member, India
4
Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, India

1.1 Introduction
With an exponential rise in the demand of electrical energy, a huge
change in the utilization of energy is observed. To fulfill the growth and
cutoff the dependency on fossil fuels and aged power transportation net-
works, numerous renewable energy resources, including and not limited
to—solar photovoltaics (PV), wind energy, and fuel cells (FCs) are
explored along with the evolution of various techniques, including—geo-
graphically distributed (and interfaced) energy resources, power electronic
converter(s) (PECs), and energy storage systems (ESSs). The proficiency in
the researched techniques paved the path for the operation of a new
entity which came to be known as microgrid.
Several engineers and researchers along with institutions have prof-
fered varied definitions for the term “microgrid.” For example, the defi-
nition accepted by the International Electro-Technical Commission as
proposed by Advance Grid Research at US Department of Energy for
the microgrid is, “A microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and
distributed energy resources within clearly defined electrical boundaries
that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid. It can
connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in grid-
connected or island-mode.” Nejabatkhah, Li, and Tian (2019), Olivares
et al. (2014), Parhizi, Lotfi, Khodaei, and Bahramirad (2015) define
microgrid as, “the concept of roaming DERs and various loads in the
existing power system, such as solar-PV, wind turbines, micro-turbines,
and storage devices which can be operated either in grid-connected
mode or in stand-alone mode.”

Microgrids © 2022 Elsevier Inc.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85463-4.00008-3 All rights reserved. 3
4 Microgrids

Generally, microgrid is the composition of distributed generation

(DG), loads, ESS, PECs, and control devices; but the basis of microgrid is
distributed resource (DR) that is the summation of DGs and ESS, that is,
DR 5 DG 1 ESS. DGs refer to small-scale power system that may be
independent of the large electrical grid and are primarily located on the
consumer side to meet their demands, whereas ESS stores energy in bat-
teries, flywheel, regenerative FC, and other devices. The DG and DR
technologies are subset of distributed energy resources (DER) that is
defined as the generation or production of electricity or heat on the load
(or demand) end for local application (Gupta, Kandari, & Kumar, 2021).

1.2 Microgrid classification

The base for the classification of microgrids can be broadly divided into
two categories—system topology and market segments (or, utility areas).
System topology (or, architecture) can classify microgrids in three
subsets—(1) DC microgrid, (2) AC microgrid, and (3) hybrid AC/DC
microgrid, whereas the area of application can classify the same into five
broad categories—(1) utility, (2) commercial/industrial, (3) institutional,
(4) transportation, and (5) remote-area microgrid(s). The same is depicted
in the next flowchart (Fig. 1.1) (Mohammed, Refaat, Bayhan, & Abu-
Rub, 2019).

Figure 1.1 Classification of microgrid.

Another random document with
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 the 4th of March. This stimulated action in the expiring
Congress, and the Army Appropriation Bill, then pending in the
Senate, was made the vehicle of legislation on the subject, by
the hasty insertion therein of the following amendment,
offered by Senator Platt, of Connecticut:

{190}

"In fulfillment of the declaration contained in the joint

resolution approved April 20, 1898, entitled 'For the
recognition of the independence of the people of Cuba,
demanding that the Government of Spain relinquish its
authority and government in the island of Cuba, and to
withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters,
and directing the President of the United States to use the land
and naval forces of the United States to carry these
resolutions into effect,' the President is hereby authorized
to 'leave the government and control of the island of Cuba to
its people,' so soon as a government shall have been
established in said island under a constitution which, either
as a part thereof or in an ordinance appended thereto, shall
define the future relations of the United States with Cuba,
substantially as follows;

I.
"That the government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty
or other compact with any foreign power or powers which will
impair or tend to impair the independence of Cuba, nor in any
manner authorize or permit any foreign power or powers to
obtain by colonization or for military or naval purposes or
otherwise, lodgment in or control over any portion of said
island.

II.
"That said government shall not assume or contract any public
debt, to pay the interest upon which, and to make reasonable
sinking fund provision for the ultimate discharge of which,
the ordinary revenues of the island, after defraying the
current expenses of government, shall be inadequate.

III.
"That the government of Cuba consents that the United States
may exercise the right to intervene for the preservation of
Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government adequate
for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty,
and for discharging the obligations with respect to Cuba
imposed by the treaty of Paris on the United States, now to be
assumed and undertaken by the government of Cuba.

IV.
"That all acts of the United States in Cuba during its
military occupancy thereof are ratified and validated, and all
lawful rights acquired thereunder shall be maintained and
protected.

V.
"That the government of Cuba will execute, and as far as
necessary extend, the plans already devised or other plans to
be mutually agreed upon, for the sanitation of the cities of
the island, to the end that a recurrence of epidemic and
infectious diseases may be prevented, thereby assuring
protection to the people and commerce of Cuba, as well as to
the commerce of the Southern ports of the United States and
the people residing therein.

VI.

"That the Isle of Pines shall be omitted from the proposed

constitutional boundaries of Cuba, the title thereto being
left to future adjustment by treaty.

VII.

"That to enable the United States to maintain the independence

 of Cuba, and to protect the people thereof, as well as for its
own defence, the government of Cuba will sell or lease to the
United States lands necessary for coaling or naval stations at
certain specified points, to be agreed upon with the President
of the United States.

VIII.

"That by way of further assurance the government of Cuba will

embody the foregoing provisions in a permanent treaty with the
United States."

The Platt Amendment, as it is known, was adopted by the Senate

on the 27th of February (yeas 43, nays 20, not, voting 25),
and concurred in by the House on the 1st of March (yeas 161,
nays 136, not voting 56). The opponents of the amendment were
weakened by their dread of an extra session of Congress, and
by their knowledge that the party of the administration would
be still stronger in the new Congress than in that which
expired on the 4th of March. Otherwise, no vote on the measure
could have been reached before that date.

At the time of this writing, the effect in Cuba of the

declarations of the Congress of the United States remains in
doubt. The Constitutional Convention has taken no action upon
them.

----------CUBA: End--------

CULEBRA.

See (in this volume)

PORTO RICO: AREA AND POPULATION.

CUMULATIVE VOTING.

See (in this volume)

 BELGIUM: A. D. 1894-1895.

CURTIS ACT, The.

See (in this volume)

INDIANS, AMERICAN: A. D. 1893-1899.

CURZON, George N., Baron:

Appointed Viceroy of India.

See (in this volume)

INDIA: A. D. 1898 (SEPTEMBER).

CZECH PARTIES.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1897.

D.

DAHOMEY: A. D. 1895.
Under a Governor-General of French West Africa.

See (in this volume)

AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (FRENCH WEST AFRICA).

DAHOMEY: A. D. 1897.
Settlement of Tongaland boundary.

See (in this volume)

AFRICA: A. D. 1897 (DAHOMEY AND TONGALAND).

DAMASCUS, Railway to.

See (in this volume)

JEWS: A. D. 1899.
DARGAI, Battle of.

See (in this volume)

INDIA: A. D. 1897-1898.

"DARKEST ENGLAND" SCHEME, Results from General Booth's.

See (in this volume)

SALVATION ARMY.

DAVIS, General George W.:

Military Governor of Porto Rico.

See (in this volume)

PORTO RICO: A. D. 1898-1899 (OCTOBER-OCTOBER).

DAVIS, General George W.:

Report on the Civil Government of Porto Rico.

See (in this volume)

PORTO RICO: A. D. 1898-1899 (AUGUST-JULY).

DAWES COMMISSION, The work of the.

See (in this volume)

INDIANS, AMERICAN: A. D. 1893-1899.

{191}

DE BEERS CONSOLIDATED MINING COMPANY:

Complicity in the Jameson Raid.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (CAPE COLONY): A. D. 1896 (JULY).

DECLARATION AGAINST TRANSUBSTANTIATION, The English

King's.
 See (in this volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1901 (FEBRUARY).

DELAGOA BAY, and the railway to Pretoria.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL):
A. D. 1895 (JULY) and (SEPTEMBER-DECEMBER).

DELAGOA BAY ARBITRATION.

"On December 11th, 1875, Portugal concluded a treaty with the

Transvaal Government under which the latter Government bound
itself to continue the line of railway—which the Portuguese
Government proposed to build from Lourenço-Marques to the
Transvaal frontier—'up to a centre of production and
consumption which should insure the traffic of the line and
the development of international commerce.' The Portuguese
Government then began to look about for a concessionaire and
contractor for this line, and after some research, eventually
came to terms with one Colonel Edward McMurdo, a citizen of
the United States of America, who undertook to build the line
without any Government subvention,—a matter of some importance
to the Portuguese Government,—but upon certain conditions, of
which the most important was that the concessionaire should
have the right to fix the tariffs without any State
interference. A contract … was drawn up and executed in Lisbon
on December 14th, 1883." The government bound itself to grant
no concession for a rival railway from the coast to the
Transvaal boundary, and gave the contractor certain valuable
mining rights and grants of land. On his part he was to
complete the road within three years. He formed a Portuguese
company for the purpose, and seems to have been prepared for
success in his undertaking, when rumors began to circulate
that the Transvaal government had secured from that of
Portugal the right to build a steam tramway from the eastern
 terminus of its own line to the coast. These rumors were
contradicted by the Portuguese government: but are said to
have been eventually confirmed. Five months after the signing
of the contract with Colonel McMurdo, the Portuguese
authorities, it seems, had actually violated it in the manner
described. Henceforth the contractor appears to have had every
possible embarrassment thrown in his way by combined action of
the Portuguese and Boer governments. His Portuguese company
was broken down, but he organized another in England, which
struggled on with the enterprise until 1880, when a decree
from Lisbon rescinded the concession, declared the railway
forfeited, and ordered military possession of it to be taken.
The sufferers in the matter, being British and American
citizens, appealed then to their respective governments, and
both intervened in their behalf. The result was a reference of
the matter to the arbitration of Switzerland. So much was
settled in June, 1891; but it was not until March, 1900, that
the judgment of the arbitrators was pronounced. They awarded
to the Delagoa Bay Company, as its due on the railway,
13,980,000 francs. "To this is added a sum of fr. 2,000,000 as
an indemnity for the land grant, which brings the total award
(less £28,000 paid by Portugal on account in 1890) to fr.
15,314,000 (or about £612,560), with interest at 5 per cent.
from June 25th, 1889, to the date of payment. The amount of
this award came as a considerable shock to the claimants, as
well it might. It was insufficient to pay even the bonds in
full (including interest at 7 per cent.), and left nothing
whatever for the shareholders, while even the expenses are to
be borne by each party equally."

M. McIlwraith,
The Delagoa Bay Arbitration
(Fortnightly Review, September, 1900).

DELAWARE: A. D. 1897.
A new Constitution.
 A new constitution for the State of Delaware, which went into
effect June 10, 1897, provides that after January 1, 1900, no
citizen shall vote who cannot write his name and read the
constitution in the English language. It also provides a
registration fee of one dollar as a qualification to vote.

DEMOCRACY: In the Nineteenth Century.

See (in this volume)

NINETEENTH CENTURY; THE TREND.

DEMOCRACY: In the Nineteenth Century.

Pope Leo's Encyclical concerning.

See (in this volume)

PAPACY: A. D. 1901.

DEMOCRATIC EXPERIMENTS, New Zealand.

See (in this volume)

NEW ZEALAND: A. D. 1891-1900.

DEMOCRATIC PARTY, and the Silver Question in the United States.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1896 (JUNE-NOVEMBER);
and 1900 (MAY-NOVEMBER).

DENMARK: A. D. 1899.
Complaints from Danish Sleswick of German treatment.

See (in this volume)

GERMANY: A. D. 1899.

DENMARK: A. D. 1899.
Representation in the Peace Conference at The Hague.
 See (in this volume)
PEACE CONFERENCE.

DÉROULÈDE, Paul:
Trial and conviction for treasonable conspiracy.

See (in this volume)

FRANCE: A. D. 1890 (FEBRUARY-JUNE);
and 1899-1900 (AUGUST-JANUARY).

DERVISHES, of the Sudan, The.

See (in this volume)

EGYPT: A. D. 1885-1896; 1897-1898; and 1899-1900.

DEVIL'S ISLAND.

See (in this volume)

FRANCE: A. D. 1897-1899.

DEWEY, Admiral George:

Destruction of Spanish fleet in Manila Bay.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898 (APRIL-JULY).

DIAMOND JUBILEE, Queen Victoria's.

See (in this volume)

ENGLAND; A. D. 1897 (JUNE).

DIAZ, Porfirio:
The results of twenty years of his Presidency in Mexico.

See (in this volume)

MEXICO: A. D. 1898-1900.
DINGLEY TARIFF, The.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1897 (MARCH-JULY); and 1899-1901.

DIPHTHERIA: Discovery of antitoxine treatment of.

See (in this volume)

SCIENCE, RECENT: MEDICAL AND SURGICAL.

DIR: Inclusion in a new British Indian province.

See (in this volume)

INDIA: A. D. 1901 (FEBRUARY).

{192}

DISCOVERIES, Scientific:
Comparison of the Nineteenth Century with preceding ages.

See (in this volume)

NINETEENTH CENTURY; COMPARISON.

DISFRANCHISEMENT OF THE NEGRO.

See (in this volume)

MISSISSIPPI; LOUISIANA; NORTH CAROLINA: A. D. 1900;
SOUTH CAROLINA; A. D. 1896;
MARYLAND;
and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901 (JANUARY).

DISPENSARY LAWS.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH CAROLINA: A. D. 1892-1899;
NORTH CAROLINA: A. D. 1897-1899;
 SOUTH DAKOTA: A. D. 1899;
and ALABAMA: A. D. 1899.

DIVINE RIGHT, Kingship by:

German revival of the doctrine.

See (in this volume)

GERMANY: A. D. 1894-1899.

DOMINICA: Condition and relief measures.

See (in this volume))

WEST INDIES, THE BRITISH: A. D. 1897.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: A. D. 1899.

Assassination of President Heureaux.
Revolution.
Election of President Jiminez.

General D. Ulises Heureaux, President of the Republic, was

shot through the heart by an assassin and instantly killed, on
the 26th of July. "He was in his fourth consecutive term as
president, and had occupied that position for fifteen years,
although still a young man. San Domingo had been more free
from revolution, more prosperous, better inclined toward
outside capital and enterprise, and more disposed toward the
ways of modern civilization under Heureaux, than at any
previous time for many decades. Although nominally a republic,
San Domingo was ruled by this iron-willed and resolute negro
with a stern despotism hardly matched by any other
contemporary government on earth. He was superior to all law.
He constantly made use of the practice of executing officials,
generals, and well-known public men with his own hand whenever
dissatisfied with them. Still more frequently, when the
objects of his disapproval were not within easy traveling
distance, he gave orders to some officer or subordinate,
dependent upon his favor, to undertake an assassination.
 Failure to comply promptly and successfully with such a
mandate meant death to the men who failed. These statements
convey no exaggerated impression of the way in which Heureaux
has ruled San Domingo, nipped insurrection in the bud, and
kept himself in power. … He always excused his ruthlessness on
the ground of public necessity. Of course, it was inevitable
that such a man should sooner or later be assassinated
himself."

American Review of Reviews,

September, 1899.

According to the provisions of the constitution, the

Vice-President, General Figuereo, succeeded to the presidency;
but an insurrection against his government was so rapidly
successful that he resigned his office on the 31st of August,
and a provisional government was created, pending arrangements
for an election. The recognized leader of the revolutionary
movement was Juan Isidro Jiminez, who had been compelled, some
years before, to quit San Domingo, on account of his
opposition to Heureaux, leaving a large property behind. Since
that time he had been a successful and well-known merchant in
New York. Latterly, Jiminez had established himself in Cuba,
whence he attempted to assist as well as direct the revolution
in the neighboring island; but the United States authorities
objected to such use being made of neutral territory, and he
was placed for a time under arrest. When released, however, he
was permitted to proceed to San Domingo, without men or arms,
and there he was elected President, assuming the office on the
14th of November.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: A. D. 1900.

Commercial Convention with the United States.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1899-1901.
DOMOKO, Battle of.

See (in this volume)

TURKEY: A. D. 1897 (MARCH-SEPTEMBER).

DONGOLA, Expedition to.

See (in this volume)

EGYPT: A. D. 1885-1896.

DREYFUS AFFAIR, The.

See (in this volume)

FRANCE: A. D. 1897-1899.

DREYFUS AFFAIR, The

Closed by the Amnesty Bill.

See (in this volume)

FRANCE: A. D. 1900 (DECEMBER).

DRIEFONTEIN, Battle of.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE FIELD OF WAR): A. D. 1900 (MARCH-
MAY).

DRIFTS, Closing of the Vaal River.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL):
A. D. 1895 (SEPTEMBER-DECEMBER).

DUM-DUM BULLET, The.

The dum-dum bullet, about which there was much discussion at

The Hague Peace Conference, is constructed to spread slightly
 at the point. All modern rifle bullets have an outer jacket of
hard metal, to take the grooving of the gun-barrel.
"Originally the jacket was thickest at the point, and so
strong that, while penetration was enormous, stopping power
was wanting; in other words, one bullet might easily go
through half a dozen men, yet, unless it happened to hit a
vital spot or a bone, they need not be disabled, and might
therefore continue to fight. This was amply illustrated in the
Chitral campaign, during which our soldiers began to lose
confidence in their weapon, while the enemy, quick to
recognize the different effect of volleys, were inclined to
attack British infantry armed with the Lee-Metford rather than
native infantry armed with the Martini-Henry. The Indian
military authorities at once set about designing a bullet
which, while maintaining range, should have the required
stopping power. The result was the dum-dum bullet—so named
after the place near Calcutta where it is made—of which much
has been heard. The difference in appearance between it and
the original pattern is comparatively slight. The shape is
exactly the same, but the jacket is differently arranged;
instead of having its greatest strength at the point, it is
weakest there—indeed, at the apex a small part of the core is
uncovered, but does not project."

Quarterly Review, July, 1899.

{193}

DUTCH EAST INDIES: A. D. 1894.

Revolt in Lombok.

A rising in the island of Lombok, one of the Lesser Sunda

group, which began in August, proved a troublesome affair.
"The cause of the rebellion was the concession made to the
Sassaks, to be henceforth governed by their own chiefs,
instead of by the Balinian chiefs, who had hitherto been
all-powerful. During the continuance of the hostilities, the
 Sassaks remained constantly faithful to the Dutch, and fought
against the Balinians, who, although far inferior in numbers,
had, nevertheless, oppressed their fellow-islanders for many
years; but the courage, energy and audacity of the Balinians
were well known, and as early as 1868 the Dutch troops had
been in serious conflict with them. The news of this disaster
aroused in Holland great excitement, and public opinion was
unanimous in its demand for speedy and energetic reprisals.
Several severe and bloody encounters took place, but finally
the Dutch troops, under the orders of General Vetter,
succeeded in making the Rajah of Lombok prisoner, his immense
wealth falling at the same time into the hands of the
victors."

Annual Register,
1894, page 308.

DYNAMITE MONOPOLY, The Boer.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1895 (NOVEMBER).

E.

EAGAN, General Charles P.: The case of.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1899 (JANUARY).

EAST AFRICA, German: Trade, etc.

See (in this volume)

GERMANY: A. D. 1899 (JUNE).

EAST AFRICA PROTECTORATE, British.

See (in this volume)

 BRITISH EAST AFRICA PROTECTORATE: A. D. 1895-1897.

EAST INDIES, Dutch.

See (in this volume)

DUTCH EAST INDIES.

ECCLESIASTICAL LAWS, The Hungarian.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1894-1895.

ECUADOR: A. D. 1894-1899.
Successful Revolution.
Government measures against the Church.

In the fall of 1894 the government of Chile sold ostensibly to

that of Ecuador a war vessel, which the latter at once
transferred to Japan, then at war with China. The round about
transaction was regarded with suspicion, the Ecuadorian
government being accused of a corrupt agency in it, to cover
the Chilian breach of neutrality. Much feeling on the subject
was excited in the country, and this gave to the Radical party
an opportunity to stir up revolt. They improved it with
success. After an obstinate civil war of more than six months
the government of President Cordero was overthrown, and
General Aloy Alfaro, the revolutionist leader, was inaugurated
Executive Chief of the Republic on the 4th of November, 1895.
The defeated Conservatives, stimulated by the clergy, were
quickly in arms again, in the summer of 1896, but again they
were overcome, and the government of Alfaro began to deal
severely with the religious orders and the Church. Much of the
Church property was confiscated, and the inmates of religious
houses are said to have fled in considerable numbers to other
countries. In October, 1896, a National Convention was held
and the constitution revised. Among other changes, it imposed
limitations on the former power of the Church, and extended
 religious freedom to other sects. In 1897 the Indians who had
supported Alfaro two years before were admitted to
citizenship. A renewed attempt at revolution, that year,
organized and armed in Colombia, was suppressed with the help
of the Colombian government. The same fate attended another
undertaking of rebellion in January, 1899; but it was overcome
only after a hard fought battle.

ECUADOR: A. D. 1900.
Commercial Convention with the United States.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1899-1901.

ECUMENICAL CONFERENCE ON MISSIONS.

See (in this volume)

MISSIONS.

EDUCATION: Australia and New Zealand.

Progress of educational work.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRALIA: RECENT EXTENSIONS OF DEMOCRACY.

EDUCATION:
Birth of educational systems in the Nineteenth Century.

See (in this volume)

NINETEENTH CENTURY: THE TREND.

EDUCATION: Canada: A. D. 1890-1896.

The Manitoba School Question.

See (in this volume)

CANADA: A. D. 1890-1896.
EDUCATION: Canada: A. D. 1898.
Encyclical Letter of Pope Leo XIII. on the
Manitoba School Question.

See (in this volume)

CANADA: A. D. 1898 (JANUARY).

EDUCATION: Belgium: A. D. 1895.

Religious teaching restored.

A new school law was carried in Belgium, against fierce

opposition from the Liberals and Socialists, which restores
obligatory religious teaching in both public and private
schools. Parents are permitted, however, to withhold their
children from the instruction that is given during school
hours by Catholic priests, on attesting in writing that it is
their wish to do so.

EDUCATION: Congo State:

The Belgian provision of schools.

See (in this volume)

CONGO FREE STATE: A. D. 1899.

EDUCATION: Cuba: A. D. 1898.

As left by the Spaniards.

See (in this volume)

CUBA: A. D. 1898-1899 (DECEMBER-OCTOBER).

EDUCATION: Cuba: A. D. 1900.

Organization of public schools.

See (in this volume)

CUBA: A. D. 1900.

EDUCATION: Egypt:
 Gordon Memorial College at Khartoum.

See (in this volume)

EGYPT: A. D. 1898-1899.

EDUCATION: England: A. D. 1896-1897.

"The Voluntary Schools Act" and "The Elementary Education Act."

See (in this volume)

ENGLAND: A. D. 1896-1897.

EDUCATION: England: A. D. 1899.

Creation of a Board of Education.

See (in this volume)

ENGLAND: A. D. 1899 (AUGUST).

EDUCATION: England: A. D. 1900.

Age at which children may leave school
raised from eleven to twelve years.

See (in this volume)

ENGLAND: A. D. 1900 (FEBRUARY).

EDUCATION: Hawaii:
Progress of educational work.

See (in this volume)

HAWAII: A. D. 1900.

EDUCATION: Japan: 1897.

Restriction of religious teaching.

See (in this volume)

JAPAN: A. D. 1899 (AUGUST).

EDUCATION: Japan: A. D. 1899.

 A Japanese injunction to students concerning
behavior to foreigners.

See (in this volume)

JAPAN: A. D. 1899 (JULY).

EDUCATION: Mexico:
Progress of educational work.

See (in this volume)

MEXICO: A. D. 1898-1900.

{194}

EDUCATION: Philippine Islands: A. D. 1898.

Schools and colleges under the Spanish regime.

"The only educational advantages attainable by the common

people of the archipelago are those afforded by the primary
schools. The Spanish regulations provided that there should be
one male and one female primary school teacher for each 5,000
inhabitants, instruction being given separately to the two
sexes. This wretchedly inadequate provision was, as a matter
of fact, never carried out. … From [a table showing the
relation between number of primary school teachers and
population in the several provinces, etc.] it appears that the
number of teachers of each sex required by law for a
population of 6,709,810 is 1,342, making a total of 2,684
teachers, whereas there are in reality but 991 male teachers
and 923 female teachers, giving a total of 1,914. Disregarding
the question of sex, we see that while there should be one
teacher for each 2,500 inhabitants, there is in reality but
one to each 3,500, even if we include only that portion of the
population sufficiently civilized to be taken account of in
the above enumeration. Taking the entire population at
8,000,000, we find that there is but one teacher to each 4,179
individuals. Examination of the … table further shows that in