1

HOMEWORK 2 TELECOMMUNICATION
PROTOCOLS ACCORDING OSI MODEL
Ariana Esquivel González

I. ABSTRACT A. RS-232
Telecommunication protocols play a pivotal role in ensuring Protocol that has stood the test of time. RS-232, or Rec-
seamless communication across diverse networks and systems. ommended Standard 232, defines the electrical and functional
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model serves as a characteristics for serial communication.
foundational framework for understanding and categorizing
these protocols. This paper delves into an exploration of
telecommunication protocols within the context of the OSI
model, shedding light on their significance and functionality
across different layers.
Fig. 1: RSC-232
II. O BJECTIVES
To analyze and recognize some of the protocols used by a Although it has been surpassed in speed and distance by
telecommunications systems and which layer do they apply: more modern technologies, RS-232 is still used in serial com-
munication for peripheral devices and industrial equipment,
• Search for the protocols listed on the OSI model example
thanks to its simplicity and reliability. 2
(in class),
• Define them,
• Give examples with graphics, figures, etc. B. 802.11 (physical layer)
• Classified them into a OSI and TCP/IP layer. In the realm of wireless networks, the 802.11 protocol, also
known as Wi-Fi, plays a pivotal role. While 802.11 encom-
III. I NTRODUCTION passes multiple standards, we will focus here on its physical
layer, which defines how signals are transmitted through the
In today’s interconnected world, telecommunication proto-
air. This layer establishes rules for modulation, frequency, and
cols are the unsung heroes of our digital age. They are the
signal strength, enabling wireless communication in diverse
invisible threads that weave our communications across vast
environments.
networks, ensuring that data reaches its destination accurately
and efficiently. Understanding these protocols is essential for
anyone involved in the field of networking and telecommuni-
cations. The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, de-
veloped by the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO), serves as a fundamental framework for comprehending Fig. 2: 802.11
the intricacies of these protocols.
The OSI model 1 is divided into seven distinct layers, each
with a specific purpose and set of responsibilities. These layers C. 802.3
collectively form a blueprint for designing, implementing, and Moving to wired networks, the 802.3 standard, commonly
troubleshooting communication systems. Telecommunication known as Ethernet, shines. It defines how data is sent and
protocols, in turn, are specialized sets of rules and conven- received in a local area network (LAN). Ethernet technology
tions that operate within these layers, governing how data is is the backbone of data connectivity worldwide and is essential
transmitted, received, and processed. for communication in most businesses and homes.

IV. D EVELOPMENT
Communication is an essential part of our daily lives, and
in the digital age, this communication relies on a series
of protocols that allow information to flow efficiently and
securely between devices and systems. In this essay, we will
explore a wide variety of communication protocols, from the
oldest but still relevant protocols to the most modern ones that Fig. 3: 802.3
drive connectivity today.

D. 802.11 (data link layer)
Within the 802.11 family, we also find the 802.11 standard
in the data link layer. This layer ensures the integrity of data
transmitted over a wireless network, using techniques such as
medium access control (MAC) and frame encapsulation.
Fig. 4: 802.11 (data link layer)
E. IP
Within the 802.11 family, we also find the 802.11 standard
in the data link layer. This layer ensures the integrity of data
transmitted over a wireless network, using techniques such as
medium access control (MAC) and frame encapsulation. 4
Fig. 5: IP
F. Transport layer
Security in communication is paramount, and this is where
protocols like SCTP, SSL, and TLS come into play. SCTP, or
Stream Control Transmission Protocol, is a transport protocol
that offers advanced security and reliability features. On the
other hand, SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) and TLS (Transport
Layer Security) are cryptographic protocols that ensure the
confidentiality and integrity of data transmitted over the inter-
net. 6
Fig. 6: SCTP
G. Red layer
In the realm of network communication, two protocols stand
out: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User
Datagram Protocol). TCP is known for its reliability and flow
control, while UDP excels in speed and efficiency for real-time
data transmission. 3 y 5
Fig. 7: Red Layer
2
H. TCP (Session layer)
In the session layer, the TCP protocol becomes relevant
again as it establishes, manages, and terminates connections
between devices on a network. We also find protocols like
RTR (Remote Terminal Protocol) and RPC (Remote Procedure
Call), which facilitate transparent communication between
systems at different locations.
Fig. 8: TCP (Session layer)
I. Presentation layer
Protocols like AVI and JPEG are essential. AVI (Audio
Video Interleave) is a commonly used file format for storing
video and audio, while JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts
Group) is a widely adopted image compression standard that
enables efficient exchange of photographs and graphics.
Fig. 9: Presentation layer
J. Application Layer
For email exchange, the SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol) protocol is crucial as it defines how emails are sent
across the internet. Lastly, in the era of remote communication,
protocols like TELNET and FTP enable access and file transfer
across networks, facilitating remote work and collaboration. 7
Fig. 10: Application layer
K. Questions Raised
• How has the OSI model influenced the development of
modern communication networks?
• What are the key differences between TCP and UDP in
the transport layer?
• Can you provide examples of industries heavily reliant
on OSI model-based protocols?
• How does RS-232 continue to find relevance in contem-
porary telecommunications?
• What emerging trends and challenges are affecting the
field of telecommunication protocols today?
 3

V. C ONCLUSIONS 6) Stallings, W. (2014). Cryptography and Network Secu-

In the ever-evolving landscape of telecommunications, the rity: Principles and Practice (6th ed.). Pearson.
OSI model remains an indispensable framework for under- 7) Postel, J. (1980). Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (RFC
standing the intricate web of protocols that enable global con- 5321). IETF.
nectivity. This model, with its seven well-defined layers, has 8) Reynolds, J. K., Postel, J. B. (1985). File Transfer
provided a structured approach to designing, implementing, Protocol (RFC 959). IETF.
and troubleshooting communication systems for decades.
The journey through the OSI layers has revealed the critical
roles played by various protocols in facilitating seamless com-
munication. Starting from the physical layer, which governs
the transmission of raw bits over transmission media, to the
application layer, responsible for user-friendly interactions,
each layer has its unique set of responsibilities.
RS-232, a venerable protocol, may have been surpassed
by newer technologies, but it continues to serve essential
functions in serial communication. Ethernet, embodied in
the 802.3 standard, forms the backbone of wired networks,
while Wi-Fi, within the 802.11 family, revolutionizes wireless
communication through its physical and data link layers.
At the heart of internet communication lies the Internet Pro-
tocol (IP), directing the flow of data packets across networks
and ensuring they reach their intended destinations. Security
protocols like SSL and TLS encrypt data, safeguarding the
confidentiality and integrity of information transmitted over
the web.
Transport layer protocols, such as TCP and UDP, embody
the balance between reliability and speed, adapting to various
application requirements. The session layer, with its TCP
connections, forms the basis for transparent communication
between devices, irrespective of their locations.
In the realm of multimedia, protocols like AVI and JPEG
facilitate the efficient exchange of audio, video, and images,
enriching our digital experiences. Meanwhile, email commu-
nication thrives on the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP),
and remote access and file transfer are made possible by
TELNET and FTP.
In conclusion, the OSI model, with its associated protocols,
underpins the modern world’s digital communication infras-
tructure. As we navigate an increasingly interconnected world,
understanding these protocols becomes paramount. They serve
as the bridges that connect devices, systems, and people,
enabling the exchange of information, ideas, and experiences
across the globe. The longevity and adaptability of these
protocols demonstrate their enduring importance in shaping
the future of telecommunications.

VI. R EFERENCES
1) Tanenbaum, A. S., Wetherall, D. J. (2010). Computer
Networks (5th ed.). Pearson.
2) Forouzan, B. A. (2013). Data Communications and Net-
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3) Stallings, W. (2013). Data and Computer Communica-
tions (10th ed.). Pearson.
4) Comer, D. E. (2014). Internetworking with TCP/IP: Prin-
ciples, Protocols, and Architecture (6th ed.). Pearson.
5) Kurose, J. F., Ross, K. W. (2017). Computer Networking:
Principles and Practice (3rd ed.). Pearson.