2023 - 2024

FIGHTING NONCOMMUNICABLE
DISEASES

05 - April
Up and About
To be always healthy and moving around is considered
a treasure in life that money cannot always buy. People,
however, are not up and about all the time because they
get sick with communicable or noncommunicable
diseases (NCDs). While While communicable diseases
can be spread from person to person like the flu or the
dreaded coronavirus disease or COVID-19, CDs are
noninfectious health conditions. Examples of these are
asthma, allergy, diabetes, and heart disease. These
diseases are caused by a combination of
environmental, genetic, and lifestyle factors.

The World Health Organization (WHO) considers NCDs

as one of the leading causes of people's deaths all over
the world and, thus, a major public health concern.
2023 - 2024

PART I
Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs)

05 - April
What are NCDs?
As defined by the WHO, NCDs, also known as chronic
diseases, are diseases that are not passed from one person
to another. These are noninfectious diseases that can be
inherited or caused by lifestyle factors rather than
pathogens. Asthma, allergy, diabetes, heart disease, and
cancer are common examples of diseases caused by
hereditary factors, poor diet, and other risk factors. Some
CDs do not usually result in death, but they can cause
discomfort and suffering.

According to the WHO, about 38 million people die each year because of NCD. Every day, many Filipinos die as a result
of heart disease and cancer. Diabetes, arthritis, and respiratory illnesses are also major health concerns. The effects
of these diseases on one's health are difficult to reverse once they are acquired. As a result, it is critical for everyone
to learn more about NCDs and how to prevent them.
 1 Allergy
What is allergy?
• is a disease in which the immune system becomes overly
sensitive to something from the environment such as
dust, mites, molds, pollen from plants, food and even
medicines. These are known as allergens.

• Your immune system produces substances known as

antibodies which protect you from unwanted substance.
Allergic reactions are the result of the production of
specific IgE(immunoglobulin E) antibody. Higher
amounts of IgE can be a sign that the body overreacts to
allergens, which can lead to an allergic reaction.
What are some • The tendency to develop allergies is often hereditary
common NCDs? and you usually experience this by the age of 20.
 1 Allergy
What is allergy?

• Responses may be triggered through food, intake,

vaccination, or blood transfusion, insect sting, skin
contact, or inhalation.

• Allergies cause mucus membrane swelling, redness

and itching of the eyes, impaired hearing, rashes, and
headaches. In severe cases, allergies may trigger a life-
threatening reaction known as anaphylaxis. In
anaphylaxis, the immune system releases a flood of
chemicals that can cause the body to go into shock.
Blood pressure drops suddenly, and the airways
What are some narrow, blocking your breathing. The pulse may be
fast and weak, and you may have a skin rash.
common NCDs?
Signs of Allergies

Do you get redness or itching in your eyes, a

runny nose, or skin rashes when you are
exposed to allergens? If not, consider
yourself fortunate. If you answered yes, you
are most likely allergic to one or more of
these items. Do not be concerned; allergies
are not contagious and can be treated.
What are the What Are The Most
rarest allergies? Common Allergies?
• Aquagenic Urticaria (Water Allergy) • Pollen.

• Photosensitivity (Sun Allergy) • Peanuts.

• Cold Urticaria (Allergy to the Cold) • Tree Nuts.

• Cholinergic Urticaria (Sweat Allergy) • Shellfish.

• Nickel Allergy (Allergy to Coins) • Animal Dander.

Some example of
Symptoms
Hay fever (caused by the nose and/or eyes
coming into contact with environmental
allergens), also called allergic rhinitis, can cause:

• Sneezing

• Itching of the nose, eyes or roof of the

mouth

• Runny, stuffy nose

• Watery, red or swollen eyes (conjunctivitis)

A food allergy can
cause:
• Tingling in the mouth

• Swelling of the lips, tongue, face or

throat

• Hives

• Anaphylaxis
An insect sting
allergy can cause:
• A large area of swelling (edema) at

the sting site

• Itching or hives all over the body

• Cough, chest tightness, wheezing or

shortness of breath

• Anaphylaxis
A drug allergy can
cause:
• Hives

• Itchy skin

• Rash

• Facial swelling

• Wheezing

• Anaphylaxis
Atopic dermatitis
an allergic skin condition also called
eczema(causes dry and itchy
patches of skin), can cause skin to:

• Itch

• Redden

• Flake or peel
 2 Asthma
• is a chronic lung disease that causes the
passageways that allow air to enter and
exit the lungs to become inflamed and
narrowed. Breathing can be difficult in
this condition. Asthma may not be a
serious problem for some people who
suffer from it, but in some cases, it can
be fatal. Breathing difficulties during
asthma attacks may be aggravated by
respiratory diseases such as the cold or
What are some flu.

common NCDs?
Common asthma
triggers
• Dust and mold
• pollen
• cold air
• weather change
• sinus infections
• stress
• certain foods
Asthma symptoms can differ
from person to person. It could
include the following items:

• breathing difficulty

• wheezing and coughing

• chest pain or chest tightness

• whistling sound when breathing,

especially when exhaling

How is asthma
managed?
• Avoid buying products in aerosol cans.
• Drink six to eight glasses of water per day.
• Do not smoke and avoid being exposed to
secondhand smoke.
• Take all prescribed medications with filled
stomach.
• Do not go outside if the weather is extremely
cold or hot.
• Avoid stressors and avoid strenuous exercise.
• Paint fumes, insecticides, and cleaning products
should not be inhaled.
 3 Cardiovascular
Disease

• Cardiovascular disease is a
condition that affects the heart and
blood vessels. This may include
coronary heart disease, which
occurs when the coronary arteries
become narrowed or blocked by
plaque, a waxy substance

What are some

common NCDs?
3 Cardiovascular
Disease

Normal Artery Narrowing of Artery

Did you know that eating fatty and salty
food or food that is high in cholesterol
may cause fat and cholesterol build up
in your blood vessels?

• Arteriosclerosis is the hardening and

thickening of the artery wall. This may be
caused by atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis is the narrowing of the
artery due to the deposit and build-up of
fats, cholesterol, and other substances on
the arterial walls. This deposit could
harden and create plaque.
What are ways of reducing risk
of cardiovascular disease?

Aside from keeping a healthy blood

cholesterol level and eating a heart-healthy
diet, the following can also help reduce the
risk of cardiovascular disease.

• Smoking and secondhand smoke should be

avoided.

• Maintain a normal blood pressure.

• Maintain a healthy body weight.

• Engage in regular physical activities.

Coronary heart disease may
result in any of the following:

• Heart attack is the death of the heart muscle

due to the lack of blood flow to the heart.

• Angina Pectoris is the chest pain resulting

from narrowed coronary arteries due to
inadequacy of oxygen that gets to the heart.

• Stroke occurs when blood vessels in the

brain burst or are blocked.
 4 Diabetes

• is a disease in which the body

produces little or no insulin or cannot
properly use the insulin it produces.
Why? If you have a healthy body and
the blood sugar level gets too high,
beta cells in the pancreas release
insulin. This will cause the cells to take
in sugar to use as energy or store as
fat. When this happens, the blood
What are some sugar level goes back to normal.

common NCDs?
What are the different types of
diabetes?

• Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body

does not produce or make insulin.

• This is because the immune system

attacks and destroys the cells that
produce insulin. Did you know that type 1
diabetes usually develops during
childhood and adolescence? But it can
also develop during adulthood.
What are the different types of
diabetes?

• Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body

cannot properly use the insulin it
produced. This type of diabetes usually
develops in adults.

• Gestational diabetes occurs temporarily

during pregnancy.
What can it do?

• Over time, high blood glucose levels can

damage the body's organs. Possible long-term

effects include damage to large

(macrovascular) and small (microvascular)

blood vessels, which can lead to heart attack,

stroke, and problems with the kidneys, eyes,

gums, feet and nerves.

What are ways to reduce the
risk of diabetes?

• Get more physical activities.

• Include fiber and whole grains in your diet.

• Lose the extra weight.

• Make healthier food choices.

Is diabetes curable?

• No cure for diabetes currently exists, but

the disease can go into remission. When

diabetes goes into remission, it means

that the body does not show any signs of

diabetes, although the disease is

technically still present.

 5 Renal failure

• also known as kidney failure. It is a

condition where the kidney stops to
function properly, causing renal
insufficiency. The kidneys remove the
waste products from blood and help
regulate blood pressure, balance
electrolytes, and produce red blood
cells in the body.

• Urinalysis, urine measurements, blood

samples, imaging, and kidney tissue
samples can all be used to diagnose
What are some kidney failure.

common NCDs?
What are the two kinds of
renal failure?

• Acute Kidney Failure – develops rapidly

and it may be resolved.

• Chronic Kidney Failure - develops slowly

and can often be irreversible.

What are the two kinds of
renal failure?

• Acute Kidney Failure – develops rapidly

and it may be resolved.

• Chronic Kidney Failure - develops slowly

and can often be irreversible.

 5 Renal failure

What are some symptoms of kidney failure?

Some of the symptoms of kidney failure are:

• nausea and vomiting;

• extreme skin rashes and itching
• swelling in the legs, ankles, feet, face, or
hands;
• shortness of breath, feeling cold, dizziness,
and concentration problems brought about
by anemia related to kidney failure; and
• changes in urination--foamy or bubbly
urine, urinating more often in greater
amount with pale urine, urinating less often
What are some in smaller amounts with dark-colored urine,
urine with blood, and difficulty in urinating.
common NCDs?
 5 Renal failure
How do you prevent and treat
kidney failure?

• Avoiding or limiting your exposure to toxic

substances will help you avoid kidney failure.
Early detection and aggressive intervention are
critical in preventing severe kidney disease.

• Diabetes and high blood pressure are frequently

linked to chronic kidney disease. Controlling
them through proper diet, exercise, and
medication may help prevent kidney failure.

• Dialysis and kidney transplantation are used to

What are some treat severe kidney failure. These are typically
done in the late stages and can be fatal.
common NCDs?
Cancer
Reported by: Datu-dacula, Princess Dayamerah H.J.
Table of contents

01 02 03
Introduction to Cancer Malignant and Benign Major Categories of
Tumors Cancer

04
Some ways to treat
Cancer
 6 Cancer
What is Cancer?
• Cancer is a term used to describe a
group of diseases characterized by the
uncontrolled growth and spread of
abnormal cells in the body. These
abnormal cells can form tumors, invade
nearby tissues, and spread to other
parts of the body through the
bloodstream or lymphatic system, a
process known as metastasis.
What are some • A biopsy or microscopic examination
common NCDs? of the tissues is done to determine if a
tumor is benign or malignant.
02
Malignant and
Benign tumor
What is a tumor?

• A tumor is a lump or mass of tissue that forms

when cells divide uncontrollably. A growing
tumor may replace healthy tissue with
abnormal tissue. It may also weaken bone,
causing it to fracture.

• Tumors can arise from various types of cells in

the body, including epithelial cells,
connective tissue cells, and nerve cells. The
causes of tumors can vary widely and may
include genetic factors, environmental
exposures, hormonal factors, immune system
dysfunction, and infectious agents.
What's the difference between Malignant and
Benign tumor?
Benign Tumors:
• Benign tumors are non-cancerous growths
that do not invade nearby tissues or spread to
other parts of the body.

• They typically grow slowly and tend to have

well-defined borders.

• Although benign tumors may cause problems

depending on their size and location, they are
usually not life-threatening.

• Examples of benign tumors include most

moles, certain types of ovarian cysts, and
uterine fibroids.
What's the difference between Malignant
and Benign tumor?
Malignant Tumors:
• Malignant tumors are cancerous growths
characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and the
ability to invade nearby tissues and spread to other
parts of the body.

• They can metastasize, meaning cancer cells can

break away from the original tumor and spread
through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to form
new tumors in other organs or tissues.

• Malignant tumors can be life-threatening if not

treated promptly.

• Examples of malignant tumors include breast cancer,

lung cancer, colon cancer, and melanoma.
03
Major Categories of
Cancer
Major categories of cancer

1. Carcinoma
Carcinoma forms in epithelial tissue which is tissue that lines
your organs, internal passageways in your body and your skin.

As carcinoma cells grow and multiply, they form solid masses

called tumors. Cancer cells can break away from tumors and
spread to other parts of your body.

Labels for carcinoma describe how much it has spread.

• Carcinoma in situ: it hasn’t spread
• Invasive carcinoma: it has spread to its surrounding tissue
• Metastatic carcinoma: it has spread to other parts of your
body

Carcinoma can include:

Breast, lung, colon, prostate, pancreatic, skin, uterine, and
stomach cancers.
Major categories of cancer
1. Carcinoma

Who gets carcinoma?

• Age: 65 years or older

• Sex: Carcinoma risk is higher among people assigned

male at birth.

• Race or ethnicity:
People who are Black are at greater risk of certain
adenocarcinomas. People of Ashkenazi Jewish descent are
at the greatest risk of colon cancer. People who are white,
are at greater risk of developing carcinomas related to
skin.

Signs and symptoms:

Pain, changes in bowel movements, frequent urination,
cough, fever, night sweats, and losing weight without
effort.
Major categories of cancer
2. Sarcomas

A sarcoma is a rare type of malignant (cancerous) tumor

that develops in bone and connective tissue, such as fat,
muscle, blood vessels, nerves and the tissue that
surrounds bones and joints.

There are three main types of sarcoma:

• Soft tissue sarcomas grow in fat, muscles, nerves,
blood vessels and deep skin.
• Bone sarcomas grow in bones and cartilage.
• Benign sarcomas grow in connective tissue.

Sarcoma can include:

• Osteosarcoma: develops in the bone cells
• Rhabdomyosarcoma: starts in the skeletal muscle cells
• Leiomyosarcoma: forms in the smooth muscle cells
• Angiosarcoma: arises in the blood or lymphatic vessels
Major categories of cancer
2. Sarcomas

Who gets sarcoma?

• Age: high risk of getting before 40.

• Family History: families with rare cancer

syndromes are likely to get sarcomas

• Other: If you’ve had radiation therapy,

you’re at higher risk.

Signs and symptoms:

A lump that be felt through the skin, bone
pain, abdominal pain, and weight loss.
Major categories of cancer
3. Lymphomas

Lymphomas are cancers arising from cells of the lymphatic

tissues or the immune system tissues. They are characterized
by an abnormal production of white blood cells and a decease
in resistance.

Lymphomas include:

• Hodgkin lymphoma: Cancer that originates in the

lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) and typically
involves lymph nodes.
• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A diverse group of cancers that
affect lymphocytes and can arise in lymph nodes, lymphatic
tissues, or other organs.

Lymphomas can be aggressive (fast-growing) or indolent

(slow-growing). Often, treatment can put lymphoma into
remission or cure it. Children, teenagers and adults may
develop lymphoma.
Major categories of cancer
3. Lymphomas

Who gets Lymphomas?

• Age: some types of this cancer is common among

young adults, but 55 years or older can be diagnosed.

• Sex: Males are slightly more likely to develop

lymphomas

• Others: Having an impaired immune system. Some

infections like Epstein-Barr Virus and Helicobacter
pylori infection may lead to lymphomas.

Signs and symptoms:

Persistent fatigue, fever, night sweats, shortness of
breath, unexplained weight loss, and itchy skin.
Major categories of cancer
4. Leukemia

Leukemia is a type of blood or bone marrow cancer. It is

distinguished by an abnormal production of blood cells,
most notably leukocytes or white blood cells.

Categorized into:
(by speed of disease progression)
• Acute leukemia
• Chronic Leukemia

(By cell type)

• Myelogenous
• Lymphocytic Leukemia

Types of leukemia:
• Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
• Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
• Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
• Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
Major categories of cancer
4. Leukemia

Who can get Leukemia?

• Age: it is likely for children to develop

leukemia

• Genetic disorders: Down syndrome is often

associated with leukemia.

• Others: Those who have had radiation

therapy for other cancers.

• Family history: Those who have a family

history of leukemia is likely to develop it.
03
Ways to treat
cancer
 Ways to treat Cancer: Surgery
Surgery is a common treatment for cancer that
involves the physical removal of the cancerous
tumor and surrounding tissues. The goal of
surgery is to completely remove the cancer from
the body. It is often used for solid tumors that are
localized and have not spread to other parts of the
body. Depending on the type and stage of cancer,
surgery may be curative or palliative.

Curative surgery aims to remove all cancer cells

and cure the disease, while palliative surgery
aims to relieve symptoms or improve quality of life
by reducing the size of the tumor or alleviating
pressure on surrounding organs or tissues.

Surgery may be followed by other treatments such

as chemotherapy or radiation therapy to help
prevent cancer recurrence.
Ways to treat Cancer: Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams of
radiation to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors.
It can be delivered externally using a machine
that directs radiation beams at the cancerous
area (external beam radiation therapy) or
internally using radioactive materials implanted
directly into or near the tumor (brachytherapy).

Radiation therapy damages the DNA of cancer

cells, preventing them from growing and
dividing. It is often used to treat localized
cancers or as adjuvant therapy after surgery to
eliminate any remaining cancer cells. Radiation
therapy may cause side effects such as fatigue,
skin changes, and damage to surrounding
healthy tissues, but these side effects are usually
temporary and resolve after treatment ends.
Ways to treat Cancer: Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is a treatment that uses drugs to

kill cancer cells or stop them from growing and
dividing. These drugs can be given orally or
intravenously and work by targeting rapidly
dividing cells, including cancer cells.
Chemotherapy is often used to treat cancers
that have spread to multiple areas of the body or
to shrink tumors before surgery or radiation
therapy. It may be used alone or in combination
with other treatments.

Chemotherapy regimens vary depending on the

type and stage of cancer, and treatment cycles
may be repeated over several weeks or months.
Ways to treat Cancer: Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that

works by stimulating the body's immune
system to recognize and attack cancer cells. It
includes various treatments such as checkpoint
inhibitors, which block proteins that prevent
immune cells from recognizing and attacking
cancer cells;
CAR-T cell therapy, which involves modifying a
patient's own immune cells to better target and
kill cancer cells; and therapeutic vaccines, which
stimulate the immune system to recognize and
destroy cancer cells. Immunotherapy has shown
promising results in treating certain types of
cancer, particularly melanoma, lung cancer, and
certain types of lymphoma and leukemia.
Ways to treat Cancer: Hormone Therapy

Hormone therapy is a treatment for cancers that

are hormone-sensitive, such as breast cancer
and prostate cancer. It works by blocking the
body's production of certain hormones or by
interfering with hormone receptors on cancer
cells.

Hormone therapy is often used in combination

with other treatments such as surgery or
chemotherapy. In breast cancer, hormone
therapy may involve medications that block
estrogen receptors (such as tamoxifen or
aromatase inhibitors), while in prostate cancer, it
may involve medications that lower testosterone
levels (such as luteinizing hormone-releasing
hormone agonists or anti-androgens).
HOW DO WE REDUCE THE RISK
OF GETTING CANCER?
• Identify the signs and symptoms of cancer. Early detection of cancer
has a higher success rate of treatment. The acronym C.A.U.T.I.O.N. is
recommended by the American Cancer Society.
These are the signs and symptoms
that you should look for

C - change in bowel or bladder habits

A - a sore that does not heal
U - unusual bleeding or discharge
T - thickening or lump in a breast or elsewhere
I - indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
O - obvious change in a wart or mole
N - nagging cough or hoarseness
• Have regular checkups. Regular screening tests, like the Pap smear for
women and digital rectal exam for men, can detect cellular changes
before they become cancerous. Mammogram can detect breast cancer
early.

• Avoid smoking and secondhand smoke. Cigarettes contain carcinogens,

which are substances that cause cancer.

• Avoid too much sun exposure. Ultraviolet or UV radiation increases the risk
of skin cancer. Avoid being exposed to the sun from 10 am to 3 pm
especially during summer. This is when the sun’s radiation is strongest.
Apply sunscreen lotion and cream when you send time outdoors.
• Eat fruits and vegetables. Fruits and vegetables provide
antioxidants, which help repair damaged cells. They also help
strengthen your immune system.

• Observe the meat that you eat. A study suggests high animal fat can
lead to the development of certain cancers. Large intake of smoked
foods, salted fish and meat, and pickled vegetables increase your
risk of getting cancer.

• Exercise and have the right weight. An overweight body

significantly increases the risk of developing cancer. Exercise helps
gain and maintain the ideal weight, which is a vital defense against
cancer.
• Be aware of your family’s history of cancer. Some types of cancers
occur more frequently in certain families and can be due to genetics
or hereditary factors and the family’s environment or lifestyle.

• Avoid drinking alcohol. Regular excessive intake of alcohol increases

the risk of developing cancer.

• Avoid being exposed to dangerous chemicals and airborne fibers.

Know what chemicals you are being exposed to in your work
environment. Gasoline, diesel exhaust, arsenic, coal products, vinyl
chloride, radon, asbestos, pesticides, and uranium are some of the
dangerous substances that have been found to increase the risk of
cancer.
• Avoid being exposed to dangerous chemicals and airborne fibers.
Know what chemicals you are being exposed to in your work
environment. Gasoline, diesel exhaust, arsenic, coal products, vinyl
chloride, radon, asbestos, pesticides, and uranium are some of the
dangerous substances that have been found to increase the risk of
cancer.
 7 Arthritis

• is a painful inflammation of joints

that affects the muscles, tendons,
and ligaments surrounding the
joints. People can also develop
arthritis, whether children or
adults, because of genetic factors
and also through lifestyle like work
and diet. Some foods appear to
What are some make arthritis worse.
common NCDs?
What are the two types of
arthritis?
Osteoarthritis typically causes pain, stiffness,
and swelling in the hips, knees, and hands. It
is caused by normal wear and tear as we age
and may be worsened by infection or injury to
the joints.

Rheumatoid arthritis frequently appears on

hands, wrists, and feet and can also affect
other body parts besides the joints. It is
caused by the body's immune system
attacking the tissues of the body which leads
to the destruction of both bones and cartilage
inside the joints.
What are ways to manage
and treat arthritis?

a. Lose and keep a healthy weight.

b. Take hot baths that can help reduce
swelling and pain.
c. Perform physical exercises that help
strengthen the muscles around the joint.
d. Take medicines, like aspirin and some
prescription medicines, that will help
alleviate the pain and other symptoms.
Myths and
Fallacies of
NCD
Introduction
Today we are going to be
discussing the myths,
fallacies, beliefs and rumors
about Non-communicable
diseases or NCD
What is a Non-
communicable disease

A Non-Communicable Disease or
NCD such as heart disease,
cancer, chronic respiratory
disease, and diabetes are the
leading cause of death worldwide
and pose as a threat to human
society.
 Non-Communicable disease Myths and
Fallacies
Heart Breast Breast
Disease Diabetes Diabetes Cancer Cancer

“I'm too young Diabetes Consuming too Breast cancer If breast cancer
to worry about automatically much sugar is only found in doesn’t run in
heart disease” requires the causes women your family,
use of insulin Diabetes you will not get
infected with
it.
Non-Communicable disease Myths and
Fallacies

Arthritis Arthritis Asthma

Arthritis is Arthritis is Asthma is a

characterized caused by psychological
by aches and living in a cold condition
pain. climate
Facts
● Heart Disease- Childhood and adolescent lifestyle
choices influence the risk of cardiovascular disease
later in life. Plague can begin to build up in the early
stages of life and eventually lead to clogged arteries
● Diabetes- Few cases of diabetes require proper
diet, exercise and oral medications to keep it under
control
● Diabetes- Type 2 diabetes is caused genetic and
lifestyle factors in which the bodies does not
respond normally to insulin
● Breast Cancer- Men also have breast tissues and
can develop breast cancer
Facts

● Breast Cancer-70-80% of women who get breast

cancer have no family history of it
● Arthritis- Arthritis is common as people age. It can
strike at any age, young, or old .A few elderly folks,
never develop it.
● Arthritis- Arthritis pain is caused by the rubbing of
bones that has nothing to do with weather.
● Asthma- Asthma is caused by respiratory issues and
is largely caused by allergens.
2023 - 2024

THANK YOU !!!

05 - April