Chapter 12.

Gaseous Chemical Equilibrium

1.    Equilibrium System

 →  (  : colorless,  :brownish-red)

 
  (Equilibrium)

=>(Rate of forward reaction)=(Rate of reverse reaction)

=>Concentration of species remain constant

 

 is constant
  

throughout different

experiment conducted

independent of .

original composition,

volume, total pressure

★This constant is referred to as equilibrium constant(K)

->Dependent of (only!) temperature

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2. The Equilibrium Constant Expression

   →  

  ×   × 

   or   
  ×    × 

-partial pressure of product => numerator

-partial pressure of reactant => denominator

-coefficient => raised to power

∆
   ∙   ∙  ∙  

∆   Pr  

*Changing chemical equation

-If equation is multiplied by 'n', K change

′ 
<   > (Coefficient Rule)

 

Ex)  →   
  

 
   →  ′  
     
 

-K for reverse reaction is reciprocal to K for forward reaction

″
<    > (Reciprocal Rule)

 

Ex)  →   
  

 
 →   ′′  
 


-If two or more reaction is added, K for overall reaction is multiplication of K

for each reaction

<    ×  > (Rule of Multiple Equilibria)


Ex)     →    


 →        


   →       × 
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<Example 12.1>

*Heterogeneous Equilibria

-gas is expressed as partial pressure

-species in water solution is expressed as molar concentration

-solid and liquid does not effect position of equilibrium -> Not expressed

Ex)    

   
 

  ×  
 
 

<Example 12.2>

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3. Determination of K

<Example 12.3>

<Example 12.4>

<Additional Problem>

Consider the equilibrium system

   → 

It is known from example 12.1 that  =  × .
A scientist conducted another experiment. He put 4.00M of  and 1.20M of  .
After the reaction, scientist found that there is only 0.20M left. Calculate the
temperature the reaction was taken. Assume that temperature is constant during
the reaction.

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4. Application of the Equilibrium Constant

*Direction of Reaction

   →   

  ×    × 

  and   
  ×    × 

1) Q < K

-reaction proceeds from left to right

-partial pressure of product increases

2) Q = K

-equilibrium is reached

-reactant and product remain constant

3) Q > K

-reaction proceeds in reverse direction

-partial pressure of reactant increases

<Example 12.5>

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 *Extent of Reaction

1. Create a table

2. Choose ∆ for one of the species to be represented by x

-> Good choice would be species with coefficient 1

3. Find direction of reaction and assign + or -

-> Use Q to determine the direction

4. Fill in the row of partial pressure

5. Write the expression for K

6. Calculate partial pressure

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<Example 12.6>

※Follow the step as preceding page

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5. Effect of Changes in Conditions on an Equilibrium System

#Le Chatelier's Principle

If a system at equilibrium is disturbed by a change in concentration,

pressure, or temperature, the system will, if possible, shift to partially

counteract the change

*Adding or Removing a Gaseous Species

-If gas is added to chemical system, reaction will proceed in such a direction

as to consume part of the added species

-If gas is removed from chemical system, reaction will proceed in such

direction to restore part of the species

-Liquid and solid does not influence equilibrium

Ex)  

 

(  added) Reaction: From left to right

(  removed) Reaction: From right to left

<Example 12.7>

*Compression/Expansion

-change in moles of gas can result

change in pressure

-compressed->increased partial pressure

->direction that decrease moles of gas

-expanded->decreased partial pressure

->direction that increase moles of gas

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 *Change in temperature

#Van't Hoff Equation

 ∆ ∘  
ln        
   

-Increase in temperature cause endothermic

reaction to occur

∘
Ex)  →  ∆  

-Decrease in temperature casue exothermic

reaction to occur

∘
Ex)  →  ∆  

★Only temperature can change the value of

equilibrium constant

<Example 12.8>

9 정석우_화학 멘토링(Ch.12).hwp