While stylistics argues that language use is consistent everywhere , close reading

focuses on observation of how one writer's style and usage may deviate , and hence err
.In relation to , the standard

Stylistics is the study of how meaning is created through language in literature and other
types of text. Stylists use linguistic models, theories, and frameworks as analytical tools to
describe and explain how and why a text works the way it does, and how we get from the
words on the page to its meaning. The analysis typically focuses on the phonological,
lexical, grammatical, semantic, pragmatic, or discoursal features of texts, as well as the
cognitive aspects involved in the reader's processing of those features and various
.combinations of these ( Nina Norgard : 2010. 1)
The explanatory power of stylistics can help us understand how the style of texts can help
us influence the perception of readers in more everyday situations, such as listening to
political style in the past, and also on the written language as opposed to the spoken
language. Now that recording techniques have made the capture and transcription of
spoken texts more accessible, stylistics may be concerned with the full range of linguistic
.usage
In the late 1970s,stylistics took a functional turn. Functionalism (in the study of language)
is an approach that tries to explain language not only internally , in terms of its formal
properties, but also externally, in terms of what language contributes to larger systems of
which it is a part or subsystem, according to Leech. It makes no difference to me whether
we call these larger systems "cultures," "social systems," "belief systems," or anything
else. What is significant is that functionalist explanations seek relationships between
language and what is not language, whereas formalist explanations seek relationships
among the elements of the linguistic text itself. (P. 76, Leech, 1987)
According to Quirk (1969), a man's style is as unique as his fingerprints. Stylistic analysis
can, in fact, resolve many knotty problems in literature because a writer's use of language
can reveal his aesthetic personality, deep-laid philosophy, and worldview more accurately
.than any study of his background and the literary movements to which he subscribes
According to Leech and Short (2007:9), "style refers to the way language is used in a given
context, by a given person, for a given purpose, and so on." Furthermore, style is the
central concept of stylistics, and its description, evaluation, and comprehension are the
writer's primary concerns in his field. Stylistics refers to the scientific, orderly, and
objective study of style as opposed to intuition and impressionistic reactions to a specific
.text ( Hickey 1993 , 547 )

It is worthy noting that Close Reading: The Fundamentals is designed to combine reading
pleasure with analytic techniques that will engage and enhance the reading experience of
the student of literature. M I. A. Richards, who pioneered close reading as an academic
practice in the 1920s, into practical tools. The most important aspect of Richards'
approach to literature is that meaning is derived from the relationships between words
.. ..rather than from individual words
Style in literature refers to how an author uses words to tell a story or compose a poem. .
It is a writer's way of expressing himself or herself on paper. The term stylistics refers to
the study of "variation in language (style) that is dependent on the situation in which the
language is used as well as the effect the writer or speaker wishes to create on the reader
or hearer" (Richards et al., 1993. p. 360). It is an objective, systematic, and scientific
examination and analysis of literary text style (Abrams and Harpham, 2009, p. 352)
Importantly , Stylistic deviations provide readers with a working criterion for selecting
Linguistics features of literary significance. The Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary
''.defines a stylistic deviation as "the act of departing from what is normal or expected

Style is often defined as deviation from the norm or standard use of a language, i.e. It is
regarded as a departure from the general structure of rules, with the goal of achieving
literary, rhitorical, persuasive, or other effects ( Hickey 1993;574). Short (1996:8) defines
deviation as "a linguistic phenomenon that has a significant psychological impact on
readers (and hearers)..." It is one of the most fundamental concepts in stylistic analysis in
.''which a word or a line deviates from the rules of English

: Bibliography

Leech, Geoffrey N, and Michael H Short. Style in Fiction : A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional

Prose. London, Longman, 1987.

Barry, Peter. Beginning Theory (Fourth Edition) an Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory.

Manchester University Press, 2020.

Crystal, David. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Malden, Mass., Blackwell, 2008.

Jeffries, Lesley, and Dan Mcintyre. Teaching Stylistics. Basingstoke Angleterre, Palgrave Macmillan,

2011.

Nørgaard, Nina, et al. Key Terms in Stylistics. London ; New York, Ny, Continuum International Pub.
Group, 2010.

Cihan University-Erbil Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences p.8

Greenham , David . Close Reading. Routledge , New York , 2019

 While stylistics argues that language use is consistent everywhere , close reading
focuses on observation of how one writer's style and usage may deviate , and hence err
In relation to , the standard

.Supervised by Asst.prof.Dr. Bushra Ni'ma Rashid

Prapared by MA. Candidate : Ali Shimal Kazar