ROBOTICS

THE RISE OF ROBOTS WITH

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ROBOTICS
“THE RISE OF ARTIFICIAL ROBOT”
 Artificial intelligence is a
subset of computer science that
focuses on machine-driven
intelligence

It is the understanding that

machines can interpret, mine, and
learn from external data in a way
where said machines functionally
imitate cognitive practices
normally attributed to humans.
Artificial intelligence is based on
the notion that human thought
processes have the ability to both
be replicated and mechanized.
One of the major forms of
Artificial Intelligence is the rise of
Artificial Robots.
 ROBOT
The acclaimed Czech playwright, Karel Capek, made
famous the word robot. The word is used in the Czech
language to describe forced labor or serf. Capek
introduced the word in his play R.U.R. (Rossum's
Universal Robots) first performed in Prague in 1921.
Capek's play presents a paradise in which robot
machines initially provide many benefits for humans, but
also bring an equal amount of blight in the form of
unemployment and social unrest.
 Origins of Robotics
The word robotics comes from Runaround, a short
story published in 1942 by Isaac Asimov. One of the first
robots Asimov wrote about was a robotic therapist. A
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Professor named
Joseph Weizenbaum wrote the Eliza program in 1966 as a
modern counterpart to Asimov's fictional character.
Weizenbaum initially programmed Eliza with 240 lines of
code to simulate a psychotherapist. The program
answered questions with more questions.
 HISTORY OF ROBOTS
We have evidence that mechanized
human-like figures date back to ancient times to
Greece. The concept of an artificial man is found
in works of fiction since the early 19th century.
Despite these initial thoughts and
representations, the dawn of the robotic
revolution began in earnest in the 1950s.
 Earliest History

Around 270 B.C. an ancient Greek engineer

named Ctesibius made water clocks with
automatons or loose figures. Greek
mathematician Archytas of Tarentum postulated
a mechanical bird he called "The Pigeon" which
was propelled by steam. Hero of Alexandria
(10–70 AD) made numerous innovations in the
field of automata, including one that allegedly
could speak.
 In ancient China, an account about an
automaton is found in the text, written in the 3rd
century BC, in which King Mu of Zhou is
presented with a life-size, human-shaped
mechanical figure by Yan Shi, an "artificer."
 Robotics Theory and Science Fiction
• Writers and visionaries envisioned a world including
robots in daily life. In 1818, Mary Shelley wrote
"Frankenstein," which was about a frightening artificial
lifeform come to life by a mad, but brilliant scientist, Dr.
Frankenstein.

• Then, 100 years later Czech writer Karel Capek coined the
term robot, in his 1921 play called "R.U.R." or "Rossum's
Universal Robots." The plot was simple and terrifying; the
man makes a robot then robot kills a man.
• In 1927, Fritz Lang's "Metropolis" was released. The
Maschinenmensch ("machine-human"), a humanoid
robot, was the first robot ever to be depicted on film.

• Science fiction writer and futurist Isaac Asimov first

used the word "robotics" in 1941 to describe the
technology of robots and predicted the rise of a
powerful robot industry. Asimov wrote "Runaround," a
story about robots which contained the "Three Laws of
Robotics," which centered around Artificial
Intelligence ethics questions.

• Norbert Wiener published "Cybernetics," in 1948,

which formed the basis of practical robotics, the
principles of cybernetics based on artificial
intelligence research.
 First Robots Emerge
• British robotics pioneer William Grey Walter invented
robots Elmer and Elsie that mimic lifelike behavior using
elementary electronics in 1948. They were tortoise-like
robots that were programmed to find their charging
stations once they started running low on power.

• In 1954 George Devol invented the first digitally operated

and a programmable robot called the Unimate. In 1956,
Devol and his partner Joseph Engelberger formed the
world's first robot company. In 1961, the first industrial
robot, Unimate, went online in a General Motors
automobile factory in New Jersey.
Year
Robotics Innovation
1959 Computer-assisted manufacturing was demonstrated at the
Servomechanisms Lab.

1963 The first computer-controlled artificial robotic arm was

designed. The "Rancho Arm" was created for physically
disabled people. It had six joints that gave it the flexibility of a
human arm
1965 The Dendral system automated the decision-making process
and problem-solving behavior of organic chemists. It used
artificial intelligence for identifying unknown organic
molecules, by analyzing their mass spectra and using its
knowledge of chemistry.

1968 The octopus-like Tentacle Arm was developed by Marvin

Minsky. The arm was computer controlled, and its 12 joints
were powered by hydraulics.
YEAR ROBOTICS INNOVATION
1969 The Stanford Arm was the first electrically powered,
computer-controlled robot arm designed by mechanical
engineering student Victor Scheinman.
1970 Shakey was introduced as the first mobile robot
controlled by artificial intelligence. It was produced by
SRI International.
1974 The Silver Arm, another robotic arm, was designed to
perform small-parts assembly using feedback from touch
and pressure sensors.
1979 The Standford Cart crossed a chair-filled room without
human assistance. The cart had a tv camera mounted on a
rail which took pictures from multiple angles and relayed
them to a computer. The computer analyzed the distance
between the cart and the obstacles.
 MODERN ROBOTICS
• Commercial and industrial robots are now in
widespread use performing jobs more cheaply
or with greater accuracy and reliability than
humans. Robots are used for jobs which are too
dirty, dangerous or dull to be suitable for
humans.

• Robots are widely used in manufacturing,

assembly and packing, transport, earth and
space exploration, surgery, weaponry,
laboratory research and mass production of
consumer and industrial goods.
 Isaac Asimov's Four Laws of Robot Behavior
Asimov created the four laws of robot behavior, a kind
of cyber laws all robots had to obey and represents a
fundamental part of positronic robotic engineering. The
Isaac Asimov FAQ states, "Asimov claimed that the laws
were originated by John W. Campbell in a conversation
they had on December 23, 1940. Campbell in turn
maintained that he picked them out of Asimov's stories
and discussions, and that his role was merely to state
them explicitly. The first story to explicitly state the three
laws was 'Runaround,' which appeared in the March
1942 issue of 'Astounding Science Fiction.' Unlike the
"Three Laws," however, the Zeroth Law is not a
fundamental part of positronic robotic engineering, is not
part of all positronic robots, and, in fact, requires a very
sophisticated robot to even accept it."
• Law Zeroth: A robot may not injure humanity
or, through inaction, allow humanity to come
to harm.
• Law One: A robot may not injure a human
being or, through inaction, allow a human
being to come to harm, unless this would
violate a higher order law.
• Law Two: A robot must obey orders given it by
human beings, except where such orders
would conflict with a higher order law.
• Law Three: A robot must protect its own
existence as long as such protection does not
conflict with a higher order law.
 Human-robot interaction
A field of robotics that studies the relationship
between people and machines.. By studying human-robot
interaction, roboticists can shape a world in which
people and machines get along without breaking each
other.
Singularity
The hypothetical point where the machines grow so
advanced that humans are forced into a societal and
existential crisis.
Multiplicity
The idea that robots and AI won’t supplant humans,
but complement them.
Actuator
Typically, a combination of an electric motor and a gearbox. Actuators
are what power most robots.
Soft robotics
A field of robotics that foregoes traditional materials and motors in
favor of generally softer materials and pumping air or oil to move its parts.
Lidar
Lidar, or light detection and ranging, is a system that blasts a robot’s
surroundings with lasers to build a 3-D map. This is pivotal both for
self-driving cars and for service robots that need to work with humans
without running them down.
Humanoid
The classical sci-fi robot. This is perhaps the most challenging form of
robot to engineer, on account of it being both technically difficult and
energetically costly to walk and balance on two legs. But humanoids may
hold promise in rescue operations, where they’d be able to better navigate
an environment designed for humans, like a nuclear reactor.
Think of a simple drone that you pilot around. That’s no robot. But give
a drone the power to take off and land on its own and sense objects and
suddenly it’s a lot more robot-ish. It’s the intelligence and sensing and
autonomy that’s key.
ADVANTAGES OF USING
ARTIFICIAL ROBOTS
• Most of robots are automatic so, they can move
without any human interference. It can
entertain us and can help us in certain tasks.
We can send them to dangerous environment
such as the deep sea or the war-zones.

• We can use the robots to produce the products

in the factories such as assembling the cars. It
can also be used to build the parts for many
products such as the plane parts, the car parts
and the construction supplies.
• The robots can endure the hostile environment of
the interplanetary space. They are made that the
planetary atmospheres do not affect their physical
state and performance. It can replace the human
beings in many areas of work and can shoulder
greater responsibilities and they can be
programmed to manage themselves.

• The robots can be programmed to reach the

Earth’s nadir. It can be used to dig for the fuels and
can be used for mining purposes. It can be
harnessed for exploring the depths of oceans and
can be used to overcome the limitations that
humans have.
• The robots can do the jobs that the people are
unwilling to do. Many robotic probes have been
sent throughout the solar system to never return
back to Earth. They can be stronger than the
people. The robots in the warfare eliminate
putting more people at risk.

• The robots do anything which we need to be

precise & accurate. New jobs are created because
the people have to fix and design the robots. The
robots can work without sleep, So, they can work
24/7/365.
• The robots are designed to
work in harsh environments
like in space, without the air,
underwater & in the fire. It
can be used instead of the
people when the human
safety is a concern. It can
come in any size. Whatever
size needed for any task can
be created.
 DISADVANTAGES OF
USING ARTIFICIAL ROBOTS
• Robots need a supply of power. People can lose
jobs in factories. It need maintenance to keep
them running. It costs a lot of money to make or
buy the robots. The software and the equipment
that you need to use with the robot cost much
money.

• Robots can take the place of many humans in

factories, So, the people have to find new jobs or
be retrained. It can take the place of the humans in
several situations, If the robots begin to replace
the humans in every field and will lead to
unemployment.
• Robots cost much money in maintenance & repair.
The programs need to be updated to suit the
changing requirements, the machines need to be
made smarter, In case of breakdown, the cost of
repair may be very high. The procedures to
restore lost code or data may be time-consuming &
costly.

• The robots can store large amounts of data but the

storage, access, retrieval is not as effective as the
human brain. They can perform the repetitive
tasks for a long time but they do not get better
with experience such as the humans do.
• The robots are not able to act any different from what
they are programmed to do. With the heavy
application of robots, the humans may become overly
dependent on the machines, losing their mental
capacities. If the control of robots goes in the wrong
hands, the robots may cause the destruction.

• The robots are not intelligent or sentient. It can never

improve the results of their jobs outside of their
predefined programming. They do not think, they do
not have emotions or conscience. This limits how the
robots can help & interact with people.
 SOFIA
Sofia is a humanoid-like robot that's capable
of holding a conversation. This robot has
appeared in several high-profile interviews and
appearances - including a spot on the Jimmy
Fallon show. Sofia is also unusual in that she's
been given official citizenship in Saudi Arabia
and the United Nations title of "Innovation
Champion".
 THE KODOMOROID TV PRESENTER
This humanoid robot was invented in Japan.
Her name is derived from the Japanese word for
child- Kodomo- and the word ‘Android’. She
speaks a number of languages and is capable of
reading the news and giving weather forecasts.
She has been placed at the Museum of
Emerging Science and Innovation in Tokyo
where she currently works.
 Jia Jia:
This humanoid robot was
worked on for three years by a
team at the University of Science
and Technology of China before
its release. She is capable of
making conversations but has
limited motion and stilted speech.
She does not have a full range of
expressions but the team of
inventors plans to make further
developments and infuse learning
abilities in her. Although her
speech and vocabulary need
further work, she is still fairly
realistic.
 GITA BOT
Carrying your own bags is such a
chore. With Gita Bot, worry no more. This
compact robot is designed to follow you
around while you're out and about in
town or on the way to work. The bot is
capable of carrying the equivalent of a
case of wine, a loaded rucksack or two
shopping bags, so it's an ideal companion
for a quick trip down to the shops. In the
future, you'll be able to leave the car at
home and stretch your legs without the
misery of carrying your shopping home.
 KURI
Kuri is a robot for the home designed with
personality, awareness of its surroundings and the power
to move about the house freely too. Its designed to fit into
your home and become part of the family - entertaining
your loved ones, playing music and capturing special
moments.

Kuri is capable of reacting to sound, touch and even

has a lighting system to let you know what mood it's in.
We can't decide if this is awesome or creepy.
 ROMEO
Romeo is a humanoid sized robot who's designed and
built to assist the elderly as they lose their own
autonomy. This robot is designed to be able to open
doors, climb stairs and reach for objects while going
about its care duties. In the future, this clever bot may
enable the elderly to stay in their own homes longer
rather than having to move into care homes.
 MOLEY ROBOTIC KITCHEN
If you're not a fan of cooking, then this next one might
be for you.
The Moley Robotic kitchen is, as you might expect, a
fully-automated cooking robot that can cook for you. This
robot is apparently capable of learning new recipes,
cooking a variety of different meals and even cleans up
after itself. Moley Robotics claim this kitchen robot can
even mimic the skills of a full-blown master chef enabling
it to craft world-class meals just for you.
 TAPIA
Tapia is a smart robot designed to help you stay in
contact with friends and family, organize your hectic
schedule, keep you up to date with the latest news and
give you hands-free access to your smart home devices.
Tapia is a virtual assistant robot with a cute design that's
built to become part of your home.
 PILLO
Pillo is a robot that's designed to help with healthcare and
well-being around the home. This robot offers a number of
different functions including dispensing medication
throughout the day, helping with monitoring of care plans,
tracking food intake and much more. This robot features a
touch-screen, voice interface, facial recognition and premium
speakers, making it a powerful assistant for the home and the
perfect tool for looking after your loved ones.
• V
 AEOLUS
Aeolus is a general-purpose consumer robot designed
to help around the house with various chores. This robot
is capable of delivering food, picking up clutter from
around the home, finding things you've lost and more.
Aeolus also boasts Artificial Intelligence that helps it
learn about your life, routine and layout of your home -
improving how it serves you in future.
 The Future of Robots

Increasingly sophisticated machines may populate our

world, but for robots to be really useful, they’ll have to
become more self-sufficient. After all, it would be
impossible to program a home robot with the instructions
for gripping each and every object it ever might
encounter. You want it to learn on its own, which is where
advances in artificial intelligence come in.
 The rapidly developing relationship between
humans and robots is so complex that it has spawned
its own field, known as human-robot interaction. The
overarching challenge is this: It’s easy enough to
adapt robots to get along with humans—make them
soft and give them a sense of touch—but it’s another
issue entirely to train humans to get along with the
machines.
 These seem like far-out
problems, but now is the time to
start pondering them. Which you
might consider an upside to the
killer-robot narrative that
Hollywood has fed us all these
years: The machines may be
limited at the moment, but we as a
society need to think seriously
about how much power we want
to cede.