Gaza–Israel conflict

The Gaza–Israel conflict is a localized part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict beginning in 1948, when 200,000
Palestinians fled or were expelled from their homes, settling in the Gaza Strip as refugees.[1] Since then, Israel
has fought 15[2] wars against the Gaza Strip. The number of Gazans killed in the most recent 2023 war —
27,000 — is higher than the death toll of all other wars of the Arab-Israeli conflict.[3][4]

Israel fought four wars against the Egyptian-administered Gaza Strip:[5] 1948 Palestine War, border attacks of
1949–1956, first occupation of Gaza during the Suez Crisis and the capture of Gaza in 1967. During the first
occupation, 1% of Gaza Strip's population was either killed, tortured or imprisoned by Israel.[6] Following two
periods of low-level insurgencies, a major conflict between Israelis and Palestinians erupted in the First Intifada
(523 Gazans killed). The 1993 Oslo Accords brought a period of calm. But, in 2000 the Second Intifada erupted.
Towards the end of the Second Intifada, Israel disengaged from Gaza in 2005, Hamas won the 2006 election and
seized control of Gaza in 2007.[7]

In 2007, Israel imposed a land, air and sea blockade of the Gaza Strip,[8] turning it into an "open-air prison".[9][8]
The blockade was widely condemned as a form of collective punishment,[10] while Israel defended it as
necessary to stop Palestinian rocket attacks.[11] Hamas considered it a declaration of war.[12] A 2008–2009 Israeli
invasion of Gaza resulted in more than 1,000 deaths and widespread destruction of homes, schools and hospitals.
A 2012 Israeli operation also killed more than 100 people.

In 2014, Israel invaded Gaza in a major war that resulted in the deaths of 73 Israelis (mostly soldiers) and 2,251
Palestinians (mostly civilians). The invasion resulted in "unprecedented"[13] destruction, damaging 25% of
homes in Gaza city and 70% of homes in Beit Hanoun.[13] After 2014, notable events in the conflict included the
"Great March of Return" (2018-2019) and clashes in November 2018, May 2019 and November 2019. The
2021 crisis saw 256 Palestinians and 15 Israelis killed.
On October 7, 2023, Palestinian militants attacked Israel, killing 1,200 people (mostly civilians). Israel responded
with bombing Gaza Strip and launching an invasion that has killed more than 29,000 Gazans as of February
2024.[14]

Overview
List of Israeli-Gaza military conflicts
Infrastructure
Israelis Population
Number[a] Conflict Period Arabs killed
killed
damaged or
displaced
Other impact
destroyed

200,000
1948 Palestine Arabs fled or
war and 1948 Creation of
1948– were
1 Arab–Israeli Gaza Strip as
1949 expelled by
an entity
War[5] Israel into
Gaza
Conflict over
Palestinian
"infiltrators" -
2
Israel's border 1949– 216[15] 8[15] often
wars[5] 1956 (Up to 1955) (Up to 1955) refugees
trying to
return back
home[5]
1% of the
total
population of
Israeli Gaza Strip
occupation of was either
1956–
3 Gaza during
1957 1,231[6]-1,446[b] killed,
the Suez wounded,
Crisis tortured or
imprisoned by
Israel.[6]
~45,000
civilians
Conquest of (10% of
90% of
Gaza during Gaza's
4 1967 UNRWA
the Six day population)
war schools[16] fled or were
expelled by
Israel[17]
Israel
detained
approximately
9 civilians, 10,000
Low-level 1967– 39 civilians, 71
5 8 Gazans
insurgency[5] 1971 combatants [18]
soldiers[18] without trial
between
1967-
1970.[18]

Three-way
conflict
between Israel,
1979–
6 Palestinian
1983
nationalists
and Islamist
militants
 42% of
Gaza's
children
1987– 523,[19] 78,338 reported
7 First Intifada
1993 hospitalized[19] being
assaulted by
the IDF[19]
Second 2001–
8
Intifada 2005 ~3,000[20]

Post- 359
4
disengagement 2005– civilians,[21]
9
incursions into 2007 309 soldiers,[21]
4 civilians
Gaza combatants[c]
46,000
homes,[23] 34
hospitals and 80% of
Operation Cast 2008–
1,181
10 soldiers, clinics,[23] 100,000 agricultural
10
Lead 2009 civilians,[d] 236 3 civilians
214 people made produce and
combatants[22] schools,[23] homeless[23] equipment
52 mosques destroyed[23]
and
churches[23]

97
schools,[25]
Operation 103 civilians, 49 mosques
4 civilians, 350-700
11 Pillar of 2012 55 and
2 soldiers families[26]
Defense combatants[24] churches,[25]
15 hospitals
and clinics[25]
203 mosques 520,000
and 2 (30% of
Operation 2,251 killed
(65% 67 soldiers, churches,[28] Gaza's
12 Protective 2014
6 civilians 25% of population)
Edge civilians)[27] homes in internally
Gaza city[13] displaced[29]

15,000
128 homes,[30] 58
14 113,000
- 2021 crisis 2021 civilians,[30] civilians, 1 schools,[30] 9 internally
128 soldiers hospitals,[30] displaced[30]
combatants
19 clinics[30]
Israel-Hamas
- 2023 Ongoing
war

1947–1987
Israel fought 6 wars with Gaza from 1947 to 1987.[5]

Israel occupied the Gaza Strip during the Suez Crisis in 1956. During this occupation, 930-1,200 Palestinians
were killed, most notably in the Khan Younis massacre and Rafah massacre. In total, about 1% of the population
of Gaza Strip was either killed, wounded, tortured or imprisoned by Israel.[6] In 1957, Israel withdrew from the
Gaza Strip after American pressure.[33]
In the 1967 war, Israel occupied Gaza Strip, along with
Sinai, Golan Heights and the West Bank. During the war,
and shortly after, between 40,000 and 45,000 civilians fled
or were expelled from the Gaza Strip.[17] Many Palestinian
civilians were killed as they fled. On June 11, a grenade
killed 8 Gaza civilians and a shooting killed another 10.[17]

1988–2007: Intifadas
During the First intifada, in the Gaza Strip alone, 142
Palestinians were killed, while no Israelis died: 77 were
shot dead, and 37 died from tear-gas inhalation. 17 died Israeli and Palestinian deaths preceding the 2023
from beatings at the hand of Israeli police or soldiers.[34] Israel–Hamas war. Of the Palestinian deaths 5,360
were in Gaza, 1,007 in the West Bank, 37 in Israel.
Most were civilians on both sides.[31][32]
Israel–Gaza barrier
Israel completed the initial Israel–Gaza barrier in 1996. It
has helped reduce infiltration from Gaza Strip into Israel. Special permits to enter Israel for medical purposes
were also greatly reduced, which has made travel for Palestinians difficult.[35]

Daniel Schueftan, in his 1999 book, Disengagement: Israel and the Palestinian Entity[36][37] ("The Need for
Separation: Israel and the Palestinian Authority"), reviews new and existing arguments underlying different
separation stances, in order to make the case for separation from the Palestinians, beginning with those in the
West Bank and Gaza. Schueftan favors the "hard separation" stances of politicians like Yitzhak Rabin and Ehud
Barak.[37]

Yitzhak Rabin was the first to propose the creation of a physical barrier between the Israeli and Palestinian
populations in 1992, and by 1994, construction on the first barrier – the Israel–Gaza barrier – had begun; it is
actually a wire fence equipped with sensors. Following an attack on Bet Lid, near the city of Netanya, Rabin
specified the objectives behind the undertaking, stating that:

This path must lead to a separation, though not according to the borders prior to 1967. We want to
reach a separation between us and them. We do not want the majority of the Jewish residents of the
state of Israel, 98% of whom live within the borders of sovereign Israel, including a united Jerusalem,
to be subject to terrorism."[38][39]

Second Intifada
The Second Intifada, also known as the al-Aqsa Intifada, began in September 2000. Many Palestinians
considered the Intifada to be a struggle of national liberation against Israeli occupation imposed on them
following the 1967 War, whereas many Israelis considered it to be a terrorist campaign.[40]

Palestinian tactics ranged from carrying out mass protests and general strikes, as in the First Intifada, to mounting
suicide bombing attacks and firing Qassam rockets into southeastern Israeli residential areas. Israeli tactics ranged
from conducting mass arrests and locking up Palestinians in administrative detention to setting up checkpoints
and building the Israeli Gaza Strip barrier and West Bank barrier to carrying out assassinations targeting militants
and leaders of Palestinian organizations.
After the 2006 Palestinian legislative election, Israel negotiated with
Mahmoud Abbas and the PLO, but simultaneously targeted and
bombed Hamas activists and militants and arrested Hamas's elected
legislative council politicians.

The death toll, both military and civilian, over the entire period in
question (2000–2007) is estimated to be over 4,300 Palestinians and
over 1,000 Israelis; 64 foreign citizens were also killed (54 by
Palestinians, and 10 by Israeli security forces).[41]
The Israeli Air Force (IAF) AH-64 Apache
were used as platform for shooting
Israel's unilateral disengagement
guided missiles at Palestinian targets
Israel implemented its Disengagement Plan in August–September and employed at the targeted killings
2005, withdrawing its civilian and military presence from the Gaza policy against both militants and political
Strip, and retaining control over the Gaza airspace, maritime access leaders.

and borders even with Egypt according to the 2005 agreement with
the Palestinian authority. Qassam rockets were fired regularly prior to
the Israeli disengagement and the frequency of Qassam attacks increased after the Disengagement from Gaza.
Palestinian militants have targeted a number of military bases and civilian towns in Southern Israel.[42]

Since 2001, Palestinian militants have launched thousands of rocket and mortar attacks on Israel from the Gaza
Strip,[43] killing, injuring and traumatizing Israeli civilians.[44][45]

In July 2006, Israel briefly re-occupied parts of northern Gaza Strip and used the occupied areas as bases for raids
into Jabalya and Beit Lahya.[46] Hamas responded by launching rockets.

Ascendancy of Hamas
When the Islamic party Hamas won the January 2006 Palestinian legislative election, gaining a majority of seats
in the Palestinian Legislative Council,[47] the conflict between Israel and Gaza intensified. Israel sealed its border
with the Gaza Strip, largely preventing the free flow of people and many imports and exports. Palestinians shot
Qassam rockets at Israeli settlements located near the Gaza borders, and staged cross-border raids aimed at killing
or capturing Israeli soldiers. In one such raid, on 25 June 2006, Palestinians captured Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit,
leading to massive retaliation by the Israeli army which included air strikes against Hamas targets.

In June 2007, internal fighting broke out between Hamas and Fatah, and Hamas fully consolidated its power by
staging an armed coup d'état and taking control of the Gaza Strip. Following the internecine fighting that
occurred between 7 and 15 June 2007, also known as the Battle of Gaza in which 118 Palestinians were killed
and over 550 were wounded,[48] the entire Gaza Strip came under full control of a Hamas government.

As a response to the Hamas takeover, Israel sharply restricted the flow of people and goods into and out of Gaza.
About 70% of Gaza's workforce became unemployed or without pay, and about 80% of its residents lived in
poverty.[49]

Since Hamas' takeover, Palestinian armed groups in Gaza and Israel continued to clash. Palestinian armed groups
fired rockets into Israel, killing Israeli civilians, including children, and wounding others, as well as causing
damage to infrastructure; and Israel launched attacks and shelled Gaza with artillery, killing Palestinian
combatants as well as civilians, including children,[50][51][52] and causing devastating damage to
infrastructure.[53] According to Human Rights Watch, the Palestinian deliberate attacks against civilians violated
international humanitarian law. Because Hamas exercised power inside Gaza, it was responsible for stopping
unlawful attacks even when carried out by other groups.[54]

2006–2007
Large-scale conventional warfare beyond the peripheries of the Gaza Strip began when Palestinian militants
abducted Corporal Gilad Shalit, and Israel responded by launching Operation "Summer Rains" on 28 June 2006.
The operation became the first major mobilization within the Gaza Strip since Israel unilaterally disengaged from
the region between August and September 2005.

The Gaza beach blast was an event on 9 June 2006 in which eight Palestinians were killed – including nearly the
entire family of seven-year-old Huda Ghaliya – and at least thirty others were injured in an explosion on a beach
near the municipality of Beit Lahia in the Gaza Strip.[55] The incident received considerable attention from news
media worldwide, with blame for the explosion hotly disputed in the following weeks.

Israel maintains that it mobilized thousands of troops in order to suppress Qassam rocket fire against its civilian
population and to secure the release of Gilad Shalit. It is estimated that between 7,000 and 9,000 Israeli artillery
shells were fired into Gaza between September 2005 and June 2006, killing 80 Palestinians in 6 months.[56] On
the Palestinian side, over 1,300 Qassam rockets have been fired into Israel from September 2000 to 21 December
2006. Israeli forces also continued to search for tunnels, used by militants to smuggle weapons, as well as
monitor operations at checkpoints (with some assistance from the European Union at Rafah) for security reasons,
specifically possible weapons transfers and uninhibited return of exiled extremist leaders and
terrorists.[57][58][59][60][61] As of 18 October 2006, Israel has discovered 20 tunnels used for illegal arms
smuggling under the border of the Gaza Strip and Egypt.[62]

Israel had said it would withdraw from the Strip and end the operation as soon as Shalit was released.[63] The
Palestinians had said that they were willing to return Shalit in exchange for the release of some of the Palestinians
held in Israeli jails. The Palestinians and others have also said the assault was aimed at toppling the
democratically elected Hamas-led government and at destabilizing the Palestinian National Authority, citing the
targeting of civilian infrastructure such as a power station and the captures of government and parliament
members. Some 300 Palestinians had been targeted by the IDF in the Gaza Strip since the kidnapping of
Corporal Gilad Shalit.[64]

In July 2006, first reports emerged about mystery injuries after Israeli attacks. Previously unseen injuries included
severely damaged internal organs, severe internal burning and deep internal wounds often resulting in
amputations or death. Bodies arrived severely fragmented, melted and disfigured. There were speculations about
a new experimental weapon, particularly Dense inert metal explosives (DIMEs).[65]

Attempting to curb Qassam rocket attacks fired at Southern Israel by Palestinian militants from the northern Gaza
Strip, Israel launched Operation "Autumn Clouds" on 1 November 2006.

On 8 November 2006, a day after Israel's withdrawal following Operation "Autumn Clouds," Israel Defense
Forces shells missed their target—possibly due to a "technical malfunction"—and hit a row of houses in the Gaza
Strip town of Beit Hanoun,[66] killing 19 Palestinians and wounding more than 40.[67][68] Israeli Defense Forces
launched an investigation into the Beit Hanoun November 2006 incident (and later apologized for the incident),
and the then Israeli President Ehud Olmert offered humanitarian assistance to those affected.[69]

The 2006 Franco–Italian–Spanish Middle East Peace Plan was proposed after Israel invaded the Gaza Strip in
Operation "Autumn Clouds" by Spanish Premier José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero during talks with French
president Jacques Chirac. Italy's prime minister Romano Prodi gave his full support to the plan.
On 26 November, a ceasefire was signed by Palestinian organisations and Israel, and Israel withdrew its troops
while the Palestinian Authority forces deployed to stop Qassam rocket launchings. Following the truce over 60
Qassam rockets were fired from the Gaza Strip at Israel, and 1 Palestinian (armed with guns and grenades) was
killed by the IDF. On 19 December, the Palestinian Islamic Jihad began taking open responsibility for the
Qassam rocket firing, because they said Israel killed two of their members in Jenin.[70][71][72]

A series of battles between Palestinian militants in Hamas-governed Gaza and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF)
that began in mid-May 2007, with the inter-Palestinian violence flaring in the meantime. Palestinians fired more
than 220 Qassam rocket attacks on Israel (Sderot and the western Negev) in more than a week. The Israeli Air
Force fired missiles and bombs at the launching sites. The fighting came amid serious Palestinian factional
violence and reports of growing level of humanitarian crisis in the region.[73] Hamas said they will continue to
retaliate against Israeli strikes.

2007–2022
In September 2007, Israel declared Gaza "hostile territory."[74] Historian Jean-Pierre Filiu finds this assertion
"absurd", given that up to this point Israel had already fought 9 wars against Gaza.[5] The declaration allowed
Israel to prevent the transfer of electricity, fuel, and other supplies into Gaza. Hamas considered this a declaration
of war,[74] while Israel stated its purpose was to pressure Hamas into ending Qassam rocket attacks (which Israel
said were intensifying).[75][76][77] Israel's decision to cut fuel supplies to Gaza were widely condemned
(including by the European Union) as "collective punishment."[78][79][80]

Israel has also arrested Hamas officials in the West Bank, including two cabinet members. Such arrests have been
strongly condemned by international organizations and politicians.[81][82][83][84]

By January 2008, according to a United Nations study, the economic effects of Israel's blockade on Gaza reached
a critical threshold. Finally, on 17 January 2008, Israel sealed the border completely following a rise in rocket
attacks. The breach of the Gaza-Egypt border began on 23 January 2008, after gunmen in the Gaza Strip set off
an explosion near the Rafah Border Crossing, destroying part of the former Israeli Gaza Strip barrier. The United
Nations estimates that as many as half the 1.5 million population of the Gaza Strip crossed the border into Egypt
seeking food and supplies.

Operation "Hot Winter"

On 27 February 2008, Palestinian militants fired more than 40 Qassam rockets into southern Israel and the Israeli
army fired three missiles at the Palestinian Interior Ministry in Gaza destroying the building.[85] On 28 February
2008 Israeli aircraft bombed a police station near the Gaza City home of Hamas leader Ismail Haniya, killing
several children.[86] The Israeli military says its air and ground operations against militants firing rockets from
northern Gaza have hit at least 23 armed Palestinians, while Palestinian sources have reported higher death tolls
and say many civilians have also been killed.[87]

Israel began its air and ground operations on 29 February.[88] The IDF's offensive in Gaza has killed more than
100 Palestinians in less than a week.[89] Palestinians fired 150 rockets at Israel which killed three Israelis.[88] The
United States called for an end to clashes between Israel and the Palestinians.[90] The Palestinian president,
Mahmoud Abbas, has accused Israel of "international terrorism", saying its assault on Gaza constitutes "more
than a holocaust." [91] On 3 March Abbas suspended all contact with Israel over its assault on Gaza as the Israeli
government sent warplanes to hit more targets early on Monday and vowed to continue its offensive.[92] The
European Union condemned what it called "disproportionate use of force" by the Israeli military in Gaza after 54
Palestinians were killed in the highest casualty toll for a single day since fighting erupted in 2000.[93] United
Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon also issued a condemnation of what he termed Israel's "excessive and
disproportionate" response, and called on Israel "to cease such attacks", while denouncing the ongoing rocket
attacks on Sderot and Ashkelon.[94]

In the Muslim world, demonstrators took to the streets to protest the IDF attacks. Iran's Supreme Leader
Ayatollah Ali Khamenei called on Muslims to rise up and their leaders to hit Israel "in the face with their nations'
anger." In Lebanon, hundreds of Hezbollah supporters gathered at the Fatima Gate at the border between
Lebanon and Israel, shouting "Death to Israel" and waving Lebanese and Palestinian flags. In Egypt, thousands
of students held protests at universities across the country calling on Arab leaders to stop Israeli aggression and
support the Palestinians. Some protesters burned Israeli and American flags.[90] About 10,000 protesters, mainly
from Jordan's mainstream Muslim Brotherhood and smaller opposition groups, took to the streets in one of the
country's most vocal and largest anti-Israeli demonstrations in recent years. Saudi Arabia meanwhile compared
the IDF offensive to "Nazi war crimes" and called on the international community to stop what it called the
"mass killings" of Palestinians. Turkey's Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan said that the IDF attacks can
have "no humanitarian justification" and added that Israel was rejecting a "diplomatic solution" to the dispute.[90]
Most Israeli tanks and troops pulled out of northern Gaza 3 March 2008, and an Israel Defense Forces
spokesman confirmed that the Israeli military was ending offensive operations there after five days.[95]

On 29 February 2008, the Israeli military launched Operation "Hot Winter" (also called Operation "Warm
Winter") in response to Qassam rockets fired from the Strip by Hamas. The Israeli army killed 112 Palestinians,
and Palestinian militants killed three Israelis. More than 150 Palestinians and seven Israelis have been injured.[96]

There was widespread international alarm at the scale of the operation, with the US state department encouraging
Israel to exercise caution to avoid the loss of innocent life, and the European Union and the United Nations
criticising Israel's "disproportionate use of force". The European Union also demanded an immediate end to
Palestinian militant rocket attacks on Israel and urged Israel to halt activities that endanger civilians, saying they
were "in violation of international law."[97]

2008 Israel–Hamas ceasefire

The 2008 Israel–Hamas ceasefire was an Egyptian-brokered six-month
Tahdia (an Arabic term for a lull) "for the Gaza area", which went into effect
between Hamas and Israel on 19 June 2008.[98] Hamas' obligation was to
stop the rocket attacks on Israel. During the initial 5-months of the ceasefire,
and after a shaky start during the initial week,[99] these attacks from Gaza
decreased significantly for a total of 19 rocket and 18 mortar shell
launchings,[99][100] compared to 1199 rockets and 1072 mortar shells in
2008 up to 19 June, a reduction of 98%.[101] Mark Regev, spokesman for Monthly rocket hits in Israel in
2008, according to Israeli military-
the Israeli Prime Minister acknowledged that "there were no Hamas rockets
tied Meir Amit Intelligence and
during the ceasefire before November the 4th".[101][102] Israel's obligation Terrorism Information Center.
was to cease attacks on Gaza and once the ceasefire held, to gradually begin
to ease its punishing blockade of Gaza.[98] The agreement called on Israel to
increase the level of goods entering Gaza by 30 percent over the pre-lull period within 72 hours and to open all
border crossings and "allow the transfer of all goods that were banned and restricted to go into Gaza" within 13
days after the beginning of the ceasefire.[103] The increase in supplies of food, water, medicine and fuel did
improve, but the increase was only to an average of about 20 percent of normal levels,[104] compared to the
Hamas compliance in reducing rocket fire by 98%.[101] Two months later the volume of goods arriving was too
low to significantly improve living conditions,[105] preventing UNRWA from replenishing its stores.[106] Israel
told U.S. officials in 2008 it would keep Gaza's economy "on the brink of collapse".[107]
On 4 November 2008 Israel broke the ceasefire with an attack on Gaza. The
Israeli military claimed the target of the raid was a tunnel that they said Hamas
was planning to use to capture Israeli soldiers positioned on the border fence
250m away.[108] Hamas officials differed, however, claiming that the tunnel
was being dug for defensive purposes, not to capture IDF personnel,
according to Dr Robert Pastor (of the Carter Institute), and an IDF official
confirmed that fact to him. Hamas replied to the Israeli attack with a barrage of
rocket fire. With this incursion into Gaza territory and its non-compliance with A Grad rocket hitting
the easing of the embargo, Israel had failed to comply with two aspects of the Beersheba, January 2009
June 2008 ceasefire.[101]

When the six-month truce officially expired on 19 December, Hamas launched 50 to more than 70 rockets and
mortars into Israel over the next three days, though no Israelis were injured.[109][110] On 21 December, Hamas
said it was ready to stop the attacks and renew the truce if Israel stopped its "aggression" in Gaza and opened up
its border crossings.[110][111] On 27 and 28 December, Israel implemented Operation Cast Lead against Hamas.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak said "We warned Hamas repeatedly that rejecting the truce would push Israel
to aggression against Gaza."[112]

Gaza War (2008–09)

The Gaza War[113] started when Israel launched a large military
campaign in the Gaza Strip on 27 December 2008, codenamed Operation
"Cast Lead" (Hebrew: ‫)מבצע עופרת יצוקה‬,[114] with the stated aim of
stopping Hamas rocket attacks on southern Israel and arms smuggling
into Gaza.[115][116] The conflict has also been called the Gaza massacre
in the Arab world (Arabic: ‫)مجزرة غزة‬.[117] A fragile six-month truce
between Hamas and Israel expired on 19 December 2008.[118] The
Israeli operation began with an intense bombardment of the Gaza
Strip,[119] targeting Hamas bases, police training camps,[120] police Destroyed buildings in Gaza City,
headquarters and offices. [121][122] January 2009
Civilian infrastructure, including
mosques, houses, medical facilities and schools, were also attacked, as
Israel stated that many of them were used by combatants, and as storage
spaces for weapons and rockets.[123] Hamas intensified its rocket and mortar attacks against targets in Israel
throughout the conflict, hitting previously untargeted cities such as Beersheba and Ashdod.[124][125] On 3
January 2009, the Israeli ground invasion began.[126][127] During the war Hamas would execute many
Palestinians and Fatah members during a period of political violence. Human rights groups and aid organisations
have accused Hamas and Israel of war crimes.[128][129][130] An estimated 1,166-1,417 Palestinians and 13
Israelis died in the conflict.[131][132][133] The conflict came to an end on 18 January after first Israel and then
Hamas announced unilateral ceasefires.[134][135] On 21 January, Israel completed its withdrawal from the Gaza
Strip.[136] On 2 March, it was reported that international donors had pledged $4.5 billion in aid for the
Palestinians, mainly for rebuilding Gaza after Israel's offensive.[137] This war was considered to be the largest,
most devastating and deadliest military operation in Gaza since the Six-day war in 1967 and until the 2023
Israel–Hamas war.[138]

March 2010 events

On 26 March 2010, two Israeli soldiers and two Hamas militants were killed during clashes on the Gaza Strip's
southern border. Two other soldiers were wounded during the fighting which broke out east of the town of Khan
Younis. They are the first Israeli soldiers to have been killed in hostile fire in or around Gaza since Israel's major
offensive there in January 2009, according to the BBC.[139]

2011 cross-border attack

On 18 August 2011, a series of cross-border attacks was carried out in
southern Israel near the Egyptian border, by a squad of militants. The
militants first opened fire at civilian bus.[140][141] Several minutes later, a
bomb was detonated next to an Israeli army patrol along Israel's border
with Egypt. In a third attack, an anti-tank missile hit a private vehicle,
killing four civilians. Charred remains of an Israeli bus hit
in the 2011 attacks

Operation "Returning Echo"

During the second week of March 2012, Israeli Defense Forces (IDF)
initiated Operation "Returning Echo". It was the worst outbreak of
violence covered by the media in the region since the 2008–09 Operation
"Cast Lead" (the Gaza War).

Operation "Pillar of Defense"

Attacks by Israel and Gazans grew intense late in October 2012. An Destroyed house in Gaza City,
Israeli air strike killed Ahmed Jabari, chief of the Hamas military wing in December 2012
Gaza.[143] During the operation, four Israeli civilians and one soldier
were killed by Palestinian rocket fire,[144] according to Palestinian Centre
for Human Rights 158 Palestinians had been killed, of which: 102 were civilians, 55
militants and one was policeman. 30 children and 13 women were among the
killed,[145] while the Israel Defense Forces presented statistics showing that out of
177 Palestinians killed, 120 were militants.[146] Most of the fighting was by bombs,
aerial attacks, artillery, and rockets; the rockets being primarily used by the
Palestinians and air strikes primarily by the Israelis. Attacked locations include
Beersheva, Tel Aviv, Ashdod, Ofakim, Gaza, the rest of the Gaza Strip, the Shaar
Hanegev, and Eshkol Regional Council. The United States, United Kingdom,
Canada, Germany and other Western countries expressed support for Israel's right to
defend itself, and/or condemned the Palestinian rocket attacks on Israeli soldiers shielding
Israel.[147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155] Iran, Egypt, Turkey, North Korea a 4-year-old boy during a
and several other Arab and Muslim countries condemned the Israeli rocket attack, July 2014
operation.[156][157][158]

2014 Gaza War

In 2014, fighting intensified between Israel and Hamas, leading to
another full-scale Gaza War, this one far deadlier than the previous in
2008–2009. The IDF launched Operation Protective Edge on 8 July
2014, in response to Hamas rocket attacks,[159] which were launched
US Ambassador to Israel's tour of
following an earlier Israeli air strike against Gaza[160] and on 17 July
attack tunnel.
2014, Israel troops entered the Gaza Strip.[161] UN OCHA says 2,205
Palestinians (including at least 1,483 civilians) and 71
Israelis (including 66 soldiers) and one foreign national in
Israel were killed in the conflict.[162] The war came to an
end after 50 days of conflict when a ceasefire was agreed
upon on 26 August 2014.[163]

2018 Border Protest

During the 2018 Land Day protests, 168 Palestinians have
been killed and thousands were injured during clashes with
Israeli troops at the Gaza-Israel border.[164]
Rocket attacks fired at Israel from the Gaza Strip,
2001–2021.[142]
Clashes in November 2018
Violence flared up again on 11 November 2018 when
seven Palestinian militants were killed during a botched raid by the Israel Defense Forces in the southeastern
Gaza Strip. One IDF officer was killed and another was injured. Over a dozen rockets were subsequently fired
from Gaza, three of which were shot down. After a series of intense fire exchanges, ceasefire was agreed upon
on 13 November 2018.

March 2019
On 25 March, seven people were injured in Israel after a rocket attack destroyed a home in Mishmeret. The Israel
Defense Forces confirmed that Hamas was responsible for the attack.[165] The Israeli Air Force sent jets to strike
multiple targets in the Gaza Strip, including the office of senior Hamas official Ismail Haniyeh, and Hamas'
military intelligence headquarters in Gaza City.[166][167]

May 2019
On 3 May, two Israeli soldiers were injured by a Palestinian Islamic Jihad sniper from in the Gaza Strip during
the weekly protests at the Gaza–Israel border. In response, the Israeli Air Force carried out an airstrike, killing
four Palestinians. In addition, two other Palestinians were killed and 60 wounded, 36 of them by Israeli
gunfire.[168]

Following this, Gazan militants launched hundreds of rockets at Israel. In response, the Israeli Air Force struck
numerous targets within the Gaza Strip. In addition, Israel increased its troop presence near the Gaza–Israel
border.[169]

November 2019
The 2019 Gaza–Israel clashes code-named by Israel as Operation Black Belt, took place in November 2019,
between the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) following the targeted killing of
senior PIJ commander Baha Abu al-Ata in Gaza, and the attempted killing of senior PIJ commander Akram al-
Ajouri in Damascus, Syria by the IDF. PIJ responded with rocket fire into Israel, including long-range rockets
fired towards Tel Aviv, leading to several civilians being wounded. In response to the rocket fire, Israel carried
out airstrikes and artillery shelling in the Gaza Strip, killing and wounding several militants as well as civilians. A
ceasefire went into effect after 48 hours of clashes,though it was breached by some Palestinian
militants.[170][171][172][173]

April 2021
On 15 April, Israeli military conducted military strikes targets in Gaza after a rocket was fired at southern Israel.
Targets included an armaments production facility, a tunnel for smuggling weaponry and a Hamas military
post.[174]

May 2021
Hamas demanded Israel remove its forces from Al-Aqsa Mosque by May 10, 6pm. Minutes after the deadline
passed, Hamas fired more than 150 rockets into Israel from Gaza.[175] In response, Israel launched air strikes in
the Gaza strip on the same day.[176]

August 2022
On 5 August 2022, Israel launched airstrikes on Gaza after a senior Palestinian Islamic Jihad militant had been
arrested in the West Bank 4 days earlier, due to fears of retaliation.[177]

2023–present

April 2023
In the aftermath of the 2023 Al-Aqsa clashes, Palestinian militant groups[178] fired rockets into Israel from the
Gaza Strip and Lebanon.[178]

May 2023
On 9 May 2023, Israel conducted a series of airstrikes on the Gaza Strip, called Operation Shield and Arrow
Palestinians launched Rocket attacks against Israel until a Ceasefire was agreed upon on 13 May 2023.[179]

October 2023
On 7 October 2023, Palestinian militant groups, mainly Hamas and
Palestinian Islamic Jihad, with other groups such as the Popular Front for the
Liberation of Palestine, launched a major attack on Israel from the Gaza
Strip. The attack included rocket barrages and vehicle-transported attacks
across the border on Israeli communities and forces, causing many
casualties; a thousand civilians were massacred. In response, the government
of Israel declared a state of emergency and war; The Israeli military
retaliated by conducting a counteroffensive and an extensive aerial
bombardment campaign on Gaza followed by an
[180][181][182][183][184][185][186] This war is considered to be the Map of the 2023 Israel-Hamas
invasion. war in Gaza and Southern Israel
largest, most devastating and deadliest conflict in Gaza since the Gaza War in 2008 and 2009 and the deadliest
war in Israel since the 1948 Arab–Israeli War of 1948 and 1949.

International response
United Nations
Secretary General Ban Ki-moon stated he believed that the Qassam rocket attacks by factions
in Gaza were "completely unacceptable." He also said he believed that the Palestinian
Authority should "take the necessary steps to restore law and order, and for all factions to abide
by the ceasefire." Ban also stated he was "deeply concerned by the mounting number of civilian
casualties from Israeli military operations in Gaza." The Secretary General also called on Israel
"to abide by international law and to ensure that its actions do not target civilians or put them
under risk."[187] Ban had appointed Michael Williams to the Middle East for talks with both
sides.[188] Williams soon said "I'm troubled when I see Israeli soldiers arresting Palestinian
legislators. I'm troubled that the education minister was arrested," after Israel arrested several
Hamas officials in the West Bank.[189] Williams met with Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas
and Foreign Minister Ziad Abu Amr in Gaza City. After continuing Israeli attacks and arrests, and
the continuing rocket fire from Gaza, Williams said that "I'm very troubled by the level of
violence here [...] I think the UN, the international community in general, have been very
concerned about the level of intra-Palestinian violence, but also by the Israeli attacks which I
know have caused civilian deaths, considerable numbers."[190] The international condemnation
of Israeli incursion was further augmented with a scathing report prepared by eight British-
based rights organizations, highlighting humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip that reached its
worst point since Israel captured the territory in 1967. The report indicates more than 1.1 million
people, about 80 percent of Gaza's residents, were dependent on food aid, and hospitals faced
power cuts of up to 12 hours a day, and the water and sewage systems were close to
collapse.[191]

United States
After the death of a woman from a rocket attack in Sderot, a representative for the U.S.
Government reaffirmed the position that Israel has the right to self-defense. State Department
spokesman Sean McCormack also stated that his country is aware of the difficulty of targeting
terrorists without civilian casualties. He added that Israel must "take all possible actions in order
to avoid any civilian casualties, to avoid any undue damage to the Palestinian infrastructure
and always to consider the effects of their actions on the political process, the Israeli-
Palestinian track and moving that forward."[187] The Republican plan, approved by the United
States House of Representatives, allocates $14.5bn in military aid for Israel. Also, Israel has
received the highest amount of military assistance from the US compared to any other nation
since World War II, with aid exceeding $124bn.[192]

Turkey
In response to the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, to the interdiction of the activity of the Moslem
Brothers in Egypt and to what he interpreted as Egyptian support for Israel, Turkish Prime
Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan called Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi an "illegitimate
tyrant".[193] He also stated that "If Israel continues with this attitude, it will definitely be tried at
international courts."[194]

Bolivia
In July 2014, Bolivia declared Israel a "terrorist state", tightening visa restrictions for Israelis
seeking to travel to Bolivia.[195]

Indonesia
The Indonesian people and government were very concerned for Gaza during the conflict. They
donated humanitarian aid and some volunteered to come to Gaza and work on the ground.
Indonesia also built a hospital in Gaza named "Indonesia hospital," which opened in 2015.[196]
 Its construction was not impacted during the fighting and remained on schedule. This hospital
was bombed by Israel three years later.[197]

Egypt
The Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi is not allowing a refugee camp on the Sinai
Peninsula of Egypt because he says it would allow the Palestinians to launch terrorist attacks
from there against Israel, and Egypt would get blamed for it. Egypt has closed their border from
Gaza to Egypt but are allowing humanitarian aid to flow into Gaza from Egypt during the 2023
Israel–Hamas war.[198]

South Africa

Other responses
On 31 July 2014 on the 23rd day of the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict,
Ireland's Foreign Minister Charlie Flanagan said he shared "the horror
and revulsion of senators and very many of our citizens at the horrendous
scenes we have witnessed since the start of the Israeli military operation."
The Irish government, he said, condemned "both the unacceptably high
civilian casualty rate resulting from disproportionate military action on
Israel's part as well as the firing of rockets by Hamas and other militants
into Israel."[199] On 5 August 2014 a member of the British cabinet Pro-Israel-Demo in Berlin in 2009.
resigned over the UK government's approach to the 2014 conflict.

During the U.S. Presidential campaigns of 2016, Democratic candidate

Bernie Sanders criticized Israel for its treatment of Gaza, and in particular
criticized Netanyahu for "overreacting" and causing unnecessary civilian
deaths.[200] In April 2016 the Anti-Defamation League called on Sanders
to withdraw remarks he made to the New York Daily News, which the
ADL said exaggerated the death toll of the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict.
Sanders said "over 10,000 innocent people were killed", a number far in
excess of Palestinian or Israel sources' estimates.[201] In response, Pro-Palestinian demonstration in
Sanders said that he accepted a corrected number of the death toll as Paris, France in 2014
2,300 in the course of the interview and that he would make every effort
to set the record straight. The transcript of the interview failed to note that
Sanders said "Okay" to the corrected number presented by the
interviewer during the course of the interview.[202]

Public opinion poll conducted on 23–28 October 2023 by the polling

company iPanel in collaboration with Tel Aviv University found that
57.5% of Israeli Jews believed that the Israeli military was using "too
little" firepower during the retaliatory strikes in Gaza, while 36.6%
believed the amount of firepower was "appropriate", 4.2% were not sure, Pro-Palestine protest in Melbourne,
and only 1.8% said the IDF was using "too much" firepower. In contrast, Australia in October 2023
50.5% of Israeli Arabs believed that the Israeli military was using "too
much" firepower in Gaza.[203] The Direct Polls survey published in
December 2023 found that 83% of Israelis supported encouraging the voluntary emigration of residents of the
Gaza Strip.[204] Public opinion poll conducted in December 2023 by the Israel Democracy Institute found that
87% of Jewish Israelis supported the war in Gaza.[205] 75% of Jewish Israelis rejected the Biden administration's
calls to change the IDF's strategy to one that "reduces the heavy bombing of densely populated areas."[206]

Analysis
Some analysts believe the conflict has drawn in Egypt, Iran, Turkey, and Qatar, supporting different sides of the
conflict in light of the regional standoff between Iran and Saudi Arabia[207] on one hand and between Qatar and
Saudi Arabia on the other, as well as crisis in Egyptian-Turkish relations.[208]

Impact

Gaza
According to NGOs and the UN, the recent wars and the blockade have led to worsening living conditions in
Gaza, and it could become unlivable by 2020.[209][210]

2023
The humanitarian situation in Gaza has been termed a "crisis" and a
"catastrophe."[211][212] As a result of Israel's siege, Gaza faces shortages
of fuel, food, medication, water, and medical supplies.[211] UN
Humanitarian Aid chief Martin Griffiths said, "the noose around the
civilian population in Gaza is tightening." [213] On 13 October, UNRWA
commissioner Philippe Lazzarini said, "The scale and speed of the
unfolding humanitarian crisis is bone-chilling."[214]
Residents inspect the ruins of an
On 16 October, doctors warned of an impending disease outbreak due to apartment destroyed by Israeli
hospital overcrowding and unburied bodies.[212] The same day, the airstrikes
World Health Organization stated there were only "24 hours of water,
electricity and fuel left" before "a real catastrophe."[215] On 18 October,
the United States vetoed a UN resolution urging humanitarian aid to Gaza.[216] The World Health Organization
stated the situation in Gaza was "spiraling out of control."[217]

On 20 October, Doctors Without Borders stated it was "deeply concerned for the fate of everyone in Gaza right
now."[218] On 21 October, a joint statement by UNICEF, WHO, UNDP, UNFPA, and WFP stated, "the world
must do more" for Gaza.[219] On 22 October, UNRWA announced it would run out of fuel within three days,
resulting in "no water, no functioning hospitals and bakeries."[220]

Since October 7, 2023, IDF has been accused of the extrajudicial killing of Palestinian unarmed
detainees,[221][222] doctors,[223] and workers, making threats of mutilation,[224] death,[225] arson,[225] and
rape,[225] torturing of Palestinians detained without legal charges.[226][227] It has also been accused of using
excessive force against dozens of schools[228] and hospitals,[229] theft,[227] the cruel and unnecessary desecration
and mutilation of Palestinian deceased,[223] and making no, or an inadequate distinction between Hamas forces
and civilians.[230] During the fighting, far-right Channel 14 kept logs going of buildings destroyed and terrorists
killed, with all Palestinian casualties labeled as terrorists.[231] On Channel 14, the Hamas surprise attack was
framed as caused by a “leftist cancer,” by a Likud party member, while Shimon Riklin, a Channel 14 journalist
and anchor, publicly backed war crimes.[231][232]

Israel
Due to the conflict, Israel has stepped up its defense measures in the southern communities and cities of Israel.
This includes building fortifications on existing structures and bomb shelters and developing an alarm system
(Red Color).[233]

See also
Israeli disengagement from Gaza
Israeli–Lebanese conflict
List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
Palestinian political violence
Sinai insurgency
Outline of the Israel–Hamas war

Notes
a. Follows the numbering scheme given in Jean-Pierre Filiu's The Twelve Wars on Gaza[5]
b. 1,231 dead plus 215 disappeared[6]
c. 309 figure comes from source[21] giving total casualties of 668
d. 1,181 figure comes from source[22] giving total casualties of 1,417

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