Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MENULAR
“Infeksi Menular oleh
Parasit”
Nurlaili Farida Muhajir, S.KM.,M.Sc.
STIKES GUNA BANGSA
• Deskripsi Sub Mata Kuliah :
(1)
Viruses
• Hepatitis (A,B,C)
• HIV/AID
• Influenza
• Rotavirus
• Dengue
Parasites
• Protozoa
• Helminths
Bacteria
• TBC
• Typhoid
• Streptococcus
HELMINTHS AND
HELMINTHIC INFECTIONS
• Various species of Nematodes, Trematodes
and Cestodes infect human through different
ways.
• Human could be the definitive (i.e. Ascaris
lumbricoides) or intermediate host (i.e. Taenia
solium) or both (i.e. T. solium) of the infecting
helminths.
• Human could be the accidental host of
helminth (i.e. Toxocara canis).
HABITAT OF HELMINTHS INFECTING IN HUMAN
A. Small intestine:
a. Nematodes (i.e. Ascaris, Hookworms,
Strongyloides, Trichinella spiralis)
b. Cestodes (i.e. Taenia, Dipylidium,
Hymenolepis, Diphyllobothrium)
c. Trematodes (i.e. Fasciolopsis buski)
B. Large intestine:
a. Nematodes (i.e. Trichuris, Enterobius)
C. Liver:
a. Trematode (i.e. Clonorchis, Opisthorchis)
d. Lung:
a. Trematode (i.e. Paragonimus)
e. Blood vessels (i.e. Schistosoma)
Life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides
• Adult worms live in the lumen of the small intestine.
• A female may produce up to 240,000 eggs /day, passed with the feces .
Fertile eggs embryonate and become infective after 18 days to several
weeks , (optimum: moist, warm, shaded soil).
• After infective eggs are swallowed , the larvae hatch , invade the intestinal
mucosa, and are carried via the portal, then systemic circulation to the
lungs .
• The larvae mature further in the lungs (10-14 days), penetrate the
alveolar walls, ascend the bronchial tree to the throat, and are
swallowed .
• Upon reaching the small intestine, they develop into adult worms . From
ingestion of the infective eggs to oviposition by the adult female takes
about 2 and 3 months.
• Adult worms can live 1 to 2 years.
Human Nematodes in Small Intestine (1):
Ascaris and Hookworms (Ancylostoma & Necator)
Soil-Transmitted Helminths
Soil-transmitted helminths do not reproduce within
the host: in order to be infective their eggs have to be
released into environment where they are
embryonated (roundworms, whipworms) or hatch
into infective larvae (hookworms). Usually the eggs
as well as the larvae do not enter the same host, who
released them. This feature is crucial for
understanding of the epidemiology and methods of
control (compare with pinworm,
Enterobius vermicularis,
Human Nematodes in Intestine (3):
Enterobius vermicularis, the pinworm
LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS (caused by Wuchereria and Brugia), and
ONCHOCERCIASIS (caused by Onchocerca volvulus)
Cestodes in Human (1):
Taenia saginata (Left); Diphyllobothrium latum (Right)
Taenia saginata
Cestodes in Human (2):
Hymenolepis nana (Left); Hymenolepis diminuta (Right)
Human Cestodes
Echinococcus granulosus
Human Trematodes:
Adults (Left), and Eggs (Right)
Human Schistosomes in Blood vessels:
Schistosoma japonicum (Left); S. mansoni (Right)
Schistosomiasis
Intestinal Protozoa
Flagellates: Giardia lamblia, Dientamoeba fragilis, Chilomastix
mesnili, Enteromonas hominis, Retortamonas intestinalis
Trichomonas hominis, Trichomonas tenax (oral) Trichomonas
vaginalis (urogenital)
Ameba: Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba
coli, Entamoeba hartmanni, Entamoeba gingivalis (oral)
Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba bütschlii
Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium
hominis Cyclospora cayetanensis Isospora belli
Ciliata: Balantidium coli
Other: Blastocystis hominis,
Giardia lamblia
Entamoeba histolytica
Trichomonas vaginalis
Cryptosporidium
Pemeriksaan Spesimen Feses untuk Deteksi Parasit Usus
Pemeriksaan Spesimen Darah untuk Deteksi Filariasis
CARA MIKROSKOPIS
METODE LANGSUNG (TINJA SEGAR)
TIPIS
31
TEBAL DAN TIPIS
Dalam 1 OBJEK GLASS
TEBAL
TIPIS
32
PRAKTIKUM
Pengambilan
darah,
langsung
ditampung
dalam 1 objek
glass
33
Sediaan darah dalam objek glass dibuat hapusan tebal dan tipis
dengan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut:
34
Cara pengecatan Sediaan Darah Malaria
35
Development &
General
Morphology of
Malaria
Parasite
Pemeriksaan Spesimen Plasma darah/Serum untuk
Deteksi antibodi Toxoplasma gondii
ELISA
39
Materials:
• Antigen
• Monoclonal Ab
• Microplate
• Blocking Buffer
• Serum sample
• Conjugate (secondary Ab + Enzyme)
• Subtrate
• Stop Sol.
40
EQUIPMENTS:
96-Wells Microplate
43
Antibodi pada ELISA (2)
44
ABsorbsi pd Polystirene plate
45
ELISA
• Basic parameters:
– Solid phase (microplate) 1 reactant
– Separation bound & free reagent
– Color development enzyme
46
Immuno-serology technique
Indicator
+ + system /
detector
Antigen Antibody
47
Systems :
• Direct
• Indirect
• Sandwich
• Capture
48
Tipe ELISA
• Direct ELISA
– Biasanya digunakan dg kompetisi &Inhibisi ELISA
– Deteksi Ag
• Indirect ELISA
– Ag terikat pd Plate, Deteksi Ab
• Sandwich ELISA
– Ab terikat pada Plate, Deteksi Ag
• Capture ELISA
– Antihuman Ab terikat pada Plate, Deteksi Ab
49
Direct EIA
substrat
Antibody + enzyme E
Ag
50
• Direct binding assay for Ab
or Ag
• The unlabeled component
is attached to solid support
• Specific binding is detected
by enzyme (ELISA) labeled
Ab/Ag
Ab
• Unbound labeled Ab is
removed by washing
• Bound Ab is detected by
an enzyme-dependent
color-change reaction.
51
Indirect ELISA
substrat
Assay principle
Anti-human E
Ig+enzyme 1. wells coated with purified Ag
2. adding of sera incubation for 60
minutes, 37°С
3. adding of conjugate incubation for
Antibodi 30 minutes, 37°С
4. adding of chromogen incubation for
30 minutes, 18-25°С reaction
Ag termination result reading
52
Antibody Sandwich ELISA
53
Antibody Sandwich ELISA
54
Capture ELISA
55
Hal yang perlu diperhatikan pada
tahap persiapan reagensia
Reagensia bersuhu kamar sebelum dipakai
Pengerjaan tes sesuai dengan petunjuk dari
pembuat/ kit
Jumlah kontrol yang dipakai sesuai petunjuk
Waktu pembuatan larutan kerja
Penyimpanan larutan kerja :
Waktu
Suhu
Keadaan gelap
Penyimpanan reagensia : suhu
56
Hal yang perlu diperhatikan pada tahap
penambahan spesimen / bahan pemeriksaan :
57
Cara pemipetan :
Satu tip untuk satu spesimen :
ganti tip untuk spesimen
berikutnya
Tip tertancap erat pada ujung
pipet
Posisi pemipetan tegak lurus
Volume spesimen sesuai petunjuk
Lebih baik memakai cara reverse
pipetting
Ujung tip tidak menyentuh dasar
dan tepi sumur / tabung
58
Hal yang perlu diperhatikan pada
tahap inkubasi :
• Homogenisasi sebelum inkubasi
59
Hal yang perlu diperhatikan pada
tahap pencucian :
Alat pencuci bekerja dengan baik : tidak
ada yang tersumbat atau tumpah keluar
Volume larutan pencuci sesuai petunjuk
Jumlah pencucian dan lamanya kontak
larutan pencuci sesuai petunjuk
Keringkan setelah pencucian dengan cara
menetakkan di atas beberapa lapis kertas
penyerap / tissue
60
Hal yang perlu diperhatikan pada tahap
penambahan reagensia
(konjugat / substrat / larutan stop) :
61
Hal yang perlu diperhatikan pada
tahap pembacaan hasil :
• Panjang gelombang pembacaan sesuai
petunjuk
• Homogenisasi sebelum pembacaan
• Nilai validitas tes sebelum interpretasi hasil :
– Serapan kontrol negatif
– Serapan kontrol positif
– Nilai cut-off
– Bila hasil tidak valid / sah, jangan lakukan
interpretasi
62
ELISA Test Kit
63
Mouse IFN- ELISA Test Kit
64
ELISA
• Target : IFN- dalam Serum/ Plasma
65
Protokol Uji
Inkubasi Pertama
Monoclonal
Coating Ab
mIFN-
Biotin -
Conjugat
e
Streptavidin-
Conjugate
66
Protokol Uji
Inkubasi Kedua
Substrat
67
Protokol Uji
Stop Reaksi
Substrat
bereaksi
68
Bahan Tersedia Dlm Kit :
69
Test plate
mIFN-
Sampel Uji
Standart
Duplikat
Blanko Bl Bl
70
Pengukuran kadar IFN-
secara ELISA
71
Interpretasi Hasil-1
Kurva Standart
2
Adsorban pada 450 nm
1.5
0.5
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Kons.mIFN-gamma (pg/mL)
72
Interpretasi Hasil-2
Hasil :
Cut off = NCx + 0.100 (NCx=mean Negative control)
Jika nilai OD < C.O = Non Reactive
nilai OD > C.O = Reactive
73