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RÉPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN REPUBLIc OF CAMEROON

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**** ****
MINIST ÉRE DE L'ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION

COMMISSION NATIONALE D'ORGANISATION DE L'EXAMEN NATIONAL COMMISsiON FOR THE ORGANISATION OF


HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA EXAM (HND) HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA EXAM (HND) EXAM
********* * *

National Exam of Higher National Diploma-New program - 2021 Session

Spécialty/option: CET, UPL, BST, CAR, JOC, RCE. MEM, CHM. CHP. ELT, EPS, ACR, PSE, CSN,
HWM. BMW, PCH. TOP
Paper: Engineering Mathematics
Duration: 4hours Credits:9

Instructions: Answer all Questions

SECTIONA: (40 MARKS)


1. Let thefunction f be defined by;
fx) x .if xS
1|
fx)2x +1if x>1
=

a) Discuss the continuity of f(x) at x=1


b) Sketch the graph of f(x) for -42x<4 (4+2 marks)

2. Find the Taylor series expansion of the function f(x) = tan x about x = 0.

Hence, find lim ( 6 marks)

3. Solve the following differential cquation.


a) With the aid of an auxiliary equation
, b) With the aid of the Laplace transform
4 x = 24cos2t .given that at t =0, x = 3 and 4. (3+3 marks)

4. Verify Green's lemma in the plane for ý x*ydx + y'dy, where C is a closed curve of
the region bounded by ys = r^ and y = x (6 marks)

5. Evaluate and integrate the following.

a) dx
b)Ja6x+5- dx
b)5+4

c)fcosix sin'xdx 55+6 marks)

Page 1 of 2
SECTIONB: (30 MARKS)
. Given the equation cos(r + 27) +3y2 + Zxyz = 0, as an implicit relation between two
independent variablesx and y and a dependent variable z, determine expressions for

andin terms of x,y and z. (6 marks)

2. Determmine the Fourier series for a function defined in one period by:

-(2(1+t) -1
<t<0 (14 marks)
0<t<1

3. Find the Laplace transform of the function;


fx) = 2e7x-2 for x 20 (5 marks)

4. Test the convergence of the series 1 (5 marks)


++t

SECTIONC: (30 MARKS)


1. Show that the vectors:

.
and v, =-9 are lincarly dependent. (5 marks)
l5J
A linear transformation T: R R is given by T(x, y,z) =(-z, x, x+ z).
a) What is the image of (-3, 10, 5) under T
b) Find the kernel ofT and interpret it geometrically
c) Is Ta one-to-one transformation? Explain. (4+5+5 marks)

2. Let T: R ' - R* be a linear transformation.If v, = (2, -1,2) ; v2 = (1,3,1):


v = (4, -9,4), T(",) = (1,0, 1,0) and T(v,) = (2,-1,1,-2): find T(v3). (5 marks)

3. Using De Moivre'stheorem, show that

cos36 = 4cos$0 - 3cose and sin30 = 3sin0 4sin'09 (6marks)

Page 2 of 2
REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON
REPUBLIQUE DI CAMEROUN Peace-Work-Fotherlsnd

Pai-Travail Patrie
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION
MINISTERE DE L'ENSEKGNEMENT SsUPÉRIEUR
****

THE ORGANISATION OF
COMMISSKON NATIONALE D'ORGANISATION DEL'EXAMEN HIGHER NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR
HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA
EXAM (HND) EXAM
NATIONAL DIPLOMA ENAM (HND)
* * * * *

* *

National Exam of Higher National Diploma-New program


-
2020 Session

PSE, CSN, HWM


Skciaty/ontion: CET.UPL, BST,CAR, JOC, RCE, MEM, CHM, CHP, ELT, EPS, ACR. QOP,
Eaper: Engineering Mathematics
Daraten: 4 hours Credit:2

Instructions: Answer all Questions

SECTIONA (40 MARKS)


Find constants a and b so that the given function is continuous at x = -2:
1.

Sa +b + f r < -2
f(r)= -7 if = -2
32br + 1 if r > -2 (6 marks)

2. Let fix=
x+4
Find the Taylor's Series offix) centered at x=/ and computes its radius ofconvergence.
(6 marks)
Solve the Differential equation

+16y=10cos4x (6 marks)
dr
2- k1)
Evaluate the following integral:

x (xy +y*)dxdy over the region betweeny =x* and y = x (6 marks)

5. Determine the following indefinite integral


(y-) =1/y
b) dx )Evaluate (1+ dr (6+ 5+5 marks)

SECTION B (30 MARKS)


1. Let f(x. y) = sinry + cosxy Find the following:
a fay) marks)
b. foly) (3marks)
2. Let fix) be the function of period 2 = 4 which is given on the interval (-2. 2) by,

Page 112

we p 2
-2 < r 0
x) - 0<x < 2
Find the Fourier Series of fx). (14 marks)
3. Find the inverse Laplace Transform (5marks) rsvt angt --
4. (U,)is a sequence of real variables defined by: U, = 1 and for

U(+)
(Va)n is a sequence ofreal values defined by: V, = Un -3
a) Find U.U,, Ug, U
b) Prove that (V,)n is a geometric sequence (3+2 marks)

SECTION C(30 MARKS)


1. Consider the matrix A defined by: Cho

i)Determinethe characteristic polynomial Pa2)


i) Solve the equation PACA) = 0. and deduce the Eigen values corresponding to the
matrix A.
ii) Deduce the Eigenvectors corresponding to each Eigenvalues obtain above
(2+3+5 marks)
2. Let u: R3- R be the application defined by:
u (x1,X2.x) =(-2x +4x2 + 4x, -+X3, -2x1 +4x +4x)
i) Show that u is linear.
ii) Determine a basis of ker (u) and a basis of Im (u).
ii) Dowe have ker (u) Im (u) =R3? 3+4+3 marks)
3. We consider the function defined by:
fz) = 2z3 + (2 + 3i)z2 +(-5+5i)z - 2(1+ i)
Let a be a real number.
a) Determine the real part and imaginary part of f (a).
b) Show that the equation fz=0 has a real value
c)Find the complex numbers a, b and e so that: f(z) = (z + 2)(az2 +bz + c)
d) Solve the equation f(z)=0 (2+3+2+3 marks)

ton Page 212

dn/ S Lex) Cos \da=


REPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN MEPUBLJ OVCAML N
Pais-Travail-Patrie
MINISTERE DE
L'ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR wwvTtMINITRY OV HIGHER VDUCATION
PeaceWork Vstherand

COMMISSION NATIONALE D'ORGANISAT1ON DE 1'EXAMEN NATIONA.(0MMISSON FOR TH) OR ANLA I 1ON


DE HD O THE HIGHER MATINAL DIPIDMA LXAM (1 D)

National Higher National Diploma Esam- April June 2019 Session

Speciaty TELEPS-HM-SM-CED.wWK-UPs-ME-MEH

PRper: Matbematics ORORO ON MY tHEA)


EXERCISE1(10 marks

1) Find the following lin:its, if they exist. (Imkx 3 =


3mks)
9t2
e tT

x-1 sin z)- 7


. - 2 c.lim
2-9

2) Find the derivative of the foliowing functions: (1mk x 2 2mk)


a.y =x - 3 b fx) =
ycos(x) +1
3) Given is the function f(x) =
v
a. State the derivative of f. 0.75mk
b. Give the equation of the tangeni line at the point (4, 2) of the graph off. 0.75Smk
C.Proof that the answcr of part a. is correct. using the deinition of derivative
6.75mk
d. Give the critical value(s) of f 0.75mk
4) Find constants a and b so that thegiven function is continuous at x-2. 21nks

jz) = if
3 bc +1 if z
EXTRCISEY5 maris)

i) For wht real vaiucs of x docs24-o -17 COverge? Give your reasons. 2.5mts

2) Find the Taylor serivs at z = 0 for 2.5mks

Page i2
EXERCISE 3(5 marks)
Let fx) be a function of period 27 such that

- TT<X <0
fx) o<r<n
a) Sketch graph of fx) in the interval 3r< x< 37.
a
2.5mks
b) Find the
Fourier series for fix) in the interval -7 <x<?. 2.5mks

Page 2/2
REPUBLIQUE DIU CAMEROUN ww REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON
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INISTERE DE LENSEIGNEMENT SUPLRIEUR MINISTRYG HIGHER EDUCATION


MISSION NATIONALE D'ORGANISATION DEL'EXAMEN NATIONAL coMMISSION FOR THE ORGANIZATION
DU HND OF THE HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLoMA EXAM HND)

National Higher National Diploma Exam- June-July 2018 Session


Specialty TEL-EPS-HM-SM-CED.wWK-UPS-MF-ACR-ME-CHE)
Paper: Mathematics
Coef: 2 Duration: 3hours

Instructions: Answer all questions. All necessary steps must be shown.

. a) Let f.g: R - Rbe functions given by f(x) = v x -1 and g(x) =

Find fo g and its domain. (4 marks)

b) The function f: R R is given by f(x) {5-x,


=
if3 <x

i) Find the value of k for which f is continuous at x = 3. (3 mar's)

ii) For this value of k obtained in i). determine whether f is differentiable at x = 3. (3 marks)

2 a)Show that the function u(x, t)t ie T satisfies theheat equation= ( 4 marks)
bLet f(x, y,2) = x* +y +z.

i)Find Vf(x, y,2) and Vf (1,--1,-2). (2 marks)


ii) What is the maximurn rate ofincrease of f at (1,-1,2)? (2 1aark*

3. Define a 27- periodic functionf by


fCx) =fre[-7,0
fx)={x ifx ¬[0,7]
a ) Find the Fourier expansion of the function f (8 marls

b) By tetrirng x = 0 in a). find the value ofthe series 2k ( 3 marks)

4. Let = jx"e"*dx

a) Show that in = -x"e* + n!-1. (3 marks)

b) Deduce i, from a). (5 marks)

5. Solve the differential equationsS


a) y'+3xy = 0, y(0) = 1 (4 marks)

V b ) y" +5y' + 6y = e (8 marks)

toaduciP Page 1/2


6. a) Let f: R R be a function, where f(t) = e "

, S>a. (3 marks)
given by L[f(t)]
=
transform L[S()] is
Showthat the Laplace
s-a

b) Consider the differential equation:

y"-3y' +2y =e2t, y'(0) =


0, y(0) 0.
=

sides of this equation, show that 1(y). Laplace


By taking the Laplace transform of both

transform of y is given by:

L(y)=
the inverse Laplace trans of L(y).
Detemining the exact values of A, B and C. Hence by finding
find the solution to the difterential equation (). (8 marks)

Et (5-t
Jt

Page 2/2
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Pair-Travail-Patrie P'eace Work- Fatherland


MINISTERE DE L.'ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR MINISTRY OF HIGHLR EDUCATION
COMMISSION NATIONALE D'ORGANISATION FOR THE ORGANISATION
NATIONAL COMMHSSION OF THE EXAMS
DES EXAMENS

National Exam of Higher National Diploma-2017 Session


CHE
Specialty/Option: TEL, EPS, IM, SM, CED, wWK, UPs. MF, ACR, ME,

Paper: MATHEMATICS
Duration: 3 hours
Coef: 02

Instruction: Attenmpt all questions


Maths
SECTION A: (30 marks)

1) Consider the matrix A defined as:

0
A =

Determine the characteristic polynomial of Adefined as Pa(a)


a)
b) By resolving theequation Pa(A)
=
0, determine the igen values corresponding to
the matrix A.
value obtained in (b) above.
c)Deternine the Eigen vectors correspondingto each igen
" differential equation defined
Hence otherwise solve the system of 1 order linear
d) or

below
(dx
dt 2y z
a-3x-2y
dt

=-2x
dt +2y +z
SECTIONB (40 marks)
function f of period T in Fourier series is
We recall that the development of a

f(x)= ag t 2a, cos(nwx) + b, sin(nwx)),with


n=1

ca+T
a)dx; a, r)cos(nax) dx;

1/3
HoneyiE
bn fa)sin(nwx)dx
the Tunction / delime
The dagram below show the graplhical representation
all real nmbers X , even and periodic with petiod T and such 1!: t
Vx C f 0 ; 2 n ] :f ( x ) = x ( 2 n - x)

3 2 - Ix 3t 47

a) Determine the period T and calculateew


b) Calculate the coetticient a
c) Determine the coefficients a, and b, for n21
d) Write down the Fourier series f (x)
2) Consider the second order differential equation defined below:
E: s")+9s(¢) =
9 sin 2t
We denote by S; the Laplace transformation of the function s
s'(0) = s(0) = 0

a) By applying Laplace transformation on the two members of the differential equation


E, show that:
18
SP) pa 44)(p2 + 9)
b) Detemine the real numbers a andb such that, for all rea! p, we have:
a
S{p) =

(p+4) "(p+9)
c) Hence or otherwise deduce the expression (solution) s(t) of the above differential
equation E.

2/3
SECTIONC(20 marks)
An enterprise design MP3 player, of which 6% of the players are bad. Each player is

Subjected to a control unit whose reliability is not perfect. This control unit reject o8o ot the

MP'3 player that is had and 5% of the player function correctly. (Given
D the event: <the MP player is bad » T
R the event: < the control unit reject the MP3 player >

Take 0,8942' 0,6394 and 0,8942(1,1058) = 0,076 Shak

b
a) Draw a tree diagram to represent the above information ju
Show that the that the player is bad and not rejected by the control unit is
b) probability
0.0012
that MP3 is rejected when it is not bad
c)We say that is an crror in the control given an

or it is not rejected given that it is bad. Calculate the probability that there is an crror

in the control.
TL io
d) Show that the probability that an MP3 is not going to be rejected is 0.8942

-SECTION D (10 marks)

1) If ux.y) = I n ( : verify that 8u


öxoy 3*u
öyôx
Determine the point where the function fhas a maxima or a minima value.
2)
fx.y) =
x2+y2 + 6x + 12

3) Evaluate
cos 6
= r=a

a ar drdo

3/3
REPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN
Paix-Travail-Patrie REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON
NISTERE DE. L'ENSEIGNEMENT Peace-Work-Fatherland
AMISSION NATIONALE SUPERIEUR MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATIOON
DU HND D'ORGANISATION DE L'EXAMEN
NATIONAL coMMISSIoN FOR THE ORGANIZATION
OF THE HIGHER NATIONAL
DIPLOMA EXAM (HND)

Nationai Higher National


Diploma Eiam
Specialty: TEL-EPS-HM-SM-CED-wWK-UPS-MF-ACR-ME-CHE -

June-July 2016 Session

Pansr: Mathematics
Coeff: 2

DAration: 3hours
.A. Let be the function
of one real variable given by: f(x) (x*1).e" Hereafter Dr denotes the domain
of fin IR, and Cis the
representative curve of fover D
a. Give D and calculate the limits of f at all relevant
b.
(finite or infinite) points.
Study the variation of f inD, and draw the table of those
variation.
C. Does C have inflexion
points? if yes, which one(s)? (1+2+1 marks)
2. Find the general solution
of the equation y" - 2y'+ 3y =

e sin2x. (3.5 marks)

3. Consider the integral belóvw

I -n*
sin(x) dx ,Jn =
e- cos(x) dx
3.1. Determine lç and Jo. (2 marks)
3.2. iet n be a natural number different from zero. (0.5 mark)
a) Using irtegration by parts, show that
nand Jnsatisfies the system
Intnn1
of cquations
(2 marks)
-n nt/ne" "i=(1)

b) Deduce each of the expressionsl, and). (2 marks)


3.3. Determine the limits of
I, and/, at +oo (1.5 mark)
4. The table below shows the politica! affiliation of Cameroon's voters and the
proportion favoring or
opposing he death penalty within the 6 categories defined by three values of party affiliation and 2
opinions.
f
Death penalty opinion
Party Favor Oppose
CPDM 0.26 0.04
SDF 0.12 0.24
Ocher 0.24 0.10

a. What is tlhe probability that a randomly choser. voter favors the death penalty? What is the
Page 1/2

HoRcb
probability that a different randomly chosen voter is CPDM? (1.5 mark)
b.Supposeyouknowthat a randomly chosen voter is CPDM. What is the prabability that he or sthe
favors the death penalty? (1.5 mark)
C. Are the events 'choosing a CPDM militant' and 'choosing someone who favors the death
penalty' independent? Justify your answer. (1.5 mark)

Page 2/2
DU ROUN REPUBI

StiCE
u vedatic
NT SUPEREJF
AwwLAT tM1ISTY OF HIGHE PEDL
STO NATOALE DORGANISATION ATIONAL COMMiSsiON FOR THE OCAS
ESEXANENS OF THE EXAMS

NGuOnatExam ofHigheriNationai Diploma-2015 Session


SpeciaityOption TEL-EPS-SM-HM-ACR-CED-Wwa-UPS-MF
Paper: MATHEMATICS
CoEt: 02 Duration: 3 hours

EXERCISE 1(5 marks)


1) State the Rolle's Theorem for differential calculus 1mrk

2) a) Prove that Ctanx) = 1mrk


dx 1+x2
1mrk
b) Evaluate the integral dx
1+x2
*2- V3r-
3) Consider the function defined by fx)
=

x-2 if x *2
f(2) = 5

a) State the domain of definition of f 1 mrk


u Stucy the continuity of f at xy =2 1mrk

EXERCISE2(6 marks)
1) Give the expression of the Laplace transform of a function f(t) defined for all
20 0.5mk
2) Find the Laplace.transform of 2e3t+ 3e2t 1.5 mrk
3 Solve the following differential equations, showing each step of your work.
dy
a t2xy = 0, y(0) =0 tmrk
b) y" +5y' + 6y = 2ex 2 mrks

EXERCISE 3(5 marks)


1) Consider the sequence (4,) of real number defined for all natural number n
sinn
by: n n+3
a Prove tnat n+3 1mrk
b) Deduce the lim u 0.5 mrk
n+co

2) Consider a 2t - periodic function defined f(x) = x

a) Sketch the graph off on the interval i-t; n| 1mrk


b) Prove that f is an odd function 1mrk
c)Find the Fourier coefficients do, a and b,, of f 16 mrk

1/2
HoreybP
xtitnealA)=JA -ATI
tye les A-AL
tr vacen (A-AT)U 0 :
EXERCISE 4 (5 marks)
matriY
Determine the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors ofthe
2 mrks

- Consider the integral I = ydxdy wherc D is the domain enclosed by thc

circle centered at the origin and of radius 2 ely Jhrds0 .5 rhrk


1) Represent graphically the domain D 21
2) Determine the jacobian associated to the change ofvariable from (X; y) to

(r;0) such that x = r cos arid y = r sin 0 1 mk

3) Evaluate / using that change of variable 1.5 mk

d - r Sin 8
= cose
= r Cos b
( d Sine
dY
dr

2/2

.
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NISTERE DE
L'ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION
cOMMISION NATIONALE D'ORGANISATION NATIONAL cOMMISSION FOR THE ORGANISATION

DES EXAMENS OF THE EXAMS

Nationa, Exam of Higher National Diploma -2014 Session


Specialty/Option TL-EPS-HM-SM-CED-WRs-UPS-MF
Paper: MATHEMATIcs
Coef:2 Duration: 3 hours

EXERCISEI: (20mks)
rsin
I.1-f (r, , 0) =
(x,y,z) , x = r cos 6 cos . y = r cos 6 sin y,z =

Calculate the determinant of its Jacobi Matrix JF)) (6mks)

1.2-If A (3x2 - 6)yz)i + (2y + 3xz)j + (1 - 4xyz?)k, evaluate SA.dr from (0,0,0) to

(1,1,1) along the following path:

x = t, y= t', z = t (3mks)
ii. The straight line joining (0, 0, 0) and (1, 1, 1) (3mks)

I.3-Determine the centre of gravity of the domain bounded by a circle of centre 0, radius land by

the half lines = n/6 and 6- t/2. (8mks)

EXERCISEIL (20mks)

the Rolle's Theorem for the following function;


I1.1- Study the hypothesis and conclude on

x* 6x + 100 if 1,b = 5 (2mks)


fx) = -
a =

I12-Calculate the following limits

)LimSin x)* (5mks)


a) X-ib)lim

Piuge 1/2
Hoeycd
Show that the point x = 4 is a discontinuous point to the following function.: and give order
of discontinuity,

a ft)= b.f (x) =


Arc tan (4mks)
IL4- Integrate the following
a)
b) J(2.3*.53*)dx; c) S 3x+4 dx
V 4x-1 (3+3+3mks)

EXERCISE IL: (20mks)


II.1-Solve the
following differential equations
i)y"+y' = 4x?e*
(Smks)
5 + 6y = 2stn4x
(5mks)
I1.2- Fine the Fourier series for a
function defined by:

f)- -Tx<0
lo 0<x < (10mks)

Page 2/2
c) Using d'Alembert's ratio te st, verify that the series converges or
diverges

d) Evaluate

20
r(+1).

Srlr+) }+)-2*+r
b

r(4n+1)
t

tento
)
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********D'ORGANISATION
MINISTRY
OF IICHER EDUCATION
COMMISION NATIONALE
DES EXAMENS NATIONA. COMMISSION FOR THE ORGANIZATION
OF THE EXAMS

National Exam of Higher National Diploma- 2012 Session


Specialtw/Ontion: TL-EPS-HM-SM-CED-WRS-UPS-MF
Paper: Mathematics
Duration:3 hours

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
Answer all
questions showing all tho steps involved in ublaining the results
1)
N:uerical Serier (5 marks)
Cons:der the series U. Up2
detined by
U 5
a) Show that tie series U, is
b) Let Vn EN. V,
con vergent and calculate its limit
=U, +
), determine the value of h so that the series V,
geon etric
Taylor's..eries (5 marks) is

Coasider the unction ) =


sin x
) Wr c the expression of the
Taylor polynomial to the 6 order
Deduce f{x) at X,, = u
the iaclaurin Polynomial in i)
Deduce the
approximate value of f(0 01) (consider
Estunare the eror
only the first three
terms)
committed in
considering uniquely the value of
3) 0perationn! culealus (6 f(O.01)
ma:ks)
Calculate the Laplace transform of the
) f) = cos ar
following functions
ii)
) Differential Cquations (4 marks)
Evaluate the non
homogeneous second order differential
equation
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MINISTERE .----- "1ON


DETENSEICNEMENT "UrERIEUR COMMISSION IOR TUE
ORGANIZA

NATIONAL o r THE EX/MS


COMMISION NATIONALE D'ORGANISATiON
DES EXAMENS
**

National Diploma-2009 Session


National Exom of Higher
ratioIL:3 h0:irs
Snecialtv/Ontion:
:Engineeting
PancrMothemalics
A n s w e r all Q u e s t i o n s .

Syn/ =( r *

(1) Piove tinatsinh) =Inr Vr +11


+

1(a) (i) Di Fercntiate y= x lrx

of L'Hopital's r:ile,
determine lim x+lX
1(b) By m e e n s 2eSinhx = 3+a for x.
cquation dx
1 (c) Solve t:e hyperboiic
otherwise), solve
the integral J 9
substitution for
of trlgonometric
1ld) Dy
means
(30 MARKS!
fractlons.
-18x into partia!
1e) Resolvg 4)-r+3)
solution to the
obtain a general
Coeff:clents" or otherwise,
'Unde:ermlned
cf
(2) By m e a r . s on-homoyeneous
differential equation;
(30 MARKS]
second crder
Y " - 3 y ' -i y ix

that AB BA

(3) Cor.slder the


matrices: á= (2 -1 4) and
-) .
Prove from your results
(10 MARKS

x=1 and detenmine the


surn.
about
Determine Taylor series cxpanslon
the
the periodic functio:i;
4 (a) Let f/x) In x.
=
ürvi t, correspording
to
Fourler cosffitients, Jo, an
4 (b) "etennine the 2 3 MARKS
f) <0 Period 10
0 <r<5

bulbs warted to assess th


firm which manufactures electr!c light
(5) An engln:erlng batch produced by a purticular
machine. Tests carri
bulbs in a 'arge
proportlon or defective Calculate
of 300 ltems found tnat 45 were defective.
out on a random sampia
Interval and
a a 95% coniderce for a proportlon of defective
iterns in the comp.ete
batch.
confidence interva!
(b) a 98% 10 MAR

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