F.Y. B.

Tech (Civil Engineering)

Applied Mechanics- Laboratory Manual

Applied
Mechanics

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 F.Y. B. Tech (Civil Engineering)
Applied Mechanics- Laboratory Manual

PREAMBLE
This laboratory manual contains the details of the laboratory experiment as per the
curriculum of B. Tech under Civil Engineering Department of Textile and
Engineering institute, Ichalkaranji. The laboratory manual helps the student to
understand the aim and then procedure Further the student will also come to know
the application of this laboratory in future endeavoring civil engineering projects.
The Environmental Engineering Laboratory helps the student to understand the test
procedures and it will helpful to them in the field practices.
This laboratory manual also contains the sample viva voce questions which
will be asked frequently during the regular labs. Further the information regarding
the experiments to be incorporated in the syllabus is also mentioned.

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Applied Mechanics- Laboratory Manual

CERTIFICATE
Certified that this file is submitted by

Mr. /Miss.___________________________________________________________

Roll No.________a student of ________ year of the course ___________________

______________________________________ as a part of PRACTICAL/ORAL as

prescribed by the Civil Engineering Department of Textile and Engineering institute,

Ichalkaranji for the subject Engineering Mechanics the laboratory of Engineering

Mechanics during the academic year _________________________ and that I have

instructed him/her for the said work, from time to time and I found him/her to be

satisfactory progressive.

And that I have accessed the said work and I am satisfied that the same is up to that

standard envisaged for the course.

Date:- Signature & Name Signature & Name

of Subject Teacher of HOD

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 F.Y. B. Tech (Civil Engineering)
Applied Mechanics- Laboratory Manual

Overview: Department of Civil Engineering

The Department of Civil Engineering committed to serve the society and technical
field with emphasis on knowledge, applied research, innovation and professional
skills. The department has modern laboratories well equipped with state-of-the-art
Equipments and machines for catering quality education to the students. It also offers
consultancy services to various private as well as government organizations. The
department is proud to have qualified teaching faculty imparting quality teaching and
is very active in conducting technical activities and research development. The
department is progressive in establishing associations with industry and technical
organizations for the betterment of students. Institution of Engineers (IEI) students’
chapter & Civil Engineering Student’s Association (CESA) established to develop
entrepreneurial qualities in students.

VISION
“To be a Department of high repute focused on quality education and innovative
research in Civil Engineering that prepares professionals and entrepreneurs to lead
technical, economic and social development of the society.”

MISSION
 To provide state-of-the-art resources that contributes to a congenial learning
environment.
 To provide academic environment for the development of capable professionals
empowered with knowledge, skills, moral values and confidence to take a leadership
role in Civil Engineering industry.
 To promote quality education, research and consultancy for industrial and societal
needs.

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

 Graduates of the program will be performing their duties efficiently at individual

level and in multidisciplinary team public and private sectors.
 Graduates of the program will show professionalism, communication skills, and
teamwork using current technical knowledge by engaging in lifelong learning.
 Graduates of the program will analyze and design Civil engineering systems for the
development of society that include economic, environmental, social, political and
ethical values.

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Applied Mechanics- Laboratory Manual

ENGINEERING MECHANICS LABORATORY

Do’s
1. Enter laboratory with appropriate uniform and shoes.
2. Bring the laboratory manual, observation and record without fail.
3. Make sure that all equipment is clean and returned to its original place after
performing experiments.
4. Turn off all electric equipment when not in use.
Don’ts
1. Don’t use mobile phones during laboratory hours.
2. Don’t come with long hair, dangling jewelry and loose clothing

Course Objectives:
1. To explain statics along with fundamentals theorems and laws governing it.
2. To illustrate equilibrium and its application to find unknown forces and reactions
acting on body by using Lami’s theorem, method of virtual work.
3. To locate the centroid and calculate moment of Inertia of plane composite figure.

4. To study kinetics of liner and circular motion by using Newton’s laws of motion.
5. To discuss Impact its types, coefficient of restitution and collision of bodies.

Course Outcomes: On completion of the course, student will be able to-

1. Do the resolution and composite of forces for concurrent and no concurrent forces
system and find unknown force acting on body and draw free body diagram and
analyze the body in static equilibrium.

2. Locate the position of Centroid of plane figure and calculate Moment of Inertia of
different standard and composite figures.

3. Analyze the bodies in Dynamic equilibrium and solve the kinetics problems

4. Explain and evaluate the phenomenon of Impact and behavior after impact.

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 F.Y. B. Tech (Civil Engineering)
Applied Mechanics- Laboratory Manual
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
TO VERIFY THE EQUILIBRIUM USING USING UNIVERSAL FORCE TABLE

AIM: To verify the conditions of equilibrium using universal force table.

APPARATUS: Universal force table with pans and weights.

THEORY: The conditions of equilibrium ΣFx = 0, ΣFy = 0

PROCEDURE: Put different weights in the pans. Adjust the weights until equilibrium of the
system is established. Make sure that central ring is not touching to central nut on the table.
Note down the weights and angles between the adjacent threads supporting weights. Repeat
the procedure two more times. Using recorded data of weights and angles prepare a space
diagram as shown in fig. showing magnitude and angles of all the forces.
1. Resolve all the four forces in to its x-component (Fx=Fcosθ) and y-component
(Fy=Fsinθ)
2. Add all the x-component together with considering sign conventions to get “ΣFx”
3. Add all the y-component together with considering sign conventions to get “ΣFy”

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Applied Mechanics- Laboratory Manual

UNIVERSAL FORCE TABLE

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. No. Forces in kg. Angles in degrees w.r.t. x-axis

F1 F2 F3 F4 1 2 3 4
1

CALCULATIONS:

RESULT:
The values of ΣFx= , ΣFy= are approaching to zero and the errors are within
acceptable limit of experiment so equilibrium of system of forces using universal force table is
verified

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Applied Mechanics- Laboratory Manual

EXPERIMENT NO. 2
LAW OF POLYGON OF FORCES

PREAMBLE: This experiment gives broad idea regarding the concepts ‘Resultant’ and
‘Equilibriant.’ Also comparison can be done between analytical and graphical values. From
this experiment, drawing space diagrams and vector diagrams can verify law of polygon of
forces.

AIM: To verify the law of polygon of forces.

THEORY: Law of polygon of forces

states that, “If a number of coplanar,
concurrent forces are acting on a body
and if they are represented in
magnitude and direction by the sides
of a polygon taken in order then the
line joining the beginning of the first
force and end of the last force
represents the resultant in magnitude
and direction.”
This law is verified by keeping
a point at rest by number of forces
acting on it.
Consider the system of
concurrent coplanar forces acting at
point ‘o’ as shown in the figure.

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Applied Mechanics- Laboratory Manual

System of forces NOT in equilibrium (R=Resultant)

System of forces in equilibrium(R=0)

These forces can be represented graphically in sequential order as,
F1, F2, F3, F4 Forces are drawn to a convenient scale and lines are drawn parallel to the forces
F1, F2 etc. respectively. The line joining the first point and the last point represents the resultant
(R) in magnitude and direction. A force equal in magnitude and opposite of the resultant and
passing through the same point nullifies the effect of the resultant is called an equilibriant.

PROCEDURE:
(1) The strings were passed on all pulleys and pans were attached to them.
(2) An unknown weight was put in one pan and known weights were put in rest in the
rest of the pans. All the weights attached represents the force acting on the same

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Applied Mechanics- Laboratory Manual

point. Under equilibrium conditions the weights and their corresponding angles
were measured.
(3) The space diagram and the polygon representing the above forces was drawn to
scale and the unknown weight was found.
(4) Using recorded data of weights and angles prepare a space diagram as shown in fig.
showing magnitude and angles of all the forces.
(5) Mark the unknown force as ‘u1’
(6) For one unknown case plot all the three known forces in magnitude and direction
one after other.
(7) For plotting the forces take a suitable scale for example ‘0.2Kg = 1cm’
(8) Now join the starting point of first force and endpoint of third force which represent
the fourth unknown force in magnitude and direction. Measure its length to get the
magnitude.
(9) For two unknown case plot all the two known forces in magnitude and direction
one after other. For remaining two unknown forces the angles are known.
Accordingly draw the lines at respected angles. The intersection point of these two
lines will be the dividing point of two unknown forces. Measure their lengths to get
the magnitudes
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr. No. Condition Forces in kg. Angles in degrees
F1 F2 F3 F4 1 2 3 4
1 One force Unknown

2 Two forces Unknown

CALCULATIONS:

RESULTS:
Sr. No. Condition Analytical Graphical
Results Results

1 One force Unknown u1 = u1 =

2 Two forces Unknown u1 = u1 =
u2 = u2 =

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 F.Y. B. Tech (Civil Engineering)
Applied Mechanics- Laboratory Manual

EXPERIMETN NO.3
TO VERIFY THE LAMI’S THEOREM USING JIB CRANE

AIM: To verify the Lami’s theorem using Jib crane.

APPARATUS: Jib crane, Weights,

Scale, Pan.
THEORY: Jib crane consists of three
members, namely, jib post and tie.
Post is a fixed member supported on a
base. A jib is hinged at the base of
post. The other end of jib bears a
pulley, which carries a rope called tie.
The rope tied at the post carries a load.
The forces in tie and jib can be
measured by spring balances provided
on them.
If three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium, they can be represented, in magnitude
and direction, by three sides of a triangle taken in order. When the load is applied the tensile
force in tie and compressive force in jib are measured. The lengths of tie, jib and post are
measured. The law is verified by drawing triangle of forces.
When load W is applied to the hook, the rope gets pulled and jib gets compressed. Thus
the rope is in tension and jib is in compression. Vertical load W thus gets distributed in the
rope and the jib. The point of suspension P is in equilibrium under the action of three forces,
load W, compressive force in jib and tension in the rope from the system of these three forces,
a triangle of forces can be drawn by measuring length of the members to some scale. Forces
in members are required to be in proportion to the length.

PROCEDURE:
1) The initial readings on balances were recorded.
2) The load of 1 kg was attached to the rope.
3) Now the final balance readings are taken. The difference between final reading and
initial reading in each case gives the effective force.
4) The lengths of tie, jib and post were measured.

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Applied Mechanics- Laboratory Manual

5) Further, Same procedure was repeated for 2Kg. and 3Kg. loads.
6) Space diagram was drawn by considering the length of jib, tie and post.
7) The experiment values of forces were verified with those obtained from Lami’s
theorem calculations.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Length Vertical Length Length Balance Force Balance Force
of Post Load of of reading In tie reading In jib
(cm) (W) Tie jib on tie (kg) (kg) on jib (kg) (kg)
kg (cm) (cm) Ini- final Ini- final
tial tial
1.0
2.0
3.0

CALCULATIONS:

RESULTS:
Length Vertical Force in tie (kg) Force in Jib (kg)
Load
of Post Experimentally Analytically Experimentally Analytically
(W)kg
(Lami’s) (Lami’s)
1.0
2.0
3.0

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EXPERIMETN NO.4
TO FIND INTERNAL FORCES USING JIB CRANE

AIM: To find internal forces using Jib crane.

APPARATUS: Jib crane, weights, pan, scale etc.

THEORY: Jib crane consists of three members, namely, jib post and tie. Post is a fixed
member supported on a base. A jib is hinged at the base of post. The other end of jib bears a
pulley, which carries a rope called tie. The rope tied at the post carries a load. The forces in
tie and jib can be measured by spring balances provided on them.
If three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium, they can be represented, in magnitude
and direction, by three sides of a triangle taken in order. When the load is applied the tensile
force in tie and compressive force in jib are measured. The lengths of tie, jib and post are
measured. The law is verified by drawing triangle of forces.
When load W is applied to the hook, the
rope gets pulled and jib gets compressed. Thus
the rope is in tension and jib is in compression.
Vertical load W thus gets distributed in the rope
and the jib. The point of suspension P is in
equilibrium under the action of three forces,
load W, compressive force in jib and tension in
the rope from the system of these three forces,
a triangle of forces can be drawn by measuring
length of the members to some scale. Forces in
members are required to be in proportion to the
length.

PROCEDURE:
1) The initial readings on balances were recorded.
2) The load of 1 kg was attached to the rope.
3) The lengths of tie, jib and post were measured.
4) The final readings on balances were taken. The difference between final reading
and initial reading in each case gives the effective force.

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Applied Mechanics- Laboratory Manual

5) Further, same procedure is repeated for 2Kg and 3Kg weights.

6) Space diagram was drawn by considering the length of jib, tie and post.
7) The forces in tie and jib were found graphically by drawing triangle of forces for a
given load.
8) The experiment values of forces were verified with those obtained from graphical
construction.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Length Vertical Length Length Balance Force Balance Force
of Post Load of of reading In tie reading In jib
(cm) (W) Tie jib on tie (kg) (kg) on jib (kg) (kg)
kg (cm) (cm) Ini- final Ini- final
tial tial
1.0
2.0
3.0

RESULTS:
Length of Post Force in tie (kg) Force in Jib (kg)
Experimental Graphical Experimental Graphical

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Applied Mechanics- Laboratory Manual

EXPERIMETN NO.5
BELL CRANK LEVER
AIM: To understand and verify the law of moments.

APPARATUS: Bell crank lever, hanger, weights, spirit level etc.

THEORY: The law of moments states that, “If a number of coplanar forces act upon a rigid
body keeping it in equilibrium then the sum of clockwise moments of all the forces about any
point in the plane of the forces equal to the sum of anticlockwise moments of all forces about
that point” or “If a number of coplanar forces act upon a rigid body keeping it in equilibrium
then algebraic sum of all moments of all the forces taken about any point in the plane of all the
forces is zero.”

PROCEDURE:
1) The length of the short arm is found out.
2) Bring long arm into horizontal position by help of wing nut and spirit level.
3) Note down initial readings in spring balance.
4) Apply the weights on long arm by help of hanger.
5) Again bring the long arm to horizontal level.
6) Find out magnitude of weight attached (w1, w2, w3) and their corresponding
distances from hinge (x1, x2, x3).
7) Note down the final reading in spring balance. The difference between the final and
initial reading in spring balance will be actual force acting.
8) Consider the equilibrium of the body i.e. the algebraic sum of moments about hinge
will be equal to zero.

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Applied Mechanics- Laboratory Manual

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr. Applied weights Distance Reading in Actual force Short
No. (kg) from spring acting (p) in arm
hinge balance spring balance (a)
(cm) (kg) (kg) cm
W1 W2 W3 X1 X2 X3 Initial final P=F.R.-I.R.
1
2
3

FORMULA:
W1*X1 + W2*X2+ W3*X3 - p*a = 0
Where,
W1, W2, W3 = weights applied on long arm.
X1, X2, X3= corresponding distances of weights
from hinge.
p = actual force acting in spring balance.
a = length of short arm.

RESULTS:
Sr. no. Value of force (p) in kg
By experiment By calculation
1
2
3

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 F.Y. B. Tech (Civil Engineering)
Applied Mechanics- Laboratory Manual

EXPERIMETN NO.6
SUPPORT REACTION OF BEAM

AIM: To understand the basic conditions of equilibrium of parallel forces.

THEORY: Beams are provided in a structure used for residential building or public building.
Usually these beams carry transverse loads which are parallel forces. The beams transfer the
load to the columns which support the beams. For a beam to be in equilibrium there is a definite
relationship between the vertical forces and the reactions given by the supporting columns.
When a body is in equilibrium-
1) The algebraic sum of vertical forces must be equal to zero.( ΣFx=0)
2) The algebraic sum of horizontal forces must be equal to zero.( ΣFY=0)
3) The algebraic sum of moments about a point must be zero.( ΣM=0)

APPRATUS: A graduated wooden beam, spring balances, hangers, weights etc.

PROCEDURE:
1) Place the graduated beam on the impression.
2) Note the initial readings in both spring balances.
3) Suspend the weights at different points on the beam.
4) Note the final readings in both compression spring balances.
5) Measure the distance of each weight from left spring balance.
6) The observed reactions at the two supports are found out by subtracting the initial
readings from the final readings of the respective balances.
7) To find the reactions by calculations, take the moments about one of the supports.
The reaction may be found out by subtracting first reaction from total vertical load.
8) Repeat the experiment by changing the loads at different places.

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Applied Mechanics- Laboratory Manual

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr. Weight Distance Initial Final Reaction Reaction Span
No. Applied From Balance Balance in in of
in kg Left Readings. Readings. Left Right Beam
Support balance balance (cm)
(cm) RA RB
W1 W2 L1 L2 Left Right Left Right
1
2
3

FORMULA: (W1*L1)+ (W2*L2) - (RB*SPAN)=0

RA + RB=(W1+W2)

RESULTS:
Parameter Reactions Analytical Experimental
SR. NO.
1 RA
RB
2 RA
RB
3 RA
RB

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Applied Mechanics- Laboratory Manual

EXPERIMETN NO.7
FLETCHERS TROLLEY

AIM: To find out gravitational acceleration.

THEORY:
Fletcher’s trolley consists of a rectangular block mounted on three light wheels. The block
bears a number of removable metallic cylinders so that its mass can be varied. A string is
attached to the block which passes over a pulley fixed at one end of the Platform. At the
free end of the string a pan is attached. On the upper surface of the block a strip of paper is
fixed. A long vibrating spring or oscillator is mounted on a firm clamp and it carries a light
brush at the free end. The brush lightly touches the paper.
When the trolley is set in motion the same mechanism sets the long spring in vibration
and a wavy trace is drawn on the paper. The time required for one complete vibration or
oscillation is constant. The period of oscillation is usually marked on the spring. The number
of complete oscillations between two points is taken as a measure of time required to
move from one point to the other. The mass moved is the mass of the trolley, the hanging mass
and the equivalent mass of the pulley and the wheels. In most of the cases the equivalent
mass of the pulley and the wheels is very small as compared to the mass of the trolley; as such
it can be neglected. The accelerating force is the weight of the hanging mass. For this
experiment trolley is placed on the platform. A strip of paper is fixed on the upper surface and
the brush is inked.
Then weights are put
in the hanging pan.
The trolley is pulled
along the platform.
The spring vibrates
and a vibratory track
is traced on the paper
as shown in the
figure.

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Applied Mechanics- Laboratory Manual

APPARATUS: Fletcher’s trolley- experimental setup of trolley, pulley, pan, oscillator, brush
etc. as shown in the figure, weights, paper, physical balance etc.

PROCEDURE:
1) Paste the paper on the top of the trolley and attach the brush to the oscillator.
2) Place a trolley in a position such that brush will be at the end of the trolley.
3) Now find time period of oscillation with brush i.e. time required to complete one
cycle.
4) Measure the weight of the trolley ’M’ and weight applied in pan as ‘m. g’
5) The weight applied ‘m. g’ will be such that trolley will just slide.
6) At the same time oscillate the oscillator.
7) Now mark the successive two oscillations on paper and measure the length and
designate one wave as ‘S1’ and second wave as ‘S2’
8) Now using the equation of motion,
1
S = u. t + ---. a . t2
2
Putting the values of ‘S1’, ‘u1’ and ‘t1’, acceleration of the trolley is found out.

9) Now by equilibrium condition and applying force is equal to product (mass. Acceleration.)
T = M. a (1)

For Trolley referring the figure,

m. g – T = m. a (2)

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From equation (1) and (2),

(M + m)
g = ------- --. a
m

9) Apply the same procedure for next three to four readings by changing weight
of the trolley and find gravitational acceleration.

CALCULATIONS:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. Dist. S Mass of Weight Linear Gravitational Average

No. In trolley applied acceleration acceleration gravitational
meter gms. gms. (m) (m/s2) (m/s2) acceleration
(M) (m/s2)
1
2
3
4
5

OBSERVATIONS:

1) Mass of the trolley = M = kg

2) Mass of one roller = kg
3) Time period t = sec.

RESULT: g =

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EXPERIMETN NO.8
CENTRIFUGAL FORCE

AIM: To determine the development of Centrifugal Force experimentally by using

UNIVERSAL GOVERNER APPARATUS.

THEORY: Suppose a mass ‘m’

describes a circular path of
radius ‘r’. Let the angular
velocity of the mass about the
centre of rotation be ‘’ radian
per second.
We have studied that
acceleration of the mass towards
the centre is ‘2 r’.
Hence in order to make
the mass move with uniform
angular velocity along the
circumference of a circle it is necessary that the mass be subjected to a force which produces
an acceleration ‘2 r’ towards the centre of rotation = m .2 r Newtons.
Unless this force is applied, the body cannot describe the circular path at uniform
velocity. This force necessary to be applied on a body towards the centre of rotation is called
the Centripetal Force. This force is balanced by an equal and opposite force due to the inertia
of the mass. This equal and opposite force is called as ‘Centrifugal Force’.

APPARATUS:
Porter Governer Assembly, Tachometer (for revolutions measurement r.p.m.), Measuring
Scale, etc…

PROCEDURE:
1. Observe the instrument and study it.
2. Measure the length of each Link [l] and initial height of Governer [h0].
3. Take the actual weight of Sleeve [W] and weight of each ball [w].
4. Add 01 kg (special) weight over the sleeve.
5. Make proper connection of Motor with control unit and power supply and increase the
motor speed gradually.
6. Take the sleeve displacement reading [X] over the fitted scale after the pointer mark
will remain stationary for particular position.
7. Measure the revolutions per minute [N] by using TACHOMETER.
8. Switch off the motor and measure the radius of rotation [r] of flying balls at stationary
position for same displacement [X].
9. Calculate Centrifugal Force [F].
F = m.2 .r
Where ‘m’ = Mass of ball in Kg
(Multiply the ‘m’ by 9.81 to convert it in Newton).
 = Angular velocity
= 2..N = radian / Sec.
60

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& r = Actual radius of rotation.

10. Repeat the same procedure for four more observations at different sleeve position and
take subsequent displacement readings X over fixed scale & and calculate
CENTRIFUGAL FORCE accordingly.
11. Prepare the set of the readings for every added weight over sleeve (i.e. 1 Kg, or 2 Kg
or 3 Kg)

OBSERVATIONS:
1) Length of each link ‘l’ = meter
2) Initial height of Governer ‘h0’ = meter
3) Actual Weight of Sleeve ‘W’ = Kg
4) Weight of each ball ‘w’ = Kg

FORMULA USED –
1) Calculation of Angular Velocity ‘’ rad./Sec.
 = 2..N where N = r.p.m.
60
2) Calculation of centrifugal force ‘F’ in Newton :
F = m .2 . r
Where m = mass of balls,  = angular velocity, r = radius of rotation.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. Central Sleeve Revolutions Angular Radius of Centrifugal

No. Wt. added Displacement per minute velocity rotation ‘r’ Force F
to the ‘X’ in meter R.P.M. ‘N’ ‘’= 2..N in meter =m.2.r
sleeve 60 (Newton)
in Kg radian /sec.
1
2
1 Kg
3
4
5
1
2
2 Kg
3
4
5
1
2
3 3 Kg
4
5

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PLOTTING OF GRAPHS – 1) Centrifugal Force V/s Radius of rotation.

2) Speed V/s Sleeve Displacemen

RESULTS:
Sr. SET Radius of Angular Centrifugal
No. rotation ‘r’ velocity ‘’ Force F
1
2
1 Kg
3
4
5
1
2
2 Kg
3
4
5
1
2
3 Kg
3
4
5

CONCLUSION:

i) Centrifugal Force is directly proportional to radius of rotation.

ii) Centrifugal Force is directly proportional to sleeve displacement.
iii) Centrifugal force is inversely proportional to height of governer.

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