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Identify: Identify:
Amies transport medium Cary-Blair transport medium
Used for: Transport medium for specimens Used for:
collected on swabs, especially delicate Transport medium for faeces that may contain
organisms such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Salmonella, Shigella, ..
Identify: Sputum container Identify: Stool container
Used for: Collection & Used for: Collection &
transport of sputum transport of stool specimen
specimen

Identify: Urine container Identify: Catheter

Used for: Collection & Collection of urine
transport of midstream Used for: Collection of
urine urine from patient is
bedridden or cannot
urinate independently

Identify: Suprapubic
Aspiration of urine
Used for: Collection of
urine from bedridden
patient cannot be Identify: Nasopharyngeal swab (West's swab)
catheterized Used for: Collection & transport of
nasopharyngeal secretions

Identify: Blood culture bottle

Identify: Swab Used for: Collection & transport of blood for
Used for: Collection & transport of throat culture In cases of septicaemia or
swab or nasopharyngeal swab bacteriaemia.Or diagnosis of pyrexia of
unknown origin (PUO).

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Identify: Light Microscope. Identify: inverted

Used for: To study
morphology of
microorganisms by :Fresh
unstained film for the
motility of organism.
A stained film to describe
shape, arrangement, staining reaction of
organism.
Identify: electron
Microscope.
Used for: The only means to
see the viruses and fine
structures of bacteria and
tissue cells.
Source of light: Electron
beam.
The structure is seen by:
Scanning Electron Microscope (TEM).
Microscope.
Used for: To study the
Cytopathic Effect [CPE]
of different viruses on
cell culture monolayer.
The structure is seen by:
Transmission Electron
Microscope (TEM).
Identify: Fluorescent
Microscope.
Used for:
 To detect bacterial
and viral antigen.
 To detect antibodies in serum (IF).
Source of light: Ultra-Violent rays.
Days are called: auramine, acridin orange.

Identify: Dark Filed

Microscope.
Used for: To
demonstrate delicate
organisms in fresh
preparation (Spirohchetes). Identify: Phase Contrast Microscope.
Used for: To study internal structure of
unstained living microorganism

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Name of Stain: Gram Stain

Name of Stain: Methylene blue Stain Demonstrate:
Demonstrate: bacteria appear blue stained  Gram +ve bacteria appear violet
Type of Stain: Simple Stain  Gram -ve bacteria appear pink
Type of Stain: differential Stain

Name of Stain: Ziehl-Neelsen Stain Name of Stain: Fontana Stain

Demonstrate: TB Demonstrate: Spirochetes which appear
appear as deep Pink rods, while all other brownish black in a brownish yellow
organisms or cells on background stain blue. background
Type of Stain: Special Stain Type of Stain: Special Stain

Name of Stain: Leishman Stain Name of Stain: Leishman Stain

Demonstrate: bipolarity of Yersinia pestis. Demonstrate: Yersinia pestis in tissues.
Type of Stain: Special Stain Type of Stain: Special Stain
Name of Stain:
Neisser Stain
Demonstrate:
 Cytoplasm appears
light brown. Name: Hanging drop preparation
 Granules blue black Use: See bacterial motility (Unstained
Type of Stain: Special Stain preparation)

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Identify: Red heat Identify: Sterilization

Sterilization by Infra-red rays
Type of Sterilization: Dry heat Type of Sterilization:
Sterilization Dry heat Sterilization
Uses: Sterilization of Uses: Sterilization of
bacteriological loops. metal instruments and glass syringes.
Temperature: up to 180°C is reached
within seconds.
Identify: Sterilization by Flaming
Type of Sterilization: Dry heat Sterilization
Uses: Sterilization of
 Scalpels
 Needles
 Slides and covers
 Mouth of culture tubes
Identify: Sterilization by Hot air oven
Type of Sterilization: Dry heat Sterilization
Temperature: ●1800C for one hour ●1600C for two hour
Uses:
 All Glassware: as test tubes, Petri dishes, flasks, pipettes.
 Surgical Instruments: as forceps, scalpels, scissors.
 Solidification of serum and egg based media e.g. Loffler's - serum &
Dorset egg media (85c for 30 m for 3 successive days) (inspissation).
Identify: KOCH OR ARNOLD STEAMER
Type of Sterilization: Moist heat Sterilization
Temperature:
 1000C for 1h once
 1000C for 20 min for 3 successive days
(intermittent sterilization or Tyndallization).
Uses: It is used for sterilization of media denatured by temp. more
than 100 Ce.g.
●Gelatin media ●Sugar media ●Litmus milk

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Identify: Autoclave
Type of Sterilization: Moist heat Sterilization
Uses:
 Culture media (except gelatin, sugar and litmus milk media).
 Swabs (e.g. ordinary and nasopharyngeal swab).
 Surgical supply e.g. dressing, linens and surgical instruments.
Principle:
 When the pressure is increased inside a closed container, the
temperature at which water boils exceeds 100°C.
 At double atmospheric pressure the temperature of the steam reaches
121°C.
Temperature: 2 atmospheric pressure 121° C for 20-30 minutes.
Test of Efficiency:
1. Browne's tube
2. Autoclave tape
3. Spores of organism: Bacillus Sterothermophilus
Identify: Seitz filter (Asbestos paper filter)
Type of Sterilization: Sterilization by Filtration
Uses:
1. Sterilization of liquids that would be damaged by heat as sera, antibiotic
solutions, vaccines.
2. Preparation of bacterial toxins.
How to test efficiency of the Filter: Serratia Marcescens that produce red
colonies
Other types of filters: Cellulose membrane filter .
This article Sterilized by Ionizing
Radiation Gamma rays, X
rays,electron beams
advantages: They have high
penetration power. allows
already packaged products to
be sterilized.
Other Uses: Sterilization of an article not stand heat as
Identify: Serratia Marcescens rubber catheters, cat gut (cold sterilization)
Uses: test efficiency of the Filter As it
produce red colonies.

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Type of Sterilization: Non ionizing Radiation

Uses: ●Sterilization of operating theatres
●Sterilization of inoculation chamber in microbiology lab
●Sterilization of water

Disadvantages:
●UVR are unable to penetrate more than few millimeters into fluid and does not penetrate solids
●It causes injury to eyes and skin

Name: Nutrient Agar (slopes)

Type: Simple media
Sterilization: Autoclave
Uses:
 Primary culture of many
Name: Nutrient Agar (Plate) microorganisms (plates).
Type: Simple media  Subculture and preservation of
Sterilization: Autoclave bacteria (slopes).
Uses:  The medium is the base of different types of
 Primary culture of many microorganisms media.
(plates).
 Subculture and preservation of bacteria
(slopes).
 The medium is the base of different types of
media.

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Name: Gelatin medium Name: Blood agar

Type: Simple media
Sterilization: Koch's
steamer
Uses: Test the proteolytic
activity of different organisms; the proteolytic
members liquefy gelatin & are called gelatin
liquefiers e.g Staph. Aureus.
Alpha hemolysis on Blood agar
a- haemolysis with greenish discoloration of
the medium due to partial destruction of RBCs
e.g: strept. viridans and pneumococci
Gamma hemolysis on Blood
agar y haemolysis (No
hymolysis) e.g. Strep.
Faecalis.
Type: Enriched media
Sterilization: Autoclave
Uses:
 As a culture media for the
fastidious bacteria
 As an indicator medium i.e. help in the
identification of bacteria by their hemolytic
action on the red cells
a-haemolysis (partial), B- haemolysis
(complete), y haemolysis (No hymolysis)
Beta hemolysis on Blood agar
B-haemolysis (complete): the
colonies are surrounded by
zones of clear hemolysis due to
the complete destruction of
RBCs by the toxins released
from certain types of bacteria e.g:
staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus
pyogenes.
Name: Chocolate agar
Type: Enriched media
Sterilization: Autoclave
Uses: Culture of Neisseria and
Haemophilus groups.

Name: Lowenstein-Jensen Name: Loeffler's serum

medium (L.J.M) Type: Enriched media
Type: Selective media Sterilization: Serum is Filtrated
Selective Substance: & Glucose is sterilized by Koch
malachite green steamer + inspissator at 80°C
Sterilization: inspissator at 80°C for 1 hr for 2 h on 2 successived.
Uses: isolation of tubercle bacilli from Uses: growth of Corynebacterium diphtheriae
specimens contaminated with commensal
bacteria e.g. sputum

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Name: MacConkey agar Name: Thiosulphate citrate bile sucrose (TCBS)

Type: Indicator media Type: Selective media
Sterilization: Autoclave Selective Substance: Thiosulfate, Citrate and
Selective Sub: Bile Bile
Indicator: Neutral red test sugar: Sucrose
test sugar: Lactose Indicator: Bromo-thymol blue
Uses: It can differentiate (2) major groups of Uses: isolation of Vibrio cholerae. Vibrio
enteric bacteria cholera produces yellow colonies d.t
1. Lactose fermenters group: give pink fermentation of sucrose and acid production
colonies eg E.coli
2. Non lactose fermenters group give yellow
colonies eg Salmonella

MacConkey agar Showing Lactose fermenting
(pink) colonies e.g E.coli, Klebsiella
Name: Robertson cooked meat
Type: Anaerobic media
Reducing Substance: haem &
glutathion Sterilization:
Autoclave
Uses: isolation of anaerobic
organisms e.g. Clostridium
MacConkey agar Showing Non Lactose
fermenting (Yellow) colonies e.g Salmonella
and Shigella
Name: Anaerobic Gas-Pack jar
Type: Anaerobic media
Reducing Substance:
hydrogen is generated inside
the jar by placing a special
Gas-Pack envelope
Indicator: methylene blue changes blue in the
presence of oxygen
Uses: isolation of anaerobic organisms e.g.
Clostridium

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Name: Sugar Fermentation Test
Use: testing the effect of bacteria on different
sugars.
Indicator: Andrade's indicator Colorless when
alkaline but turns Red when acid.
Sterilization: Koch's sterilizer 100°c for 20 min
on 3 successive days.
Result:
Test tube 1: negative (non-fermenter)
Test tube 2: positive red color - production of
acid (e.g Salmonella typhi)
Test tube 3: positive red color with production
of acid and gas "gas bubbles in durham tube"
e.g. E.coli
Name: Methyl red
test (M.R.)
Use: Detection of
the ability of some
bacteria to
produce large amounts of acid on fermentation
of glucose, thus lowering the pH of the medium
below 4, the test is done by growing the
organism on glucose phosphate peptone at 37
degrees for 24 hrs.
Indicator: Methyl red
Result:
-M.R +ve: Red color e.g. E.coli.
-M.R -ve: Yellow color e.g. Klebsiella.
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Name: Indole test
Use: demonstrating the ability of certain
bacteria to decompose the amino acid
"TRYPTOPHAN" (present in peptone) to indole
which accumulates in the medium,
Indicator: Ehrlich's
Result:
A: indole positive: Pink ring e.g. E.coli.
B: indole negative: Yellow ring e.g. Klebsiella.
Name:
Voges-Proskauer reaction (V.P)
Use: Some bacteria ferment glucose with
production of acetyl methyl carbinol which is
tested by growing bacteria on glucose phosphate
peptone medium at 37 degrees for 24 hrs.
Indicator: 1 ml of KOH and 3 ml of alpha
naphthol.
Result :
- V.P +ve: Pink-burgundy (Violet) e.g. Klebsiella.
- M.R-ve: Light brown color e.g. E.coli.

Name: Citrate utilization
test
Use: detection of the ability
of some bacteria to utilize
citrate as the sole source of
carbon and energy.
Indicator: Bromothymol blue
Result:
- Citrate +ve: blue color e.g. Klebsiella.
- Citrate –ve: green color e.g. E.coli.
Name: Triple sugar
Iron test
Use: identification of
gram negative
enteric bacilli
according to their:
 Sugar fermentation (acid production) of
(glucose 0.1%, lactose 1%, sucrose 1%)
which will give yellow color.
 Gas (Co2) production (Elevation of the
media).
 H2S production (black color).
Indicator: Phenol red
Result:
1. Red slant, Red butt→ No Sugar
fermentation
2. Red slant, Yellow butt→ Glucose
Fermentation with acid only
3. Red slant, Black butt→ H2S Production
4. Yellow slant, Yellow butt + gas→ 3 Sugars
Fermentation with acid & Gas
5. Yellow slant, Black butt→ 3 Sugars
Fermentation + H2S Production
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Name: Urease test
Use: detection of the
ability of Some organisms
e.g. proteus produce
urease enzyme which
break down urea in the media and give
ammonia which increase pH (alkaline) of the
surrounding medium Indicator: Phenol red
Result:
- Urease +ve: Pink color e.g. Proteus.
-Urease -ve: Yellow color e.g. E.coli.
Name: Litmus milk test
Use: test the Saccharolytic
activity of bacteria on lactose of
milk
Sterilization: Koch's sterilizer at
100°c for 20 min on 3 successive
days.
Result:
A: No Change
B: Organism utilize lactose it produce acid →
litmus milk become pink.
C: Large amount of gas is formed and leads to
disruption of the clot (stormy clot) e.g.
clostridium group.
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Name: The Vitek System

Use: determines the
presence of growth,
identifies the organism and
its antibiotic sensitivity

Name: Commercial kit systems (API)

Use: biochemical identification of Organism.
Name: Disk diffusion method (AB Susceptibility test)
Use: Test the reaction of an organism to certain antibiotics based on the A
size of the zone of inhibition B
Advantages: -Rapid -Accurate -Inexpensive
Result:
 A is SENSITIVE C
The infection is likely to respond to treatment if the antibiotic to is used
in normal recommended doses.
 B is INTERMEDIATE / MODERATELY SENSITIVE
The infection is likely to respond to treatment if the antibiotic is used in larger than normal
doses.
 Cis RESISTANT
The infection will not respond to treatment with that antibiotic.
Name: Serial dilution Name: E-test
method (AB Use: Determine antimicrobial sensitivity and
Susceptibility test) Minimal inhibitory concentration
Use:
performed to
determine:
Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC):
it is the lowest concentration of the antibiotic
that inhibits growth of the organism.
Minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC):
it is the lowest concentration of the antibiotic
required to kill the organism
Result: MIC is 2 µg ml MBC is 4 µg ml

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Name: Lactophenol cotton blue stain Name: India ink stain

Use: The most widely used method of staining Use: Staining the Encapsulated fungi, especially
and observing fungi Cryptococcus species.
Name:

YEAST FUNGUS COLONIES MOLD/FILAMENTOUS FUNGI COLONIES

Cultured on: Sabouraud's Dextrose Agar

Name: Slide agglutination test for Blood

grouping.
Type: Direct Agglutination test.
Uses: Blood grouping identification.
Other Uses: Identification of unknown
organism as typhoid bacilli.
Name: hemagglutination inhibition.
Use: titrate the antibody response to a viral
infection.

Name: Tube agglutination test as Widal test.

type: Direct agglutination test.
uses: identication of Abs of unknown organism as typhoid bacilli.
titer:
 last tube give positive reaction.
 Rising titre is diagnostic.

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Name: Ring test

Type: Simple mixing precipitation test
Uses:
- Typing of bacteria Pneumococci, streptococci

Name: Slide precipitation test Capsule Name: Single radial immunodiffusion.

swelling test (Quelling reaction) Type: Precipitation in gel
Type: Simple mixing precipitation Test . Uses: Estimation of quantity of immunoglobulins
Uses: For identification of Pneumococci. and complement in human serum

Name: Elek's test

Type: Double Diffusion test (precipitation in gel).
Uses: detect the toxigenic bacteria “ Diphtheria"
Name: Microtitration plate (ELISA)
Uses:
It uses an enzyme system as an indicator to show the
specific combination between Ag and its specific Ab.
Types:
1-Direct: Used for identification of unknown antigen
2- inDirect: Used to identify antibodies
3- Sandwich ELIZA.

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Name: Wasserman test Name: Wasserman test

Type: Complement Fixation test
Result: Negative Case
Hemolysis in all test tubes
+ hemolysis in Ag, Ab and complement control
tubes.
Uses: Diagnosis of several diseases e.g.
-Syphilis (Wassermann reaction) & Chronic
gonorrhea.
-Rickettsia infections.
-Several viral infections and systemic fungal
infections.
Type: Complement Fixation test
Result: Positive Case
No hemolysis in test tubes
+ hemolysis in Ag, Ab and complement control
tubes.
Uses: Diagnosis of several diseases e.g.
-Syphilis (Wassermann reaction) & Chronic
gonorrhea.
-Rickettsia infections.
-Several viral infections and systemic fungal
infections.

Name: Wasserman test Name: (ASO) Neutralization test

Type: Complement Fixation test
Result: Anti Complementary reaction:
No hemolysis in all test tubes + No hemolysis in
Ab, RBCs control tubes.
Causes:
 Presence of immune complexes in serum
that bind to complement and prevent its
hemolytic activity.
 Heparin therapy
 Old or contaminated serum which has
inactivate complement.
Type: Neutralization Tests
Result: Positive: NO hemolysis in the first tubes
and hemolysis in
the rest of the test tubes.
Titre: 400 last tube showing no hemolysis
Uses: Diagnosis of post streptococcal diseases
e.g. Rheumatic fever.

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Name: Tephlon slide. Name:

Uses: Immunofluorescence test. Indirect
immunofluorescence
technique image
under
immunoflourescent
microscope
Uses:
inDirect IF: Used to identify antibodies in
patient's serum using a known antigen.
Name: Tissue culture bottles and plates
Use: Viral cultivation
Seen by: Inverted microscope

Name: Inverted microscope Name: Tephlon slide

Use: Demonstration of Uses: Immunofluorescence test
cytopathogenic effect (CPE) in
tissue culture bottle

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