Conductance of its G

Phase Y Resting

↑
Phase :
:

dominates due to I channels

&
Nat channels
-
Phase an decreases , Giva rapidly increases via voltage-gated
Rapid Upstroke Phase
O
:
:

Repolariaaloncallightotate a tenrameevental eoutsharchangel

ply ewas
Phase I
Early
:

.
Phase 2 mesing i am intaine
a

Plateau
:

van Repolarization
Ecax due to channel inactivation
Phase 3 :
:

G dominates and as rest is approached ,

I , Channels become more conductive

·

Back to Phase 4

4
80
->

UK = -

50

at
IkI +

50

-......
↑gl

↑:
+20
-
0
-
.... -

At

Gia p
. .
-------------

mV
-
-
- - -
.....

At 0

Gea
-
50
-

↑
- - - -
-
. . . . -

0
gla
Y 4
-

90

100 ↑g1 491

↑gNa
R-R Interval

I
R

M
systolic wave

P T Diastole P
wave

z M z
W

and
isoelectic
line

as
repolarization
as
C9 3)

"
During &RS Complex Repolarization ,
causes relevation
of heart (T-waves

↑
08

Time
(sec)

: see diagam
above
(Yaxis]
 SA mode
His
AU mode ,
bundle
of
ventricles

⑧
⑧
⑰
e
⑱

The speed of action potential teavel will increase

and
signals can be sent
faster This can lead to shorter PR intervals , narrower GRS complex and altered
.

T-wave
(shape/amplitude) .
Electrical Depolarization occurs in the direction
of
lead
+ve
generating ve
deflection
.
+

From atria leads

P-wave to Ar mode & ventricles
usually [vel
:

:
in most

GRS complex Venticular depolarization from bundle of His & Packinge fibers usually (+ve) deflection
:
:

ventricular to
T-wave
repolarization from epicardium endocardium usually (tvel deflection
:
:
 blue black
,

50
7 ⑦. .π@
⑦
⑲ ..

↑gl
membrane ......

"T-
----- -

20
+

membrane peak potenti

(mV al p
. .
-------------
2

potential

l
-

+40
---- - - --
.... - -

50
-

(mv)
Y 4
o 90
-

engage falling 100

loo doo soo 400
-

phase Time
( ms]
Fors involved
:

Nas it, c

Threshold
-

53

failed initiations
-

TO -
-
-
Resting potential

undershoot

⑧ I 2 3 U 5

Ions involved Nat, It

:

Time (seconds)

More time taken for mota nemon

action
potential (1000ms=1s) max fining rate higher for ,
.

motor action
nemon
potentials
Candionyoctes are basic units
of contraction in heart -

Critical adhesion structures in

cardiomyocytes
attack to vinculin to link
-actin and other catenin-related proteins ICD to
cytoskeleton They are also
electrically coupled
.

by laye gap junctions to serve as low resistance electrical pathways to allow safe conduction
ICDs maintain structural issue
integrity &
syctonized contraction
of cardiac
 vascular smooth Cardiac Muscle Cells
Muscle Cells in them prevents
Presence
of desmosomes
stretch cannot cause contraction cells from pulling apart during stress of
generally usually
, under control
of
ANS individual
fibels contracting .
Macula adherens

Can divide to prevent separation during contraction by binding intermediate

produce
more

filaments joining cells together

.

cells
(hyperplasia)
* Do not contain * Contain Sarcolemma
sanolleme ↓
* Contain invaginations called
tansports substrates & out
of cell
&
in

I
calveolae attach
to increase location for intreat extracellular proteins
to .

cellular volume ratio

surface
:

·
enables
clustering of specific
groups of io channels &

receptors important in

cellular
signal transduction
 multi-unit SMCs
single-unit SMCs

>
interconnected by gap junctions -> not as
strongly interconnected

lead
synchronized allows more
->

of contraction
to contractions -
control
precise

respond together stimulus undel direct nemal contin

-> to ->

In blood vessels ,
multi-unit like VSMCs couple to form independently functioning units
that act as individual units (without syncytium) .

VSMCs ove multi-unit as

they aren't extensively interconnected by gop junctions allowing
individual cells to contract
independently.
voltage operated charels in
responset membrane potential changes
-

.
:

↳ ins
J
I membrane /and
physically move ergo conformat and changes
also lead
depolarization to channel activation
may

↳ and membrane
selective
hyperpolarization
for specific ious
leads to return to rest state .

ligand-operated channels↳ activate

:
in
response binding of ligands
to

ligand binds to
receptors on ion channel inducing
,
conformational change in channel protein
-can be due to direct interaction with
ligandl / through intracellular
signaling pathways
.

V =

x Difference in potential energy per unit charge b/w

2 ↳ locations in electric
field
or
Amount
of work energy needed per unit of change to move it from one
point to another specific point -

Difference potential
in
energy allows movement against any other forces .
 It stores energy More
capacitance charge stored for voltage
be
meas more cn
given
.

Nat, K etc
B Yes
key stone voltage in terms ions
of
.
. .

C Capacitance is measure
of apacitor's ability to
·

Store electrical chare

C
=

1 - chaye stored on
capacitor in coulombs
↓
V volts
capacitors
voltage
across in
Capacitance
in farads
D
Especific - I x = 12x109F(a

E C= &A: To decrease capacitance wo decreasing

.

are ,

Lipid bilayer can be thickened

increase distance
(ao constant). to increase distance
.

is
 state of Diffusion constant
Steady means Rate remains over time
.

-
perfick's Law

in
=
-

as

Raffian coefficient
0

concentration caresmicPet
hae