RAJIV GAN HI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA,

B OPAL New Scheme Based On AICTE

Flexible rricula Computer Science and Engineering,

emester CS801

Unit 3
Basics of IoT Networking

IoT networking involves connecting physical devices, sensors, and other objects to the
internet or other networks. It uses a range of communication protocols, such as Wi -Fi,
Bluetooth, Zigbee, and cellular networks, to transmit dat
dataa between devices and to the
cloud. IoT networks can be categorized based on their range and data transfer rate, such
as LAN, WAN, and MAN.

IoT Components: The basic components of IoT include:

1. Sensors and actuators: These are the physical devices that coll
collect
ect data and perform
actions.
2. Network connectivity : This allows the devices to connect and communicate with each
other and the cloud.
3. Cloud infrastructure: This provides storage and processing capabilities for the data
collected by the devices.
4. Application software: This enables users to access and interact with the data collected
by the devices.

Functional components of IoT: The functional components of IoT are:

1. Perception layer: This includes the sensors and other devices that collect data.
2. Network layer: This includes the communication protocols and networking devices that
enable data transmission.
3. Service layer: This includes the cloud infrastructure and data processing services that
store and analyze the data.
4. Application layer: This includes the software applications that allow users to interact
with the data.

IoT service-oriented architecture: IoT service-oriented architecture (SOA) is an approach

to building IoT systems that emphasizes the use of modular, loosely -coupled services. In
an IoT SOA, the different components of the system are organized as services that can

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 be accessed and combined as needed. This allows for greater flexibility and scalability in
IoT systems, as well as easier integration with other systems and services. SOA is
typically used in cloud-based IoT systems, where the services can be hosted and
managed remotely.

IoT challenges: IoT faces several challenges, including:

1. Security: IoT devices are vulnerable to cyber attacks and data breaches, which can
compromise user privacy and cause harm to physical systems.
2. Interoperability: IoT devices from different manufacturers and with different protocols
may not be compatible with each other, making it difficult to create a cohesive system.
3. Scalability: As the number of IoT devices increases, it becomes more difficult to manage
and process the data generated by them.
4. Power consumption: Many IoT devices run on batteries, which can limit their lifespan
and require frequent replacement or recharging.
5. Data management: The large amounts of data generated by IoT devices require
efficient storage, processing, and analysis.
6. Standardization: The lack of standardized protocols and technologies can hinder the
development and adoption of IoT systems.

6LoWPAN:

6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks) is a protocol that
enables the transmission of IPv6 packets over low-power wireless networks, such as
Zigbee and Bluetooth. It allows for the integration of low-power IoT devices into larger
networks, while also providing interoperability with existing IP-based networks.
6LoWPAN addresses the challenges of low-power consumption, limited bandwidth, and
small packet sizes commonly found in IoT networks.

IEEE 802.15.4:

IEEE 802.15.4 is a standard for low-rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs),
which are used in IoT applications. It specifies the physical layer and medium access
control (MAC) layer protocols for LR-WPANs, which operate on low-power devices and
use short-range wireless communication. IEEE 802.15.4 provides a standardized protocol
for IoT devices to communicate with each other and with other networks, such as Wi-Fi
and Bluetooth. It addresses the challenges of low-power consumption, low data rates,
and low-cost implementation for IoT devices
 ZigBee and its types
ZigBee is a wireless communication standard that is designed for low-power, low-data-
rate, and short-range applications. It is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for LR-
WPANs and is used in many IoT applications, such as smart homes, industrial
automation, and healthcare.

ZigBee has several types or profiles that are optimized for specific applications. Some of
the most common types of ZigBee profiles are:

1. ZigBee Home Automation: This profile is used for smart home applications, such as
lighting control, temperature monitoring, and security systems.
2. ZigBee Light Link: This profile is used for wireless lighting control applications, such as
dimming and color control.
3. ZigBee Smart Energy: This profile is used for energy management applications, such as
smart metering and demand response.
4. ZigBee Health Care: This profile is used for healthcare applications, such as remote
patient monitoring and medical device control.
5. ZigBee Remote Control: This profile is used for remote control applications, such as
home entertainment systems and home automation.
6. ZigBee Building Automation: This profile is used for commercial building automation
applications, such as lighting, HVAC, and access control.

Each ZigBee profile specifies a set of communication protocols and data formats that
are optimized for the specific application. This allows for interoperability between
devices from different manufacturers and for easier integration into larger IoT systems.
RFID

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is a technology that uses radio waves to wirelessly
identify and track objects or people. It is commonly used in supply chain management,
inventory tracking, access control, and other applications that require real-time
identification and tracking.

Features of RFID:

 RFID tags or transponders can be read remotely, without the need for line-of-sight or
direct contact.
 RFID technology can read multiple tags simultaneously, allowing for rapid and efficient
tracking.
 RFID tags can be attached to almost any object, including products, containers, and
vehicles.
 RFID tags can be passive or active, with active tags containing their own power source.

Working principle of RFID: RFID consists of three main components: a reader, an

antenna, and an RFID tag. The reader emits a radio frequency signal through the
antenna, which is received by the RFID tag. The tag uses the energy from the radio
signal to transmit its own unique identifier back to the reader, which can then be used
to identify and track the object associated with the tag. Passive RFID tags do not have
their own power source and rely on the energy from the reader to transmit their
identifier, while active RFID tags have their own power source and can transmit their
identifier over longer distances.

Applications of RFID

 Supply chain management: RFID is commonly used to track products and inventory in
warehouses, shipping containers, and retail stores.
 Access control: RFID is used for access control in buildings, parking lots, and other
secure areas.
 Asset tracking: RFID is used to track high-value assets, such as vehicles and equipment,
to prevent loss or theft.
 Healthcare: RFID is used for patient tracking, inventory management, and medication
administration in hospitals and other healthcare facilities.
 Livestock tracking: RFID is used to track and monitor livestock, such as cattle and sheep,
for identification and disease control purposes.

NFC (Near Field communication),

NFC (Near Field Communication): NFC is a wireless communication technology that
allows two devices to communicate with each other over short distances (typically less
than 10 cm). It is commonly used for contactless payments, access control, and data
transfer between smartphones and other devices. NFC operates on the same frequency
as RFID, but with a shorter range and higher data transfer rates.

Bluetooth: Bluetooth is a wireless communication standard that allows devices to

communicate with each other over short distances (typically up to 10 meters). It is
commonly used for wireless audio streaming, hands-free calling, and data transfer
between smartphones, computers, and other devices. Bluetooth operates on the 2.4
GHz frequency band and supports multiple profiles for different applications.
 Wireless Sensor Networks: A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a network of small, low-
power sensors that are deployed in an area to monitor and collect data on various
environmental conditions. WSNs can be used for a wide range of applications, such as
environmental monitoring, industrial automation, and healthcare. The sensors in a WSN
are typically equipped with wireless communication capabilities, such as Zigbee or
Bluetooth, to transmit data to a central processing unit or cloud-based system.

Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks:

 Environmental monitoring: WSNs can be used to monitor air quality, water quality,
and weather conditions in real-time.
 Industrial automation: WSNs can be used to monitor machine performance, track
inventory, and optimize production processes.
 Healthcare: WSNs can be used to monitor patient health, track medication adherence,
and detect falls or other emergencies.
 Smart cities: WSNs can be used to monitor traffic flow, energy consumption, and air
quality in urban areas, to optimize city planning and resource allocation.