CBSE 10 Years+Diagrams+Important Topics+Syllabus Chapter 4 XII Biology

CHAPTER 4 – REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

PRACTICE MATERIAL FOR CBSE AISSCE, 2023

SYLLABUS
Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); birth control - need and methods,
contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies -
IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness).
IMPORTANT TOPICS FOR CHAPTER 4
Amniocentesis, Contraceptives – IUD(Cu-T), pills (Saheli), sterilization (read each method), method to overcome
infertility.
YEAR 2010
1. Mention one positive and one negative application of amniocentesis.
Ans - A positive application of amniocentesis is that it helps in diagnosing genetic disorders.
A negative application of amniocentesis is that it helps in identifying the sex of the foetus which can lead to female
infanticide.
2. How do copper and hormone releasing IUDs act as contraceptives? Explain.
Ans – The copper releasing IUDs release Cu ions which supress sperm motility and thefertilizing capacity
of sperms.
The hormone releasing IUDs make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervixhostile to the sperms.
3. Explain the zygote intra fallopian transfer technique (ZIFT). How is intrauterine transfer
technique (IUT) different from it?
Ans – Zygote intra fallopian transfer technique (ZIFT) is a technique in in vitro fertilisation where the zygote
or early embryo having up to 8 blastomeres is transferred into the fallopian tube to complete its further
development.
Intra Uterine Transfer technique (IUT) is different from ZIFT as the embryos with more than 8 blastomeres
are transferred into the uterus in IUT.
YEAR 2011
4. Why is CuT considered a good contraceptive device to space children?
Ans – CuT increases phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus and suppresses sperm motility and its fertilising
capacity. Thus, it a very effective method.
5. Name an oral pill used as a contraceptive by human females. Explain how does it prevent
pregnancy.
Ans – ‘Saheli’ is an oral pill used as a contraceptive by females. Oral pills inhibit ovulation and implantation as
well as alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent or retard entry of sperms.
6. Describe the lactational amenorrhea method of birth control.
Ans – Lactational amenorrhea is based on the principle that during the period of intense lactation after
parturition, menstrual cycle or ovulation does not occur.
YEAR 2012
7. Explain how do the following act as contraceptives:
(a) CuT, (b) “Saheli”
Ans - (a) Cu ions released suppress sperm motility, lowers the fertilising capacity of sperms.
(b) Inhibit ovulation, implantation, as well as alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent or retard the
entry of sperms.
YEAR 2013
8. Suggest and explain any three Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) to an infertilecouple.
Ans – (i) Test Tube Baby Programmes
In this method, ova from the wife/donor (female) and the sperms from the husband/donor (male) are collected and
induced to form zygote under simulated conditions in the laboratory. This process is called in vitro fertilisation
(IVF).
The zygote or early embryo with up to 8 blastomeres is transferred into the fallopian tube (process is called zygote
intra fallopian transfer or ZIFT) and embryo with more than 8 blastomeres is transferred into the uterus (process is
called intra uterine transferor IUT).

Shayar Singh, PGT – Biology Kendriya Vidyalaya, Khargone

CBSE 10 Years+Diagrams+Important Topics+Syllabus Chapter 4 XII Biology

In females who cannot conceive, embryos formed by fusion of gametes within the female (called in vivo
fertilisation) are transferred.
(ii) Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFT)
It is the transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube of another female who cannot produce
one, but can provide suitable environment for fertilisationand further development of the embryo.
(iii) Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
It is a procedure to form an embryo in the laboratory by directly injecting the sperminto an ovum.
(iv) Artificial Insemination (AI)
In this method, the semen collected either from the husband or a healthy donor is artificially introduced into the
vagina or into the uterus (intra uterine insemination orIUI).
This technique is used in cases where the male is unable to inseminate sperms in the female reproductive tract or
due to very low sperm counts in the ejaculation.
9. How do oral contraceptive pills act in a human female? Explain.
Ans - Oral contraceptive pills inhibit ovulation and implantation as well as alter the quality of cervical mucus to
prevent/retard entry of sperms.
10. How does ‘Cu-T’ act as an effective contraceptive?
Ans – CuT is an ideal contraceptive device for human females because
(i) Cu ions released suppress sperm motility and fertilising capacity of sperms.

(ii) It increases phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus.

YEAR 2014
11. If implementation of better techniques and new strategies are required to provide more efficient care
and assistance to people, then why is there a statutory ban on amniocentesis? Write the use of this
technique and give reason to justify the ban.
Ans – There is a statutory ban on amniocentesis to legally check female foeticide. This sex determination
technique has been misused to eliminate girl child before birth.
This technique is used to detect the abnormal chromosomes or any genetic disorder.
The ban is justified to prevent female foeticide which could lead to change in sex ratio ofthe population.
12. A woman has certain queries as listed below, before starting with contraceptive pills.Answer them.
(a) What do contraceptive pills contain and how do they act as contraceptives?
(b) What schedule should be followed for taking these pills?
Ans - (a) Contraceptive pills contain progesterone or progesterone-estrogen combination.
They act by either of the following way:
(i) inhibit ovulation
(ii) inhibit implantation
(iii) alter quality of cervical mucus to prevent or retard entry of sperms.
(b) Contraceptive pills should be taken daily for a period of 21 days starting within first five days of menstrual
cycle (to be repeated after a gap of 7 days).
13. (a) Name any two copper releasing IUDs.
(b) Explain how do they act as effective contraceptives in human females.
Ans - (a) CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375
(b) IUDs function by either if the following mechanism: suppress sperm motility or suppress fertilizing capacity
of sperms increase phagocytosis of sperms within uterus.
14. Name and explain the surgical method advised to human males and females as a means of birth control.
Mention its one advantage and one disadvantage.
Ans – Surgical methods (Sterilisation)
 These are terminal and permanent methods which block the transport of gametes, thereby preventing
conception.
 In males, a small part of the vas deferens is removed and tied up through a smallincision on the scrotum.
This is called vasectomy.
 In females, a small part of the fallopian tube is removed and tied up through a small incision in the
abdomen or vagina. This is called tubectomy.
 Disadvantage: The process is irreversible.
Shayar Singh, PGT – Biology Kendriya Vidyalaya, Khargone
CBSE 10 Years+Diagrams+Important Topics+Syllabus Chapter 4 XII Biology

YEAR 2015
15. Your school has been selected by the Department of Education to organize and host an interschool
seminar on ‘‘Reproductive Health – Problems and Practices’’. However, many parents are reluctant to
permit their wards to attend it. Their argument is that thetopic is ‘‘too embarrassing.’’
Put forth four arguments with appropriate reasons and explanation to justify the topic to be very essential
and timely.
Ans –
1. The issue of puberty and adolescence need to be addressed effectively with the
respective age group because many changes take place in the body during adolescence of which they are supposed
to be aware of
2. To bring in awareness about their reproductive health and its effect on their physical, emotional and social
being
3. To address the increase in sex abuse and sex crimes in our country
4. Myths and misconceptions related to reproductive issues
Note: (any other related or relevant argument with reasons may be accepted)
YEAR 2016
16. (a) Mention the problems that are taken care of by Reproduction and Child Health Care
programme.
(b) What is amniocentesis and why there is a statutory ban on it ?
Ans – (a) Uncontrolled population growth / social evil like sex abuse / sex related crime / STDs(any two) =
(b) Foetal sex determination tests based on chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid / to Study chromosomal
abnormalities in the foetus
Banned to legally check female foeticide
17. A large number of married couples the world over are childless. It is shocking to know that in India the
female partner is often blamed for the couple being childless.
(a) Why in your opinion the female partner is often blamed for such situations in India ? Mention any two
values that you as a biology student can promote to check this socialevil.
(b) State any two reasons responsible for the cause of infertility.
(c) Suggest a technique that can help the couple to have a child where the problem is withthe male partner.
Ans – (a) Female partner is blamed due to social mind set / inequality of sexes / lack of awareness / male
dominated society / any other relevent point (Any two)
- Awareness to be created that abnormality can occur in both male and females and Infertility issues with
suitable examples
- Mutual respect towards both the partners in case of the problem and to find the remedy from medical experts
instead of visiting quacks
- Educate them to find the reason and not believe in superstitions (Any two)
(b) Physical (abnormality in reproductive system) , congenital , immunological orpsychological (Any two)
(c) Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) / artificial insemination (AI) / Intra uterineinsemination (IUI)
18. Name two hormones that are constituents of contraceptive pills. Why do they have high and effective
contraceptive value ? Name a commonly prescribed non-steroidal oral pill.
Ans - Progestogen-estrogen / Progesterone-estrogen combination , Progestogen / Progesterone They inhibit
ovulation , inhibit implantation , alter quality of cervical mucus to retard entryof sperm
Saheli
YEAR 2017
19. It is commonly observed that parents feel embarrassed to discuss freely with their adolescent
children about sexuality and reproduction. The result of this parental inhibition is that the children
go astray sometimes.
(a) Explain the reasons that you feel are behind such embarrassment amongst some parents to freely
discuss such issues with then- growing children.
(b) By taking one example of a local plant and animal, how would you help these parents to overcome
such inhibitions about reproduction and sexuality ?
Ans – (a) Illiteracy / conservative attitude / misconceptions / social myths / any other relevantpoint (Any two)
(b) If a student gives the clarity of the concept of reproduction and sexuality by taking any example of a plant and an
Shayar Singh, PGT – Biology Kendriya Vidyalaya, Khargone
CBSE 10 Years+Diagrams+Important Topics+Syllabus Chapter 4 XII Biology

animal with respect to reproductive organs, gamete formation,fertilization, sexual behaviour etc
YEAR 2018
20. Differentitate between ZIFT and GIFT techniques related to ART.
Ans – ZIFT - The zygote or early embryos (with upto 8 blastomeres) could be transferred into the fallopian tube
(ZIFT–zygote intra fallopian transfer) after IVF.
GIFT - Transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube (GIFT – gamete intra fallopian transfer)
of another female who cannot produce one, but can provide suitable environment for fertilisation and further
development is another method attempted.
YEAR 2019
21. (a) Explain one application of each one of the following :
(A) Amniocentesis
(B) Lactational amenorrhea
(C) ZIFT
(b) Prepare a poster for the school programme depicting the objectives of : “Reproductive
and Child Health Care Programme”.
Ans – (a) A. To detect chromosomal disorders / sex determination (legally banned) / detect genetic disorder /
Karyotyping
B. To prevent pregnancy / means of natural contraception
C. To assist an infertile couple to have children by tranferring the zygote / early embryo /embryo at eight
blastomere stage into fallopian tube
(b) A poster made on RCH - Any relevant slogan or sketch made should be awarded marks e.g. Hum Do
Hamare Do , Do Boond Zindagi Ke , Beti Bachao Beti Padhao , Stop STD , Gender selection and detection is
punishable, (Any other relevant theme)
22. Give one reason to justify statutory ban on amniocentesis.
Ans – There is a statutory ban on amniocentesis to legally check female foeticide.
23. (a) Name and explain the mode of action of any two types of IUDs.
(b) List the advantages of using ‘Saheli’ as a contraceptive.
Ans – (a) • Non- medicated (e.g. lippes loop) , phagocytosis of sperms
• Copper releasing IUDs (CuT , Cu7, Multiload 375) , suppress sperm motility /reduces fertilizing capacity of
sperm
• Hormone releasing IUDs (Progestasert , LNG - 20) , makes uterus unsuitable for implantation / cervix
hostile to sperms
Advantages of Saheli
(b) Non -steroidal /once a week / high contraceptive value / less side effects (Any two)
YEAR 2020
24. (a) IVF is a very popular method these days that is helping childless couples to bear a child. Describe
the different steps that are carried out in this technique.
(b) Would you consider Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) as an IVF ? Give a reason in support of
your answer.
Ans – (a) Ova from the wife /donor (female) and sperms from the husband / donor (male ) , are collected and
induced to form zygote , in simulated conditions in laboratory , the zygote/ early embryos(upto 8 blastomeres)
then transferred into the fallopian tube(ZIFT), and embroyos with more than 8 blastomeres, into the
uterus(IUT) to complete its further development.
(b) No, GIFT cannot be considered as IVF technique because fertilisation takes place in thefemale body / in vivo.
25. (a) IUDs are said to be effective contraceptives. Name any two commonly used IUDs and write the
mode of their actions.
(b) When is sterilisation advised to married couples ? How is it carried out in a human male and a
female, respectively?
Ans . (a) - Lippes Loop , - increases phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus
- CuT / Cu7 / Multiload 375 , - Cu ions suppress sperm motility/ fertilising capacity ofsperms
- Progestasert / LNG - 20 , - makes uterus unsuitable for implantation / makes cervix hostile to sperms (any two
IUDs with their related actions)
(b) Sterilization advised for the male /female partner as terminal method to prevent any more pregnancies
Shayar Singh, PGT – Biology Kendriya Vidyalaya, Khargone
CBSE 10 Years+Diagrams+Important Topics+Syllabus Chapter 4 XII Biology

In male : part of vas deferens is cut and tied (vasectomy)

In female: a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up (tubectomy)
26. Intense lactation in mothers acts as a natural contraceptive due to the
(A) Suppression of gonadotropins
(B) Hypersecretion of gonadotropins
(C) Suppression of gametic transport
(D) Suppression of fertilization
Ans – (A) Suppression of gonadotropins
27. (a) Differentiate between Intrauterine insemination and Intrauterine transfer.
(b) Mention one positive and one negative application of amniocentesis.
Ans – (a) IUI - the semen collected either from the husband or a healthy donor is artificially introduced either
into the vagina or into the uterus of the female
IUT - embryos with more than 8 blastomeres transferred into the uterus
(b) Positive application: used to test for the presence of certain genetic disorders / Down’s syndrome /
Klinefelter’s syndrome / Haemophilia / Sickle-cell anemia Negative application : used to detect sex of the
foetus and leads to female foeticides
IMPORTANT SCIENTISTS, SCIENTIFIC NAMES, ABBREVIATIONS & IMP. FACTS
* Family Planning Programmes were initiated in 1951.
* Fertile Period - day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation occurs & chances of fertilisation are very
high during this period.
* Government of India legalised MTP in 1971 with some strict conditions.
STDs and their causing agents-
Gonorrhoea – Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Bacteria)
Syphilis - Treponema pallidum (Bacteria)
Genital herpes - Herpes Simplex Virus (Virus)
Chlamydiasis - Chlamydia trachomatis (Bacteria)
Genital warts – Herpes Simplex Virus (Virus) Types 1 and 2
Trichomoniasis - Trichomonas vaginalis (Protozoa)
Hepatitis-B - Hepatitis B Virus (Virus)
AIDS – HIV (Virus)
WHO: World Health Organisation, RCH: Reproductive and Child Health Care programmes, STD: Sexually
transmitted diseases, CDRI: Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, MMR: Maternal mortality rate, IMR:
Infant mortality rate, IUD: Intra Uterine Devices, MTP: Medical termination of pregnancy,
STI: Sexually transmitted infection, VD: Venereal disease, RTI: Reproductive tract infection, PID: Pelvic
inflammatory disease, ART: Assisted reproductive technologies, ET: Embryo transfer, IVF: In vitro/vivo
fertilisation, ZIFT: Zygote intra fallopian transfer, IUT: Intra uterine transfer, GIFT: Gamete intra fallopian
transfer, ICSI: Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection, AI: Artificial insemination, IUI: Intra-uterine insemination

Shayar Singh, PGT – Biology Kendriya Vidyalaya, Khargone

CBSE 10 Years+Diagrams+Important Topics+Syllabus Chapter 4 XII Biology

MIND MAPS & IMPORTANT DIAGRAMS

WHO: World Health Organization, RCH: Reproductive & Child Health Care Programme
MMR: Maternal Mortality Rate, IMR: Infant Mortality Rate.

Fig: Female Condom Fig: Male Condom

Fig: Cu-T Fig: Implants

Fig: Vasectomy (Male) Fig: Tubectomy

Shayar Singh, PGT – Biology Kendriya Vidyalaya, Khargone