Business

Communication
Unit – II
Corporate Communication
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What is Corporate Communication?
• Corporate communication refers to the communication within
corporate organisations (internal communication) as well as
communication between different corporate entities (external
communication).
• Corporate Communications collectively refers to the
communication processes that are meant for corporate or
Business.
• It is the practice of developing, cultivating and maintaining a
corporate identity or brand image.
• Corporate communication is a strategic tool for the contemporary
corporation to gain a competitive advantage over its Competitors.
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 Internal Communication
• Internal Corporate Communication means the communication within a
particular company.

• Some of the commonly used tools for internal communication can

include business meetings, conferences, interviews, presentations or
print media like brochures, newsletters, memos, or business letters.

• Corporate communication is used to make announcements, take

decisions and in general share information, views and views within the
organisation.

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External Communication
• External corporate communication process includes communication of
the corporate organization with its current/potential investors,
customers, and other corporate entities.

• The external corporate communication process includes elements like

advertising, marketing and public relations.

• The external communication is responsible for the way company portrays

itself to the entire corporate world.

• Thus, external corporate communication is instrumental in creating the

brand image or brand identity.

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7
 Importance of
Corporate
Communication

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• Internal Coordination :
To fulfill the objectives of the organisation, co-ordination among
the employees is necessary and to co-ordinate various activities
communication is essential. Corporate organisation being large in
size, division of work and specialisation in activities are the
characteristics of such organisation.

• Connecting Link with the Outside World:

In a corporate organisation, communication with the external
people, such as customers, vendors, investors, competitors,
government departments, etc. are essential.

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• Motivation
Communication helps to motivate the employees to obey the
orders and directives of the management authority. The feedback
of the employees also enlightens the managers.

• Efficient Management:
George Terry’s remark that communication works as a lubricant to
increase the efficiency of management is applicable to corporate
organisations more appropriately. Communication supplies the
managers and employees with the information, co-ordinates and
motivates the employees.

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• Decision-making and Implementation:
The success of any corporate organisation depends largely upon
decision-making. Right decision-making, again, depends upon correct
and timely information which is obtained through communication.
Again, implementation of the decision requires proper communication.

• Leadership:
The manager communicates orders and instructions to the
subordinates, who, in turn, carry out the instructions and sometimes
send feedback in the form of suggestions, grievances and complaints.
The manager tries to remove the inconvenience as far as possible. The
entire process establishes the basis of leadership.

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• Corrective Measures:
In a corporate organisation the number of employees is large.
Everybody’s performance may not achieve required standard and
some corrective measures may become necessary. Such measures
against the employees not performing their duties properly can also
be taken through communication.

• Speed:
Speed is the key word of today’s corporate world. Modern
technologies have made communication faster. Now, no one has to
wait for weeks or months for a reply letter. E-mail, fax, internet, etc.
have made communication almost instant.

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• Discipline and Peace:
Maintenance of discipline in large corporate sector is difficult.
Control over a large number of managers and employees is not an
easy task. But regular communication (Two-way) between the
management authority and the workers creates a healthy human
relation and sense of co-operation, assistance and unity.

• Training:
Communication is necessary in imparting training to the
managers, supervisors, executives and general employees to
upgrade their knowledge and skill of performance in order to meet
the needs of the changing corporate world.

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Formal Communication

The Formal Communication is the exchange of official information

that flows along the different levels of the organizational hierarchy
and conforms to the prescribed professional rules, policy,
standards, processes and regulations of the organization.

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Features of Formal Communication
Written and Oral

Formal Relations

Prescribed Path

Organizational Message

Deliberate Effort
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Advantages of formal communication
1. Follows the principle of unity of command.
2. The orderly flow of information and in a systematic manner.
3. Helps in fixing responsibilities for better efficiency.
4. Managers have full control of nature and direction of communication.
5. Helps in maintaining authority relationship.
6. The flow of instruction is very specific, clear and definite.
7. Helpful in maintaining direct contact with subordinates.

Disadvantages of formal communication

1) It is a time-consuming process.
2) It lacks personal contacts and relationship
3) It may be resisted and distorted.
4) It delays the communication message due to the formal procedures.
5) It obstructs the free, smooth and accurate circulation of information`
Informal Communication

Informal communication is based on informal relations (like

friendship, membership of the same club, the same place of birth,
etc.) and, therefore, is free from all the organizational formalities.

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 The exchange of informal
messages usually takes place on
the occasion of community meals,
social occasions, parties, etc.

On such occasions, the superiors gather such information from their

subordinates as may be difficult to get through formal
communication. Such communication includes comments,
suggestions, etc.

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Informal communication is also called grapevine communication
because there is no definite channel of communication.

Under it some information passes through many individuals and

covers a long distance making its origin obscure.

This is exactly like a grapevine where it is difficult to find the

beginning and the end.

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Features
Formation through social relations

Two types of information

Uncertain Path

Possibility of rumour or distortion

Quick Relay
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Advantages of informal communication:
•It is a flexible channel of communication.
•It creates mutual co-operation
•It is helpful in building teamwork in the organisation.
•It provides effective feedback to the manager.
•It supplements formal communication.
•If implemented efficiently, it will leads to the success.

Disadvantages of informal communication:

•It creates misunderstanding.
•Due to different perceptions of the persons involved in whispering, chain interpretations of
information may change.
•It is difficult to believe in information as its source cannot be identified.
•It sometimes leads to leak of secret information.
•The information passes through it is inaccurate and distorted.
•It is difficult to control it as its flow and direction cannot be checked.
Grapevine Communication

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Grapevine Communication
• Grapevine communication is defined as
unstructured and Informal network
formed on social relationship rather
than organizational charts or job
descriptions. It is actually an informal
vehicle through which message flows
throughout the organization.
• Since it is unstructured and not under
complete control of management, it
moves through the organization in every
direction.
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• It moves upwards, downward, and diagonally,
within and without chains of command, between
workers and managers, and even with and without
a company.

• It gives out an idea that grapevine is not a form of

communication which follows structural path. It
moves in all the direction that is up, down and
even diagonally.

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 Why informal communication is called Grapevine
communication?

Informal communication is often referred to as "grapevine communication"

because it functions in a manner similar to how information spreads through a
grapevine. The term "grapevine" comes from the idea that information travels
like a vine, branching out in various directions and connecting different nodes.
It has an Unstructured Path, Rapidly Spreads, leads to branching and Rumors,
has Mixed Accuracy and Lack of Control.
Characteristics Of Grapevine

Huge Large
Speed
Impact Receivers

Effective Distortion Extra Ability

Contradictory
Flexibility Oral Way Information

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• Huge Impact
A large number of employees in an organization depends on
the grapevine because they consider this as the primary
source of information as well as the reliable channel to
communicate about the facts and events within the firm.

• Effective
Grapevine links the whole organization very quickly. From top
to bottom of an organization, nobody is left from the touch of
grapevine. That’s why sometimes grapevine
communication is considered very effective communication.

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• Flexibility
It is more flexible than formal channels because formal
channels require various formalities whereas grapevine is
free from those formalities. Gossiping, sharing moments or
conversation are enough to create a grapevine.

• Speed
Information moves very quickly through the grapevine.
Grapevine runs faster than the wind.

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• Distortion
Information spreading through grapevine is like to be
distorted as it moves point to point, terminal to terminal
or person to person.

• Oral Way
Grapevine uses oral techniques more rather than written
or non-verbal techniques. As oral communication involves
less time, grapevine is likely to be dependent on oral
mode.

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• Large Receivers
As the text or essence of grapevine is catchy, there exists a large
receiver to deal with it. A huge number of individuals are always
there to take part in grapevine.

• Extra Ability
Grapevine can pierce the strong security and can fly from mouth
to mouth very easily. It has more ability to spread throughout the
whole organization.

• Contradictory Information
The same information which is transmitted through formal chain
can be distorted and therefore can raise contradiction if it passes
through grapevine
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Advantages

Spreads Quick Group

Rapidly Feedback Cohesiveness

Substitute for
Propagate formal
Quickly channel

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Disadvantages
Sudden unexpected and unwanted reactions

Sometimes dangerous to the organization

Irrelevant gossip

exaggerates or distorts the message

personal vilification and character assassination

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Key Differences between Formal &
Informal Communication

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 BASIS FORMAL COMMUNICATION INFORMAL COMMUNICATION

A type of verbal communication in A type of verbal communication in which

which the interchange of information is the interchange of information does not
Meaning
done through the pre-defined channels follow any channels i.e. the
is known as formal communication. communication stretches in all directions.

Another Name Official Communication Grapevine communication

Reliability More Comparatively less

Speed Slow Very Fast

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 BASIS FORMAL COMMUNICATION INFORMAL COMMUNICATION

As the communication is generally

Evidence written, documentary evidence is No documentary evidence.
present.

Time Consuming Yes No

Secrecy Full secrecy is maintained. It is difficult to maintain the secrecy.

Flow of Only through predefined

Can move freely.
Information channels.

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Communication Networks
There are different types of network of communication.
Communication Network means the channels by which
information flows.

Networks can be of two types:

(A) Formal Network and

(B) Informal Network.

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Formal Networks:
The Formal Communication Network shows the
pattern of the communication, i.e. the way in
which the formal communication is facilitated.
There are several types of formal
communication networks classified on the
basis of the degree to which they are
centralized and decentralized. These are:

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I. Chain Network
• Under the chain pattern, the information flows either up or
down the line.
• Here each person gets the information from his immediate
superior and then passes it to their immediate
subordinates.
• Likewise, the chain gets created, and all members get
connected to a single person, typically the leader. This
network is suitable when the information to be passed is
legally correct.

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 II. Wheel Network
• This is the most centralized forms of a
communication network wherein all the
information flows from one central person,
typically the leader.
• The other members have little or no
communication link with each other.
• Here, the leader deliberately controls the
line of communication and make sure that
the information reaches all in the group.

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 III. Free Flow Network
• In this network everyone is connected to
each other, and the information can flow
freely from anywhere in the organization.
• It is the most decentralized form of formal
communication.
• The distinct feature of this communication
pattern is that all the persons in the group
are linked to each other and can freely
communicate with anyone they want.

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 IV. Circle Network
• The circle or circular network is one of the
decentralized forms of a communication
network wherein the information is
shared equally among all the members.
• Here each person gives and receives
information from two or more persons in
the network.
• Under this pattern, each member has the
equal chance to participate.

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V. Inverted “V” Communication
• The inverted “V” communication is a
formal network wherein the subordinate
is allowed to communicate with his
immediate superior as well as with the
superior’s superior, i.e. the boss of the
immediate boss.
• But, however, the communication
between the subordinate and the
superior’s superior is limited.

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Informal Networks
The Informal Channel Network or Grapevine
Network shows the pattern of the communication, i.e.
how the informal communication passes from person to
person.
There are four informal networks:
1. Single strand chain.
2. Gossip chain.
3. Probability chain and
4. Cluster chain.

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 I. Single strand chain
• The single strand chain involves the passing of
information through a line of persons to the
ultimate recipient.
• It indicates the passing of information by a long
time. Here the 1st person tells to 2nd person who
tells the message to 3rd person and so on. This
process continues to the last receiver.
• This type of chain is less reliable and accurate to
pass on the message

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 II. Gossip chain
• In the gossip chain, one person
seeks and tells the information to
everyone. This chain is just like the
wheel where one person stays at
the center and passes the
information to other employees.
• This network is often used when the
subject matter is unrelated to the
nature of the job.

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III. Probability Chains
• This is also known as random chain. Here no specific
rules are followed for transmitting information. At first a
person transmits the information to any other person
randomly, then in the similar way message is circulated
randomly.
• Such as, there is an individual who acts as a source of
message selects any person randomly in his network to
communicate the message. That second person will
again, select another person randomly and passes on
the message to him, likewise the communication flows to
different people chosen randomly.

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• Here, the source of information for each member of
the network is different.
• This communication pattern is used when the
information is interesting, but not significant.

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IV. Cluster Chain
• In the cluster chain network, there is an individual
who, acts as a source of a message, transmits
information to the pre-selected group of individuals
out of whom few individuals again tell the same
message to other selected group of individuals.
• Likewise, the chain continues, and the message
reaches to all in the network.
• This is the most common form of informal
communication network.

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Cluster Chain

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 Barriers to
Communication

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Barriers of Communication
Barriers to communication can result in confusion which can lead to
incorrect information being conveyed or miscommunication which
can lead to loss of business. Following are some of the barriers to
effective communication:

1.Semantic barriers
2.Psychological barriers
3.Organisational barriers
4.Cultural barriers
5.Physical barriers
6.Physiological barriers
1)Semantic barriers
Semantic barriers are also known as language barriers.It includes:
Semantic barriers are also known as language barriers.It includes:

1. Words with Different Meanings: Sometimes, one word can mean

different things depending on where and how it's used. This can make it
hard to know exactly what someone is trying to say.
2. Faulty Translations: When we try to change words from one language to
another, the meaning might not come out quite right. This can cause
misunderstandings because not all words have perfect matches in other
languages.
3. Unclarified Assumptions: If we assume that everyone knows the same
things, it can lead to confusion. To avoid this, we need to provide clear
explanations and not leave anything out.
4. Denotations and Connotations: Words not only have their
dictionary meanings(denotation) but also feelings and
ideas(connotations) connected to them. If we don't understand these
extra meanings, it can make communication less clear.
5. Technical Jargon: Using technical or complicated words that only
experts understand can make it difficult for others to follow along. It's
better to use simple words that everyone can understand.
6. Bad Expressions: Sometimes, if we don't put sentences together
in a clear way, they can be confusing. To communicate well, we need
to make sure our sentences make sense and are easy to understand.

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 2)Psychological / Personal Barriers
Psychological barriers play an important role in interpersonal communication as
the state of the mind of the sender or the receiver can make it difficult to
understand the information that is conveyed, which often leads to
misunderstanding.
Personal factors like difference in judgment, social values, inferiority, complex,
bias, attitude, inability to communicate, etc. widen the psychological distance
between the sender and the receiver.

1.Premature evaluation of information by the receiver even before it is

transmitted it can lead to barriers in communication, as it will create premature
conclusion to the message, which withholds the original message.
2. Inadequate attention from the receiver’s end at the time of
communication can lead to barriers of communication as the
information conveyed by the sender is not properly received by the
receiver.

3. When information is passed within multiple sources, the

final information is distorted as the receivers of the message are
not able to retain everything that was conveyed. This can cause
communication barriers.

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4. Emotional Barriers are the mental
walls that keep you from openly
communicating your thoughts and
feeling to others . They prevent you
from being yourself and living your life
to the fullest . Individuals
with emotional barriers tend to be
extremely reserved, cautious and
insecure.

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5.Perceptual barriers are internal.
If you go into a situation thinking
that the person you are talking to
isn't going to understand or be
interested in what you have to
say, you may end up
subconsciously sabotaging your
effort to make your point.

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 3)Organisational barriers
Organisational barriers are those barriers that are caused due to the
structure, rules and regulations present in the organisation. The various types
of barriers that can be encountered due to superior subordinate relationships
where the free flow of communication is not possible.
Sometimes the complexity of organisational structure and multiple managers
make it difficult to
convey information properly, and the information gets distorted leading to
miscommunication.

(i) Organisational policies attempt to determine the relationship among all

persons working in the organisation. If these policies are not clearly
identified and communicated then the operations may not run smoothly.
(ii) Organisational rules and procedures which are definite in nature and
restrict mobility among managers/subordinates could also deter
communication.
(iii)Status of employees created in a hierarchical
framework can act as a barrier to communicate
wherein, an employee of a lower rank may feel fearful
to convey a message to an employee at a superior
level.
(iv)Complexity in organisational structure can also
cause barriers to communicate because the of a large
number of managerial levels in the organisation lead to
delay in information or loss of transmission.

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 4)Cultural barriers
Cultural barriers are those that arise due to lack of similarities among the
different cultures across the world. A term that can be harmless in one
culture can be regarded as a slang in another culture. Moreover, various
beliefs can differ from one culture to another.

1. Language Differences: Different languages can lead to

misunderstandings and misinterpretations.
2. Nonverbal Communication: Gestures, body language, and personal
space vary across cultures, affecting communication.
3. Stereotypes and Biases: Prejudices can distort understanding and
perception.
3. Time Perception: Different cultures view time differently,
affecting punctuality and scheduling.
5. Hierarchy Impact: Respect for authority varies and affects
interactions.
6. Cultural Norms: Values, taboos, and norms shape
communication expectations.
7. Ethnocentrism: Judging based on one's own culture can
hinder understanding.
8. Religious Sensitivities: Religious beliefs influence
communication boundaries.

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9. Gender barriers to
communication can incite
problems at home and in the
workplace. Societal stereotypes,
assumed gender roles, and
interpersonal differences can
contribute to a communication
gap.

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• Cultural barriers can interfere with communication in a
variety of ways:
• The norms of communication vary between cultures, such
as, personal space. It's important to find common ground
in these situations.
• People may form assumptions based on stereotypes of the
other person's culture (cultural noise).
• Work cultures differ between companies which means you
have to adapt to your company's culture to communicate
effectively.
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 5)Physical barriers
Physical barriers to communication are those that arise due to certain
factors like faulty equipment, noise, closed doors and cabins that cause the
information sent from sender to receiver to become distorted, which results
in improper communication.

1. Faulty Equipment: When communication tools like phones, computers,

or microphones don't work properly, messages can be distorted or lost.
2. Noise: Loud sounds in the environment can disrupt communication.
Background noise makes it hard to hear, leading to misunderstandings.
3. Closed Spaces: When doors, walls, or cabins separate people, it can
limit the flow of information. Closed spaces make it hard to have open
and clear conversations.
4. Distance: If the sender and receiver are far apart, it
becomes challenging to communicate effectively,
especially face-to-face.
5. Visual Obstructions: Objects or barriers that block
sightlines can hinder nonverbal communication and visual
cues.
6. Time Zones: When dealing with people in different time
zones, coordinating communication becomes tricky.

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 6)Physiological barriers
Physiological barriers arise when a sender or the receiver of the
communication is not in a position to express or receive the message with
clarity due to some physiological issues like dyslexia, or nerve disorders that
interfere with speech or hearing.

1. Hearing and Vision Impairments: Difficulties in hearing or seeing

can make it challenging to receive or give information accurately.
2. Speech Issues: Problems with speaking, like stammering or unclear
pronunciation, can hinder effective communication.
3. Physical Health: Illness, fatigue, or discomfort can impact our ability to
engage in effective communication.
4. Age-Related Factors: Different age groups might have varying levels of
communication skills or limitations.
 Group
Discussion

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• Group discussion is
defined as a form of group
communication in which
the participants share
ideas and exchange
information on a common
topic.
• Group discussions are
widely used in many
organizations for decision
making and problem
solving.
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• In this form of communication, a particular number of people
meet face to face and through free oral interaction, originate,
share, and discuss ideas to arrive at a decision or solution to a
problem.
• They help to shortlist candidates for a final interview.
• Select students for admission to professional courses.
• The participants sit facing each other almost in a semi-circle
and express their views on the given topic/issue/problem.

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• Objective of Group
Discussion
G - Generating Ideas
R- Reviewing policies and plans
O - Organizing teams/ tasks
U - Understanding perspectives
P - Problem solving
D - decision making
I - Information exchange
S -strategic planning
C - conflict resolution
U - unity among people
S - studying cases
S - Socializing people
I - Instruction
O - Oneness of group
participants
N – negotiation
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Key Points Of GD
• It is not structured.
• No chairperson
• No secretary
• Any member can give a preview and summary
• Discussion proceeds smoothly
• Display of anger, emotion and excitement has no place in
GD.
• Topic of the GD may or may not be disclosed to the
participants.
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Role of Different Skills in GD
• Leadership skills:

Ability to take leadership roles and ability to lead, inspire

and carry the team along to help them achieve group's
objectives.

Example: To be able to initiate the group discussion, or to be

able to guide the group especially when the discussion
begins losing relevance or try to encourage all members to
participate in the discussion.

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• Communication skills:

The participating candidates will be assessed in terms of

clarity of thought, expression and aptness of language. One
key aspect is listening. It indicates a willingness to
accommodate others views.

Example: To be able to use simple language and explain

concepts clearly so that it is easily understood by all. You
actually get negative marks for using esoteric jargons in an
attempt to show-off your knowledge.

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• Interpersonal skills:

Is reflected in the ability of the individual to interact with

other members of the group in a brief situation. Emotional
maturity and balance promotes good interpersonal
relationships. The person has to be more people centric and
less self-centered.

Example: To remain cool even when someone provokes you

by with personal comment, ability to remain objective, ability
to empathize, non-threatening and more of a team player.

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• Persuasive skills:

Ability to analyze and persuade others to see the problem

from multiple perspectives without hurting the group
members.

Example: While appreciating someone else's point of view,

you should be able to effectively communicate your view
without overtly hurting the other person.

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• Problem solving skills:

Ability to come out with divergent and offbeat solutions and

use one's own creativity.

Example: While thinking of solutions, don't be afraid to think

of novel solutions. This is a high- risk high-return strategy.

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DO’s of GD
Initiate and
Analyze its scope Listen to the views
Define the topic. generate the
and implications. of others.
discussion.

Intervene forcefully Summarize views

Encourage the but politely, when of the others before Be brief and to the
members to speak. the situation presenting your point.
demands. point of view.

Look at, and

State the
address all the Speak with proper Summarize the
conclusions
members of the pronunciation. main view points.
reached.
group.

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Don’ts of GD
Don’t be Don’t make any
aggressive in Don’t dominate Don’t monopolize
personal
presenting your the discussion. the discussion.
views. remarks.

Don’t speak Neither raise your

Don’t jump to Don’t speak in
continuously for a voice too high nor
conclusions. monotone.
long time. speak too softly.

Don’t use Don’t ignore any

aggressive member of the
gestures. group.

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Types Of Group Discussions

Types

Method of Nature of
Conduct Topic

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 Based on the
Method of
Conduct

Unstructured GD with a
Structured GD Role Play Nominated
GD Leader

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• Structured Group Discussion: In this type of group
discussion, the topic is given to the participants by the
selectors and a time-frame is allotted to complete the
discussion. This is the most commonly followed technique
for a group discussion.

• Unstructured Group Discussion: In unstructured group

discussions, unlike in the case of structured group
discussions, the candidates themselves decide the topic
with mutual consent. This formal method of group
discussions is rarely used.

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• Role Play: In this type of group discussion, the candidates
are given specific roles to play in the backdrop of a given
situation. Within the framework of their role, the
participants have to solve the problems inherent in the
situation given to them.

• Group Discussion with a Nominated Leader: Generally, no-

one is nominated as leader of a group discussion and all
participants are treated as equal. But in this type of a group
discussion, a person is nominated as a facilitator or a
leader of the group. He may summarize the discussion or
solutions discussed at the end of the group discussion.
Sometimes the leader is nominated by the group members
themselves.
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 Based on
Nature of the
Topic

Controversial Abstract Case Study

Topics Topics Topics

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• Controversial Topics: These are topics which are
controversial and which have the potential to generate an
argument. Such topics generally make the discussion lively
as arguments and counter arguments are presented. This
gives the evaluators more opportunities to evaluate the
candidates.
Examples of such topics include ‘Should the examination
system be scrapped’ or ‘How ethical is cloning?’.

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• Abstract Topics: There is a growing trend of assigning
abstract topics, that is, topics which are vague or unclear.
These topics enable the evaluators to evaluate the creative
ability of the candidates. Every candidate can have his own
interpretation of the topic. Some such topics are ‘Zero’,
‘One and one make eleven’.

• Case Study Topics: Here, a situation is provided to the

participants which may depict a problem faced by the
organization or the managers. Participants need to analyze
the situation and think of various alternatives to solve the
problem. This kind of a group discussion tests the ability of
the candidate to think of solutions keeping the situational
factors and constraints in mind.
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INTERVIEWS
• An interview is a discussion or conversation between a
candidate and a potential employer. In common parlance,
the word "interview" refers to a one-on-one conversation
between an interviewer and an interviewee.

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Tips for Before, During, and After an Interview
Company Timing Analyze the

During
Before

After
information Interview body interview
About the language Follow up
interviewer Questions for
Evaluate job interviewer
description Ending the interview
Fit in skills and
qualities
Make a list of
questions
Mock interview
Organise documents
Interview dress
Check directions

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Types Of Interviews

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TYPES OF INTERVIEWS
• 1. Telephonic Interview - This usually takes place with either the HR or
recruitment to assess the candidate in general. This may include asking
interview questions based on the resume, roles and responsibilities of the
job profile. In most cases, telephonic interviews are the first and last stage
of the interview.
• 2. Face-to-Face Interview - Once the candidate’s basic profile is
screened and shortlisted, it is processed further. The candidate and
interviewer meet in person to discuss your profile. This may include the
employer, someone from Human Resources or a recruitment consultant.
Based on the interview round, you will either be assessed in general or on
technical grounds.

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• 3. Video Interview - These can be considered the substitute for the
face-to-face interview since it has a similar purpose. Video interviews
happen in case of remote positions or in situations when meeting the
candidate is not possible. Video interviewers were the most feasible
type of interviews during the peak of Covid-19.
• 4. Panel Interview - In this type of interview, there are multiple
interviewers who assess the candidate. All types of questions from
expertise to future aspirations may be covered in these interviews.
These may include different professionals from the team who assess
the candidate on different grounds. The decision in such interviews is
collective.

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• 5. Stress Interview - These are challenging in nature since the
interview assesses your response to stressful situations.
Interviewers want to ensure that your response will be
constructive for the company. Such types of interviews are
common for high-stress job profiles.
• 6. Case Interview - Here, the interviewer gives you a situation
and the associated problem. This may be an imaginary or a
real-life problem. They then ask for a solution to the problem.
The aim is to assess how good you are at problem-solving.

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• 7. Off-site Interview - These are informal interviews where
the candidate and interviewer meet at a place other than the
office. The interviewer may invite the candidate over lunch.
The aim of such interviews is to assess your personality
outside the workplace.
• 8. Exit interview - An exit interview takes place before an
employee leaves a company, to gain a sense of understanding
of what an organisation can improve upon to retain its top
talent. It's an essential part of the overall offboarding process
and is typically hosted by HR in some capacity.

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• 9. Appraisal/Promotion Interview - Appraisal interview is a formal
discussion process between an employee and his/her manager regarding
performance and other aspects of job role. It is one of the best ways for
an employee to increase productivity and change work habits.
• 10. Mock Interview - A Mock Interview is one of the very best ways to
prepare for an actual employment interview. The Mock Interview will
help you to learn what is expected in a real interview, and how you can
improve the way you present yourself. Mock Interview is a safe place
to practice your interview skills and gain feedback.

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 MOCK
INTERVIEW

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What is Mock Interview?
• A Mock Interview is one of the very best ways to
prepare for an actual employment interview.

• The Mock Interview will help you to learn what is

expected in a real interview, and how you can improve
the way you present yourself.

• The Mock Interview will try to make the interview as

realistic as possible.
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• The Mock Interview focuses on how well you know
yourself and your past experiences, how well you
know the industry you hope to enter, and how well
you can convey that information.

• The Mock Interview is a safe place to practice your

interview skills and gain feedback.

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The Mock Interview Program should be
designed to help you:

• Practice Interviewing
• Develop Interviewing Strategies
• Reduce your anxiety and nervousness before your
actual interview.
• Create a good first impression.
• Communicate your skills clearly.
• How to answer difficult questions.
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INTERVIEWING SKILLS
• Research capabilities - Read and analyze the job
description and customize your resume based on that
research.
• Interview questions preparation - It is always a good idea
to practice such questions before facing your potential
employers.
• Verbal communication - During an interview, employers
may pay close attention to your tone and pitch.
• Non-verbal communication - Non-verbal communication
includes body language, posture, gestures, facial expression
and eye contact.
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• Time management - You should reach the interview venue at least
10 to 15 minutes ahead of time.
• Confidence - Self-confidence is the ability to stay confident in your
skills and abilities. This is an essential skill because it shows that
you have trust in yourself.
• Honesty - As most employers perform a background check on
their new hires, there is no point in exaggerating about your
experience, skills and qualifications.
• Politeness - It is imperative to be friendly and polite to everyone,
as it shows how well you can fit in the organisation and work with
others.

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Seminar

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SEMINAR
▪ A seminar may be defined as “a discussion in a small
group in which the result of research or advance study
is presented through oral or written reports.”
▪ Seminar is simply group communication in which a
person makes a presentation or speech on a topic by
highlighting it contents in the light of present and
pressing problems.
▪ This presentation or speech is followed by questions
and expect comments from the audience.

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▪ Thus seminar is mixture of
speech and group discussion.
▪ During seminar one person
acts as chairman of the
session and conducts the
seminar by introducing the
topic and the speaker.
▪ At the end of the session, he
asks the audience to raise
questions and ensures that
the discussion follows in the
light of the theme.
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How to Make Seminar Effective
▪ The effectiveness of seminar depends upon how
different parties and persons play their role in effective
way.
▪ These parties and persons include
(i) organizer
(ii) speakers
(iii) chairperson
(iv) audience.

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• Organizer’s Role: To make seminar effective, organizers
should

1. Plan the seminar in advance by deciding the date, venue

and theme of the seminar.
2. Publish the relevant material in advance.
3. Advertise it is newspapers and invite various participants
within time.
4. Ensure the proper arrangement of OHP, slides, lighting,
and other audio visual aids.
5. Facilitate arrangement of sitting, tea or lunch, etc.
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• Speaker’s Role: The speaker of seminar should

1. Prepare the topic before hand by searching the material from library
and websites, organizing the in the topic in logical order and pondering
over the various relevant issues.
2. Ensure that his speech is informative, illuminating and interesting.
3. Use the appropriate visual aids like slides, etc.
4. Take the time limits into consideration.
5. Try to answer maximum questions of the audience of the end.
6. Convey thanks to the audience for their patient listening.
7. How speech or presentation can be made effective, have been
discussed in the chapter on speech and presentation.
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• Chair Person’s Role: The chairperson of the session should

1. Introduce the topic briefly. This should be followed by the speaker’s

introduction in brief by highlighting the area of his specialization and
his achievements.
2. Ensure that the speaker finishes his speech within the time limit.
3. Invite questions from audience at the end of the speech.
4. Ensure that the discussion follows in the light of the theme and no
one hurts the feelings of another during question/answer session.
5. Sum up findings of the speech after question answer session.
6. Thanks the speaker and the audience at the end.
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• Audience’s Role: The audience should

1. Occupy seats before the start of the seminar.

2. Listen patiently to the speeches of various speakers.
3. Note down important points and citations.
4. Avoid distributing the speaker during the speech.
5. Ask relevant question
6. Stay till the conclusion of the seminar.

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PRESENTATIONS

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What is Presentation?
• A presentation is a formal talk to one or more persons that
“presents” ideas or information in a clear, structured way. All
presentations have a common objective: they are given in order
to inform, train, persuade or sell.

• Presentation can be defined as a formal event characterized by

teamwork and use of audio-visual aids. The main purpose of
presentation is to give information, to persuade the audience to
act and to create goodwill. A good presentation should have a
good subject matter, should match with the objective, should
best fit the audience, and should be well organized.

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ELEMENTS OF PRESENTATION
1. Presenter – The person who give the
presentation
Presenter 2. Audience – The people for whom the
presentation is meant. The audience
usually shares some common
Audience characteristics, like they belong to
particular age group or profession or any
such attribute.
Specific 3. Specific Content – This is the content of
Content the presentation, which is formulated
with a major objective to be achieved.

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DESIGNING A PRESENTATION

Introduction

Main Body

Conclusion

Question and Answer Session

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Introduction
• Main purpose of introduction in a presentation
a) Is to break the ice
b) Arouse the audience interest
c) Establish rapport
d) Make them listen

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• The introductory part of the presentation accomplishes
the following:
a) Capture the listeners attention
b) Give your audience a reason to listen
c) Establish your competence
d) Introduce your topic and preview of your presentation

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Main Body of the Presentation

• It consists of the key ideas, facts, figures and and

supporting material that is considered necessary.
• It should be in right sequence.
• The point should be organized in order of importance,
the main points followed by subsidiary points.

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Conclusion
• Conclusion provides the last chance to sell the idea.
• Unless the conclusion is well planned and well
delivered, what has been built up in the body of the
presentation may be lost.
• The benefits of the ideas to the audience may be
highlighted in the final stage.
• A call for action may also be a good conclusion.

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Question and Answer Session
• After concluding the presentation, the speaker should
thank the audience for their patience and cooperation
and motivate them to raise their queries, if any.
• Always be humble and polite in answering the
questions.
• Encourage the audience to ask questions by saying. “ I
would love to answer if anybody has any questions to
ask.”
• Somebody who has asked the good question must be
complemented.
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Individual & Group Presentation
• In individual type of presentation, there is only one
speaker who expresses his views on a given topic to an
audience.
• Individual Presentation allow a person to completely
control the thoughts, ideas and methods of presenting
without outside influence.
• An individual presentation is based solely on one
person’s thoughts, time and effort.

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• A group presentation is supposed to be a subject matter
with content that is agreed upon by all of the members
present.

• A group presentation needs to incorporate the thoughts and

opinions of the people in that group.

• This allows for more view points and can lead to an overall
improved and effective presentation.

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Effective Presentation Skills
1. Show your Passion and Connect with your Audience
2. Focus on your Audience’s Needs
3. Keep it Simple: Concentrate on your Core Message
4. Smile and Make Eye Contact with your Audience
5. Start Strong.
6. Tell Stories
7. Use your Voice Effectively
8. Use your Body Too

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Factors Affecting Presentation
• Audience Analysis • Organization of
• Communication Presentation
Environment • Language and Words
• Personal Appearance • Quality of Voice
• Use of Visuals • Body Language
• Opening and Closing • Answering Questions
of Presentation
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Thank you
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