Engineering Statics Lab Manual Fall 2022

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology

Hamdard University
ENGINEERING STATICS
Master Lab Manual
MT-273A
Fall-2022
Name:
Roll Number:
Mechanical Engineering Department

Hamdard University
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Sharae Madinat Al-Hikmah, Muhammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.
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INDEX
LAB NO. DATE OBJECTIVE REMARKS Signature
1. To determine resultant of coplanar forces.
2. To verify law of parallelogram addition of vector.
3. To verify analytical method of vector addition.
4. To verify principle of moment.
5. To determine equilibrium forces.
6. To determine the co-efficient of friction.
7. To determine co-efficient of friction for tilted surface.
8. To find out the mechanical advantage and efficiency.
9. To prove v = r x ω
10. To find out the co-efficient of friction between smooth

surface and the inclined surface.
11. To determine bending moment force.

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MARKS EVALUATION
Experiment Marks
No. Class Experiment Experiment Total

Participation Performance Reporting (1)
(0.3) (0.5) (0.2)
10
11
12
13
14
Total
Instructor Signature

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Introduction to Engineering Mechanics
Laboratory
Purpose
The goals of the Engineering Mechanics laboratory are;

1. To allow the students to perform experiments that demonstrate the theory of Engineering
Mechanics that is discussed in the theory course.
2. To introduce the students to some of the equipment used in the engineering field (which may
not be discussed in the lecture course because of time limitations).
3. To familiarize the students with proper laboratory procedure, including precise record-
keeping, logical troubleshooting, safety, and learning about the capabilities and limitations of
your equipment.
Introduction
This Lab Manual contains the laboratory experiments to accompany the course ME-217 “Engineering
Mechanics”, offered by Mechanical Engineering Department, HIET. The document contains eleven
experiments; Provide the detail concepts of polygon forces , beam moment, truss behavior, friction of
different surfaces on different planes, relationship in between angular velocity and linear velocity and bending
moment at different weights. Design and performance analysis to verify the law associate to the
experiment. Key inputs will come from industry to ensure the course material is in line with current
professional practice.
Objectives: where the expected achievements by the end of the experiment are stated.
Theoretical Background: Where the theory of the subject is reviewed. The introduction is kept
brief, assuming the student has covered the material in detail in class, or can refer to the theory
textbook for further reading.
System Modules (Hardware/ Software): Where the main new modules to be used in the experiment
are described (hardware/ software).
Procedure: Leading the student on how to run the experiment. The lab work is organized in parts in
order to have a clear and integrated structure of the work.
Observations: What particular observations are observed by the students during the experiment?
Conclusion: Extracted results and concluding remarks after the experiment given by the Student.
Learning outcomes: What will be the learning outcome after the student has successfully completed the tasks
in the Lab experiment?
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Exercises: Extra questions and tasks for the student to carry after the lab, and include in the lab report.
General Laboratory Procedure

While there is no specific document to be submitted at the beginning of the Lab –unless your instructor advises
you otherwise-, you are expected to read the experiment fully before you come to the laboratory.
In addition to the experiment write up, a Lab Manual has been prepared for every experiment. The
Lab Manual is a working document, designed to help students record all lab activities (measurements,
observations, answers to questions in the lab manual etc.). The student must have his/ her instructor
sign the sheet before he/ she leaves. Plots from the PC-based oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer may
be saved on a storage media (or student file-box if network is available) to reproduce them later in the
report and taken a printout and attached separately by the Student for further reference, records and
marking.
Every student should submit a report on each experiment. The report must be self-contained, and can
be read independent from the lab manual. All axes in all graphs should be clearly labeled. If there is
more than one trace in the plot, they should be clearly labeled. A sample report is attached in
Appendix B.
Troubleshooting
Things will not always go as expected; this is the nature of the learning process. While conducting the
Experiment think before you do anything. If you do so you will avoid wasting time going down dead-end
streets. Be logical and systematic. First, look for obvious errors that are easy to fix. Is your measuring device
correctly set and connected? Are you looking at the proper scale? Is the power supply set for the correct
voltage? Is the signal generator correctly set and connected? How are the variables in the code set? Is there a
syntax error? And so on. Next, check for obvious misconnections or broken connections, at least in simple
circuits.
As you work through your circuit, use your Lab Manual record tests and changes that you make as
you go along; don't rely on your memory for what you have tried. Identify some test points in the
system at which you know what the signal should be and work your way backwards from the output
through the test points until you find a good signal.
Neatness
When you have finished for the day, return all modules to their proper storage bins, return all test
leads and probes to their storage racks, return all equipment to its correct location, and clean up the
lab station. If appropriate switch off the unneeded equipment. Save your files in the Computer and on
any USB device for your records because you might not get the same PC System again for the next
experiment. Also email your file contents to your email address as a backup.

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Laboratory Safety
Always pay attention to what you are doing and you’re surrounding
during the experiments and notify the Instructor for any unlikely
event or mishap and leave the Laboratory with the permission of
Instructor immediately.
All students must read and understand the information in this

document with regard to laboratory safety and emergency
procedures prior to the first laboratory session. Your personal
laboratory safety depends mostly on YOU. Effort has been made to address situations that may
pose a hazard in the lab but the information and instructions provided cannot be considered all-
inclusive.
Students must adhere to written and verbal safety instructions throughout the academic term. Since
additional instructions may be given at the beginning of laboratory sessions, it is important that all
students arrive at each session on time. With good judgement, the chance of an accident in this course
is very small. Nevertheless, research and teaching workplaces (labs, shops, etc.) are full of potential
hazards that can cause serious injury and or damage to the equipment. Working alone and
unsupervised in laboratories is forbidden if you are working with hazardous substances or equipment.
With prior approval, at least two people should be present so that one can shut down equipment and
call for help in the event of an emergency. Safety training and/or information should be provided by a
faculty member, teaching assistant, lab safety contact, or staff member at the beginning of a new
assignment or when a new hazard is introduced into the workplace.
Emergency Response
1. It is your responsibility to read safety and fire alarm posters and follow the instructions during
an emergency
2. Know the location of the fire extinguisher, eye wash, and safety shower in your lab and
know how to use them.
3. Notify your instructor immediately after any injury, fire or explosion, or spill.
Common Sense
Good common sense is needed for safety in a laboratory. It is expected that each student will work in
a responsible manner and exercise good judgement and common sense. If at any time you are not
sure how to handle a particular situation, ask your Teaching Assistant or Instructor for advice. DO
NOT TOUCH ANYTHING WITH WHICH YOU ARE NOT COMPLETELY
FAMILIAR!!! It is
always better to ask questions than to risk harm to yourself or damage to the equipment.

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Personal and General laboratory safety
1. Never eat, drink, or smoke while working in the laboratory.

2. Read labels carefully.
3. Do not use any equipment unless you are trained and approved as a user by your supervisor.
4. Wear safety glasses or face shields when working with hazardous materials and/or equipment.
5. Wear gloves when using any hazardous or toxic agent.
6. Clothing: When handling dangerous substances, wear gloves, laboratory coats, and safety
shield or glasses. Shorts and sandals should not be worn in the lab at any time. Shoes are
required when working in the machine shops.
7. If you have long hair or loose clothes, make sure it is tied back or confined.
8. Keep the work area clear of all materials except those needed for your work. Coats should be
hung in the hall or placed in a locker. Extra books, purses, etc. should be kept away from
equipment, that requires air flow or ventilation to prevent overheating.
9. Disposal - Students are responsible for the proper disposal of used material if any in
appropriate containers.
10.Equipment Failure - If a piece of equipment fails while being used, report it immediately to
your lab assistant or tutor. Never try to fix the problem yourself because you could harm
yourself and others.
11.If leaving a lab unattended, turn off all ignition sources and lock the doors.
12.Never pipette anything by mouth.
13.Clean up your work area before leaving.
14.Wash hands before leaving the lab and before eating.
15. Unauthorized person(s) shall not be allowed in a laboratory for any reason
Electrical safety
1. Obtain permission before operating any high voltage equipment.

2. Maintain an unobstructed access to all electrical panels.
3. Wiring or other electrical modifications must be referred to the Electronics Shop or the
Building Coordinator.
4. Avoid using extension cords whenever possible. If you must use one, obtain a heavy- duty
one that is electrically grounded, with its own fuse, and install it safely. Extension cords
should not go under doors, across aisles, be hung from the ceiling, or plugged into other
extension cords.
5. Never, ever modify, attach or otherwise change any high voltage equipment.
6. Always make sure all capacitors are discharged (using a grounded cable with an insulating
handle) before touching high voltage leads or the "inside" of any equipment even after it has
been turned off. Capacitors can hold charge for many hours after the equipment has been
turned
off.
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7. When you are adjusting any high voltage equipment or a laser which is powered with a high
voltage supply, USE ONLY ONE HAND. Your other hand is best placed in a pocket or
behind your back. This procedure eliminates the possibility of an accident where high voltage
current flows up one arm, through your chest, and down the other arm.
8. Discard damaged cords, cords that become hot, or cords with exposed wiring.
9. Before equipment is energized ensure, (1) circuit connections and layout have been checked
by a Teaching Assistant (TA) and (2) all colleagues in your group give their assent.
10.Know the correct handling, storage and disposal procedures for batteries, cells, capacitors,
inductors and other high energy-storage devices.
11.Experiments left unattended should be isolated from the power supplies. If for a special
reason, it must be left on, a barrier and a warning notice are required.
12.Equipment found to be faulty in any way should be reported to the Lab Engineer immediately
and taken out of service until inspected and declared safe.
13.Voltages above 50 V rms AC and 120 V DC are always dangerous. Extra precautions should
be considered as voltage levels are increased.
14.Never make any changes to circuits or mechanical layout without first isolating the circuit by
switching off and removing connections to power supplies.
15. Know what you must do in an emergency.
16. Emergency Power Off: Every lab is equipped with and Emergency Power Off System.
17.Only authorized personnel are permitted to reset power once the Emergency Power Off
system has been engaged.
Electrical Emergency Response

The following instructions provide guidelines for handling two types of electrical emergencies:
1. When someone suffers serious electrical shock, he or she may be knocked unconscious. If the victim
is still in contact with the electrical current, immediately turn off the electrical power source. If you
cannot disconnect the power source, depress the Emergency Power Off switch.
2. Do not touch a victim that is still in contact with a live power source; you could be electrocuted.
3. Have someone call for emergency medical assistance immediately. Administer first-aid, as appropriate.
4. If an electrical fire occurs, try to disconnect the electrical power source, if possible. If the fire is small
and you are not in immediate danger; and you have been properly trained in fighting fires, use the
correct
type of fire extinguisher to extinguish the fire. When in doubt, push in the Emergency Power Off button.
5. NEVER use water to extinguish an electrical fire.

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Mechanical safety
1. When using compressed air, use only approved nozzles and never direct the air towards any
person.
2. Guards on machinery must be in place during operation.
3. Exercise care when working with or near hydraulically- or pneumatically-driven equipment.
Sudden or unexpected motion can inflict serious injury.
Additional Safety Guidelines
1. Never do unauthorized experiments.

2. Never work alone in laboratory.
3. Keep your lab space clean and organized.
4. Do not leave an on-going experiment unattended.
5. Always inform your instructor if you break a thermometer. Do not clean mercury yourself!!
6. Never taste anything. Never pipette by mouth; use a bulb.
7. Never use open flames in laboratory unless instructed by TA.
8. Check your glassware for cracks and chips each time you use it. Cracks could cause the
glassware to fail during use and cause serious injury to you or lab mates.
9. Maintain unobstructed access to all exits, fire extinguishers, electrical panels, emergency
showers, and eye washes.
10. Do not use corridors for storage or work areas.
11. Do not store heavy items above table height. Any overhead storage of supplies on top of
cabinets should be limited to lightweight items only. Also, remember that a 36" diameter
area around all fire sprinkler heads must be kept clear at all times.
12. Areas containing lasers, biohazards, radioisotopes, and carcinogens should be posted
accordingly. However, do not post areas unnecessarily and be sure that the labels are
removed when the hazards are no longer present.
13. Be careful when lifting heavy objects. Only shop staff may operate forklifts or cranes.
14. Clean your lab bench and equipment, and lock the door before you leave the laboratory.

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Clothing
1. Dress properly during a laboratory activity.

2. Long hair, dangling jewelry, and loose or baggy clothing are a hazard in the laboratory.
3. Long hair must be tied back, and dangling jewelry and baggy clothing must be secured.
4. Shoes must completely cover the foot.
5. No sandals allowed on lab days.
6. A lab coat or smock should be worn during laboratory experiments.
Accidents and Injuries
1. Do not panic.
2. Report any accident (spill, breakage, etc.) or injury (cut, burn, etc.) to
the teacher immediately, no matter how trivial it seems.
3. If you or your lab partner is hurt, immediately (and loudly) yell
out the teacher's name to get the teacher's attention.
General Warning Signs

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EXPERIMENT #1
OBJECTIVE
To determine resultant of coplanar forces
APPARATUS
 Gravesand’s apparatus
 Paper sheet
 Weight
 Thread
 Pans
 Pencil.
THEORY
Concurrent forces in equilibrium can be represented by a closed polygon the respective sides being
parallel and proportional to their respective forces. If the forces are not in equilibrium then the
closing side of polygon shows the resultant of the system of forces.
Figure 1.1: Gravesand’s apparatus

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PROCEDURE
1. Fix the paper sheet with drawing pin on the board set in a vertical plane such that it should be
parallel to the edge of board.
2. Pass a thread over two pulleys. Take a second thread and tie the middle of this thread to the
middle of first thread. Pass the ends of the second thread over the other set of two pulleys.
3. Take a third thread and tie its one end to the point of first two threads.
4. Attach pans to the free ends of the threads as shown in Fig. 1.1.
5. Add weights in the pan in such a manner that the knot comes approximately in the center.
6. Mark lines of forces represented by thread without disturbing the system and write the
magnitude of forces i.e. Pan Weight + Added Weight.
7. Remove the paper from the board and produce the line to meet at O.
8. Select a suitable scale and draw the vector diagram (Fig. 2.2) by moving in one direction (i.e.
clockwise or counter clockwise). Draw ab parallel to AB and cut it equal to force P; draw bc
parallel to BC and cut it equal to Q; Draw cd parallel to CD and cut it equal to force R; draw
de parallel to DE and cut it equal to S. Vector ae will be the resultant force T1 taken in
opposite direction and should be equal to force T which proves the law of polygon forces.
Percentage error = 𝑇−𝑇𝑅1 ∗ 100

𝑇
Figure 1.2: Space and Vector Diagram

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TRIANGLE LAW OF FORCES

Graphical Method
Fig. 1.2, draw ab parallel to force P in suitable scale with the use of set square and then from b draw
bc parallel to force Q. The closing side of triangle represents the force R1 which should be equal to
force R.
Note, the difference in R1 and R shows the graphical error.
Analytical Method
Draw a horizontal and vertical line at the point of concurrency of all the forces in Fig.2.2 (a) with the
help of set square. Resolve each force in x and y axis,
ΣFx = 0
𝑃𝑥 + 𝑄𝑥 + 𝑅𝑥 + 𝑆𝑥 + 𝑇𝑥 = 0
ΣFy = 0
𝑃𝑦 + 𝑄𝑦 + 𝑅𝑦 + 𝑆𝑦 + 𝑇𝑦 = 0
OBSERVATION:
Scale: N= cm
Components
Forces Value of Forces Angles θi Fx = FCosθi Fy = FSinθi
P
Q
R
S
T
ΣFx = ΣFy =
R=√ΣFx𝟐 + ΣFy𝟐
ΣF𝒚
α = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏
ΣF𝒙
CALCULATIONS:

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RESULT & DISCUSSION:
1. State the law and comment on the verification of law?
2. What are the reasons for these errors?

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EXPERIMENT #2
OBJECTIVE
To verify law of parallelogram addition of vector
APPARATUS
 Paper sheet
 Weight
 Thread
 Pans
 Pencil.
THEORY
Parallelogram law of forces” states that if a particle is acted by the two forces represented in
magnitude and direction by the two sides of a parallelogram drawn from a point then the resultant is
completely represented by the diagonal passing through the same point.

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PROCEDURE
2. Pass one thread over the pulleys carrying a pan at its each end. Take a second thread and tie
its one end at the middle of the first thread and tie a pan at its other end.
3. Add weights in the pan in such a manner that the small knot comes approximately in
the centre.
4. Displace slightly the pans from their position of equilibrium and note if they come to their
original position of rest. This will ensure the free movement of the pulleys.
5. Mark lines of forces represented by thread without disturbing the equilibrium of the
system and write the magnitude of forces i.e. Pan Weight + Added Weight.
7. Use Bow’s notation to name the force P, Q, R as AB, BC, and CA.
8. Select a suitable scale and draw the vector diagram Fig: 2.2by moving in one direction ab
parallel to force P and cut it equal to the magnitude of P. From b draw the line bc parallel to
force Q and cut it equal to the magnitude of Q. Calculate the magnitude of ca i.e., R1 which
will be equal to the third force R which proves the triangle law of forces.
9. If R1 differs from original magnitude of R, the percentage error is found as follows:
Percentage error = 𝑅−𝑅1 ∗ 100
𝑅
Figure2.2: Vector Diagram of Paralellogram

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Graphical Method
Cut OA=P and OB=Q in suitable scale. From A draw AC’ parallel to OB and BC’ parallel to OA. R1
represents the resultant of force P and Q. As the system is in equilibrium it must be equal to R.
Note that R and R1 are in opposite direction.
Analytical Method
Measure angles θ1 and by using resultant formula, calculate R1
𝑅1 = √𝑃2 + 𝑄2 + 2𝑃𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒𝜃1
OBSERVATION:
Scale: N= cm
P Q R Calculated % error
Result
Forces
CALCULATIONS:

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EXPERIMENT #3
OBJECTIVE
To verify analytical method of vector addition.
APPARATUS
 Paper sheet
 Weight
 Thread
 Pans
 Pencil.
THEORY
Concurrent forces in equilibrium can be represented by a closed polygon the respective sides being
parallel and proportional to their respective forces. If the forces are not in equilibrium, then the
closing side of polygon shows the resultant of the system of forces.

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PROCEDURE
2. Pass a thread over two pulleys. Take a second thread and tie the middle of this thread to the
middle of first thread. Pass the ends of the second thread over the other set of two pulleys.
3. Take a third thread and tie its one end to the point of first two threads.
4. Attach pans to the free ends of the threads as shown in Fig. 3.1.
5. Add weights in the pan in such a manner that the knot comes approximately in the center.
6. Mark lines of forces represented by thread without disturbing the system and write the
magnitude of forces i.e. Pan Weight + Added Weight.
8. Select a suitable scale and draw the vector diagram (Fig. 3.2) by moving in one direction
(i.e. clockwise or counter clockwise). Draw ab parallel to AB and cut it equal to force P;
draw bc parallel to BC and cut it equal to Q; Draw cd parallel to CD and cut it equal to force
R.
Percentage error = 𝑅−𝑅1 ∗ 100

𝑅
Figure 3.2: Vector Diagram

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TRIANGLE LAW OF FORCES

Graphical Method
Fig. 3.2, draw ab parallel to force P in suitable scale with the use of set square and then from b draw
bc parallel to force Q. The closing side of triangle represents the force R1 which should be equal to
force R.
Note, the difference in R1 and R shows the graphical error.
Analytical Method
Draw a horizontal and vertical line at the point of concurrency of all the forces in Fig.2.2 (a) with the
help of set square. Resolve each force in x and y axis,
ΣFx = 0
𝑃𝑥 + 𝑄𝑥 + 𝑅𝑥 = 0
ΣFy = 0
𝑃𝑦 + 𝑄𝑦 + 𝑅𝑦 = 0
OBSERVATION:
Scale: N= cm
Components
Forces Value of Forces Angles θi Fx = FCosθi Fy = FSinθi
P
Q
R
R=√ΣRx𝟐 + ΣRy𝟐
R𝒚
α = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏
R𝒙
CALCULATIONS:

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RESULT & DISCUSSION:
1. Which method is the most precise, graphical or analytical method?
2. Why is the polygon method generally considered to be the most reasonable graphical
technique?

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EXPERIMENT #4
OBJECTIVE
To verify principle of moment.
APPARATUS
 Beam
 Scale
 Weight machine
 Weights
 Beam Suppoter
THEROY
This experiment is based on ‘Principle of moments’ which states that if a body is in equilibrium
under the action of a number of coplanar forces then the algebraic sum of all the forces and
their moments about any point in their plane are zero.
Mathematically: The body will be in equilibrium, if
ΣH =0 i.e. the algebraic sum of all horizontal forces is zero.
ΣV =0 i.e. the algebraic sum of all Vertical forces is zero.
ΣM =0 i.e. the algebraic sum of all moments about a point is zero.
Figure 4.1: Experimental setup for simply supported beam

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PROCEDURE
1. Place the graduated beam on the weighing machine.

2. Ensure that initial reading of weighing machine is zero, if not make it equal to zero by
pressing tare button.
3. Now suspend the weights at different points on the beam
4. Note down the readings of the weighing machine which represent the observed values
of support reactions at A and B.
5. Measure the distance of each weight from one support.
6. Then apply the equations of equilibrium (ΣH =0, ΣV =0, ΣM =0) to calculate the support
reaction at both the ends.
7. If there is any difference between observed and calculated reactions, then calculate the
percentage error.
OBSERVATIONS
Distance of
Reading
Load from
from the Weight
Support A Calculated %
S.No weighting suspended Sum of moments
(m) Relations error
machine (N)
(kg)
W1L1+ W2L2+ W-
RA RB W1 W2 W3 L1 L2 L3 R`A R`B A B
3L3
ANALYTICAL CALCULATIONS
Free body diagram of the setup is shown in Fig. 4.2
Figure 4.2: Free Body Diagram

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From the equation of Equilibrium, ΣV =0 i.e. the algebraic sum of all Vertical forces is zero.
ΣV =0 RA ‘+RB’ = W1 + W2 + W3
ΣMA =0 RB ‘* L = W1* L1+ W2*L2 + W3*L3
RB’ = Calculated reaction force at B
RA ‘= Calculated reaction force at A
RB = Observed reaction force at B
RA = Observed reaction force at A
Percentage error at point A
𝑅𝐴 −
𝑅`𝐴 ∗ 100
𝑅𝐴
Percentage error at point B
𝑅𝐵 −
𝑅`𝐵 ∗ 100
𝑅𝐵
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
1. State and explain principle of Moment.
2. Comment on the verification of the principle of moment?

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EXPERIMENT # 5
OBJECTIVE
To determine equilibrium forces
Apparatus:
 Basic Roof Truss
 Weight
 Hanger
THEORY:
A truss is one , which is used, in simple plane. This type of truss is commonly used in supporting
roofs and bridges. The roof`s load is transmitted to the truss at jointby means of support. When
bridges or roofs are extended over a large distance a rocker or rooler is used for supporting one
end.
PROCEDURE:
1. Three shapes of roof truss should be tested.
i. Pitch 45o Tie: 580mm
ii. Pitch 37o Tie: 660mm
iii. Pitch 30o Tie: 710mm
2. In each setup rafer length should be fixed at 410mm.
3. The length of the tie chain at 350mm to achieve enough adjustment when the truss is loaded.
4. Hook the tension spring balance onto the chain and used thumbnut to set the tie to length
5. Load hanger is suspended from the apex of the truss.
6. Record three balance reading.
Figure: 5.1 Basic Roof Truss

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OBSERVATION:
Tie length = Rise to apex =
Structure AB Structure AC Tie BC
Apex Load
Balance Balance Balance
(N) Force (N) Force (N) Force (N)
(N) (N) (N)
CALCULATION:

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION
1. What are the methods of calculation the forces in a truss member?
2. Define different type of truss.

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EXPERIMENT # 6
OBJECTIVE
To determine the co-efficient of friction.
APPARATUS
 Wooden Flat Plane
 Wooden Block
 String
 Weights.
THEORY:
An object placed on a flat surface and pulled using a known force. The coefficient of static friction is
related to the Normal Force FN of the object on the surface, when the object just begins to slide. The
normal force FN and the weight mg (gravitational force) are equal also The force of friction FF is
equivalent to the normal force FN times the coefficient of friction µ.
Figure 6.1: Inclined Plane with Slider surface

PROCEDURE:
1. Place the block on the plane and begin adding small amounts of mass.
2. Slowly add weights in the effort pan. A stage would come when the effort pan just slides
down pulling the box up the plane. Using fractional weights up to a least count of 5 gm,
find the least possible weight.
3. Repeat the above steps 1 to 3 by changing the weights.
4. Note the value of Normal force and effort force
5. Repeat the experiment for different value of RN, P
6. Calculate value of µ for each reading.
7. Find the average of µ.
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OBSERVATION:
Observation RN P Average
µ
number (gm) (gm) µ
1.(a)
1.(b)
2.(a)
2.(b)
3.(a)
3.(b)

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CALCULATION:

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EXPERIMENT # 7
OBJECTIVE
To determine co-efficient of friction for tilted surface.
APPARATUS:
 Inclined plane
 Trolley
 String
 Weights.
THEORY:
If,
α = Angle of inclination of the plane with the horizontal at which the trolley moves with
a minimum uniform speed up the plane.
W = Load on the slider
P = Force which pulls the trolley up with uniform movement.
R = Normal Reaction
F = Frictional forces acting against the movement.
From the Free Body Diagram, for equilibrium
Resolving along the plane P = μR + W
sinα Perpendicular tothe plane R– W cos α =
From above two equations, μ = (P/W cos α) − tan α

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Figure 7.1: Inclined Plane with Rolling body

PROCEDURE:
1. The plane with a sprit level and set the pointer at zero.
2. Put suitable load on the pan and adjust the angle of plane so that the trolley moves with
uniform speed up the plane.
3. Note the value of W, P and α.
4. Repeat the experiment for different value of W, P and α.
OBSERVATION:
Observation W P Α Average
µ
number (gm) (gm) (degree) µ
1.(a)
1.(b)
2.(a)
2.(b)
3.(a)
3.(b)

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CALCULATION:

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EXPERIMENT # 8
OBJECTIVE
To find out the mechanical advantage and efficiency
APPARATUS:
 Windlass Apparatus
 Hooks
 Thread
 Weights
THEORY:
With many machines it is possible to obtain a very large output force from a small applied force and
to do work in a more convenient and advantageous manner. However, it must be remembered that no
machine violates the fundamental law of the conservation of energy. If the machine makes it possible
to produce a large opposing force with a comparatively small applied force, it will always be found
necessary to move the applied force a correspondingly larger distance than the opposing force
moves. Hence it is always necessary to keep clearly in mind that the distinction between such
important terms as force and work, work and power and efficiency as opposed to mechanical
advantage.
A wheel and axle is made of two wheels of different sizes. The axle is the smaller wheel. The effort
force is applied to the wheel. The formula for the mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle is:
Force of the load

MA= Force of the effort
A small force on the wheel produces a larger force on the axle. A large movement of the wheel edge
produces a small movement of the axle.
here are several simple ratios used for the analysis of a machine;
Velocity Ratio
Distance moved by Effort 𝑆𝐸 2D

VR = Distance moved by Load = 𝑆𝐿 = 𝑑1−𝑑2
Mechanical Advantage
Force of the load

MA = Force of the effort
Mechancial Advantage
Efficiency = η = Velocity Ratio * 100

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Figure 8.1 Wheel and axle

PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the circumference of wheel and both axles by using thread to calculate the diameter.
2. Apply the suitable load with minimum effort to disturb the equilibrium.
3. Adjust effort load till equilibrium achieved
4. Disturb the load and effort for different calculations
5. Calculate the M.A and efficiency of machine.
6. Plot the value in graph papers to construct the following Curves
(a) P vs W
(b) MA vs W
(c)η vs W
OBSERVATIONS:
Load Lifted Mechanical Velocity
Effort Applied Efficiency
S.No Upward Advantage Ratio
P η
W M.A VR
1.
2.
3.
4.
CALCULATION:

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EXPERIMENT # 9
OBJECTIVE
To prove v = r ω
APPARATUS:
 Linear velocity and angular velocity apparatus
 Hooks
 Thread
 Weights
THEORY:
Linear velocity in a circular path, increases with the increase in radius and decreases with the
decrease in radius. Hence, the angular velocity remains the same no matter what the change in radius
is (ω =v/r).
Consider a body moving along the circumference of a circle of radius r with linear velocity v and
angular velocity ω. Let it move from P to Q in time dt and dθ be the angle swept by the radius vector.
Figure 9.1: Linear velocity and angular velocity apparatus

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PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the circumference of wheel by using thread to calculate the radius.
2. Set Wheel at 0o.
3. Apply small amount weight for gravitational movement for tangential velocity.
4. Use stopwatch to calculate the time from 0o to another angle.
5. Measure angular distance at different radius by using same amount of weight.
6. Calculate linear and angular velocity to verify v = r ω
OBSERVATION:
Circumference(s): i.
ii.
iii.
Radius i.
ii.
iii.
Load Wheel 1 Wheel 2 Wheel 3

S.No W
θ dt θ dt θ dt
CALCULATIONS:

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

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EXPERIMENT # 10
OBJECTIVE
To find out the co-efficient of friction between smooth surface and the inclined surface
APPARATUS
 Inclined plane
 Trolley
 String
 Weights.
THEORY:
If,
α = Angle of inclination of the plane with the horizontal at which the trolley moves with
a minimum uniform speed up the plane.
W = Load on the slider
P = Force which pulls the trolley up with uniform movement.
R = Normal Reaction
F = Frictional forces acting against the movement.
From the Free Body Diagram, for equilibrium
Resolving along the plane P = μR + W
sinα Perpendicular tothe plane R– W cos α =
From above two equations, μ = (P/W cos α) − tan α

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Figure 10.1: Inclined Plane with Slider surface
PROCEDURE:
1. Level the plane with a sprit level and set at zero.
2. Slowly add weights in the effort pan. A stage would come when the effort pan just slides
down pulling the box up the plane. Using fractional weights up to a least count of 5 gm,
find the least possible weight in the pan that causes the slider to just slide up the plane.
Note the weight in the effort pan. This is force „P‟.
3. Repeat the above steps 1 to 3 by changing the weights
4. Note the value of W, P and α.
5. Repeat the experiment for different value of W, P and α.
OBSERVATION:
Observation W P Α Average
µ
number (gm) (gm) (degree) µ
1.(a)
1.(b)
2.(a)
2.(b)
3.(a)
3.(b)

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CALCULATION:

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EXPERIMENT #11
OBJECTIVE
To determine bending moment force
APPARATUS
 Combined shear force and bending moment apparatus
 Weights
 Hangers
 Measuring Tape
 Spirit Level
THEORY
Bending Moment in a Beam consists of a beam, which is ‘cut’ by a pivot. To stop the beam
collapsing a moment arm bridges the cut onto a load cell thus reacting (and measuring) the bending
moment force.
A diagram on the left-hand support of the beam shows the beam geometry and hanger positions.
Hanger supports are 20 mm apart, and have a center slot, which positions the hangers. The moment
arm is 125 mm long This experiment examines how bending moment varies at the point of loading.
Figure 11.1 shows the forcediagram for the beam.
Figure 11.1
The equation we will use in this experiment is:

(𝑙−𝑎)
BM (at cut) = 𝑊𝑎
𝑙
PROCEDURE
1.
Set the beam the span at 900mm, W1 is positioned 100mm from the left
2.
W2 is positioned 300mm from the left with the pin of hanger within the groove of beam B.
3.
W3 is positioned 600mm from the left, Level the beams by adjusting the thumbnut on the
end of the studding.

4.
Record the bending moment using balance reading.
5.
Repeat the procedure by using different loads.

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OBSERVATION:
Experimental
Theoretical bending
S.No Mass (g) Load (N) Force (N) bending moment
moment (Nm)
(Nm)
CALCULATIONS:

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Engineering Statics Lab Manual Fall 2022

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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology

Mechanical Engineering Department

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

LAB NO. DATE OBJECTIVE REMARKS Signature

1. To determine resultant of coplanar forces.

2. To verify law of parallelogram addition of vector.

3. To verify analytical method of vector addition.

4. To verify principle of moment.

5. To determine equilibrium forces.

6. To determine the co-efficient of friction.

7. To determine co-efficient of friction for tilted surface.

8. To find out the mechanical advantage and efficiency.

10. To find out the co-efficient of friction between smooth

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No. Class Experiment Experiment Total

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Introduction to Engineering Mechanics

The goals of the Engineering Mechanics laboratory are;

General Laboratory Procedure

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All students must read and understand the information in this

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Personal and General laboratory safety

1. Never eat, drink, or smoke while working in the laboratory.

1. Obtain permission before operating any high voltage equipment.

Electrical Emergency Response

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1. Never do unauthorized experiments.

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1. Dress properly during a laboratory activity.

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Figure 1.1: Gravesand’s apparatus

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Percentage error = 𝑇−𝑇𝑅1 ∗ 100

Figure 1.2: Space and Vector Diagram

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TRIANGLE LAW OF FORCES

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RESULT & DISCUSSION:

1. State the law and comment on the verification of law?

2. What are the reasons for these errors?

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Figure 2.1: Gravesand’s apparatus

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Figure2.2: Vector Diagram of Paralellogram

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Figure 3.1: Gravesand’s apparatus

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Percentage error = 𝑅−𝑅1 ∗ 100

Figure 3.2: Vector Diagram

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TRIANGLE LAW OF FORCES

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RESULT & DISCUSSION:

1. Which method is the most precise, graphical or analytical method?

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Figure 4.1: Experimental setup for simply supported beam

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1. Place the graduated beam on the weighing machine.

Figure 4.2: Free Body Diagram

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1. State and explain principle of Moment.