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    8 views6 pages

    Lý thuyêt Vật liệu Polime

    Uploaded by

    thucsanhk

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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    [GROUP “LUYEN THI DANH GIA NANG LU'C” (FACEBOOK)] EXDEg Link page: https://www-facebook.com/luyenthidanhgianangluc LY THUYET VE VAT LIEU POLIME CHAT DEO 1. [Group Luyén thi danh gia nang lye (Facebook)] Cau tao: © Chat déo la nhimng vat liu polime cé tinh déo. © Tinh déo [a tinh bj bin dang khi chiu tac dung ciia nhiét, ap lu bén ngoai va van git nguyén dure sw bién dang d6 khi thai tac dung Phan loai: 1, Polietilen (PE): nCH,=CH, 2°? {CH,-CH}, etilen polietilen(PE) PE la chat déo mém, néng chay & nhiét dé lén hon 110°C, c6 tinh tro’ twong déi ctia ankan mach dai, diing Iam mang méng, binh chtta, tdi dung, . 2. Poli (vinyl clorua) (PVC) nCH,= CH ae (een cl a vinyl clorua poli(vinyl clorua) (PVC) PVC la chat v6 dinh hinh, cach dién tét, ben voi axit, ding lam vat liéu dién, 6ng dén nuéc, véi che mua, da gid, 3. Poli (metyl metacrylat) * Poli(metyl metacrylat) c6 dac tinh trong sudt cho anh séng truyén qua tot (trén 90%) nén duge ding dé ché tao thily tinh hitu co’plexiglas. © Poli(metyl metacrylat) dugc diéu ché tir metyl metacrylat bang phan tng trang hop: CH; o I nCH=C-COOCH, = -{cH-C x 1 ' CH, COOcH; 4, Poli (phenol - fomandehit) (PPF) PPF c6 3 dang: nhwa novolac, nhura rezol, nha rezit. a, Nhwra novolac: © Nhya novolac la chat rn, dé néng chay, dé tan trong mot s6 dung mdi hitu co, ding 6 san xudt vecni, son, © Dun néng hén hop fomandehit va phenol (axit phenic) léy dur véi xite tac axit duge nhura novolac (mach khong phan nhanh). LY THUYET TONG ON DANH GIA NANG LY’C - HOA HOC - Group “Luyén thi danh gid nang lye" (Facebook) Link group: https://www-facebook.com/groups/luyenthidanhgianangiuc [GROUP “LUYEN THI DANH GIA NANG LU'C” (FACEBOOK)] Link page: https://wwwfacebook.com/luyenthidanhgianangluc b. Nhwa rezol: ‘© Nhya rezol la chat ran, d8 néng chay, dé trong nhiéu dung méi hivu co, ding dé san xuat son, keo va nhya rezit,... ‘© Dun néng hin hop phenol va fomandehit theo ti Ié mol 1: 1,2 véi xtc tac 1a kim ta durge nhya rezol (mach khéng phan nhanh) nhung c6 mét s6 nhém —CH2OH con ty do 6 vi tri sé 4 hod 2 cua nhan phenol: ou ou oH Hoc Jy cH, o™ OO CHLOH HO CH,OH ¢. Nhwa rezit: Dun néng nhua rezol 6 150°C thu duoc nhua rezit (hay nhwa bakelit) c6 cau tric mang lu6i khéng gian. C6 xuat 48 dién, v6 may... diém khéng néng chay, khéng tan trong nhiéu dung mdi hitu co, ding san To 1. [Group Luyén thi dinh gia ning lwe (Facebook)] Cu tao: To la nhiing vat ligu polime hinh soi dai va manh véi dg bén nhat dinh Phan loai: L Nguén goc Vidu To tw nhién C6 sn trong thién nhién, Bong, len, to tim, .. dugc sit dung truc tiép. Tohéahge | To ting hop | Polime dugc tng hop bing | To poliamit (nilon, capron), phan tmg héa hoc. to vinylic (nitron, vinilon), to lapsan, .. To ban téng | Ch€ bign polime thién nhién | To visco, to xenlulozo hop hay nhén | bang phuong phap héa hoc | axetat, .. tao Y 1G loai to téng hgp thudng gip: 1. To nilon - 6,6 © Tornilon ~ 6,6 thudc loai to poliamit vi cic mat xich n6i v6i nhau bang cdc nhém amit —CO — NH- © Tonilon ~ 6,6 c6 tinh dai bén, mém mai éng muot, it tham nude, gidt mau kho nhung kém bén v6i nhiét, véi axit va kiém. = Nilon ~ 6,6 durgc didu ché tir hexametylen diamin HpN {CHz]sNHp va axit adipic (axit hexanedioic): NH,[CH,],NH, + nHOOC[CH,],COOH*"% { NH{CH,JeNHCO[CH,],CO},, + 2n11,0 LY THUYET TONG ON DANH GIA NANG LY - HOA HOC - Group “Luyén thi danh gia nang lye” (Facebook) Link group: https:/wwwfacebook.com/groups/luyenthidanhgiananglue [GROUP “LUYEN THI DANH GIA NANG LU'C” (FACEBOOK)] Coes Link pay /wwww facebook.com/luyenthidanhgianangluc = To nilon - 6,6 ciing nhwr nhiéu loai to poliamit khac duge ding dé dét vai may mac, vai lot sam lép xe, dét bit tat, bén lam day cap, day da, dan lw6i,.. 2. To lapsan ‘To lapsan rat bén vé mat co hoc, bén d6i véi nhiét, axit, kim hon nilon, dugc ding dé dét vai may mac. To lapsan thudc logi to polieste durgc tng hop tir axit terephtalic va etylen glicol. nHOOC-C,H,— COOH + nHO-CH,~ CH,-OH 252, axit terephtalic etylen glicol {CO -Ce,-CO-O- CH; -CH,- 0}, + 20H;0 poli(etylen terephtalat)(lapsan) 3. To nitron (hay olon) ‘+ Tonitron dai, bén voi nhiét va gitk nhiét tot nén throng dugc ding dé det vai may quan 4o hoge bén thanh sgi len dan ao rét. © To nitron thudc loai to vinylic durgc tong hop tir vinyl xianua (hay acrilonitrin) nén duoc got poliacrilonitrin: nCH.=CH-CN) —*#5 (-CH-CH(CN)-)a CAO SU L [Group Luyén thi danh gia nang lc (Facebook)] Cau tao: ~ Cao su la vat ligu polime c6 tinh aan hi ~ Cao su 6 tinh dn hdi, Tinh dan hdi la tinh bién dang khi chju luc téc dung bén ngoai va trér lai dang ban dau khi luc dé théi tac dung. Phan loai: C6 hai loai cao su: Cao su thién nhién va cao su téng hop. 1. Cao su thién nhién: Cao su thién nhién la polime cua isopren: (CH -C = CH- CH Jn — I CHs 2, Cao su téng hop a. Cao su buna © Cao su buna chfnh 1a polibutadien tng hyp bing phan ting triing hgp buta - 1,3 - dien c6 mat Na: © Cao su buna cé tinh dan hdi va d bén kém cao su thién nhién, nCH2=CH-CH=CH; —**» -~CH,—CH = CH—CH, —}- Y Khi dng tring hop buta - 1,3 - dien v6i stiren CgHsCH = CH, 06 mat Na ta duge cao su buna - S €6 tinh dan hii cao, Y Khi dng tring hop buta - 1,3 - dien véi acrilonitrin CN — CH = CH c6 mat Na, ta dugc cao su buna - N c6 tinh chéng dau cao. LY THUYET TONG ON DANH GIA NANG LY - HOA HOC - Group “Luyén thi danh gia nang lye” (Facebook) Link group: https:/ /www-facebook.com/groups/luyenthidanhgiananglue (FACEBOOK)] Link page: https://wwwfacebook.com/luyenthidanhgianangluc b. Cao su isopren © Khitriing hop isopren cé hé xtc tac dc biét, ta durge poli isopren goi lA cao su isopren: (€kp-C CH - CH2 )a — CH Cc polime nay déu c6 dc tinh dan hdi nén dugc goi la cao su cloropren va cao su floropren. Chting ban véi dau ma hon cao su isopren. Cao su isopren cé cau tritc gin gidng voi cao su thién nhién. Luu ¥: Triang hop isopren thi thu durgc cao su isopren chit khdng thu durgc cao su thién nhién. KEO DAN L [Group Luyén thi danh gia nang lwe (Facebook)] Cau tao: Keo dan la loai vat ligu cé kha nang két dinh hai manh vat ligu gidng nhau ma khOng lam bién @6i ban chat cdc vat ligu duge két dinh. Ban chat cita keo dan la cé thé tao ra mang hét site méng, bén vieng (két dinh ndi) va bam chdc vao hai manh vat ligu duoc dan (két dinh ngoai). ~ Theo ban chat héa hoc: cé keo dan hivu co nhw hd tinh bot, keo epoxi,.. va keo din vo co nhw thay tinh long, matit v6 co (hén hop déo cita thiiy tinh léng véi cdc oxit kim logi nhu Zn0,Mn0, 5b203 «.) = Theo dang keo: cé keo long (nhur dung dich h® tinh bot trong nurée néng, dung dich cao su trong xding ...), keo nha déo (nhu matit v6 co, matit hitu co, bitum, ..) va keo dan dang bot hay ban méng (chay ra & nhiét dé thich hop va gin két hai manh vat lai khi dé ngudi). IL. [Group Luyén thi danh gia nang lye (Facebook) M6t sé phan wng héa hgc thong gap: 1. Nhwa: a. Nhya PE: nCH,=CH, —S"2 4CH,-CH}, etilen polietilen(PE) b. Nhura PVC: n0H,= CH eee (co cl a vinyl clorua poli(vinyl clorua) (PVC) c. Nhya PS: xt.t?p CH=CH, Fe betas Cos CHHs d. Nhwa PVA: ncH,=cH-ococn; —2°% fcn-cH,\y cocks LY THUYET TONG ON DANH GIA NANG LY’C - HOA HOC - Group “Luyén thi danh gid nang lye" (Facebook) Link group: https://www-facebook.com/groups/luyenthidanhgianangiuc [GROUP “LUYEN THI DANH GIA NANG LU'C” (FACEBOOK)] Coes Link pay /wwww facebook.com/luyenthidanhgianangluc Thuy phén PVA trong méi truéng kiém thu durgc poli vinylic (poli ancol): « ae +oN00H = —te Cry 1 *2CH3COONa OCOCH; OH, f. Nhua PPF: Poli (phenol - fomandehit) (PPF) c6 3 dang: nhua novolac, nhwra rezol, nhyra rezit. Nhva novolac: (éu dur phenol va xtic tac axit. OH oH O +nHcHO |= EPS to} + nH,0 Nhwa rezol: Néu du fomandehit va xtic tac bazo. iy Ge OH Zz Nhvwa rezit (nhya bakelit): Nhya rezol néng chay (150°C) va dé ngugi thu durgc nhya c6 cau tric mang lu6i khong gian. | CH oH oH HAC CH CH Hy on He He oH H.C CH CH CHa on on CH, 2. Cao su: a. Cao su Buna: Triing hop Buta ~ 1,3 ~dien nCH:=CH-CH=CH; —“““_y -{-cH,—CH=CH-CH,}- buta-1,3-dien (butadien) polibutadien (cao su buna) b. Cao su isopren: Tring hop isopren nCH,= ¢- CH=CH, 0D, ‘CHa —G=CH —CHa}, CH eee 2-metylbuta-1 3-dien (isopren) poliisopren (cao su isopren) c. Cao su Buna - $: Triing hop Butadien va Stiren ACH;=CH—CH=CHy + nCH =CHy eaueal eae Ho Gt CoHs Cas d. Cao su Buna - N: Triing hop Butadien vé acrilonitrin LY THUYET TONG ON DANH GIA NANG LY - HOA HOC - Group “Luyén thi danh gia nang lye” (Facebook) Link group: https:/wwwfacebook.com/groups/luyenthidanhgiananglue [GROUP “LUYEN THI DANH GIA NANG LV'C" (FACEBOOK)] Link page: https://wwwfacebook.com/luyenthidanhgianangluc NCH) =CH— CH=CH, + nCH =CH, tet, ton, —cH= HCH; GH— CHa, cN on e. Cao su Clopren: nCH,=CH. zi B: 1 px H, bs, CHa CH= F— CHa} a f. Cao su Flopren: nCH)= ¢- CH= CH hte F 3.To a. To capron (nilon - 6): nH;N[CH,],coon “= -{ NH[CH,],CO }, +nH,0 CH, —CH, —CH, nt Se=01 CH, —CH,—NH b. To enang (nilon - 7): xt, AH,NICH,],COOH ——% —-{ HN[CH,|

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