IPP I (Phar 2091) Lab Manual Updated

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
PHARMACEUTICS COURSE UNIT
Dec. 2012 E.C

PHARMACEUTICS COURSE UNIT, IPP I (PHAR 2091) LABORATORY MANUAL
DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

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Table of Contents
Page
1. Introduction to Pharmaceutics Laboratory Practice_________________________________3
2. Pharmaceutical Measurement__________________________________________________4
2.1. Weight_________________________________________________________________5
2.2. Volume_________________________________________________________________6
3. The formulation of solutions___________________________________________________8
3.1. Solutions taken orally _____________________________________________________9
3.1.1.Aromatic Waters_____________________________________________________9
3.1.2.Spirits_____________________________________________________________12
3.1.3.Syrups_____________________________________________________________12
3.1.4.Elixirs_____________________________________________________________14
3.1.5.Linctus’s ___________________________________________________________15
3.1.6.lugol’s solution ______________________________________________________16
3.2. Solutions used in the mouth and throat________________________________________16
3.2.1.Gargles____________________________________________________________16
3.2.2.Mouth Washes_______________________________________________________18
3.2.3.Throat Paints________________________________________________________17
3.3. Solutions instilled into body cavities__________________________________________19
3.3.1.Douche ____________________________________________________________19
3.3.2.Enema_____________________________________________________________20
3.3.3.Ear drops__________________________________________________________21
3.4. Topical solution _________________________________________________________22
3.4.1.Paints _____________________________________________________________22
3.4.2.Tincture ___________________________________________________________23
3.4.3.Collodion__________________________________________________________ 23
3.4.4.Liniments _________________________________________________________ 24
3.5. Parenteral solution ______________________________________________________24

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4. The Formulation of Suspensions _______________________________________________25
4.1. Suspensions Containing Diffusible Solids______________________________________26
4.2. Suspensions Containing Indiffusible Solids_____________________________________28
4.3. Suspensions Containing poorly- Wettable Solids_________________________________30
5. Emulsion formulation ________________________________________________________31

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1. Introduction to pharmaceutics Laboratory practice
The IPP-I laboratory will provide students with experience in weighing, measuring, mixing, dissolving,
diluting, and other practical experiences, which are necessary for dispensing, compounding, and assuring the
quality of dosage forms. Moreover, students are able to compound variety of pharmaceutical solutions,
suspensions, and emulsions. Knowledge of the pharmaceutics learnt in the lecture course is essential for
completing most of the laboratory practices. Hence, revising and coverage of theoretical background of the
experiments is mandatory in advance of attending laboratory session. The guidelines for this laboratory are as
follows:
I.1 Preparation and attendance: A pre-laboratory session will be held at the beginning of each session.
It is important; therefore, that all students come on time as instructions will not be repeated.
I.2 Conduct in the laboratory:
a. See your time in the laboratory as preparation for learning the proper way to conduct yourself in a
pharmacy. Everything should be carried out with neatness, cleanliness, and the safety of the patient in
mind.
b. Keep your work area clean and avoid of any clutter. This also includes the area on the floor around your
workspace.
c. Make sure that all your glassware and equipment are clean at all times.
d. If you spill anything, clean it immediately.
e. Refrain from eating, drinking, or unnecessary chatting with other students.
f. Experiments are performed in group and writing laboratory report is independently.
g. Work silently
h. Submit your report within the time provided.
I.3 Good laboratory procedures:
a. Before starting any experiment, make sure that your balance is clean and adjusted to a zero reading. The
first experiment will tell your how to perform this procedure.
b. Since ingredients are weighed directly from the original container, always use a clean spatula to transfer
small amounts of the material to weighing paper. Do not waste material.
c. Weighing paper should be labeled with the chemical name and the amount weighed. Use a new
weighing paper for each material weighed.
d. Always only weigh or measure one component at a time. If not your might place the wrong cap on a
container, thus contaminating ingredients.
e. Do not through powders, paper, and greasy or waxy materials in the sink. Use waste containers for this
purpose. Large quantities must be wrapped in paper before being place in waste containers.

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f. Make sure that you are using the correct ingredients and correct amount. (Read each label carefully
three times i.e.
 When the container is taken from the shelf.
 When it is used and
 After it has been used when we return it
g. Avoid contamination of all materials.
 Ensure all equipment’s are clean before use
 Keep the table clear off all unnecessary material
 Not leave weighed or measured ingredients uncovered and unlabeled on the table.
h. Broken glass goes into a special container.
i. Replace chemicals as soon as you finished using it. Be considerate; remember you are sharing it with
other students.
j. When a liquid is poured from a stock bottle, the label of the stock bottle must be face-up so that the
label does not become soiled in the event that the liquid runs down the side of the bottle.
k. Graduate cylinders are not made for dissolving solids; solids must be dissolved in beakers.
I.4 General
a. Always follow instructions of instructor and graduate assistants.
b. Be considerate and courteous to your fellow students.
c. Above all, enjoy your time in the laboratory.
2. Pharmaceutical Measurements
Measurements include: Weighting ---- Weights, Measuring --- Volumes. Knowledge and application of
accurate pharmaceutical measurements are essential for pharmacists to practice their profession. Accuracy of
measurement, although important in either case, is more important especially in hospital and community
pharmacies than in pharmaceutical factories. This is because the latter involve frequent supervision and
therefore there is more chance for detecting failure of accuracy of measurement. Pharmaceutical preparations,
as the final forms used for medication, must be effective and safe. These requirements demand qualitative
accuracy and quantitative accuracy
i. Qualitative Accuracy- involves assuring the identity of ingredients by:
a. Reading each label carefully and doing this three times
 When the container is taken from the shelf
 When it is used and
 After it has been used
b. Observing the appearance (color, shape & texture) as well as the odor of every ingredient.

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ii. Quantitative Accuracy- involves confirming the amount of the ingredients to be exact. Quantitative
accuracy may be achieved by taking care:
a. In choosing the instrument (balance or measure ) to be used in relation to;
 The amount of the ingredient
 The nature of the ingredient
 The degree of accuracy desired, etc….
b. In reading the markings corresponding to the volume or weight measured.
2.1 Weight
Weight is measured by means of a balance. In dispensing (hospital and community pharmacies) the type of
balance used is called prescription balance. There are two types of prescription balances.
1. Class A prescription balance E.g. Torsion prescription balance
2. Class B prescription balance
Their major purpose being the same i.e. weighing. But balances are differentiated each other by the following
parameters.
1. Sensitivity: Is the smallest weight that makes a perceptible change in the pointer which indicates
equilibrium.
2. Sensitivity Requirement (SR): Is the weight necessary to move the pointer of the balance one
division on the index plate against which equilibrium is observed. E.g. SR for class A prescription
balance is 6 mg while that of class B prescription balance is 30 mg.
3. Capacity: The maximum weight, which a balance can weigh. The capacity of each class is shown
below.
Table: Classes of balances with their weighing capacities
Type Minimum weight Normal maximum
Class A 50 mg 1g
Class B 100 mg 50 g
In order to avoid errors of 5% or more, minimum amount that can be weighed by class A prescription balance
is 120 mg and by class B prescription balance is 648 mg.
Major parts of Balance
- Pan (s) - Spirit level - Balance pointer - Screw feet
- Index plate - Balance cover - Beam(s)
Balance Weights
Equally as important as the balance in the weighing process are the mass standards, the weights. A proper set
of metric weights (Class C or better) is essential for prescription compounding.

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These sets usually contain cylindrical weights ranging from 1-50 g and fractional weights of 10-500 mg.
Good weights are commonly made of polished brass or stainless steel and to increase persistence to corrosion
they may be plated with nickel, chromium, gold or platinum. Small Weights (500 mg to 50 mg, or less) are
made of aluminum. Weights should be stored in a special box and must be handled with forceps, not with the
fingers to prevent soiling and erosion of the weights. Apothecary weight sets are also available and are
convenient to use when the prescription is written in the Apothecary system.
Cares that should be taken in weighing
1. Keep the balance in a place where there is no environmental disturbance (Vibration, dust, moisture,
wind, etc.)
2. Keep the balance cover down except when the balance is in use.
3. Use powder papers or watch glasses to prevent direct contact of the pan(s) and the material to be
weighted.
4. Support the pan(s) when weights and materials are added or removed.
5. Handle weights only with forceps
6. Adjust the scale to perfect balance (O position) before each weighting.
Weighing Techniques
1. Adjust the balance by means of the leveling screws so that the index pointer is at zero.
2. With the balance arrested, open the balance lid (cover) and place the desired weights on the right pan.
3. Place the material to be weighed on the left pan.
4. Unlock the balance to observe if too little or to much material was deposited.
5. Using a spatula, remove or add material, arresting the balance each time a transfer is made.
6. When equilibrium is established, the balance should be arrested, the lid closed and the arrest released to
check the equilibrium.
2.2 Volume
An important factor in the accuracy of an instrument used for measuring volume is the surface area of the
liquid in it. Accuracy increases as surface area decreases. However, a decrease in surface area decreases the
convenience of transferring a liquid to and from the instrument. There fore accuracy and convenience should
be compromised. Volume is measured by using measures.
There are several types of measures. Some of them are the following.

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1. Cylindrical graduates 4. Graduated pipettes

2. Conical graduates 5. Droppers
3. Burettes 6. Volumetric flasks
Meniscus- The volume under the horizontal tangent touching the lowest point of the surface is the meniscus
volume.
Techniques of measuring liquids with regard to graduates:
Pharmaceutical graduates are available in both cylindrical and conical varieties. Cylindrical graduates are
generally considered to be more accurate than conical graduates. The following steps will help to maximize
accuracy when using cylindrical or conical graduates.
A. Hold the selected graduate at the bottom with the thumb & the forefinger and support in on the
curved middle finger of the left hand (for a right handed person). And elevate the graduate so that the
desired mark is at eye level.
B. Hold the stock bottle with the right hand (label face up), and remove the stopper of the bottle with the
little finger of the left hand.
C. Pour the liquid to be measured into the center of the graduate, to avoid error resulting from the
adherence of material to the wall (especially with viscous liquids).
D. As the surface of the liquid approaches the desired mark, decrease the flow rate or use a dropper or
pipette to bring to final volume. The final volume should be determined by aligning the bottom of the
meniscus with the desired graduation mark. If the liquid is densely colored or opaque, such as a
suspension, the top of the meniscus should be read.
E. Transfer the liquid from the graduate to the appropriate vessel or container, allowing about 15
seconds for aqueous and hydro-alcoholic fluids to drain. Approximately 60 seconds (or more) are
required for more viscous liquids such as syrups, glycerin, propylene glycol, and mineral oil to drain.
Guidelines for selecting liquid measurement devices:

1. Always select the smallest device (graduate, pipette, and syringe) that will accommodate the desired
volume of liquid. This will minimize the potential for errors of measurement associated with
misreading the scale.
2. Use a graduated pipette, syringe, or calibrated dropper to measure/deliver volumes <1 ml.
3. Remember that oily and viscous liquids will be difficult to remove from graduates and pipettes, and at
best require long drainage time. Consider using a disposable syringe instead, or better yet, measuring
by weight rather than volume.

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4. Never use prescription bottles, non-volumetric flasks, beakers, or household teaspoons as

measurement devices, unless you calibrate it yourself.
5. When small (<5 ml) or very accurate doses are required, provide the patient with a calibrated dropper,
oral syringe, or similar device to ensure proper dosing.
3. The Formulation of Solutions
Liquid dosage forms include: solution, suspensions and emulsions. This classification is based on physical
nature of the product. Solutions are liquid preparations containing one or more dissolved ingredients. They
are used for a variety of purposes as both internal and external dosage forms. In addition to the active
ingredients (medicaments), solutions contain vehicles and adjuncts. The vehicle is the medium in which the
ingredients of a medicine are dissolved or dispersed. For example water, aromatic water, alcohol, glycerol,
syrup, etc. The adjuncts are additive to improve the preparation Ex. Chemical stabilizers, colors, flavors,
preservatives.
General Procedures for Dispensing a Solution
 Check the solubilities of the ingredients.
 Generally, a conical flask is preferable and select a flask that will hold the final volume to the
preparation
 Powder a suitable quantity, unless the solid is in a fine particle or very soluble. During preparation, a
portion of the vehicle is used initially. Then the remaining is used to rinse the containers used and to
adjust the total volume
 Solvents containing volatile ingredients should not be heated, if possible.
 Use mechanical stirring to increase the solution rate.
 Examine the solution for traces of un-dissolved medicament.
 Solutions that have been heated must be cooled before adjustment to the final volume.
 Unless the preparation is very viscous, adjust to volume in a measure.
 Make a proper label and dispense (submit) the preparation.
Labeling
Proper labeling is one of the most important aspects of dispensing a prescription. The label should correctly
and clearly convey all necessary information regarding dosage, mode of administration, and proper storage
of the product. The quality of the labeling is extremely important to the patient's perception of the quality of
the product and may have profound implications for his or her safe use of the medication and compliance
with the prescribed regimen.
Required Label Information

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Most pharmacies have the name, address, and phone number of the pharmacy pre-printed on their
prescription labels. In addition to this requires the following information to appear on the label.
1. Name of the preparation
2. Qty of the preparation
3. Formula of the preparation
4. Category
5. Storage conditions
6. Cautionary and advisory labels i.e. Directions for use.
7. Manufacturing date, manufacturing License number, Batch number.
8. Manufactured by and expiry date.
Do not use Latin abbreviations and zero before a decimal point on the label. The size of the label should be
related to the size of the container.
3.1 Solution taken orally
3.1.1 Aromatic Waters
Aromatic waters are saturated solutions of aromatic or volatile substances (sometimes call volatile oils) in
water. Due to their pleasant odor, they are used mainly as flavoring or perfuming vehicles in certain
pharmaceutical preparations.
Methods of Preparation
The U.S.P prescribes 3 general methods
1. Distillation.
Place the portion of the plant in a still with sufficient purified water. Distill most of the water. Separate the
excess oil from the distillate. Then the aqueous phase is the product.
2. Solution
The aromatic principles of most plants are available for use in the extemporaneous preparation of water.
Agitate the volatile substance with purified water for a period of 15 minutes. The mixture is set-aside for 12
hrs. Filter through wetted filter paper.
3. Alternate solution
Mix thoroughly the volatile material with 15 g of purified talc or sufficient quantity of siliceous earth.
Agitate the mixture with a liter of purified water for 10 min., prior to filtration.
Experiment 1
1. Chloroform Water B.P.88
Chloroform ---------------- 2.5 ml
Water FBC to-------------- 1000 ml

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Send -----------50ml
Procedure: dissolve the chloroform in the purified water by shaking until uniformity is obtained.
Action: preservative/ flavorante for other preparation
Experiment 2
2. Peppermint water
Peppermint oil ---------------- 0.2 ml
Water, FBC to ---------------- 100 ml
Send ----------------20ml
Procedure: dissolve by shaking.
Use: flavorant for other preparation.
Experiment 3
3. Concentrated chloroform water APF 74
Chloroform -------------------10 ml
Alcohol (90%) --------------- 600 ml
Water FBC to -----------------1000 ml
Send ---------------------50ml
Procedure: dissolve chloroform in alcohol and water by vigorous shaking.
Use: flavorant and preservative for other preparation.
Experiment 4
4. Concentrated camphor water BP.88
Camphor ---------------- 40 g
Alcohol (90%) ---------- 600 ml
Water to ----------------- 1000 ml
Send -----------------50ml
Procedure: dissolve the camphor in the alcohol and add gradually with vigorous shaking after each
addition, to water and sufficient water to produce 1000 ml.
Experiment 5
5. Concentrated Peppermint water
Peppermint oil -------------- 20 ml
Alcohol (90%) ---------------600 ml
Water FBC to --------------- 1000 ml

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Send -------------50ml
Procedure: dissolve the peppermint oil in alcohol. Add sufficient water in small quantities with
vigorous shaking after each addition to 1000ml. Add 50g sterilized talc as filtering aid and allow
standing for certain time, shaking occasionally and filter.
Use: flavoring for other preparation.
Experiment 6
6. Concentrated Anise water
Anise oil-------------20 ml
Ethanol (90%) ------700 ml
Water to--------------1000 ml
Send 20ml
Procedure: Dissolve the anise oil in the ethanol and add gradually, with vigorous shaking after each
addition, sufficient water to produce 1000 ml. Add 50 g of previously sterilized purified talc, or other
previously sterilized filtering aid. Allow to stand for a few hours. And then shake occasionally and
filter.
Experiment 7
7. ORS powder
Ingredients Master formula

1. Sodium chloride ---------------------------260gm
2. Potassium chloride ------------------------150gm
3. Tri sodium citrate --------------------------290gm
4. Glucose monohydrate --------------------1350gm
Send -----------------10.25gm
Procedure: mix sodium chloride with potassium chloride then add tri sodium citrate to the mixture and mix
and finally add glucose and mix.
Use: for dehydration
3.1.2 Spirits
Spirits are alcoholic or aqueous alcoholic solutions of volatile substances used as flavoring agents. Some
may contain medicinal substances of volatile nature. Most of them are prepared by simple solution in
alcohol.
Experiment 8
1. Peppermint Spirit

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Peppermint oil ------------ 10 ml.

Alcohol (90%) to -------- 1000 ml
Send ----------------20 ml
Procedure: dissolve the peppermint oil in alcohol and add sufficient alcohol to produce 1000 ml.
Use: Flavorant for other preparation
Experiment 9
2. Benzaldehyde spirit B.P.C. 79.
Benzaldehyde ------------- 10 ml
Alcohol 90% --------------- 800 ml
Water, FBC to ------------ 1000 ml
Send -------------------20 ml
Procedure: dissolve the benzaldehyde in the ethanol (90%) and add sufficient amount of purified water
to produce 1000 ml.
Use: sedative hypnotics
Experiment 10
3. Chloroform Spirit
Chloroform --------------- 50 ml
Alcohol 90% to ---------- 1000 ml
Send 20 ml
Procedure: dissolve chloroform in alcohol by shaking.
Use: as flavorant and preservative.
3.1.3 Syrups
Syrups are concentrated aqueous solution of sucrose, other sugars or sweetening agents, to which small
quantities of suitable polyhydric alcohols, like glycerol and sorbitol, may be added to retard crystallization
or to increase the solubility of the other ingredients. Syrups usually contain aromatic or other flavoring
materials. Although there are different sugars, sucrose and dextrose have been the only ones used in the
preparation of syrups, To satisfy the need of persons, who must exclude sugar from their diets, artificial’
syrups are prepared which contain no, or very little, available carbohydrates, Syrups could be either
medicated or non-medicated.
Methods of Preparation
Syrup could be made by dissolving sucrose in boiling water or, preferably, without heat by percolation with
purified water.
A. Hot process: place the sucrose in a suitable vessel, add water and heat on a water bath with continuous
stirring to dissolve the sucrose, when dissolution of the sucrose is complete, remove the solution formed

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from the heat source and allow to cool. Then add sufficient boiling purified water to make up for the water
lost by evaporation. While still warm, strain the syrup through fine muslin, supported in a funnel, into a
bottle capable of nearly filling and shake the bottle occasionally until the content is quite cold.
B. Cold process: place the sucrose in a suitable percolator the neck of which is loosely packed with cotton
moistened, after packing with few drops of water. Pour carefully the required amount of purified water
upon the sucrose (about 450 ml of water for 850 g of sucrose), and regulate the outflow to a steady drip of
percolate. Return the percolate, if necessary, until all the sucrose is dissolved. Then wash the inside and the
cotton with sufficient purified water to bring the percolate to the required volume, and mix. Cotton is
packed loosely in the neck of the percolator to remove mechanically impurities such as lint.
C. Alternatively, the sucrose maybe dissolved more rapidly in the proper amount of water by agitation in a
graduated bottle.
N.B. Syrup made without heat is practically colorless while syrups made with heat have pale amber color
due to the levulose formed as a result of hydrolysis of sucrose.
Practical
Experiment 11
1. Simple Syrup, U.S.P.
a. Sucrose ------------------ 647.4 g or b. Sucrose -------------- 850 g
Purified Water to ------- 1000 g Purified Water to ------ 1000 ml
Mitt ………………50 ml
Procedure (a): heat all ingredients together until dissolved and add sufficient amount of boiled purified
water to produce 1000 g.
Experiment 12
2. Chloral Syrup, B.P.C. 68
Chloral hydrate ------------------------- 200 g
Water, FBC ------------------------------ 200 ml
Syrup to -------------------------------- 1000 ml
Ft. Syrup. Mitt. 20 ml
Sig. Two 5 ml. h.s.
Procedure: Dissolve the chloral hydrate in the water, and add syrup to volume in a tarred container.
Note: Chloral hydrate is volatile and sensitive to light, so the syrup must be recently prepared.
Actions and Uses: Hypnotic.
Experiment 13
3. Ferrous sulfate syrup, USP
Ferrous Sulfate ------------------ 40 g

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Citric acid, hydrous ------------- 2.1 g

Peppermint sprit ------------------2 ml
Sucrose ---------------------------- 825 g
Purified water to ----------------- 1000 ml
Send 50 ml
Procedure: Dissolve the ferrous sulfate, the citric acid, the peppermint sprit and 200 g of sucrose in 450 ml
of purified water, and filter the solution until clears. Then dissolve the remainder or the sucrose in the clear
filtrate, and add sufficient purified water to make 1000 ml. Mix well, and filter if necessary, through a
pledge of cotton.
Use- Iron supplement
Sig. - 10 ml t.i.d.
Packaging and storage- preserve in tight containers
3.1.4 Elixirs
Elixirs are pleasantly flavored clear oral liquid preparations of potent and nauseous drugs. The vehicle
usually contains a high proportion of sucrose or a suitable polyhydric alcohol or alcohols (glycerol,
propylene glycol) and may also contain ethanol. In general elixirs are reasonably stable preparations
provided they are stored in well-filled containers and are not diluted or mixed with other preparations.
Experiment 14
1. Phenobarbitone Elixir
Phenobarbitone ---------------------------------- 0.4 g
Ethanol (90%) ----------------------------------- 40 ml
Compound orange Spirit ----------------------- 2.5 ml
Glycerol ------------------------------------------ 40 ml
Amaranth Solution ------------------------------ 1 ml
Purified Water, to -------------------------------- 100 ml
Ft.elixir, mitt 25 ml
Sig. 2 tsp h.s., Store in dark place
Procedure: Dissolve the phenobarbitone in the ethanol (90%) and add the compound orange spirit
before adding the glycerol, the amaranth solution and water to volume in a tarred container.
Actions and Uses: Anticonvulsant.
Warning: phenobarbitone causes drowsiness: alcohol should be avoided.
Experiment 15
2. Paracetamol Elixir(Martin dale 28th )

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Ingredients Master Formula

Paracetamol --------------------120mg
Ethanol (90%) ----------------0.7ml
Propylene glycol---------------0.5ml
Water ----------------------------0.5ml
Glycerin to-----------------------5ml
Mitt: ----------------50ml
Procedure: in a small beaker, dissolve paracetamol in Ethanol and propylene glycol. And add ½ amount of
glycerin. Dissolve well using a glass rod, and then transfer to a cylinder. Add water, and mix. Complete the
volume (50ml) with glycerin. Finally transfer to a clean bottle.
3.1.5. Linctus’s
Linctus’s are viscous oral liquids that may contain one or more active ingredients in solution. The vehicle
usually contains large amounts of sucrose, other sugars or a suitable polyhydric alcohol or alcohols.
Linctuses are intended for use in the treatment or relief of cough, being sipped and swallowed slowly
without dilution (addition of water).
Experiment 16
1. Simple Linctus, B.P.
Concentrated Anise Water ------------------------- 10 ml
Amaranth Solution ---------------------------------- 15 ml
Citric Acid Monohydrate -------------------------- 25 ml
Chloroform Spirit ----------------------------------- 60 ml
Syrup to ---------------------------------------------- 1000 ml
Mitt ---------------------40 ml
Sig. To be sipped and swallowed slowly undiluted.
Procedure: the citric acid should be dissolved in the chloroform spirit, conc. Anise water and amaranth
solution before adding the syrup to volume in a tarred container.
Actions and Uses: Demulcent in the treatment of cough.
Experiment 17
3.1.6. Lugol’s Iodine solution
Formula: 1. Iodine ………………………50 gm
2. Potassium iodide ………… 100 gm
3. Purified water q.s …………1000 ml
Send --------------------20ml

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Procedure: Dissolve potassium iodide and iodine in 100 ml of purified water. then add sufficient water to
produce the required volume.
Storage: Since iodine is volatile in nature so it is to be stored in well closed and iodine resistant container.
Uses: It is a source of iodine. It’s deficiency leads to hypothyroidism which leads to development of goiter.
The minimum daily requirement of iodine for an adult is 100 kg. It is also used in the treatment of
hyperthyroidism. It is the fastest acting anti thyroid drug.
3.2. Solutions used in the mouth and throat
2.2.1. Gargles
Gargles are aqueous solutions intended for use in the prevention and/or treatment of throat infection (by
forcing air from the lungs through the gargle that is held in the throat). Gargles usually contain a
bactericide, e.g. phenol or thymol and are dispensed in concentrated forms with directions for dilution with
warm water before use.
Experiment 18
1. Phenol Gargle (Carbolic Acid Gargle)
Phenol glycerin ------------------------- 50 ml
Amaranth solution --------------------- 10 ml
Water to --------------------------------- 1000 ml
Send ------------------------50 ml.
Sig. Dilute with and equal volume of warm water before use, not to be swallowed in large amounts
Procedure: mix the phenol glycerin and the amaranth solution with portion of the water. Agitate and
add water to final volume.
Actions and uses: Antibacterial and anesthetic.
Experiment 19
2. Potassium chlorate gargle
Potassium chlorate-------------------3 g
Liquid phenol ------------------------1.5 ml
Water to------------------------------- 100 ml
Send: ---------------50 ml
Use: Astringent
Procedure: Dissolve the potassium chlorate in about 15 ml of water. Add liquefied phenol and
sufficient water to produce the required volume.
N.B. it should be diluted with ten times its volume of warm water before use.

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2.2.2. Mouth Washes

Mouthwashes are aqueous preparations used to cleanse and deodorize the buccal cavity for the purpose of
oral hygiene and to treat infections of the mouth. Mouthwashes are particularly refreshing.
Like gargles, they are usually used after dilution with warm water and directions for diluting the
mouthwashes should be given on the labels of these preparations.
Experiment 20
1. Alkaline phenol Mouth wash
Liquefied phenol ---------------------------------- 30 ml
Potassium Hydroxide 5% ----------------------- 30 ml
Amaranth Solution ------------------------------- 1 ml
Water to -------------------------------------------- 1000 ml
Send 50 ml
Sig. Dilute with ten times its volume of warm water before use. Not to be swallowed in large amounts
Procedure: mix the liquefied phenol, the potassium hydroxide solution, and the amaranth solution.
Then add water in successive portions while agitating.
Actions and Uses: Antibacterial.
Experiment 21
Sodium Bicarbonate------------------------------10g
Sodium Chloride-----------------------------------15g
Concentrated Peppermint Emulsion ------------25ml
Double Strength Chloroform Water------------500 ml
Water to---------------------------------------------1000 ml
Mitt. --------------------------50 ml.
Sig. Dilute with an equal volume of warm water before use
Compounding: Dissolve the sodium bicarbonate and the sodium chloride in portion of the water. Add the
conc. Peppermint emulsion and the double strength chloroform water. Finally adjust to final volume with
water
Actions and Uses: Cleansing and deodorizing
Experiment 22
2.2.3. Throat paint
1. Compound Iodine paint (Mandl’s paint)
Potassium Iodide ----------------------------------- 25.0 g
Iodine ------------------------------------------------ 12.5 g
Alcohol 90% ---------------------------------------- 40.0 ml

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Water ------------------------------------------------- 25.0 ml

Peppermint Oil -------------------------------------- 4.0 ml
Glycerol to ------------------------------------------- 1000 ml
Mitt………….. 25 ml
Procedure: put the water into a 50 ml conical measure. Dissolve the potassium iodide (it dissolves very
readily in water and need not be powdered). Add the iodine and stir until completely dissolved. Although
iodine is only slightly soluble in water is readily soluble in aqueous solution of iodides. In a small measure,
dissolve the peppermint oil in the alcohol and transfer it to the iodine solution, and mix well. Make up the
volume with glycerol and mix thoroughly. If the iodine solution is not well mixed with the glycerol the
preparation is sticky. Note: because of the high viscosity of the vehicle, this preparation is best made
entirely in a measure. For the same reason, excess should be prepared, since it is impossible to transfer the
entire contents of the measure to a bottle. A glass or a counterbalanced watch glass and a vulcanite spatula
must be used for weighing the iodine.
Actions and uses: Antiseptic in the treatment pharyngitis and tonsillitis.
2.3. Solutions instilled into body cavities
2.3.1. Douches
A douche is an aqueous solution used for rinsing a body cavity and functions as cleaning agent, antiseptic,
or astringement
The world douche in most often used for vaginal solutions but it is sometimes applied to solutions for the
bladder (usually called irrigations) or the rectum (usually called enemas)
Douches usually are directed to the appropriate body part by using bulb syringes
Douches are often supplied as liquid concentrates or powders to be diluted or dissolved, in the appropriate
amount of warm water, to the correct strength and suitable volume (usually 1-2 liters) prior to use.
However, tablets for preparing solutions are also available
If powders or tablets are supplied, they must be free from insoluble material, in order to produce a clear
solution. Tablets are produced by the usual processes, but any lubricants or diluents used must be readily
soluble in water. Boric acid may be used as a lubricant and sodium chloride normally is used as a diluents
Tablets deteriorate on exposure to moist air and should be stored in airtight containers
Practical
Experiment 23
1. Potassium Permanganate Vaginal Douche
Potassium Permanganates------------------- ----1g

19
Water, F.B.C. to----------------------------------1000ml

Mitt. ------------250ml
Sig. Dilute with three times its volume of warm water Discard the remain after one week (7 days)
Store in cool place. Not to be taken
Note: Potassium permanganate solution will stain plastic surfaces; take appropriate precautions. Care must
be taken to avoid spillage during weighing, and apparatus should be kept on a large glass or porcelain tile
during preparation of the solution
The equipment and container must be spotlessly clean because this solution will react with oxidizable
residues and turn brown with loss of strength
The closure of the container must resist oxidation. Use a screw cap containing a thick polythene wad. The
old-fashioned glass stoppered bottle is also suitable. Use a permanganate-resistant wad in the cap
Compounding: The solute dissolves slowly in water and since it may not be heated, the use of an electric
stirrer is recommended
As an alternative a glass mortar may be used. Transfer the medicament to a glass mortar and grind the
crystals with water. Allow undissolved crystals to settle and pour supernatant to a flask. Add more water to
the mortar, regrind and decant, repeating these procedures until all the solid has dissolved and the mortar is
free from color. Finally, filter the solution through a clean sintered glass filter and make up to volume
through the filter
Action and uses: Mild antiseptic and deodorant
Advice for patients when dispensed: The solution stains skin, hair, fabric, etc
Experiment 24
2. Sodium bicarbonate Eye lotion. (Eye Douche)
Formula: - Sodium bicarbonate………….35 gm
Purified water……………….. 1000 ml
Send ------------20ml
Procedure: - Dissolve sodium bicarbonate in purified water under aseptic conditions. Sterilize the solution
by passing through bacteria proof filter; transfer the solution to the final container.
Storage: - Store in a cool place
Uses: - It is an eye lotion and used as first aid treatment for irrigating burns.
2.3.2. Enema
Experiment 25
2. Paraldehyde Enema

20
Paraldehyde----------------------------------- 10 ml
Sodium Chloride------------------------------ 0.81g
Water, to ----------------------------------------100ml
Mitt. 50ml.
Sig. Store in cool, dark place. Discard the remaining after 2 days
Not to be taken, for rectal use only
Note: Paraldehyde is more soluble in cold water than in warm water. So it is helpful to cool the vehicle. If
a solute gives off heat during the process of solution (an exothermic reaction), its solubility is decreased
with an increase in temperature
Because of the instability of paraldehyde, the enema should be stored in a cool place in complete darkness
and an expiry date of only two days after issue is advisable
Because the volume is small, it is not essential to warm this solution above room temperature before
administration; nor is this advisable because some of the paraldehyde may separate due to its lower
solubility at raised temperatures
Paraldehyde oxidizes to acetic acid on storage and deaths have resulted from using old stock
• It must be discarded if it becomes discolored or develops a definite odor of acetic acid
Paraldehyde has a very disagreeable taste and is irritant to the alimentary tract
Compounding: Weigh the sodium chloride and dissolve it in a suitable volume of water that has been
chilled in a refrigerator, preferably overnight, to aid solution of paraldehyde (Leave the water in the
refrigerator until the salt has been weighed). Put the paraldehyde in a bottle, adjust to volume with the
vehicle and shake vigorously until solution is complete
N.B. Chilling and immediate use of the maximum volume of vehicle are helpful because the concentration
of paraldehyde is near to the limit of its solubility
•Paraldehyde attacks cork and certain of the plastics used as liners for screw caps; wads of polyethylene
(alone) are satisfactory
Actions and uses: Anticonvulsant
2.3.3. Eardrops
Eardrops are solutions or suspensions of medicaments for instillation into the ear with a dropper.
However, most eardrops are simple solutions. They contain medicaments for treating mild infections
(e.g. chloramphenicol), softening wax (e.g., hydrogen peroxide or sodium bicarbonate), cleansing after
infections (e.g., spirits), drying weeping surface (e.g. the astringent, aluminum acetate), antisepsis and
anesthesia (e.g., phenol)

21
The Vehicle is usually water but glycerin may be included for its softening effect on the cerumen wax
and its high viscosity, which assists adherence to infected surfaces.
Experiment 26
3. Sodium Bicarbonate Eardrops
Sodium Bicarbonate------------------------------------5g
Glycerol--------------------------------------------------30ml
Purified Water, FBC to----------------------------------100ml
Mitt. -----------10ml
Compounding: Dissolve the sodium bicarbonate in about 60ml of water. Add the glycerol and
sufficient water to produce 100ml and mix
Actions and uses: Soften cerumen wax
3.4. Topical solutions
3.4.1. Paints
Paints are solution or dispersions of one or more active ingredients for application to the skin or, in some
cases, mucous membranes. Throat paints are used for mouth and throat infections by applying to the
mucous surfaces. They are usually medicated with substances possessing antiseptic, astringent, caustic or
analgesic properties. Throat paints are usually viscous (wide-mouthed containers are better) and patient
should have a throat brush. Skin paints often have a volatile solvent that evaporates quickly to have a dry or
resinous film of the medicament. All paints, except throat paints, are labeled, for external use only’.
Practical
Experiment 27
1. Brilliant Green & Crystal Violet Paint
Brilliant Green ---------------------------- 5 g
Crystal Violet ---------------------------- 5 g
Alcohol (90%) --------------------------- 500 ml
Water to ---------------------------------- 1000 ml
Mitt. 50 ml
Sig. For external use only.
Procedure: Dissolve the brilliant green and the crystal violet in the alcohol and add sufficient water to

22
Actions and uses: Antiseptic to sterilize the skin in gynecology.

Note: Precautions to prevent spillage during dispensing are particularly necessary when a preparation
contains a dye. Dyes are often light, fine powders that easily float into the air if carelessly handled. The
spatula used for weighing should not be wiped with cloth but should be washed before putting down.
Experiment 28
2. Crystal Violet paint
Crystal Violet -------------------------5 g
Water to ----------------------------- 1000 ml
Mitt 50 ml
Sig. For external use only, apply undiluted.
Procedure: Dissolve the crystal violet in the water to produce the required volume.
Actions and uses: Antiseptic in the treatment of wounds and burns.
Experiment 29
3.4.2. Tincture (Weak Iodine Solutions, B.P)
Iodine ------------------------ 25 gm
Potassium Iodide ----------- 25 gm
Water ------------------------- 25 ml
Alcohol ad ------------------- 1000 ml
Send --------------------30 ml
Procedure: Dissolve the potassium iodide in minimum amount of distilled water. Add the iodine in the
concentrated solution of potassium iodide. Finally add the remaining water and the alcohol to produce
1000 ml.
Use: antiseptic
Storage: store in air tight container
3.4.3. Collodion reparation
Experiment 30
1. Collodion
Pyroxyline --------------------------------40g
Ether --------------------------------------750ml
Alcohol (90 %) --------------------------250ml
Send 25ml
Procedure: Add the alcohol and the ether to pyroxylin contained in a suitable container, and stopper
the container well. Shake the mixture occasionally until the pyoroxylin is dissolved.
Caution: Collodion is highly flammable

23
Experiment 31
2. Flexible collodion
Camphor ---------------- 20g
Castor oil ----------------30g
Collodion, qs------------1000g
Send 20g
Procedure Weight the ingredients, successively, into a dry, tared bottle, insert the stopper in the bottle,
and shake the mixture until the camphor is dissolved.
Action use: skin protector
Experiment 32
3. SALICYLIC ACID COLLODION U.S.P.
Salicylic acid ………………. 100 g
Flexible collodion, q.s………1000 ml
PROCEDURE
Dissolve the salicylic acid in about 750 ml of flexible collodion, add sufficient collodion to make the
product measure 1000 ml and mix.
Use: Keratolytic.
Label: For external use only
Storage: Store in tight container, in cool place, remote from fire.
Experiment 33
3.4.4. Liniments
1. Camphor liniment
Camphor -----------------------------200 gm
Arachis Oil----------------------------800 gm
Send-----------10g
Procedure: dissolve the camphor in the oils
Experiment 34
2. Methyl salicylate liniment
Methyl Salicylate ---------------------250 ml
Arachis Oil or Cotton seed oil to--------1000 ml
Send-----------100ml

24
In a mortar, mix methyl salicylate with arachis oil. Mix well using the pestle. Transfer to a cylinder, and
complete to volume with the oil. Transfer to a clean bottle, fix a label.
Parenteral solutions
Experiment 35
1. Sodium chloride solution. (Normal saline)
Formula: 1. Sodium chloride …………..9 gm
2. Purified water ……………..1000 ml
Send…………. 20 ml
Procedure: Dissolve the sodium chloride in sufficient amount of purified water to produce 1000 ml and
filter if required.
Storage: It should be stored in well-closed containers
Category: Electrolyte Replenisher
3. The Formulation of Suspensions
Suspensions may be defined as preparations containing finely divided drug particles (disperse phase)
distributed uniformly throughout a vehicle (dispersion medium or continuous phase) in which the drug
exhibits a minimum degree of solubility. It includes both powders in dry form to be placed in suspension
and drugs suspended in liquid vehicles. Suspension dosage forms are given by the oral route, injected
intramuscularly or subcutaneously, applied to the skin in topical preparations, and used ophthalmically in
the eye.
Desired features of a pharmaceutical suspension
In addition to the desirable qualities in all pharmaceutical preparations, a few other features that apply more
specifically to a good pharmaceutical suspension are as follows:
 The material must be composed of small, uniformly sized particles that do not settle rapidly;
 The particles that do settle should not pack into a hard cake and be readily redispersed upon gentle
shaking ;
 After shaking, the medicament should stay in suspension long enough for removal of the correct
dose;
 It should pour readily and evenly from its container,
 It should be comparatively free from large particles, which spoil appearance, give gritty taste to oral
preparations and make external products irritating to sensitive tissues.

25
These main features of a suspension depend upon the nature of the dispersed phase, the dispersion medium
and the pharmaceutical adjuncts. The dispersed phase can be of diffusible solids, in-diffusible solids, or
poorly wet-able solids.
General method of preparation
 Carefully tare the container to the required volume.
 Finely powder any solid ingredients not already in fine powder.
 Mix the insoluble powders in a mortar, adding first the ingredient of smallest bulk and diluting it with
the others in increasing order of bulk, using amounts approximately equal to the bulk already in the
mortar.
 Add enough vehicles to produce smooth paste.
 Add non-volatile solid ingredients dissolved in part of the vehicle and mix well.
 Dilute with a vehicle until pour-able and examine the suspension critically and, if it contains foreign
particles, strain through muslin
 Transfer it to the tarred bottle, a measure is not used because complete and accurate transfer of a
suspension is not possible once it has been made up the volume.
 Add any volatile solid ingredients, previously dissolved in some of the vehicle, and mix well.
 Add any liquid ingredients; rinse the measures and mix well after each addition.
 Rinse the mortar and pestle with successive volumes of the vehicle until they are quite clean,
transferring the rinsing to the bottle
 Make up to volume with the vehicle and shake thoroughly
Containers and Labeling
 Suspensions are generally packed in well- closed containers appropriate to the class of dispensed
medicine, but suspensions that are very thick required containers with wide mouths.
 Containers of suspensions should be of suitable size to allow shaking of the products.
 Labels for suspensions include:
- shake well before use
- store in cool place (not refrigerator)
- Also expiry dates for suspensions that should be prepared recently is one month and, if diluted,
two weeks.
4.1. Suspensions Containing Diffusible Solids
Diffusible solids (also called dispersible solids) are light and easily wettable solids which readily mix with
water and, on shaking, diffuse evenly through the liquid for long enough to ensure even distribution in each

26
dose. Some examples of diffusible solids are Calcium carbonate, Magnesium Trisilicate, Light Magnesium
Carbonate, and Light Kaolin.
Practical
Experiment 36
1. Pediatric Kaolin Mixture
Light kaolin --------------------- 200 g
Amaranth Solution ------------ 10 ml
Benzoic Acid Solution -------- 200 ml
Syrup ---------------------------- 200 ml
Chloroform Water (D.S) ------ 500 ml
Water to ------------------------- 1000 ml
Send 50 ml
Signa. 1 tsp t.i.d.
Procedure: First tare the final container. Add the kaolin to the mortar and prepare a paste with the
raspberry syrup and a little of the chloroform water. Add the amaranth solution and mix well. Dilute the
suspension until pourable and transfer to the bottle. Add chloroform and benzoic acid to the bottle to avoid
volatility.
Uses: antidiarrhea mixture for children
Experiment 37
1. Magnesium sulfate mixture, BP, 88(Magnesium Sulfate Oral Suspension)
Magnesium sulfate------------------------400gm
Light magnesium Carbonate-------------50gm
Concentrated peppermint Emulsion-----25 ml
Double strength chloroform water------300ml
Chloroform water (D.S) ------------------500ml
Water, sufficient to produce-------------1000ml
Send --------------50 ml
Procedure: first tare the final container and select a mortar of sufficient size to allow for adequate mixing of
the product. Mix the magnesium sulfate and light magnesium carbonate in the mortar. This method is to be
preferred to making a separate solution of the magnesium sulfate, which us time consuming. Add enough
vehicles to make a smooth paste and dilute with the vehicle until sufficiently pour able to transfer to the
bottle. The volatile peppermint emulsion should be added to the bottle before making up to final volume.

27
The mixture may also be prepared from a pre-packed mix of two powdered ingredients with the addition of
the appropriate amount of peppermint emulsion and chloroform water.
Storage and shelf life: The mixture should be recently prepared.
Container: Amber medicine bottle.
Advice for patients when dispensed: shake the bottle.
Use: A laxative.
Sig. 10ml t.i.d, shake the bottle before use
Experiment 38
2. Magnesium Tri-silicate Mixture (Magnesium Tri-silicate Oral Suspension)
Magnesium Tri-silicate --------------------- 50 g
Light magnesium Carbonate ---------------50 g
Sodium Bicarbonate -------------------------50 g
Conc. Peppermint Emulsion --------------- 25 ml
Chloroform Water (D.S) ------------------ --500 ml
Water to ---------------------------------------1000 ml
Send 50 ml
Sig. 2 tsp t.i.d.
Procedure: First tare the final container. Add the sodium bicarbonate to the mortar and mix with the
two insoluble powders by doubling the bulk in each addition. Add enough vehicle to make smooth
paste and dilute with the vehicle until sufficiently pourable to transfer to the bottle. The volatile
peppermint emulsion should be added to be bottle before making up the final volume.
Use: antacid used to treat dyspepsia
Experiment 39
3. Calcium Carbonate Mixture
Calcium Carbonate -------------------------------10 g
Light Magnesium Carbonate --------------------10 g
Sodium Bicarbonate ------------------------------10 g
Aromatic Cardamom Tincture ------------------10 ml
Syrup -----------------------------------------------100 ml
Chloroform Water (D.S.) ------------------------500 ml
Water to --------------------------------------------1000 ml
Mitte 50 ml
Sig. 2 tsp t.i.d.

28
Procedure as described under kaolin mixture

Use: antacid mixture.
3.2. Suspensions containing indiffusible solids
In diffusible solids will not remain evenly distributed in a vehicle long enough to ensure uniformity of dose.
The simplest way of connecting this problem is to increase the viscosity of the vehicle by adding a
thickening agent which delays sedimentation.
The thickening agents used to stabilize suspensions are substances that spontaneously form colloidal
dispersions with water because of their affinity to the dispersion medium. Some examples of indiffusible
solids are Aspirin, Phenobarbitone, and Calamine.
There are three major groups of thickening agents:
1. Polysaccharides: eg. Acacia, Tragacanth, Methylcellulose, Sodium alginate, Microcrystalline
cellulose, Sodium carboxy methylcellulose, Starch.
2. Inorganic agents: eg. Bentonite, Veegum, hectorite, Aluminum hydroxide.
3. Synthetic; eg, Carbomer (Carboxyvinyl polymer), Colloidal Silicon Dioxide.
Method of Preparation
 Mix the thickening agent as a dry powder with the other insoluble powders in the formula. Then
make a smooth paste and continue as the general method of preparation, of a suspension.
 Alternatively, the suspending agent, previously dispersed in water to form mucilage, is levigated
with the insoluble powders.
Experiment 40
4. Calamine Lotion
Calamine------------------------------------------- 80 gm
Zinc oxide ---------------------------------------- 80 gm
Glycerin------------------------------------------- 20 ml
Bentonite magma -------------------------------- 250 ml
Calcium hydroxide topical solution ad --------1000 ml
Send 50ml
Procedure: Dilute the Bentonite magma with an equal volume of calcium hydroxide topical solution.
Mix the powders intimately with the glycerin and 100 ml of the diluted magma, triturating until a
smooth, uniform paste is formed. Gradually incorporate the remainder of the diluted magma. Finally,
add enough calcium hydroxide topical solution to make 1000 ml and shake. If more viscous consistency
in the lotion is desired, the quantity of Bentonite magma may be increased to not more than 400 ml.
Use: for mild sunburn.

29
Experiment 41
5. Phenolated Calamine Lotion
Liquefied phenol--------------------10 ml
Calamine lotion --------------------990 ml
Send -------------------50 ml
Procedure: Mix the ingredients.
Packaging and storage: preserve in tight containers.
Experiment 42
6. Tragacanth Mucilage, B.P.C
Tragacanth, finely powdered ---------------------- 12.5 g
Alcohol (90%) --------------------------------------- 25 ml
Chloroform Water to ------------------------------- 1000 ml
Mitte 50 ml
Procedure: On a small scale the mucilage is conveniently made by shaking the ingredients together in
a jar calibrated to the desired volume. Put the alcohol in the jar and then add the tragacanth powder
(order of addition is important). Mix and spread the resulting suspension around the inside of the jar.
Pour in the vehicle as quickly as possible, put in the closure and shake without delay success depends
on speed.
Use: suspending and thickening agent
Experiment 43
7. Pediatric chalk Mixture, B.P. (Pediatric Chalk Oral Suspension)
Chalk ------------------------------------------20 g
Powdered Tragacanth -----------------------2 g
Conc. Cinnamon Water ---------------------4 ml
Syrup ------------------------------------------100 ml
Chloroform Water (D.S.) -------------------500 ml
Water to ---------------------------------------1000 ml
Mitte 50 ml
Procedure: first tare the final container, mix the chalk and tragacanth in the mortar and prepare a paste
with the syrup and a little amount of the vehicle. Dilute until pourable and transfer to the bottle and add
the other ingredients to the bottle and shake well before making up to final volume.
Use: Antidiarrhoea mixture for children.

30
3.3. Suspensions containing poorly- Wettable Solids

It is very difficult to prepare aqueous dispersions of substances which are insoluble in water and poorly
wetted by it, two examples being Sulphur and Hydrocortisone. A satisfactory wetting of such substances
may be achieved by adding a suitable wetting agent, e.g. Alcohol, glycerol, polysorbates, and sodium lauryl
sulfate. These wetting agents increase the affinity of the particles for the surrounding medium and decrease
the interparticular forces.
Method of Preparation: First, the insoluble powders are mixed with the wetting agent, using mortar and
pestle. Then the vehicle is used to make a smooth paste, and the general method for the preparation of a
suspension is followed.
Experiment 44
1. Sulfur lotion, Compound
Precipitated Sulfur ------------------------------ 40 g
Alcohol (95%) ------------------------------------ 60 ml
Glycerol ------------------------------------------- 20 ml
Sodium lauryl sulfate ---------------------------- 2.5 g
Calcium Hydroxide Solution to ---------------- 1000 ml
Mitte ……..50 ml
Procedure: Mix the sodium lauryl sulfates, alcohol and glycerol and triturate the mixture with the
sulfur in the mortar. Gradually dilute with the limewater and transfer the previously tarred container to
make up to final volume.
Use: mild antiseptic used in the treatment of acne.
4. Emulsion
Experiment 45
1. Concentrated peppermint Emulsions
Peppermint oil -------------------20ml
Polysorbet 20---------------------1ml
Chloroform water D.S-----------500ml
Water to---------------------------1000ml
Send to 50ml
Procedure: Mix the proportional amounts by shaking or using mortar and pestle. Adjust the final
volume with water.
Experiment 46

31
2. Castor oil emulsion.

Formula: -Castor oil……………… 8 ml
Acacia in powder……….2gm
Water q.s………………. 20 ml
Send-------------------30ml
Procedure: - Thoroughly clean and dry a pestle and mortar. Weigh out 2 gm of gum acacia and transfer
it to the mortar. Measure 4 ml of water and triturate it with gum so as to form mucilage. To this add 8
ml of castor oil in small quantities at a time with thorough Trituration after each addition. Triturate
briskly without ceasing until a clicking sound is produced and the product becomes white or nearly
white. At this stage the emulsion is known as primary emulsion. Add more of the vehicle in small
quantities with constant Trituration so as to get a homogenous product. Add more of the vehicle to
Uses: - This emulsion is used as a purgative since castor oil is purgative in nature.
Experiment 47
3. Liquefied paraffin Emulsion(O/W)
Liquefied paraffin--------------------------30ml
Acacia---------------------------------------10gm
Chloroform water DS---------------------100ml
Water q.s -----------------------------------200ml
Send 25ml
Procedure: the same as described in castor oil emulsion

32

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DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES

Dec. 2012 E.C

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

3. The formulation of solutions___________________________________________________8

3.1. Solutions taken orally _____________________________________________________9

3.1.6.lugol’s solution ______________________________________________________16

3.2. Solutions used in the mouth and throat________________________________________16

3.3. Solutions instilled into body cavities__________________________________________19

3.4. Topical solution _________________________________________________________22

3.5. Parenteral solution ______________________________________________________24

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

4. The Formulation of Suspensions _______________________________________________25

4.1. Suspensions Containing Diffusible Solids______________________________________26

4.2. Suspensions Containing Indiffusible Solids_____________________________________28

4.3. Suspensions Containing poorly- Wettable Solids_________________________________30

5. Emulsion formulation ________________________________________________________31

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

1. Introduction to pharmaceutics Laboratory practice

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

1. Cylindrical graduates 4. Graduated pipettes

Guidelines for selecting liquid measurement devices:

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

4. Never use prescription bottles, non-volumetric flasks, beakers, or household teaspoons as

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

Ingredients Master formula

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

Peppermint oil ------------ 10 ml.

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

Citric acid, hydrous ------------- 2.1 g

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

Ingredients Master Formula

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

2.2.2. Mouth Washes

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

Water ------------------------------------------------- 25.0 ml

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

Water, F.B.C. to----------------------------------1000ml

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

Actions and uses: Antiseptic to sterilize the skin in gynecology.

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

Procedure as described under kaolin mixture

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

3.3. Suspensions containing poorly- Wettable Solids

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

2. Castor oil emulsion.

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY DEPARTMENT. BY: Aychew M. and Engdashet F.

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