Coupled-mode equation for axially periodic perturbation: -

Consider an optical fiber with RI profile as n2 ( x , y) in which there is a periodic z -dependent

perturbation in the RI profile as Δn 2 ( x , y , z)

It could be a periodic stress

OR a periodic undulation of this fiber axis.

For a sinusoidal z -perturbation: Δ n2 ( x , y , z)= Δ n2 ( x , y ) sin ⁡kz

2π
K= ; Λ=¿spatial period
Λ

If ψ 1 (x , y ) and ψ 2 (x , y ) are the two modes of the fiber, then the total field under perturbation
may be written as
−i β1 z −i β 2 z
ψ ( x , y , z ) =A ( z ) ψ 1 e + B( z)ψ 2 e
(1)

β 1 , β 2 → are mode propagation constants without perturbation.

A(z ), B(z )→ are the amplitudes of the modes.

* Without perturbation A, B are constant.

* In absence of any perturbation:

∇ 2xy Ψ 1 + [ k 20 n2 ( x , y )−β 21 ] Ψ 1=0

( 2)
∇ xy ψ 2+ [ k 0 n(x , y)−β2 ] ψ 2=0
2 2 2

¿
¿
 Perturbation couples power among modes, hence A , B are z -dependent.
Since modes are orthogonal,
+∞

∬ ❑ ψ ¿1 ψ 2 dxdy=0
−∞
(3)

Under perturbation, the wave equation to be satisfied by ψ (x , y , z) is then

 2
∂ψ
2 [ 0
+ k n ( x , y )+ Δ n (x , y , z) ] ψ=0
2 2 2 2
∇ xy ψ +
∂z
(4)

Substituting (1) in (4):

[ ] [ ]
2 2 2 2
∂ ψ1 ∂ ψ1 −i β z ∂ ψ z ∂ ψ2 −i β z 2 −i β z 2 −i β z
⟹ 2
+ 2
A (t ) e + 2
+ 2
B ( z )e =∇ xy ψ 1 ⋅ A e1
+ ∇ xy ψ 2 B e 2 1 1

∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

1st term:

[ ]
2
∂ ∂
+ 2 { A (z )ψ 1 e }
2 −i β z −i β z
∇ ψ= 2 xy + B (z)ψ 2 e 1 2

∂x ∂ y
2 2 2 2
−i β z ∂ ψ 1 −i β z ∂ ψ 2 −i β z ∂ ψ 1 −i β z ∂ ψ 2
¿=A (z )e ⋅ 2
+B (t)e 1
⋅ 2
+ A (t)e ⋅ 2
+ B(t )e 2
2
1 2

∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
∂ ψ ∂ A (z) −i β z −i β z ∂ B −i β z −i β z
¿ = ⋅ψ 1 e −i β 1 A ψ 1 e + ψ2 e 1
−i β 2 B ψ 2 e 1 2 1

∂z ∂z ∂z

2nd term:
2 2
∂ψ ∂ A −i β z ∂A −i β z ∂A −i β z 2 −i β z
2
=¿ 2 ψ 1 e −i β1 ψ1e −i β 1
1
ψ1 e −β 1 A ψ 1 e 1 1 1

∂z ∂z ∂ z ∂ z 2
∂ A −i β z ∂A −i β z 2
2
+∂ B −i β z ∂B −i β z ∂B −i β z 2 −i β z
ψ1e −2i β1 ψ1 e −β 1 A 1 1

ψ 2 e −i β 2 ⋅ψ e 1
−i β ψ e −β B ψ e ∂z
2 2
∂ z 2 2

∂z
2
∂z 2 2
∂z 2 2 2

¿
(=0; slowly varying approx.)

3rd term:
2 2 −i β1 z 2 2 −i β2 z 2 2 −i β1 z
k 0 n (x , y ) A ψ 1 e + k 0 n (xy )B ψ 2 e + k 0 Δ n (x , yz) A ψ 1 e
2 2 −i β 2 z
+ k 0 Δ n (x , yz) Bψ 2 e
2 2 −i β1 z 2 −i β2 z
⏟
I :∇ xy ψ=∇ xy Ψ 1 ⋅ A e + ∇ xy ψ 2 ⋅ B e

2
∂ ψ ∂A −i β z 2 −i β z ∂β −i β z 2 −i β z
II : =−2i β1 ψ1 e ⏟
−β 1 ψ1⋅ A e −2i β2 ψ2 e − β2 ψ 2 B e
1 1 2 2

∂z
2
∂ z ∂ z
2 2 −i β1 z 2 2 −i β2 z
k⏟
0 n (xy)ψ 1 ⋅ A e + k⏟
0 n ( xy )ψ 2 ⋅B e by (2)

+k 20 Δ 2 ( x u2 ) ψ 1 ⋅ A e−i β z + k 20 Δ2 (xyz )ψ 2 ⋅B e−i β 1 2 z

So,

∂A ∂B
+k 0 Δ (xyz ) [ A ψ 1 e ] =0
−i β z −i β z 2 2 −i β z −i β z
−2 i β 1 ψ1 e 1
2i β 2 ψ 2e 2 1
+ Bψ 2 e 2

∂z ∂z

Dividing by e−i β z all-throughout: Δ β =β1− β2

1

∂A ∂B
ψ 2 e + k 0 Δn ( xyz) [ A ψ 1+ β ψ 2 e ]=0
i Δ βz γ ν i Δ βz
−2 i β 1 ψ 1−2i β2
∂z ∂z
(5)
¿
Multiply eqn (5) by ψ from left and integrating over the whole space across the fiber cross-
section:

∂A ∂B
−2 i β 1
∂z
∫ ψ ¿1 ψ 1 dxdy−2 i β 2 ∂ z ⋅∫ ❑ψ ¿1 ψ 2 dxdy + k 20 A ∫ ψ ¿1 Δ n2 ψ 1 dxdy
¿ ¿
using (3)

dA i Δ βz
Hence, =−ic 11 A−i c 12 B e −(6.1)
dz

where we have used

∫ ψ ¿1 Δ n2 ψ 1 dxdy =c
k 20
∫ ψ ¿1 ψ 1 dxdy
11
2 β1
k 0 ∫ ψ 1 Δ n ψ 2 dxdy
2 ¿ 2

and =c 12
2 β1 ∫ dxdy
Similarly, multiply equation (5) from the right and integrating, we shall obtain

dβ −i Δ βz
=−ic 22 B−ic 2 A e
dz
(6.2)

Eqn (6) are the coupled mode eqns. describing z -dependents of amplitudes A , B .

k 20
C 21= 2 ⋅
∫ 2 Δn2 1
2 β 2 ∫ 22

k 20
C 22= 2 ⋅
∫ 2
2 Δn 1
2 β 2 ∫ 22
So far, we have considered perturbation Δn 2 ( x , y , z) which is general and weak.

For a periodic & z-dependent perturbation such as in fiber Bragg grating, we may write

2 2 2π
Δn ⁡(x , y , z)=Δn (x , y)⋅sin ⁡kz where k=
Λ

And then we have,

k 20 ∫ |Δn 2|
c 11 = ⋅ ⋅sin ⁡kz=2 χ 11 sin ⁡k z ⋅.
2 β 1 ∫ 11

k 20 ∫ |Δn 2|
i 1 k 11= ⋅
4 β1 ∫ 11

and similarly,

c 12=2 χ 12 sin ⁡kz c 22=2 χ 22 sin ⁡kz

¿ ¿
So, coupled-mode equations take the form:

dA i (Δ β+ k)z i (Δ β −k) z
=−2i k 11 A sin kz−k 12 B e + k 12 B e
dz

Integrating above eq. over a length L, which is small compared with the length over which A and
B change appreciably,

( L2 )−A ( z− L2 )
A z+

sin ⁡KL/2
¿+ 4 i x11 A cos ⁡K z
K

−2 i x 12 B e {
i (Δ β+ K )z sin ⁡(Δ β + K )L/2
Δ β+K }
+2 i x 12 B e {
i(Δ β−K ) z sin ⁡( Δ β−K )L/2
Δ β−K }
¿
2π
Since Δ β = . Δ heff
λ0
Δ heff ≈ index difference between core-cladding.

≈ 0.005 for λ 0=1.0 mm .

4 −1
Δ β ≈ 3 ×10 m

If we choose K ≈ Δ β and L ≈ 2× 10−3 m (typical values)

then

| ( Δ β−K ) |
sin ⁡(Δ β−K )L/2 L
≈ =10−3 m
2

| sin ⁡( Δ β + K )L/2
Δ β+K |
⩽
1
≈
Δ β+K 2 Δ β
1
≈ 1.7 ×10−5 m

| sin ⁡KL/2
K | 1
⩽ ≈
K Δβ
1
≈ 3× 10−5 m .

Thus, for k ≈ Δ β , the 1st & 2nd terms are negligible.

And for Δ β =−K , 2nd term would have made significant contribution.

st rd
1 & 3 terms are negligible.

So, coupling takes place if Δ β ≈ K∨−K .

2π
Thus, if we choose K= ≃ Δ β= β1−β 2: but Δ β −K=Γ
Λ

}
dA β1
=κ 12 B ei Γ z
dz β2
−−−−−−−−−−(7.1)∧(7.2)
dB −i Γ z
¿ =−κ 21 A e
dz

Under weakly guiding approximation, the modes ψ 1 ,ψ 2 can be normalized as

}
β1
2 ω μ0
∬ ψ ¿1 ψ 1 dxdy=1 β2
∬ ψ ¿2 ψ 2 dxdy=1 ¿ −−−−−−−−−−(8)Using this
2 ω μ0
¿

ωϵ0 ω ϵ0
κ 12=
8
∬ ¿ 2
ψ 1 Δn ψ 2 dxdy ∧κ 21=
8
∬ ψ ¿2 Δ n2 ψ 1 dxdy
yielding that κ 12=κ 21=κ (say).
Hence

}
dA
¿ κB ei Γ z
dz
−−−−−−−−−−( 9)
dB −i Γ z
¿ ¿−κA e
dz

Equations (9) describe the coupling between two modes propagating along the same direction is
( β 1 and β 2 are along +z direction) CODIRECTIONAL COUPLING.
For CONTRADIRECTIONAL COUPLING, coupling occurs between the modes traveling in the
opposite direction.
−i β z iβ z
There we start form ψ (x , y , z)=A (z )ψ 1 (x , y )e 1
+B (z)ψ 2 (x , y )e .
2

Thus, following a same procedure we can obtain the CME as

}
dA
¿ κBe i Γ z
dz
−−−−−−−−−−(10)
dB −i Γ z
¿ ¿+κA e
dz

where Γ =β 1 + β 2−K β1 β2

Since Δ β=β 1−(−β 2 )

CONTRADIRECTIONAL COUPLING: between same modes

We have the coupled-mode eques for this case as

dA i Γz
=κB e
dz
dB −i Γ z 2π
=κA e and Γ=β 1 + β 2−K , K= .
dz Λ

If the coupling between the two identical modes traveling in opposite direction, then
2π
β 1=β 2= n , neff =¿ mode-index
λ0 eff
λ0
# So, Λ= Compare this with the case of codirectional case, see the periodicity required
2 n eff
here is much smaller.
When the modes are phase-matched, i.e., Γ =0, we obtain the equations as
2
d B 2
2
=κ B
dz
 κz −κz
Whose solution is B(z)=b1 e +b 2 e

(the solutions are not oscillatory)

κz −κz
And then A(z )=b 1 e −b 2 e

Boundary condition: A unit power is incident in mode A propagating through a periodic

wavelength of length L.

i.e., A(z =0)=1

Since there is no back-coupled wave beyond
z=L , B( z=L)=0
κL −κL
Thus, b 1 e +b2 e =0 ; b 1−b 2=1

This gives
−κL κL
e −e
b 1= ∥ b2 =
2 cosh ⁡κL 2 cosh ⁡κL

sinh κ ( z− L ) cosh ⁡κ ( z−L)

∴ B ( z )= , A (z)=
coshκL cosh ⁡κL

Note that −1
¿ A(z )¿ −¿ B(z)¿ =( cosh κL ) =¿
2 2 2

const.
⇒ energy Conservation.

The reflection coefficient

B(z=0)
r= =−tanh κL
A (z=0)

So, the energy reflection coefficient is

2
R=tanh κ L

for a medium of index variation as n ( z )=n 0+ Δ n sin κ z , the coupling coefficient can be shown
to be

π Δn
κ=
λ0

For fiber then assuming a similar expression,

 R=tanh ⁡
2
( π Δ nL
λ0 )
⇒ Thus, if we wish a reflection centered around 1550 mm , then the required period is

λ0 1550
Λ= = ¿ 513 n m
2 n eff 2 ×1.46
¿ ¿
⇒ Typical UV written gratings have Δ n=0.4 ×10−3 .

For a grating length of L=2 mm=2 ×10−3 m, the reflectivity is

( )
−3 −3
π ×0.4 × 10 ×2 ×10
2
R=tanh −3
=0.85
1.55 × 10

⇒ The corresponding BW of reflection is

2
λB
Δ λ0 =
π ηeff
√ κ 2 L2 +π 2=0.8 nm

CODIRECTIONAL COUPLING: Phase-Matched

We have coupled mode equation for this case as

}
dA
=κB e i Γ z
dz
dB −i Γ z
=−κA e
dz

where Γ =β 1−β 2−K is the phase mismatch parameter and β 1 , β 2 are the propagation constants
of the modes between which the coupling is to take place.

We first consider the coupling under a phase matching condition i.e., Γ =0 ie, the periodic
pshmbation has a spatial period

2π λ0
Λ= = .
β 1−β 2 neff 1 −neff 2

Under this condition,

 dA dB
=κB and =−κA
dz dz

which yields on differentiation

2
d B 2
2
=−κ B .
dz

The Solution of this differential equation is

B(z)=b1 cos ⁡κz +b 2 sin ⁡κz ;

And
−1 dB
A(z )= ⇒ A ( z )=b1 sin ⁡κz−b 2 cos ⁡κz Boundary conditions:
κ dz

At z=0 , mode 1 , { E1 , β , } is excited with unit power, A(z =0)=1 and B(z=0)=0.

∴ b1=0 and b2=−1

A (z)=cos ⁡κz
So,
B(z )=−sin ⁡κz

Hence, the power carried by modes { E 1 , β 1 } and { E 2 , β 2 } vary with z as

2 2
P1=¿ A (z)¿ =cos ⁡κz
P2=¿ B(z )¿ 2=sin2 ⁡κz

Thus, we see that a periodic exchange of power between the modes

takes place. Under phase-matching condition, complete transfer of
power is possible.

The length of interaction required for complete transfer is

π
z=Lc = .
2κ

Problem: Consider a planar waveguide:

n f =1.51 ; n s=1.50 ; nc =1.0∧d=4 μ m. Solve it for eigen modes at λ 0=0.6 μ m.

⇒ Two TE -mode will be supposed:

neff 1=1.50862
 neff 2=1.50460

For a phase-matching condition to achieve complete transfer of power, we need the

pitch

2π λ0 λ0
Λ= = = =149.3 μ m
Δ β Δ neff neff −neff 2

For a planar waveguide: sinusoidal perturbation:

Coupling coefficient:

π
κ≃ ⋅
h
λ 0 √ d1 d 2
⋅
√ ( n2f −n2e )( n2f −n2ef f ) .
f1

ne ⋅ne
f1

Here h = amplitude of periodic thickness variation.

ff 2
2

1 1
d 1=d + + .
k 0 √ n21 f 1−n s r 0 √ n 2e f 21−n2c
2

1 1
d 2=d+ + .
k 0 √ n e f 2−ns k 0 √ ne f 2−nc
2 2 2 2

d 1 , d 2 → effective waveguide thickness for the two modes

n f , nc , n s → are the indices.

Here

d 1=4.678 μ m
d 2=4.897 μm .

Assume h=0.01 um⇒ x=0.598 cm−1.

So, the coupling length

π
LC = =2.63 cm
2κ
CODIRECTIONAL COOPLING: Phase Mismatched

Here
Γ =β 1−β 2−K ≠ 0
So, from

dA iΓ z
=κB e
dz
dB −i Γ z
=−kA e
dz

give together

2
d B dA −i Γ z −i Γ z
2
=−k e +ik Γ e
dz dz

i.e.,
2
d B 2 dB
2
+ κ B+i Γ =0 General sols:
dz dz

Γ
−i ⋅z
B(z)=e 2
(b 1 e iγz + b2 e−iγz ).
2
2 2 Γ
r =x +
4

Thus,

i
A(z )= e i Γ / 2⋅ z
κ
Γ
2[( ) ( ) ] Γ
−γ b1 eiγz + + γ b 2 e−iγz
2

Boundary Conditions:

A(z =0)=1 and B(z=0)=0.

So,
b 1+b 2=0 ⇒ b 1=−b 2

and

i
κ ([ Γ2 −γ ) b +( Γ2 + γ )b ]=1
1 2

Solving
iκ
b 1= =−b 2So,
2γ
 −i
−κ 2 ⋅ z
B(z )= e sin ⁡γz
γ

[ ]
Γ
i ⋅z Γ
A(z )=e 2 cos ⁡γz−i sin ⁡γz
2γ

Thus, power in modes 1 and 2 at any value of z will

be,

2
2 2 Γ 2
P1=¿ A (z)¿ =cos ⁡κz+ 2
sin ⁡κz
4γ
2 2
2 κ
P2=¿ B(z )¿ = 2
sin ⁡κz
γ

Contra-directional coupling: phase-mismatched ¿)

We have the coupled mode equation for this case as

}
dA
=κ B ei Γ z
dz
… ..(1)
dB −i Γ z
=−κA e
dz

2π
where Γ =β 1+ β 2−K and K=
λ
Differentiating equations (1), we get
2
d A dA 2
2
−i Γ −κ A=0 … …(2)
dz dz
iΓ
z
General solution of equation (2) is A ( z )=e 2
[ P e g z +Q e−g z ]
2
Γ
where g2=κ2−
4

[ ]
Γ Γ
−i Γ (g+i ) (g−i )
From (1), B(z)= z 2 gz 2 −g z
e 2
Qe Pe −
κ κ
Νοw, use the boundary conditions, A(z =0)=1 (Unit power launched at input)
& B (z =L) = 0 (no coupling beyond z =L)

We obtain
 }
Γ −gL
( g−i )e
2
P=
Γ
2 {g cosh ( g L )+i sinh ( g L ) }
2
…... (3)
Γ −gL
(g−i )e
2
Q=
Γ
2 {g cosh ( g L ) +i sinh ( g L ) }
2

So, the reflectivity of the periodic structure is

Δ λ : wavelength spacing between the minima

2
2 Γ
2
g =+ ve if κ > (center wavelength λ B for which Γ =0 , g=κ ) As we deviate from λ B , Γ
4
increases.
And when Γ 2 > 4 κ 2 , g2 becomes negative.
i.e., g2=−ve when Γ 2 > 4 κ 2
when g2=−ve , hyperbolic functions in R & T become ordinary sin ⁡∧¿ cosine functions.
Thus, for Γ 2 > 4 κ 2 ,

κ sin ( ~
2 2
g L)
R= ( where ~2 2
g =−g ¿
~ 2 2
g cos ¿ ¿

The reflectivity ' R ' besoms zero when-

sin( ~
g L)=0 ⇒ ~
g L=m π ; m=1, 2 , 3…. (Zeros in reflected spectrum)

Substituting for ~
g,
2 2 2
Γ 2 m π
−κ = 2
4 L

√
2 2
m π
And Γ =β 1+ β 2−K =± 2 κ 2+ 2
… … … ..(2)
L
Now, for contra directional coupling between same modes
2π
β 1=β 2= n Thus,
λ0 eff
 ( 4π
λ0
neff −
2π
Λ ) √
m2 π 2
=± 2 κ 2 + 2 … … ..(3)m=1 ⇒
L
first zero on either side of λ B.
λ B=¿ center wavelength=2 neff Λ .

So, substitute λ 0=λ B ± Δ λ where Δ λ=¿ deviation

2
from λ B to minima when R=0

Putting λ 0 in equation (3) and using Δ λ ≪ λ B and λ B=2 n eff Λ

( 4λπ n ){ ( ) }
2π 4 π neff Δλ 2π 2 π n eff Δ λ
eff − = 1± − =± 2
… … (4)
0 Λ λB 2 λB Λ λB

From equations (3) and (4):

2 1
λB
⋅ ( κ L +π )
2 2 2 2
Δ λ=
π neff L

In other form:

Δλ 2 Λ
=
λB π L ( )√κ L +π
2 2 2

Fiber Bragg grating:

2π
β g – ( – β g ) =K= ( Λ=spatial frequency)
Λ
 2π 2π
2× neff =
λB Λ

λB = 2Λn eff

Consider a SIF: n2=1.45, a=3 μ m, NA=0.1, λ c for L P 11=0.784 μ m. (λ B=2 Λ ⋅n eff )

⇒At 850 mm n eff of L P 01=1.4517

λB
Λ= =0.293 μ m .
2 n eff

Reflation coefficient:
2
R=tanh ⁡κ L , L → Length of the grating

π Δn
κ= ⋅I ,
λB

¿ 1 for a plane wave in uniform grating

I → Overlap Integral of the modes distribution

over the regain of the grating.

2 1
λB
⋅ (κ L + π )
2 2 2 2
Δ λ=
π neff L

We need an FBG at 800 mm , with R=90 % with L=25 mm. Calculate the bandwidth.
Assume I =0.5

⇒ tanh κ L= √ 0.9 κ=
1
2L
⋅ln ⁡
(
1+ √ 0.9
1−√ 0.9 )
≃ 0.073 mm−1 .

Assuming I =0.5 , Δ n ≃3.72 ×10−5

The corresponding BW =0.02 mm.

−i β1 z −i β 2 z
ψ ( x , y , z ) =A ( z ) ψ 1 e + B ( z )ψ2 e
∇ 2xy ψ 1 + ( k 20 n2 (x , y )−β 21 ) ψ 1=0
2
∂
∇ 2xy ψ 2 + ( k 20 n2 (x , y )−β 22 ) ψ 2=0
2 2
where, ∇ xy =∇ − 2
∂z
+∞

∬ ψ ¿1 (x , y )ψ 2 (x , y)dxdy=0 ⇒ orthogonal
−∞

2
∂ψ 2 2
+k 0 [ n (x , y)+ Δn (x , y , z) ] ψ=0
2 2
∇ xy ψ + 2
∂z

Neglect 2nd derivative of A ( z )∧B(z ) and use above two equations –

dA dΒ i Δβ z 2 2 i Δβ z
−2 i β 1 ψ 1−2 i β 2 ψ 2 e +k 0 Δ n (x , y , z)[ A ψ 1+ B ψ 2 e ]=0
dz dz

Δ β =β1− β2 ⇒ Multiply by ψ ¿1 and integrating

dA i Δ βz
=−ic 11 A−i c 12 B e
dz

k 20 ∬ ψ 1 Δ n ψ 1 dxdy
¿ 2

c 11 = ⋅
2 β1 ∬ ψ ¿1 ψ 1 dxdy
12
c 12=
11

Similarly,

dB −iβ Δ z
=−i c 22 B−i c21 A e
dz

22 21
c 22= ∧c21=
22 22

2π
Now, K= , and Δ n2 ( x , y , z )= Δn2 ( x , y ) sin ⁡Kz
Λ

k 20 ∬ 1 Δ n 2 dxdy
2

c 12 ¿ ⋅sin Kz
2 β 1 ∬ 1 1 dxdy
¿ ¿
c11 =2 κ 11 sin ⁡κz
c 22=2 κ 22 sin ⁡κz
c21=2 κ 11 sin ⁡κz
 dA
=−2i κ 11 AsinKz−κ12 B e i (∆ β +K ) z + κ12 B e i (∆ β− K ) z
dz
First two terms can be neglected
Check: Integrate over a distance L
KL
sin
( L2 )− A ( z− L2 )=4 iκ
A z+ 11 Aco s Kz ⋅
K
2

−2 iκ 12 B e i(Δβ +K )z { sin ⁡(Δ β+ K ) L/2

Δβ + K }
sin ⁡(Δβ −K ) L/2
+2 iκ 12 B e i( Δβ−K )z ⋅
Δβ−K

2π
Now Δ β = Δ neff
λ0
4 −1
Δ neff =0.005 Δβ =3 ×10 m

λ 0=1 μ m

If k ≈ Δβ , L ≅ 2 ×10−3 m .

| si n ( Δβ −K ) L/2 L
Δβ− K |
≅ =10−3 m
2

| si n ( Δβ + K ) L/2
Δβ + K |≤
1
≃
1
( Δβ +k ) 2 Δβ
≈ 1.7 ×10−5 m.

|sin ⁡KL/2
K | 1
≤ ≃
1
K Δβ
≈ 3 ×10 −5
m

iΓ z
dA e ∧dB −i Γ z
=κ12 B ( z ) =−k 21 A e
dz dz

ωϵo
Γ =Δ β−k ; κ 12=
8
∬ ¿ 2
ψ 1 ∆ n (x , y)ψ 2 dxdy

ωϵo
Similarly, κ 21=
8
∬ ψ ¿2 ∆ n2 (x , y)ψ 1 dxdy
β1
2 ω μ0
∬ ¿
ψ 1 ψ 1 dxdy=1
And we can show:

κ 12=κ 21=κ ¿
¿
dA iPz dB −i Γ z
=κB e =−κA e
dz dz

Contra directional coupling:

−iβ , z i β2 z
ψ (x , y , z)=A (z )ψ 1 (xy )e + B(z )ψ 2 (x , y)e

dA iΓ z dB −i Γ z
=κB e =κA e ---- co-directional
dz dz
−iβ , z i β2 z
ψ ( x , y , z)=A ( z )ψ 1 ( xy )e + B( z )ψ 2 ( x , y) e
¿
Co-directional: Solution under phase-matching:

2π λ0
Γ =0 , Λ= =
β 1−β 2 neff 1−neff 2

CME:

dA dB
=κB =−κA
dz dz
2
d B 2
2
=κ B
dz

soln.

B (z)=b1 cos ⁡κz+ b2 sin ⁡κz

dB
=−x b1 sin ⁡κz+ x b2 cos ⁡κz=−κA
dz
⇒ A ( z)=b1 sin ⁡κz−b2 cos ⁡κz

Assume at z=0 ,
E1 is launcled wits unit power:

A|z=0=1 , B|z =0 =0 ∴ b1=0 b 2=−1

A(z )=cos ⁡κz , B(z)=−sin ⁡κz

2 2 2 2
Thus, P1=¿ A (z)¿ =cos ⁡κz , P2=¿ B(z )¿ =sin ⁡κz
 π
Periodic exchange of power: z=Lc = (coupling length)
2κ

General case:
2
d B dA −i Γ z −i Γ z 2 dB
2
=−κ e + iκ Γ A e =−κ B−i Γ
dz dz dz
2
d B dB 2
Or 2
+i Γ +κ B=0
dz dz
−i Γ z
Solution: B(z)=e 2
[ b1 e i γ +b2 e−iγz ]
z

2
2 2 Γ
γ =κ +
4

[( ) ( ) ]
Γ
i i ⋅z Γ Γ
A(z )= e 2 −γ b1 eiγz + +γ b 2 e−i γ z

κ 2 2

A|z=0=1 B|z =0=0

b 1+ b2=0
κ
i
k [( ) ( ) ]
Γ
2
Γ
−γ b 1+ +γ b2 =1
2
⇒ b1=i =−b 2
2γ

Γ
−κ −i 2 ⋅z
∴ B (z)= e sin ⁡γz
γ

[ ]
Γ
i
2
z Γ
A(z )=e cos ⁡γz−i sin ⁡γz
2γ

2 2 Γ 2
P1 (z)=¿ A (z )¿ =cos ⁡γz+ 2
⋅sin ⁡γz
4γ
2
κ 2
P2 (z )= 2
sin ⁡γz
γ

Contra directional coupling: phase matched:

dA i Γz
=κ B e Γ =0 β 1+ β2 =κ
dz

dB i Γz λ0
=κ A e Λ=
dz 2 n eff
 2
d B 2
2
=κ B
dz
kz −kz
B ( z ) =b1 e +e
kz −kz
A ( z )=b 1 e −b2 e

A|z=0=1 B|z =0=0

Unit power in mode A of periodic wavelength of length L

κL −κL
b 1 e +b2 e =0 ; b 1−b 2=1
−κL κL
e −e
b 1= , b2 =
2 cos hκL ⁡ 2 cos ⁡hκL

sin κ ( z−L ) cos ⁡κ (z−L)

B (z )= , A( z )=
cos hκL cos ⁡hκL
−1
¿ A(z )¿ −¿ B(z)¿ =( cos hκL ) =const .
2 2 2

B (z=0)
γ= =−tan hκL
A(z=0)
2 2
R=¿ γ ¿ =tanh ⁡kL

R=tanh2 ( πΔnL
λ ) 0

Fabricate a reflector centered around 1550 mm .

λ0 1550
Λ= = ≃ 531 nm.
2 n eff 2 ×1.46

NN written grating m=0.4 ×10−3 , grating length 2 mm .

R ¿ tanh 2 ⁡ ( πΔLλ L)
¿ ¿ 0.85

Corresponding Bandwidth
 2 1
λB
Δ λ0 ¿ ( κ 2 L2 +π 2 ) 2
π neff L
¿ ¿
Centre wavelength: 1092 nm, BW(FWHM) = 0.8 nm
Length ¿ 1 mm , R=0.98. Calculate the Λ=¿ ? Assume neff =1.46.
2
R=tan hκL=0.98
⇒ κ=
1
2L
ln ⁡
(1+ √ R
1−√ R ) −1
=2.64 mm .

λ 1.092
Λ= 0 = ≃ 0.37 μm.
2 neff 2 ×1.46
¿