PST Notes

PREFACE
I delightfully present these PAKISTAN STUDIES’ notes for Sindh
Board Class 10th which are very essential for the students in terms of their
studies or exam’s preparation. These notes are compiled according to the
needs of concerned textbook’s exercise. Any healthy suggestion and
constructive criticism for the improvement of this booklet from students,
teachers and public is gratefully acknowledge for further feature edition.
Finally I pay my gratitude for parents and respectable teachers
for their assistance and cooperation to make this treatise more valuable and
comprehensive. You can explore more information by visiting my YouTube
channel: SAQIB TUTOR
SAQIB ALI
B.Sc & B.Ed (Hons)
SAQIB TUTOR 03453599756 Page 1

CONTENTS
S# Chapter Names Page No.

01 Ideological Basis of Pakistan 03
02 Making of Pakistan 05
03 Constitutional Development in Islamic Republic of Pakistan 08
04 Land and Climate of Pakistan 10
05 Resources of Pakistan 13
06 Industrial Development in Pakistan 15
07 The Population of Pakistan 18
08 Culture of Pakistan 20
09 Education in Pakistan 22
10 Pakistan- A Welfare State 26
11 The Civic Life in Pakistan 30
12 Protection of Human Rights 31
13 Protection of Citizens Rights and the Role of Institutions

Chapter # 1: IDEOLOGICAL BASIS OF PAKISTAN
Q1: What are the sources of an ideology?

IDEOLOGY: Ideology is a French word. It is made up of two parts idea and logy. Ideology
is a systematic form of concepts a system of human life whose essential elements are faith,
beliefs, and aims of life. There are three main sources of Islamic Ideology:
THE QURAN: Allah has defined all the rules to lead life in the Quran it contains complete
guidance relating to peoples social and economic laws.
SUNNAH: Sunnah is an Arabic term which means the way to follow the words and deeds of
Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) that gives complete explanation of Quran teaching for
example Prayer (Salat), Charity (Zakat), Fasting, and Pilgrimage (Hajj) etc.
TRADITION AND CULTURAL VALUES: The values and tradition such as festivals,
gathering and ceremonies are run according to the teaching of Islam.
Q2: Why is and Ideology important to a nation?
• It reflects the ideas of people and their attitudes.
• It is a source of national unity-uniting people on one platform.
• It gives a motivating force to work for the social welfare.
• It helps maintaining freedoms, culture, and traditions.
• It helps mating right decisions especially choosing the right traders.
Q3: Mention the principles of democracy in Islam?
Principles of democracy in Islam: In Islamic democracy the sovereignty over the whole
universe belongs to ALLAH. Therefore ALLAH is the supreme ruler of the whole universe.
People’s representatives and legislature assemblies exercise this power within the limits
imposed by Islam.
JUSTICE: Justice means to keep the right things at right place. It is the foundation of divine
law. Islam emphasized on Justice and a society having justice is peaceful and prosperous.
EQUALITY: Islam rejects the discrimination on the basis of colour, race, language, faith,
wealth and poverty. Islam stands for equality among the people. All human being are equal
before law.
FRATERNITY: It means brotherhood according to the Quran all Muslims are brothers to
one another. The people of Medina shared their business and property with the people of
Makkah. The prophet (P.B.U.H) said that a Muslim does not cause trouble to Muslim he also
told them to exchange gifts as it cause love.
TOLERANCE: Tolerance is a great virtue it saves man from hardships and trouble it is a
cause of love and avoids conflicts with others. It develops peace. The Prophet (PBUH) has
taught tolerance through his word and deeds. An Islamic society honors and protects the right
of non-Muslims.
Q4: What is role of ideology in building National Character?
Ideology and National Character: Habits attitudes and the way of living of an individual
collectively make the character of an individual. Ideology also influences character. The
elements of national character are given below:
FIRM BELIEF IN THE IDEOLOGY: If a person does not have firm belief in the national
ideology he will not work in the national interest. This was people’s firm belief in the

ideology of Pakistan that they sacrificed their lives and properties for the achievement of
Pakistan.
COMMITMENT: Commitment means devotion one who sticks to the national ideology
devotes oneself to the nation.
HONESTY: Islam stresses on honesty. People worked with honesty at the time of
establishment of Pakistan so Pakistan survived and stood on its feet.
PATRIOTISM: Love for ones country is an element of religion. At critical times or when
their freedom is endangered, people show patriotism.
HARD WORK: Nations make progress through hard work it requires sense of duty,
commitment to work and honest performance.
NATIONAL INTEREST: Personal interests should never be superior to national interests
only those nations survive whose people do not compromise on their national interests.
Q5: Outline the statements of Quaid-e-Azam on the Ideology of Pakistan?
Quaid-e-Azam frequently emphasized on the ideology of Pakistan at several occasions. Here
are some clear views of Quaid-e-Azam on the ideology of Pakistan:
• Our demand for Pakistan is not for a piece of land but we want to setup a laboratory
where we could implement a system based on Islamic principles
• Hindu and Islam are not were two religions but they are two separate social systems it
would be a dream to think that the Muslims and the Hindus will form a common
nation.
• Both nations belonged to two different civilizations which are opposed to each other
Pakistan had come into being the day the first non-Muslim converted to a Muslim in
India
Q6: Briefly describe Allama Iqbal’s views on the ideology of Pakistan?
Allama Iqbal was one of those Muslim leaders of the sub-continent who gave the Muslim a
concept of separate state. He awakened the Muslims through his poetry and politics. First he
was a supporter of Hindu Muslim unity but the narrow- mindedness and prejudice of the
Hindus compelled him to think of demanding a separate state for the Muslims.
Allama Iqbal demanded for a separate state for the Muslims first of all at the All India
Muslims League meeting at Allahabad in 1930. In his presidential speech he said that “India
is subcontinent and not a country where people belonging to different religions and speaking
different Languages live”. The Muslims have a unique religion and cultural identity so all
civilized nations should respect their right of self determination. He suggested uniting Punjab,
NWFP, Baluchistan, and Sindh into a Muslims state.
Q7: Discuss the contents of an Ideology?
Following are the contents of an ideology:
COMMON RELIGION: Religion is a binding force for the nations in the world. Nations in
the world are distinctive on the basis of their religion.
COMMON CULTURE: Generally the people sharing a common culture follow the similar
way of life. Normally they do not compromise on their customs and tradition.
COMMON CAUSE: A common cause unites the people for example the achievement of
Pakistan was a common cause under the influence of an ideology.

DEDICATION: The dedication of the people to some noble cause energizes and enriches an
ideology Muslims of South Asia were highly dedicated to the common cause of seeking
freedom and establishing a separate Muslim state.
FILL IN THE BLANKS
i) The basis of the ideology of Pakistan is Islam.

ii) Islam is the most democratic System.
iii) To keep the things at their appropriate place is called Justice.
iv) Allama Iqbal stated about the Ideology of Pakistan in his presidential address at
Allahabad in 1930.
v) Quaid-e-Azam said that Islam and Hinduism are the two separate social systems.
vi) The basis of faith is unicity of Allah and Prophet-Hood.
vii) Fraternity means brotherhood.
viii) Character is sum total of habits.
ix) The sources of Islamic ideology are the Quran and the Sunnah.
Chapter # 2: MAKING OF PAKISTAN
Q1: Outline the main features of the Two-Nation Theory?

Two-Nations Theory was firstly given by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. He tried to remove the
difference between Hindus and Muslims and create unity among them. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
was the first leader who used term nation for the Muslims of sub continent. The controversy
between Hindi and Urdu Language changed Sir Syed Ahmed Khan mind. Hindus and
Muslim are two different nations with respect to their religion and culture. Two nations mean
two big nations Hindu and Muslim. Two-Nations Theory basis of Pakistan and we achieved
Pakistan on their basis.
Q2: What were the main objectives of the Fariazi Movement?
Haji Shariatullah was the founder of Fariazi movement. Following are the main objectives:
• To eliminate the Un-Islamic customs and tradition this prevailed among Bengali
Muslims.
• He emphasized on the need to act on Islamic injunctions or obligation (Faraiz) so his
movement was called Fariazi movement.
• He organized the Muslim tenants against the Hindu landlords. As a result of his
efforts the Muslims in Bengal got rid of the persecution of Hindu landlords.
• After this the religious and moral status of Bengali Muslims was improved.
Q3: Mention the role of Shah Waliullah in the Revivalist movement?
ROLE OF SHAH WALIULLAH IN REVIVALIST MOVEMENT: Shah Waliullah
analyzed the factors of the downfall of the Muslims in the Sub-continent. He convinced the
Muslims to strictly follow the footsteps of the Holy Prophet. He educated the Muslims
soldiers on the importance of Jihad and asked them to go for Jihad for the glorification of
Islam. He invited the great Afghan Ahmed Shah Abdali to attack India and the Muslims from
Maratha’s domination. Shah Waliullah translated the Holy Quran into Persian language and
wrote books on Hadith, Jurisprudence (Fiqha), and Tafseer (exegesis) his most famous book

is Hujjatul Baligha. He also tried to remove social evils through various reformist movements
which started from his Madrasa Rahimiya in Delhi
Q4: Describe the struggle of Syed Ahmed Shaheed in eliminating the social evils from
the Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhuwa?
SYED AHMED SHAHEED’S STRUGGLE: Syed Ahmed Shaheed wanted to eliminate
domination of Sikhs in Punjab and KPK to revive Islamic values. He started Jihad in Punjab
and KPK. Shah Ismail Shaheed along with his six thousand followers joined him in this Jihad
against evil forces. Syed Ahmed Shaheed believed if Punjab and KPK were liberated from
the Sikh domination, the Muslim would regain their old position. Jihad movement was
initially very successful but soon conspiracies began against Syed Ahmed. Muslims fought
with great courage but Syed Ahmed Shaheed and his companions were martyred on 6th May
1831. Syed Ahmed Shaheed and Shah Ismail Shaheed were buried near Balakot.
Q5: Describe the achievement of Aligarh Movement?
The services which Sir Syed Ahmed rendered for renaissance of the Muslims are known as
Aligarh Movement. Aligarh movement became instrumental in the awakening of the Muslims
in the Sub-continent. Sir Syed took practical steps for the improvement of educational
standard of the Muslims. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan told the Muslims to forget the golden era of
the past and to look at the present and to plan for the future. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan asked the
Muslims to learn English so that they could learn modern scientific knowledge and make
progress. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan set up a scientific society at Ghazipur in 1862 which
translated western books into English then he set up a school at Aligarh which was later
upgraded to college named Muhammad Anglo Oriental College (MAO College) this college
later became a university.
Q6: Describe the role of Muslim league in the struggle for Pakistan?
Muslim league become a platform for the Muslims of the subcontinent since its establishment
in 1906. The role of Muslims league in the struggle for Pakistan is given below:
• The immediate target of Muslim league was to safeguard the rights of the Muslims of
the subcontinent.
• Quaid-e-Azam joined Muslim league in October 1913. Owing to Quaid’s efforts
Muslims league and congress made “Lacknow Pact” in December 1916.
• The Hindus accepted the separate status of the Muslims and accepted a separate
electorate for the Muslims.
• The number of Muslims in Central Legislative Assembly was agreed to be one-third.
• In the Muslim majority provinces of Punjab and Bengal, the majority of the Muslims
in the legislative assemblies were confirmed.
• In the Muslims minority province, their representation in proportion to their
population was doubled.
Q7: What role was played by the provinces in the struggle for Pakistan?
• PUNJAB: The people of Punjab especially the students and the women took active
part in politics. Pakistan Resolution was passed by in Lahore in 1940. In the 1945-46
provincial elections Muslim league got 75 seats out to 86 seats. Punjab made a great
contribution to the Pakistan Movement.

• SINDH: Sindh made great contribution to making Pakistan Sindh was the first
province in which Muslim league passed resolution demanding for an Islamic
government in the Muslim majority areas. Syed Sibghatullah Shah fought with the
British government and got martyrdom which strengthened Pakistan Movement.
• BALUCHISTAN: Qazi Muhammad Isa of Balochistan established Muslim league in
Balochistan which became a popular party soon. The Khan of Kalat, Mir Ahmed Yar
Khan of Kalat also supported Pakistan movement. In 1947, Shahi Jirga decided to join
Pakistan.
• KHYBER PAKHTUN KHAWA: Sardar Aurangzeb of K.P.K supported Pakistan
resolution in 1940. Muslim league started civil disobedience movement in the
province in 1947. The students of Islamia College Peshawar and Edward College
played an important role in the Pakistan Movement along with religious leaders.
Q8: What are the responsibilities of a citizen of an ideological State?
RESPONSIBILITIES OF CITIZENS OF AN IDEOLOGICAL STATE:
• People should lead their lives according to the teaching of Islam.
• They should struggle for democracy founded on the Islamic principles.
• They should be loyal and patriotic to their country.
• They should earn their livelihood honesty.
• They should get education as it is essential to progress.
• They should be law abiding people.
• They should work for the country and helps the government in curbing the antisocial
elements.
• They should be hard-working and fulfill their duties.
• They should be cooperative and promote brotherhood.
Q9: Highlight the main points which make the character of Quaid-e-Azam a model for
others?
• He was a man of principle and acted upon whatever he said or promised to do.
• He was an intelligent political leader.
• He was a very bold person, he was never afraid of others.
• He possessed statesmanship, courage, sense of responsibility, integrity, forwardness
and dedication to his cause.
• He was a great supporter and admirer of young generation of students.
• He never compromised on the cause of Muslims and Pakistan.
Q10: Describe the role of Quaid-e-Azam as Governor General of Pakistan?
ROLE OF QUAID-E-AZAM AS GOVERNOR GENERAL: After the establishment of
Pakistan Quaid-e-Azam had to face a number of problems. Under these circumstances, the
role of Quaid-e-Azam as Governor General was as follows:
Quaid-e-Azam worked as a governor general of Pakistan for 13 months. His role can be
summed up as follows.
• National Integrity: He worked for the national integrity and solidarity of Pakistan.
• Settlement of Refugees: The first and immediate problem of Pakistan was
rehabilitation of refugees. India pushed 6.5 million refugees to Pakistan Quaid-e
Azam made arrangements for their settlement very bravely and kindly.
• Change in the Attitudes of Government Officers: Quaid-e-Azam told the
government servant to work like people’s servant so they changed their attitudes.
• Negation to Provincial and Racial Discrimination: Quaid-e-Azam told the people
to feel pride in being called a Pakistan. He told the people to refrain from any kind of
discrimination.
• Foreign Policy: Quaid-e-Azam made friendly relations with a number of countries
especially with the neighbours and Muslim countries.
• Determination of Guiding Principles of Pakistan’s Economy: Inaugurating the
state Bank of Pakistan on July 1, 1948, Quaid-e-Azam advised them to evolve an
economic System based on Islamic equality and social justice.
FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. Muslim League was established in 1906.
2. Muslim league was establishment in Baluchistan by Qazi Muhammad Isa.
3. Shah Waliullah died in year 10th August 1762.
4. Sindh became a separate province in the year 1935.
5. Pakistan was established on the 27th of Ramadan.
Chapter # 3: CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN ISLAMIC REPUBLIC

OF PAKISTAN
Q1: Why is a constitution necessary for a country?

A Constitution means a set of series of basic laws, rules and regulations which are necessary
for running the administration of a state with an objective that people may lead an
independent, disciplined, peaceful and happy life. The main reasons behind constitution are
as follows:
• To run the affairs of government.
• People may live their lives independently.
• Due to the constitution rights of the citizen are preserved.
• In the world country cannot survive without a constitution.
• The constitution in needed so that people abide by the laws and those who violate the
laws are punished so that society can make progress with peace and calm.
Q2: What are the salient features of the objective Resolution?
Salient Features of Objective Resolution: The constituent assembly passed objective
resolution on 12th March 1949. Following are the main objectives:
• Sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to Almighty Allah.
• The political power is a sacred trust which shall be exercised by the representatives of
the people within the limits prescribed by Islam.
• Federal system of government shall be introduced in Pakistan and provincial
government was granted autonomy.
• Principals of democracy, equality, freedom and social justice as enunciated by Islam
shall be fully observed.

• Muslims shall be enabled to lead their individual as well as collective life according to
the teachings of Holy Quran and Sunnah.
• The rights of the minorities shall be protected. They will have the freedom to follow
their religion and promote their own culture.
Q3: Describe the salient features of the constitution of 1956?
• The preamble of the constitution embodied the sovereignty of Allah.
• The name of country will be Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
• The head of the state shall be Muslim.
• Federal parliamentary system was introduced in the country.
• Governor General was replaced by the president.
• The powers were distributed between the centre and two provinces of Pakistan,
namely, East Pakistan and West Pakistan under the federal system of government.
• Maintain close relations with the Muslims countries of the world.
• The rights of the non-Muslims minority were given due to protection.
• Urdu and Bengali were declared as the national languages of Pakistan.
Q4: Why did East Pakistan separate from West Pakistan?
Following are the main causes for the separation of East Pakistan:
• West Pakistan’s attitude towards East Pakistan looked like a master slave relation.
• The Bengalis were looked down upon. They were denied provincial autonomy,
power, equal status, democracy and other privileges, etc.
• India took the full advantage of the situation with the backing of Ten Million Hindus
of East Pakistan and with the full support of Both Russia and America India succeeds
in dismembering Pakistan.
• The repeated martial laws, look of democracy the wrong behavior of the West
Pakistan bureaucracy, international conspiracies, foolish military action in East
Pakistan and above all India’s determination to dismember Pakistan led to the fall of
East Pakistan.
Q5: What role should Pakistanis play for the prosperity of the country?
Pakistan’s stability and prosperity is the joint responsibility of all the Pakistanis. Following
are the main role of Pakistanis for the peace and prosperity of the country:
• We should work hard in all the fields of national development to make the country
prosperous and economically independent.
• We should think of ourselves above ethnicity and regionalism
• We should help others and promote brotherhood.
• We should show patriotism though words and deeds.
• We should earn our livelihood with honesty.
• We should honor the laws of the country and eradicate corruption in all its forms.
Q6: Describe the salient features of the constitution of 1973?
• The foundation of 1973 constitution was also laid on the objective resolution.
• The country was declared as Islamic republic of Pakistan and was made the official
religion of the state.
• The definition of a Muslim was made part of the constitution. “A person who has faith
in oneness of Allah and Prophet hood will be considered as a Muslim”

• The offices of president and prime Minister of Pakistan were restricted for the
Muslims only.
• A parliament consisting of two houses was established for the first time. The upper
house was called the senate and the lower house was called the National Assembly.
• The provincial governments were granted autonomy.
• In order to protect rights of the people necessary safeguard were provided to ensure
independence of judiciary.
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1. Primitive man lived in small family units.
2. After it was established, Pakistan needed a constitution.
3. In the preamble of 1956 constitution, it was stated that sovereignty rests with
Almighty Allah.
4. About 40 heads of Muslim states participated in the second Islamic summit
conference.
5. Bangladesh was recognized by Pakistan during the 2nd Summit.
6. The foundation of the constitution of 1973 was laid on the Objective Resolution.
7. The first constituent Assembly of Pakistan was dissolved by Governor General
Ghulam Muhammad
8. In all the three constitutions of Pakistan, it has been said that the sovereignty belongs
to Almighty Allah.
Chapter # 04: LAND AND CLIMATE OF PAKISTAN
Q1: What do you understand by climate?

The long lasting conditions of weather in a particular area such as air pressure, temperature,
humidity and rainfall are termed as the climate of an area. The climate of Pakistan is dry and
hot.
Q2: What are the different climate regions of Pakistan?
• Sub-Tropical Continental Highland: It includes Pakistan’s north eastern and north
western mountain ranges. Here the winter is extremely cold. Summer season is cool.
In spring and winter season, it is mostly foggy and rainy.
• Sub-Tropical continent Plateau: In this climatic region most of the parts of
Baluchistan are included from May to the mid of September hot and dust winds
continuously blow. The hottest areas of Pakistan Sibbi and Jacobabad are located in
this region.
• Sub-Tropical continental lowland: It consists of Punjab and Sindh. The summer
season is very hot here. The north of Punjab receives late summer monsoon rains
while the rest of Punjab receives less fall. Thal, Kachhi, Sibbi and south eastern plains
are dry and a large area in desert.
• Sub-Tropical Coastland: This climatic region includes the coastal areas of Sindh
and Baluchistan provinces, or the southern part of Pakistan. The temperature is
moderate. Annual average temperature is 320C and rainfall is 180 mm. May and June
are the hottest months.

Q3: How does climate affect human life?
Effects of climate on human life: Human life is greatly affected by the influence of climate.
Pakistan is a vast country and there is much variation in climate which affects the customs
and ways of living of people. In cold areas, people confine themselves to their homes. They
store all the food and other necessary things and are busy in cottage industry. In hot areas
people are busy with agriculture and other jobs but their work efficiency greatly decreases in
summer. People wear clothes with respect to weather. Their health, colure, life, style and
activities depend on the climatic conditions.
Q4: What is Environmental Pollution?
The Environmental Pollution means such changes in the Earth, water and air which are
harmful to human life as well as animals. When different elements bring unhealthy changes
in our Environment is known as Environmental Pollution. It has three types
• Air Pollution: The coil and oil used for running vehicles, railways and industries,
carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide gases produced. Smoke, poisonous moisture and
atomic waste damaging atmosphere. This is called air pollution
• Water Pollution: When unclean bodies and toxic material is released untreated from
factories into the rivers, oceans, lakes and canals etc. This cause water pollution.
• Land pollution: Land is polluted through floods, earthquakes, volcanoes and fire.
When human bury harmful material into earth it damages its composition.
Insecticides, pesticides and the use of artificial fertilizers are causes of land pollution.
Q5: What is the relationship between the population growth and the environmental
pollution?
The main cause of environmental pollution is the growth in population. To feed the
increasing population, artificial fertilizers are being used extensively. To protect the crops
from insects and pests, insecticides and pesticides are being used. It is increasing land
pollution and also use of chemicals in the crops. In the densely populated areas, the sewerage
water mixes with drinking water. As a result, water borne diseases are increasing.
Q6: Describe the importance of the location of Pakistan in the south Asian Region?
• Pakistan has great importance on the basis of its location not only in South Asia but
also in the world.
• It is connected with china in the north the Karakoram Highway connects China and
Pakistan by land this highway is an important trade route between Pakistan and china.
• Pakistan provides transit route to Afghanistan for its trade through land and sea.
• India lies in the east of Pakistan while Iran lies on the south west of Pakistan.
• Pakistan Iran and Turkey along with Pakistan are the members of ECO (Economic co-
operation organization)
• Pakistan is situated near the oil producing gulf countries.
• Pakistan is a nuclear power and is playing a great role against terrorism.
Q7: Give a brief account of the physical features of Pakistan?
The land of Pakistan is divided into the following four physical features:
1) MOUNTAIN: Any part of land which is 3,000 feet high and whose sides are steep is
called a mountain. The mountain of Pakistan is divided into two parts:
➢ Northern and North Eastern Mountains: This include (i) Himalayas (ii) Karakoram

➢ North-Western and Western Mountains: Western mountains are less in height than
northern mountains. These ranges are divided into following parts:
a) The Hindukash Mountains
b) The Koh-i-Safed Range
c) The Waziristan Hills
d) The Suleman Hills
2) PLATEAUS: The following two plateaus are located in Pakistan
➢ The Potwar Plateau: This plateau lies between the river Indus and Jhelum.
➢ Balochistan Plateau: It is located in the west of Kirthar and Suleman range.
3) PLAINS: The plains are divided into three parts.
➢ The upper Indus plain: It is the part of Indus plain above Mithan Kot.
➢ The lower Indus plain: It is the area of south of Mithan Kot.
➢ The Indus delta: The River Indus forms its delta near Thatta.
4) THE DESERTS INCLUDING COASTAL AREAS:
➢ Thal: It includes Mianwali, Muzaffargarh, and Dera Ghazi Khan. Huge sand dunes
are found here.
➢ Cholistan: 60% of Bahawalpur area comprises Cholistan.
➢ Thar and Nara Desert: It includes Khairpur, Tharparkar, Umer Kot and Sanghar.
➢ Chagai and Kharan Desert: It is located in Balochistan are extremely dry.
➢ Coastal Area: Pakistan has 700 square kilometers long coastal area.
Q8: Mention the benefits of the Northern-eastern mountainous region?
• They provide natural defense to Pakistan from the North due to their height.
• They protect from the cold freezing winds from the North Pole.
• They are covered with snow during the winter which melts in the summer and raises
the underground water level making water available for irrigation.
• They cover 80% forest of our country although 4.5% of the country’s area is under
forest.
• They cause rainfall in Punjab and NWFP in the summer.
Q9: Name the Neighboring countries of Pakistan?
There are four neighbouring countries of Pakistan
▪ China
▪ India
▪ Iran
▪ Afghanistan
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1) The long border between Pakistan and Afghanistan is called Durand Line
2) Pakistan is divided into four climatic Regions.
3) The coastal areas of Pakistan are Sindh coast and Makran coast
4) The climate of upper Indus plains of Pakistan is hot and dry.
5) The water evaporation is about 4% in the atmosphere.
6) Water maintains 7% of the total weight of human body.
7) People of the Northern region in Pakistan perform household activities during winter
8) In the South-West of Pakistan, Iran is our neighboring country

9) Balochistan has an area of 347190 sq. kilometers.
10) The word FATA means Federally Administered Tribal Areas.
11) Hub and Lyari rivers flow in The Kirthar range of mountains.
12) The biggest salt mine in the world is in Pakistan’s Punjab province.
Chapter # 05: RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN
Q1: Describe the importance of resources?

Importance of Resources: The countries having plentiful humans and natural resources
make great progress. Following are the importance of resources:
▪ These resources are the real wealth of nation. However, a wise use of these resources
is needed for progress.
▪ Human and natural resources make the defense of a country strong. They are the
means of a country’s Security and Protection.
▪ These resources help make quick progress and development.
▪ These resources meet all the material needs of a country including all the amenities,
comforts and luxuries of life.
▪ These resources provide jobs to people and help in increasing trade and business.
Q2: Name the different kinds of resources?
There are two kinds of resources: (a) human resources (b) natural resources
a) Human Resources: The human resources mean capacity and capability of human
beings for doing certain tasks. The type of profession differentiates human beings
from each other.
b) Natural Resources: Natural resources are provided by nature. Allah Almighty has
given these resources to different countries of the world in the form of minerals, soil,
forests, water etc.
Q3: What are the advantages of forests?
• Forests make the weather pleasant by moderating temperature.
• Forests bring rains by increasing the water vapor in the air
• Forest keeps the level of Carbon dioxide down by absorbing it.
• Forest stops quick melting of snow on the mountains.
• Forests prevent soil erosion as roots of the trees firmly stick to the soil.
• Forests provide natural herbs which are used as medicines.
• Forests are natural pastures providing food to animals.
• Forests protect us from floods.
• They are the source of growth and breeding of different kinds of animals.
• Forests provide us timber which is used for construction and making furniture.
• Forests provide jobs and are important for economy.
• Forests keep the atmosphere clear by adding oxygen to the air.
Q4: Name the mineral resources of Pakistan?
There are several mineral resources of Pakistan
• Mineral Oil
• Natural Gas

• Coal
• Iron ore
• Chromites
• Copper
• Gypsum
• Salt
• Limestone
• Marble
Q5: What are the agricultural problems of Pakistan?
Pakistan is an agriculture country 55% people are related to agriculture. However, the
agriculture yield is very low. The reasons for low production are given under:
▪ Low literacy rate: There is low literacy rate in the country Majority of the farmers is
uneducated. Their cultivation is traditional and they don’t know the use of insecticides
the selection of standard seeds, and the proper use of artificial fertilizers.
▪ Increasing number of farmers: The process of bringing more area under cultivation
is slow. Therefore the number of people who depend on agriculture is increasing.
▪ Soil Erosion: Rains, windstorms, snowfall and earthquakes etc cause soil erosion by
removing the fertile topmost soil. Soil erosion lowers the yield.
▪ Non-mechanized cultivation: Our farmers are using non-mechanized cultivation
methods. There are many reasons for this: example: lack of financial resources small
land holdings and conservative ideas etc.
▪ Limit of agricultural land: The landlords have vast areas of land but they don’t
cultivate themselves so most remains uncultivated and barren.
▪ Water logging and salinity: Large canal areas of Punjab and Sindh have become
barren due to water logging and salinity.
▪ Insufficient Means of transport: There are not roads to carry the agricultural
production to the market. The crops go waste before reaching the market.
▪ Unsuitable conditions: Life is very hard in villages. There are not any medical
facilities. The farmers are not healthy so they cannot work hard or produce more.
▪ Difficulties in the Marketing crops: Farmers do not get the proper price for their
products. The middle men get the maximum profit while the Farmers don’t get.
Q6: What are the sources of agriculture in Pakistan?
Pakistan is an agricultural country. A large variety of crops, fruits and vegetable are grow in
Pakistan agriculture sector produces about 30% of the total raw materials and is a source of
providing Employment to 55% of the population. Agricultural export earns 70% of the
foreign exchange. There are two kinds of crops in Pakistan
1) Rabi crops: The Rabi crops are grown in October and November and are harvested in
April and May. Important Rabi crops are wheat, barley, gram, oil, seeds, and tobacco.
2) Kharif crops: The Kharif crops are grown in May June and is harvested in October
and November. Important Kharif crops are: rice, maize, cotton sugarcane, sorghum
(Jowar) and millet (Bajra).
These two crops are further divided into two types.
Food crop: These crops provide food to the people. It includes wheat rice, pulses, maize etc.

Cash crop: These crops earn foreign exchange for the country. These crops include cotton,
sugar, tobacco etc.
Q7: Write a note on Nuclear Energy in Pakistan?
In Pakistan there are two atomic power houses are working. One is KANUPP at Karachi
which started working in 1971. The second is Chashma Plant (Mianwali), which started
working in 2002. It produces 300MW electricity. A third atomic power project is also being
constructed at Chashma with the Chinese assistances. Pakistan has become the 7th nuclear
power of world. On May 28, 1998, Pakistan made nuclear tests at Chagai. The credit for this
goes to team of Pakistani scientists. The government has changed the name of Kahuta
research Laboratories as “Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan (A.Q) Research Laboratories.
Q8: How are human and other resources interdependent?
Human resources and other resources have their independent and separate value as well as
utility. However, these resources are interdependent. The basic necessities of life include
food, clothing and shelter. Then there are other necessities which are not included in the basic
necessities but they are related with the comforts and luxuries of life. These necessities can be
fulfilled with the help of other resources which include the agricultural and mineral resources.
Human efforts play an important role to benefit from these resources. If human knowledge,
expertise and labor are excluded the other resources will become useless. The natural
resources of oil, gas, gold etc. became wealth because man discovered them and used them
for benefits. Thus we can say that human resources and other resources are interdependent.
Q9: Write a note on moderation in life?
Moderation in life means to live within the available means. There is a saying “excess of
everything is bad”. Moderation is a way of proper thinking, behaviour and actions. Those
who do not moderate their lives are exposed to trouble and hardships. Moderation demands
reasonable attitude towards actions in all matters economic, social and political. Islam taught
moderation in all walks of life and has always stressed on self control.
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1) The people involved in a number of tasks are called human resources
2) The soil formed from the flooded layers of silt and loam is called Khaddar soil
3) Mountain forests are found in north and northern western areas
4) The natural gas was first found in Pakistan at a place called Sui Balochistan in 1952
5) Moderation in life means to live within available means
Chapter # 06: INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN
Q1: What is meant by industry?

Industry is the work and process involved in the making of things in factories is called
industry. In a wide sense, industry means preparation of commodities from raw materials
which have some utility to human beings
Q2: Define National Development?
National Development is a process and advancement in economic and social sectors. The
resources have been discovered and exploited to the maximum utility of the masses. The
people have a standard living which guarantees economic and social protection in other

words it can be said that national development reflects strength of human and natural
resources which makes the life rich and easy. Industry is one of the factors necessary for
national development
Q3: What is the importance of industry for National Development?
Industry is an essential component for the development of a country with the discovery of
agricultural and natural resources. Industry is important due to the following reasons:
• It is the source of economic development of a country those countries are considered
developed which are developed in industry.
• Commodities are manufactured on large scale to fulfill local and national need and
also are exported to other countries to meet their needs. Value able foreign exchange
is also earned.
• Value of raw material is raised by manufacturing them into finished goods. Cotton as
a raw material has less value a compared to cotton yarn or cotton cloth.
• People get employment according to their skill or expertise and earn money.
• Industry has added to the comfort and human beings. Radio T.V. Air condition,
refrigerator and many other goods have added to the comfort of the people.
• Industry makes the country economically strong. Economy helps in Political and
strategic stability.
• Country becomes self-reliant and prosperous standard of living is improved
Q4: Write a note on Cotton and Sugar Industries in Pakistan?
COTTON INDUSTRIES: This is an important industry among the cottage and small
industries. This industry includes handlooms whose network is spread in Punjab and Sindh.
The number of these handlooms is in thousand. These provide a big source of local
employment. These cotton handlooms produce a variety of beautiful blankets (Cotton shawls)
bed sheets cotton rugs etc. In Punjab center of cotton handlooms are at Faisalabad, Multan,
Lahore, Gujranwala, Sargodha, and Sialkot. Hyderabad and Sukkur are the centers of cotton
handlooms in Sindh.
SUGAR INDUSTRIES: It is one of the biggest industries in the country Pakistan started
with two sugar factories at Rahwali near Gujranwala Punjab and TakhtBai Khyber
Pakhtunkhuwa in 1947. Sugar is made out of sugar cane, which is cultivated in large quantity
in the three provinces, namely, Punjab Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhuwa Therefore,
government decided to set up sugar factories in the areas where sugarcane is cultivated. There
are 78 sugar mills in country (40 in Punjab, 32 in Sindh, 6 in Khyber Pakhtunkhuwa) with
capacity to produce 5 million tons of refined sugar annually. Pakistan is not self-sufficient in
the production of sugar but also earns valuable foreign exchange through export of sugar.
Pakistan sugar is of best quality.
Q5: How do means of communication help?
Means of communication are very important for the development of the country. They help in
economic development. The material is carried to factories and manufactured goods are taken
to the market. They reduce unemployment as people can seek employment at distant places
and also travel frequently in brief means of communication help to. Pakistan has all the three
means of communication, namely land (roads) sea and air let us take an account of our means
of communication.

• Develop both agriculture and industry of the country.
• Promote national and international trade.
• Promote unity and national solidarity as people travel to different parts of the country.
• Strengthen defense of the country through quick mobilization of armed force.
• Promote knowledge and art and make their benefits available to other parts of the
country.
Q6: Which important cities are situated on the National Highway from Karachi to
Peshawar?
Following cities are situated on the national highway from Karachi to Peshawar
• Karachi
• Hyderabad
• Nawabshah
• Sukkur
• Bahawalpur
• Multan
• Lahore
• Rawalpindi
• Peshawar
Q7: What are the uses of E-Commerce?
E-Commerce stands for electronic commerce. It is carried out by computer and internet. Its
uses are given below:
• The uses of include fast dollars and maintenance of an updated business record.
• It makes imports and export very easy.
• Payment has been made through internet.
• E-Commerce had made trade and business quicker and easier.
• It helps in maintaining an updated correct record of trade and business.
Q8: What steps can be taken for increasing the industrial development in Pakistan?
Following steps will be increasing the industrial development.
• Law and order situation in the country should be improved enabling the investors to
invest money without fear of loss of life or assets.
• Rules and Regulations for trade should be made easier and simplified.
• Smuggling should be eliminated.
• Quality control of products should be guaranteed
• A sense of dignity of labor should be created while training the staff in order to create
sense of devotion to work and doing hard work for more production.
• Industrial policies should be well-defined and stable.
• Government should provide incentives to the industrialists.
• The working conditions of the workers are improved and their wages be increased.

FILL IN THE BLANKS
1) Industry is the source of economical development.
2) Pakistan is self-sufficient in the production of sugar.
3) Sialkot is famous for sport goods.
4) Negative attitude of trade union is also a problem for our industry.
5) Three means of communication in Pakistan are roads, Seaways and airways
6) Carpet making is cottage industry of Pakistan.
7) Cotton and rice are the important exports of Pakistan.
Chapter # 07: THE POPULATION OF PAKISTAN
Q1: Describe the size and composition of the population of Pakistan?

The study of the changing numbers of births and deaths in a society over a specified period of
time is called demography. Pakistan is a densely populated country, with a density of 166
people per square kilometer. In Punjab 358, in Sindh 218, in KPK 238, in Balochistan
Q2: What is the literacy rate in Pakistan? How does it affect national development?
Literacy rate in Pakistan remains quite low because of slow economic progress; the literacy
rate of Pakistan is 54% in 2014.
Literacy Rate affects National Development: If a society has a high literacy rate, it can
make progress fast. A good literacy rate is a sign of good standard of living. The development
of a country depends on the educational skills and scientific and technical expertise and
know-how. Singapore has total population 3.5 million, its exports are 150 billion dollars
worth annually. Pakistan’s population now is 151 million but its exports are worth 12 billion
dollars per annual.
Q3: How does the growth and migration of population affect the country’s
development?
Pakistan is a densely populated country. Its total resources are not increasing in proportion
with the rate of growth of population. The rate at which the population is increasing has
caused a population explosion. It has resulted in the rise of unemployment, and a decrease in
the facilities of sanitation, health and education. It is necessary to reduce the rate of
population growth and to increase the national resources.
The majority of the Pakistanis live in rural areas. As a result of fast increase in
population and less chances of employment in the villages, people have started moving to the
cities. In spite of employment, there are other attractions for people in cities, e.g., better
opportunities of education and health, cultural activities and recreational facilities. Therefore,
people’s trend to migrate to cities from villages is increasing day by day.
Q4: What are the causes of growth of population in Pakistan?
Following are the causes of growth of population in Pakistan:
• Social factor: Majority of the people believe that ALLAH is the sustainer and
provider. Many people think that having a large family is a source of strength.
• No to family planning: People do not think and take interest in family planning.
• Poverty: Poverty is yet another reason. People think that they get rid of poverty by
having a large family.

• Early marriages: Early marriages also added to the growth of children.
• Lack of education: The low literacy rate also contributes to the higher population
growth.
• Desire: The desire for a male results in producing more children.
Q5: How can a balance be maintained between the growing population and the national
resources?
There must be a balance between national resources and population for the economic and
social progress and development. In case of low population, natural resources cannot be
exploited. If the population is high and growth rate is also high, undue pressure falls on the
natural resources and prosperity cannot be maintained.
Steps That Might Reduce Pressure of Population on Resources:
• A balance must be maintained between population and resources. It is possible by
decreasing the population growth rate and increasing the national resources.
• The productive resources should be developed at a fast rate including industry,
handicrafts, cottage industry, agriculture and trade.
• Technical education and training should be encouraged. There is a shortage of skilled
people in the country.
• New land should be brought under cultivation.
Q6: Describe the effects of growing population on health and education?
We have a lack of government hospitals and health facilities. People have more health
problems in villages than in cities. Our doctors do not want to work in villages. The villagers
are, therefore, bound to go to the quacks for treatment. In cities, people are having difficulties
in connection with treatment facilities because private doctors charge very high fees. Private
hospitals and clinics also charge a lot of fees while the condition of government hospitals
beyond description.
Effect of Growing Population on Health: The government’s efforts to promote primary
education have failed and the literacy rate is still low. The standard of primary education is
very low. The standard of education at all level is low. The reasons for that are low standard
of academic programs, old methods of exams, lack of schools and teachers in rural areas etc.
these trends are lowering our level of education day by day. The fast population growth rate
is also hindering the elimination of illiteracy and non standard education. Government should
raised the budget to Rs. 5 billion for the promotion of science and technology in the country
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1) The last Census of Pakistan was held in the year March 2017
2) The density of population in Sindh is 218 persons per Square Kilometers.
3) Total population of Karachi according to the 1998 Census is 10 million.
4) The majority of Pakistanis lives in rural areas.
5) The female literacy rate in Pakistan is 36% according to 1998 Census.
6) Population growth is the main problem of Pakistan.
7) Urdu is the common language of understanding throughout Pakistan.

Chapter # 08: CULTURE OF PAKISTAN
Q1: Describe the characteristics of culture?

The way of living of people is called culture. There are following characteristics of culture:
• A culture which has positive a force influences the other culture.
• New culture might emerge on contact with other culture.
• The individual identity of culture makes it popular among others.
• The culture with strong and permanent values absorbs the weak cultures.
• The Islamic culture prevailed in the past because the Muslim followed their religion
and its great value.
Q2: Why language is an important element of culture?
Language is an important element of culture for following reasons:
• Language is the most important part of culture.
• Language is the most effective means of expressing ideas, feeling, and emotions.
• Language is the identity of a nation.
• Every nation loves its language and takes all possible steps for its development.
• All the languages spoken in a country form part of its culture.
Q3: Write a note on the languages of Pakistan?
Languages of Pakistan: There are more than 30 languages are spoken in Pakistan. The
major provincial languages of our country include Sindhi, Punjabi, Balochi and Brahvi these
languages represent their respective provinces are known as provincial languages.
1) Urdu: The Aryans spoke Sanskrit Urdu derived from Sanskrit. Sanskrit changes under the
influence of people living in south Asia and came to be known as Prakrit. With the passage of
time Prakrit took four from. One of them was called brijbhasha which the Hindus and
Muslims spoke. Brijbhasha changes so much during Shah Jahan’s rule that it became a new
language called to be Urdu.
2) Sindhi: Sindhi is one of the oldest south Asian languages. With the arrival of the Muslims
the Sindhi language started taking strides and several Arabic Persian and Turkish words
entered this language Sindhi is written in modified Arabic script Sindhi language has the
distinction of being the first local language in which the Holy Quran was translated during
the Muslim rule.
3) Punjabi: The Language of the Punjab province is “Punjabi”. The Punjabi vocabulary
includes words from Arabic, Turkish and Persian languages although there are minor
differences of dialect in the Punjabi spoken in different part of Punjabi.
4) Balochi: The Language of the Balochi tribes of Balochistan is Balochi. Besides, Balochi
Pashto, Brahvi and Sindhi language are also spoken in this province. Balochi is linked with
the ancient languages that were spoken in the southern and Eastern Iran. The Baloch tribes
came from north eastern Iran and settled in that region of south Asia which is now called
Balochistan. They brought with them the ancient Balochi Language.
Q4: Describe the importance of Urdu as a national language?
1) Source of contact: Urdu is spoken in all the four provinces of Pakistan. It is the
source of national unity, solidarity and stability.

2) Role in Pakistan Movement: In Pakistan movement Urdu was the most favored
language.
3) Media communication: Urdu creating harmony among the people through television
and radio.
4) International language: it is understood by a lot of people outside Pakistan too.
5) Common medium: it is common medium for people to talk and get education.
6) Coordination: Urdu serves as the medium of coordination between different
provinces
Q5: What are the common cultural manifestations in the national life?
Islam has united the people of Pakistan in a fraternal relation. The following cultural
manifestation is common in the national life.
Mixed Culture: People from different regions having different cultures are settled in
Pakistan. With the passage of time mixed culture is emerging now.
Status of Men and Women: Men are the head of family and women are the head of home.
The rights and duties of men and women are determined in our religion.
Social Life: Joint family system is common in Pakistan. Men earn the livelihood and women
take care of the children at home.
Food: Wheat, rice, meat vegetables, pulses. Eating habits are also common.
Entertainments: Our entertainments are also common like Cricket, Hockey, and Football.
Beside people watch T.V and Radio.
Religious Events: We have religious events; e.g. Eid-ul-Fitar, Eid-ul-Adha. Besides, the
occasion of birth and deaths are similar.
Media of Communication: Radio, T.V, Newspaper, Magazines and means of transport all
are playing their part in developing common nation culture.
Single message of love and brotherhood: All the writers convey the message of higher aims
of life to people so that there is Love, Peace, harmony, brotherhood, justice, tolerance and
humanity among them.
Q6: Write down a note on the arts and crafts of Pakistan?
Arts of Pakistan: Arts or fine arts include painting, calligraphy, architecture and music.
Pakistani artists are famous for their painting, calligraphy, Quranic calligraphy, traditional
architecture, music, stone carving and preparation of ornaments with metal and iron. TV and
stage drams have also promoted fine arts.
Crafts of Pakistan: Pakistan is also famous for its handicrafts. Sindhi ajrak and glass
cutwork on clothes are very fine and popular. Embroidery and glass cutwork of K.P.K are
also very popular. Multan is famous for camel skin lamps. Bahawalpur is famous for its
painted vessels. Chiniot is famous for engraved furniture. The handicrafts of Pakistan are also
a source of earning foreign exchange.
Q7: Describe the importance of festivals as a part of our culture?
Many festivals are held in Pakistan every year. These occasions provide entertainment and
joy to the people of Pakistan.
(1) Eid-ul-Fitr: It is celebrated after the month of Ramadan ends and on the first of
Shawwal. This is a reward in the form of blessings of Allah to those Muslims who fasted for
the whole month of Ramadan. People wear good dresses eat vermicelli’s and exchange gifts
poor people are helped in cash and kind by the rich.

(2) Eid-ul-Azha: It is celebrated on the 10th of the month of Zil-Hajj in the memory of the
great sacrifice of Hazrat Ibrahim when he offered to sacrifice the life of his dearest son
Hazrat Ismail to fulfill the decree of Almighty Allah on Eid-ul-Azha people sacrifice animals
and distribute meat among their relatives, friends, neighbors and the poor. The sacrifices is
offered for three days i.e. 10th 11th and 12thZil-hajj
(3) Eid Milad-un-Nabi: It is celebrated on 12th of the Islamic month of Rib-ul-Awwal with
great love and devotion. It is celebrated to express happiness on the birth of our Holy prophet.
Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W.S) Homes, streets and bazaars are decorated and illuminated
Religious meetings are held it is celebrated with great devotion and zeal.
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1) Pakistan’s national language is Urdu.

2) Pakistan’s culture is a mixed culture.
3) The national dress of Pakistan is Shalwar and Kameez.
4) In Pakistan more than 30 languages are spoken.
5) In Balochistan two languages Balochi and Pashtu are spoken.
6) The two great poets of Balochi were Mast Tawakkali and Gul Khan Naseer.
7) Shah Husain was a great Punjabi poet.
8) After independence Sindhi language has made a lot of progress in prose and poem.
9) Most of the people in Pakistan eat simple food.
10) A single message of love and brotherhood has been conveyed by our saints in
different languages.
11) Eid-ul-Fitar is celebrated in the month of Shawwal.
12) Christians celebrate Christmas on December 25.
Chapter # 09: EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN
Q1: Describe the importance of education in the development of a country?

Education occupies a fundamental place in the development and progress of a country and
thereby the individuals are enriched with the wealth of knowledge.
• With the help of education knowledge and culture of the people is transferred from
one generation to coming generation.
• It helps in understanding the ideology of a nation and suggests ways to strengthen this
ideology.
• It develops a sense of nationhood and patriotism among the individuals.
• It helps in understanding the rights and duties of a citizen to perform his or her role
for the welfare and progress of the society.
• It helps in developing creative abilities of people to accelerate the process of healthy
and constructive change in the society.
• It helps to understand that educational development and economic progress are linked
with each other with a high standard of education more skilled people will be
produced who will work for the progress and development of the country.

Q2: Highlight the important aspects of education as mentioned in the National
Education policy 1998-2010?
National Education policy 1998-2010 stressed the need and importance of the following
aspects of education:
• Future of youth is based on education.
• Universal primary education is formal and informal way.
• Promotion of vocational and professional education.
• Out of school children would be given high priority.
• At least one model Secondary School at district level.
• Multiple Textbooks would be introduced at secondary level.
• Project method of Teaching at secondary level would be introduced.
• Education card for needy students at secondary level
• Salary of Teachers would be based on qualification.
• Education Service Commission would appoint Teachers.
• A Teacher service Training Academy for In-Service Teachers.
• System of Assessment for Teachers.
• Autonomy given to the colleges.
• Status of Madarasa is equal to Degree.
• According to this policy 19,000 Primary, 750 Secondary Schools, 1500 degree
colleges, 250 vocational colleges and 23 universities will be opened.
Q3: Mention the socio-cultural importance of education?
Social-cultural aspect: Illiteracy is the root cause of all social evils. A number of social and
cultural traditions are in practice due to lack of education. There are a number of customs and
traditions which are contrary to Islamic teachings and values, for example, air shooting at the
time of marriages quarrel’s on the appearance of moon and the use of drugs. The intellectual
level of people is manifested in their culture hence cultural values can only be purposeful if
people have certain level of education. The art, poetry, literature and music cannot be
appreciated without education. The decency in the daily affairs and dealing with others will
be possible with instrument of education. An educated person is distinguished by his
manners. The wealth alone cannot raise the culture life but it is education which makes the
people cultural and civilized. So education is an important agent of change in the attitude,
behavior and the way to live. It is help in eradicating social evils.
Q4: Describe the structure of formal education in Pakistan?
Formal system of education means provisions of education by establishing different
educational institutions prescribing textbooks appointing teachers establishing a system of
education awarding certificates and degrees. The spirit of formal system lies in management
control and discipline the formal system is fully controlled by the government.
Formal education system is categorized as follow:
Primary Stage: Its starts from class I to V. Its total duration is 5 year. Children are admitted
in class- I at the age of 4 + or 5 years of age.
Middle Stage: It duration is 3 years. Children after passing primary stage are admitted in
class VI. A certification is issued by the school after passing middle stage.

Secondary Stage: It starts from class 9-10 with the duration of 2 years students who have
passed middle stage are admitted in class IX. The board issued a certificate on passing
secondary school examination.
Higher Secondary Stage: It starts from class IX to XII students after passing Secondary
school examination are admitted in the higher secondary class. Its duration is 2 years.
Degree Level: It starts after the students pass higher secondary level of education and are
admitted in a college to earn a degree. The government has raised its duration from 2 to 3
years. Now it starts from the 13thyear to 15th year of studies. University issues a degree to
successful candidates however in many parts of the country the Degree course is of duration
of two years.
University Level: It starts after the students pass degree level examination from the college.
Its duration is 2 years. Degree is issued by the university on successful completion of the
course and passing the examination.
Q5: What are the main components of the scheme of studies at secondary level of
education?
Scheme of studies means the courses syllabi prescribed at different levels. Scheme of studies
at different level of education are quite distinct from each other:
Primary Level: Subjects include: Regional languages, Urdu, Counting, Simple Arithmetic,
Nature Study and Islamiyat.
Middle Level: Subjects include: Regional languages, Urdu, English, Algebra, Geometry,
Science, Social Studies and Islamiyat.
Secondary Level: At this level Urdu, English, Islamiyat, Pakistan studies are the
Compulsory subjects for all groups of students. Humanities group of students opt for the
General Science as compulsory subject. A part they opt for Mathematics and two other
subjects in humanities Science students study physics chemistry Mathematics and Biology
along with compulsory subjects.
Higher Secondary Level: Urdu, English, Islamiyat, Pakistan studies are the Compulsory
subjects for both Science and Arts groups. Science group students take 3 science subjects and
arts group students take 3 arts subject. Science group is further divided into: Pre-engineering,
Pre-medical group and General Science group, Commerce group students take commerce
subjects.
Degree Level: Compulsory subjects are Functional English, Pakistan studies, and Islamiyat
at B.A/B.SC level. Students also choose 2-3 optional subjects along with compulsory
subjects.
University Level: At master level, students select one discipline. Each discipline has 7-8
subjects.
Q6: Write a note on Teacher-Training Program in Pakistan?
No system of education is above the level of its teachers. Teachers play a crucial role in the
system of education. It is important that these teachers are equipped with proper knowledge,
skills and attitudes in carrying out the goals of education and fulfilling their obligations.
Teacher training has certain levels which correspond with the general education ability of the
teachers. There are three levels of teachers training.

Primary School Teachers: Teachers for the primary schools are trained and must have
passed secondary school examination they are provided one year training after completion of
this training they are awarded a certificate called primary teachers certificate (PTC).
Middle School Teachers: Those who possess FA/F.Sc certificate are given one year training
and warded a certificate called certificate in education (CT).
Secondary School Teachers: Those who possess BA/B.Sc degree are provided one year
training called “Bachelor of education” (B.ED) at the government college of education. These
colleges are at a few selected places in each province of the country. Those who further want
to specialize in the subject of education under go one year course called master in education
(M.ED) this course is conducted by the colleges of education and in the Institutes of
education in the universities.
Q7: Describe the importance of Technical and Vocational education in Pakistan?
The present era is that of technical and Vocational education which helps in sustainable
economic and industrial development, Therefore government has paid attention to improve
technical and Vocational education in the country polytechnic institutes have been set up at
the level of each district head quarter. Matric pass students are admitted in these institutes one
the basic of their Merit. The students are awarded Diploma in Technical Education.
Government has started technical projects in the country that objective is to provide physical
facilities for technical education institutions provide equipment, improve courses of technical
education and prepare teachers for imparting technical education. A science education project
has also been started by the government of Pakistan. The objective is to improve standard of
education in the courses of Mathematics Science and computer science. About 6 million
students will benefit from these courses
Q8: What are the educational problems of Pakistan?
Attitude of the Feudal: The feudal system in the main hurdle to our education system. The
feudal lords do not want that the poor people’s children get education. They fear that if
people are educated, they will lose the cheap labor so they discourage people and stop them
to get education.
Dropouts: Each stage of the education of the children dropout rate has increased. About 85%
children are admitted in primary schools but hardly 56% children complete the 5 years cycle
of primary education.
Teacher Absenteeism: In rural area teacher Absenteeism has adversely affected the progress
in education.
High Fees of Private Educational Institution: Private sector educational institutions charge
high fees as compared to the facilities provided there. Teachers are over worked but paid low
salaries Government should exercise control over these schools Registration fee in the private
school.
Shortage of Physical Facilities: The shortage of physical facilities and equipment in the
primary schools has resulted in the decline in the level of education about 25,000 primary
schools are without proper buildings. Most of the schools have no boundary walls, no toilets
and no water facilities. There is shortage of furniture I these schools. The quality of education
is poor in their schools.
Non Availability of Textbooks: Many pupils do not afford the higher cost of textbooks.
Textbooks prescribed by the private and English medium schools are very expensive.

Political Interference: Public representative interfere in the administration of educational
institutions especially in the appointment and transfer of teachers. Merit ignored and
appointments are made on favoritism or political recommendations.
Q9: Mention the objectives of IT education in Pakistan?
• To modernize the educational system of Pakistan by introducing information
technology at all levels.
• To provide access to research and modern information through the internet.
• To familiarize information technology among the children of all ages and prepares
them for the future.
• To emphasize the varied roles of computer as a leaning tool in the classroom.
• To employee communication technology for the training of teachers and other
education activities.
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1) No real progress is possible without education.
2) First educational conference in Pakistan was held in the year 1947.
3) Compulsory Primary Education act was enforced in Pakistan in 2004-2005.
4) The first step of formal system of education in Pakistan is Primary Stage.
5) Professional education includes diploma, engineering degree, medical degree, and
commerce fields.
6) Sindh Textbook Board is responsible for the preparation and development of
textbooks in Sindh.
Chapter # 10: PAKISTAN- A WELFARE STATE
Q1: What is meant by a welfare state?

A state that cares for the basic needs of its citizens and enables them to live a peaceful life is
called a welfare state.
Q2: Describe the duties of a welfare state?
• The objectives of such a state to eliminate illiteracy, poverty and in justice from the
society and provide its citizens opportunities to help create environments conducive to
the development of their innate potential.
• The opportunities are provided to all the citizens on equal terms.
• The duties of the state were confined to the security, maintenance of law and order
and general administrations of the country. But the duties of a welfare state include
protection of life and property of its citizen on the one hand and on the other hand
protection of their basic or fundamental rights the state helps the backward and the
handicapped on account of economic and other reason.
• In a welfare state basic needs of the citizens are fulfilled and their welfare is the
primary duty of the state. The people in a welfare state are, therefore, patriotic, bold
and outspoken.

Q3: What is the concept of an Islamic welfare state?
Islam presented the concept of welfare state fourteen hundred years ago which was fully
practiced during period of Righteous Caliphs (Khilafat-e-Rashida 639-661AD). The concept
of Islamic welfare state includes:
• Sovereignty in Islam belongs to Almighty Allah. The state protects the life property
and honor of its individuals. Justice is for all without any discrimination. All are equal
before law. The superiority among the individuals is based on Taqwa (Fear of Allah)
• It is necessary for the one who runs the affairs of the Islamic welfare state to adhere to
the basic tenets of Islam. He should be a God-fearing Muslim and act as a trustee
only.
• The head of an Islamic welfare state is the servant of the people. He always thinks
about the welfare of its people he lives a simple life like an ordinary man.
• The Islamic welfare state is always accountable to its people. The rule is not beyond
question or criticism. Such a state develops a prosperous society free of exploitation.
It provides equal opportunities of progress to all the individuals. It provides all basic
facilities to the individuals including the non-Muslims.
• The concept of an Islamic welfare state is that it maintains “Musawat” i.e. (Equality at
all levels).
Q4: What are the natural goals of Pakistan?
Pakistan is a sovereign Islamic state and its national Goals are:
Setting upon Islamic society: The foremost national objectives of Pakistan is the setting up
of an Islamic society as per the teachings of Islam and principles of democracy Quaid-i-Azam
had said that the purpose of the creation of Pakistan was not to just obtain a piece of land but
then objective was to establish a laboratory where we could practice principles of Islam.
Struggle against exploitation: It is also our national objective to establish an Islamic policy,
based on the principles of equality, social justice, mutual respect and cooperation. This is
possible when people get equal opportunities for progress and prosperity and do not fall
victim to ignorance poverty and exploitation.
State Security: It is the collective responsibility of the people and the government to
safeguard the country from Internal and external dangers. The protection of national identity
and freedom is another important national.
Self-Sufficiency: Pakistan must be made economically self-sufficient. This would require
sustained efforts at national level to work hard depend upon our own resources and promote
education and scientific knowledge. A sense of “Pakistanism” is to be developed to become
self-reliant.
Unity with Muslim countries: It is also our national objective to promote unity among the
Islamic countries and unite them on none platform we have to strengthen the role of
organization of Islamic countries (OIC) so that a uniform stand is taken on the issues
concerning the interests of Muslim Ummah.
Struggle for welfare state: The Most important objective is to make Pakistan a welfare state.
Our resources are limited. They only hurdle in making Pakistan a welfare state is that it has
scantly resources we should. Therefore develop our resources by improving literacy rate,

promoting scientific and technical education and increasing industrial products Elimination of
social evils and corruption in veritable for making Pakistan a welfare state.
Q5: Why is the self-sufficiency in food necessary?
Food is the basic need of the people. Lack of proper or sufficient food for the people is the
main cause in poor health. When people are not healthy, their efficiency to work will
decrease. The development and construction process of the country will go down. Import
from food of other countries will affect other factors of development; especially the industrial
development become valuable foreign exchange will be spent on the import of food items.
Pakistan’s economy depends upon its agriculture Majority of the population of Pakistan is
engaged in agriculture Major part of national income is obtained from the agricultural
products and industries based on agricultural output. The government has been paying special
attention to the development of agriculture sector with an objective to make the country self-
sufficient in food.
Q6: Why peace in the world is necessary?
Modern scientific invention has linked all the nations together. The whole world has become
a global village. The events of one country affect the other countries immediately. It is
necessary for the maintenance of peace and stability that all the nations keep close ties and
relations with one another. As people have problems and misunderstandings among
themselves, nations of the world have various conflicts and misunderstandings. Peaceful
means should be sought to resolve those problems so that mankind could be prevented from
the horrors of war. A lot of institutions and organizations are working for the cooperation and
contact among the states. UNO is playing a key role in this connection. Peace in the world is
must.
Q7: What is the role of an individual in a welfare state?
When a welfare state is supposed to meet all the basic needs of its citizens, the citizens are
also required to fulfill obligations towards the state following are some important duties of an
individual.
• To remain loyal to the state and get ready for sacrifice at the time of a test.
• To show respect to the rights of the fellow citizens and protect their life honor and
property.
• Not to misuse the facilities provided by the state for general public like electricity,
gas, water, supply system, Public parks. Means of transport and public property.
• To take part individually or collectively in a welfare activities.
• Pay the taxes regularly and not to damage government or private property at the time
of protest or agitation. For example damaging vehicles, traffic signals shops, etc.
• To keep the environment clean.
• To help poor, handicapped and needy people in the elements.
• To receive education, learn skills and utilize natural resources to accelerate the peace
progress.
Q8: What steps have been taken by the Government for universal education?
Education is recognized as a basic and fundamental right of the individual in Islam as well as
in the UN character. Education should be free and compulsory up to a specific level for all
citizens. After this level, equal opportunities are provided for all individuals for receiving

higher education. This requires increase in the number of educational institutions and other
facilities. In Pakistan efforts are in progress for attaining the target of universal education
following have been taken to spread education in a country.
• In education known as Education Sector Reforms (ESR) have been introduced. The
purpose of these reforms is to introduce a system which fulfills the need and
obligation of independent ideological state of Pakistan. The new system will ensure
access to every citizen to receive education.
• Reforms in education: The study of Islamiyat and Pakistan studies is compulsory to
make the children enlightened and better individuals by understanding the real spirit
of Islam and the importance of Pakistan.
• Steps are being taken to discourage the tendency of business in education. A plane is
under way to provide free education up to class X in a phased manner.
• The service structure and service conditions of the teachers are being made better,
enabling them to work with interest and devotion.
• A program of award a scholarship to the meritorious and poor students has been
started by Pakistan Bait-ul-Mal.
• Awareness campaign has been started to Radio and Television to create interest
among the people to educate their children especially in the girls.
• A program namely “Education for All” “EFA” has been started throughout Pakistan
under his scheme non format basic education at institutions has been opened in the
rural areas. Books and educational material are in these institutions.
Q9: Write a note on egalitarian society?
Egalitarian society upholds the principle of equality among the people. It remains stable and
progressive so long the rights of the individuals are safeguarded. A society where social
justice does not exist, remains disturbed and eventually vanished out. Social justice calls for
the protection of life and property of the people preservation of their honor and provision of
basic civic facilities of education, health and recreation are provided without discrimination
this will promote national integrity love and cooperation among the individuals.
The government of Pakistan has been making all out efforts to promote social justices for the
establishment of an egalitarian society.
Q10: Why are the sustained constructive efforts necessary for Pakistan?
• Awareness about the National Goals: Only those nations can make progress which
is aware of their national goals which determine their priorities.
• Dignity of Labour: Hard work is necessary for progress. We should have the dignity
of labour.
• Nature of Education: We should try to increase our literacy rate.
• Guidance and Encouragement: We need proper guidance and encouragement to
develop our nation.
FILL IN THE BLANKS

1) Government is making efforts to establish an egalitarian society in Pakistan.
2) Majority of the population in Pakistan is associated with agriculture.
3) Pakistan is self-sufficient in the production of rice and wheat.

4) Sovereignty in Islam belongs to God.
5) Economic development leads to prosperity.
Chapter # 11: CIVIC LIFE IN PAKISTAN
Q1: Describe the right and obligation (duties) of a citizen?

Rights:
• Personal Freedom: Everybody has a right to be free in his thoughts and deeds
provided they are not harmful to others. He has the right to move, reside anywhere in
the country, to trade, get employment, etc.
• Freedom of Expression: Everybody has a fundamental right of freedom of
expression. Newspaper, magazines, TV channels should be free.
• Freedom of Religious: Everybody has the right to practice any religion but nobody
has the right to speak against any religion.
• Access to Education and Health: Every child has the right to get education and
health care. The government is responsible for providing these facilities to its citizen.
Obligations:
• Respect for law: Every citizen should have respect for law and avoid breaking the
law.
• Perception for the rights of others: every citizen is under obligation to care for the
rights of others.
• Loyalty to the country: Every citizen should be loyal to one’s country. A citizen
who is not loyal to one’s country should be considered as traitor and will be duly
punished.
Q2: Being a student, what are your duties/responsibilities?
The responsibilities of a student are as follows:
• It is the duty of every student o completes his education with devotion.
• During vacations, a student should devote his time to promote adult education, civil
defense or other welfare work.
• A student should refrain from malpractices such as copying in the exams or indulge in
narcotics or addiction to drugs or smoking.
Q3: What is the meaning of corruption? What are its harmful effects on the society?
Corruption:
• Any malpractices or any wrong doing is corruption.
• All violations of laws come under the corruption.
• Corruption is a crime and there is a punishment for it in all the countries of the world.
Harmful effects of corruption on the society:
• There is an increase in lawlessness.
• There is social and moral damage to society.
• The government does not get the money needed to build more schools, hospitals and
roads.

• People have to suffer more burdens on bills, taxes, and lack civic amenities due to
others’ corruption.
• There is injustice with people in every walk of life.
FILL IN THE BLANKS

1) In democracy there is freedom of speech and freedom of expression.
2) The people elect their representatives by elections
3) National interests should be preferred over personal interests.
Chapter # 12: PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Q1: Write in your words the basic features of human rights?

Human rights can be describes as freedoms, immunities and benefits that all human beings
should be able to claim as a matter of right in the society in which they live. Human rights are
supreme inherent and inalienable rights to life, dignity and self-development. There are
several basic features of human rights:
• The right to your own thoughts
• Freedom of expression
• The right to democracy
• Be equally treated
• Universal acceptance
• Liberty
• Right to education
Q2: Discuss in detail the rights and duties of citizens of Pakistan?
There are several rights and duties of citizens of Pakistan:
• Participate in community development program and try to clean our neighborhood.
• Save water and electricity
• Be loyal and patriotic to the homeland.
• Spread positive image of Pakistan worldwide.
• Remove discrimination on the basis of gender, race, culture and language.
• Respect government institutions such as army, judiciary and teachers
• Respect and follow rule of law
• It is our national duty to caste our vote during elections.
• Promote brotherhood, peace and acceptance
• Keep our environment clean and plant more trees.
Q3: Critically evaluate the state of human rights in Pakistan and suggest measures to
safeguard them?
The constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan obligates the State of Pakistan to protect and
promote human rights of all its citizens without any discrimination. Over the years the
general rule of basic human rights has broken down and alarmingly diminished in Pakistan.
Humanitarian crime is on the increase especially against the vulnerable, the poor, the women

and the children. On the account of facts the violation of human rights has increased over few
years. Following human rights violation has been observed:
• Sectarian violence and religious crime
• Honour killing
• Child abuse and rape
• Illegal village courts and trial
• Child and slave labour
• Extra Judicial killings
We can overcome this problem by making severe punishment to the culprits through
implementing law and order. No space would be given to the criminals and make the people
aware of their rights and how to curb the violation of human rights. Make coordination with
different stakeholders by making strict policies without any discrimination.
Q4: Describe UN Human Rights Declaration, 1948?
According to UN human rights declaration 1948, all people and all nations must aim to
achieve certain goals and the same standards exist for all human beings across the globe.
Everyone has right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of family.
Including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services. Everyone
has right to education. The universal declaration of human rights is a symbol of freedom,
equality and justice in the world. It emphasizes the universality, indivisibility,
interrelatedness and interdependence of all human rights.
FILL IN THE BLANKS

1) Dignity are those rights which are inherent in every person by virtue of being a
human being.
2) Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the United Nations
General Assembly on 10th December 1948
3) The Article 26 of UN Human Rights Declaration states about Right to Education.
Chapter # 13: PROTECTION OF CITIZENS RIGHT AND ROLE OF

INSTITUTIONS
Q1: Elucidate the role of the ombudsperson in redressal of public grievance?

• The role of ombudsperson is to provide protection against harassment of women
• To create a safe working environment for a woman which is free of harassment, abuse
and intimidation with a view towards fulfillment of their right to work with dignity
• With the help of ombudsperson The aggrieved person can lodge complaint through
online mechanism free of cost or by post
• The aim of Ombudsperson is to provide justice to the complainants at their door step,
equipped with adequate manpower and logistics.
• The existing law empowers a woman to lodge a complaint to the Ombudsperson. The
proposed amendments seek to ensure equality to both sexes to seek redressal of their
grievances.

Q2: Write a short note on following:
➢ What is the role of Women Ombudsperson in Pakistan?
In 2010, the parliament of Pakistan passed an act of regarding “Protection against harassment
of women” at workplace. The role of Ombudsperson is to create a safe working environment
for a woman which is free of harassment, abuse and intimidation with a view towards
fulfillment of their right to work with dignity. The aggrieved person can lodge complaint
through online mechanism free of cost or by post to the women ombudsperson in Islamabad
or their respective cities. The aim of Ombudsperson is to provide justice to the complainants
at their door step, equipped with adequate manpower and logistics. The Federal
Ombudsperson secretariat have suggested amendments in the legislation stating that the
Constitution of Pakistan recognizes the fundamental rights of citizens to dignity of persons by
Article 14. The existing law empowers a woman to lodge a complaint to the Ombudsperson.
The proposed amendments seek to ensure equality to both sexes to seek redressal of their
grievances.
➢ What is the role of Human Right Cell established in the Supreme Court of
Pakistan?
The role of human right cell is to deal with applications received on daily basis on the basis
of violation of human rights in Pakistan. This cell is established to provide speedy and fair
justice to the public without any cost. There are many functions of human right cell. It
receives application from public through general post or by email. An overseas complaint cell
has also established to deal with the applications of overseas Pakistanis.
➢ What are the functions of Ministry of Human Rights in Pakistan?
There are several functions of Ministry of Human Rights in Pakistan:
• To review human rights and protection of labour rights in the country without any
delay or discrimination.
• To coordinate activities of Ministries, Divisions and Provincial Governments in order
to facilitate the functions to human rights.
• To collect information, documents and reports on complaints and allegations of
human rights violation from Ministries, Divisions, Provincial Governments and other
agencies.
• To refer inquiries or investigations in respect of any incident of violation of human
rights.
• To pursue or defend issues, complaints representations and matters for and against
Pakistan relating to human rights.
➢ Identify various forms of harassment in your area and write a detailed note on
any two of them?
There are various forms of harassment that can be observed in our society.
➢ Racial harassment
➢ Religious harassment
➢ Sexual harassment
➢ Disability harassment
➢ Political harassment
➢ Bullying

➢ Stalking
Sexual harassment: Sexual harassment is the most common harassment on the basis of
gender. Mostly females are affected by sexual harassment particularly at workplace or
sometimes in public place. The men are less affected by sexual harassment as compare to
women. It includes physical contact, verbal contact, or sometimes inappropriate use of
gestures.
Racial harassment: Racial harassment also exists in our society and it has several bad
impacts on the people who are being harassed. This harassment occurs due to the superiority
complex on the basis of race, language and culture. This social ill can be diagnosed and
treated through proper counseling.
FILL IN THE BLANKS

1) The institution of Ombudsman (Mohtasib) is generally referred as the poor man’s
court
2) The Ombudsman has the same powers, mutatis mutandis, as the civil court has to
punish any person for its contempt.
3) Parliament of Pakistan passed the Protection against Harassment of Women at
workplace Act in 2010

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PREFACE

I delightfully present these PAKISTAN STUDIES’ notes for Sindh

studies or exam’s preparation. These notes are compiled according to the

needs of concerned textbook’s exercise. Any healthy suggestion and

constructive criticism for the improvement of this booklet from students,

teachers and public is gratefully acknowledge for further feature edition.

Finally I pay my gratitude for parents and respectable teachers

comprehensive. You can explore more information by visiting my YouTube

channel: SAQIB TUTOR

SAQIB TUTOR 03453599756 Page 1

S# Chapter Names Page No.

03 Constitutional Development in Islamic Republic of Pakistan 08

04 Land and Climate of Pakistan 10

06 Industrial Development in Pakistan 15

07 The Population of Pakistan 18

10 Pakistan- A Welfare State 26

11 The Civic Life in Pakistan 30

12 Protection of Human Rights 31

13 Protection of Citizens Rights and the Role of Institutions

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Q1: What are the sources of an ideology?

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i) The basis of the ideology of Pakistan is Islam.

Chapter # 2: MAKING OF PAKISTAN

Q1: Outline the main features of the Two-Nation Theory?

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FILL IN THE BLANKS

Chapter # 3: CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN ISLAMIC REPUBLIC

Q1: Why is a constitution necessary for a country?

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Chapter # 04: LAND AND CLIMATE OF PAKISTAN

Q1: What do you understand by climate?

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Chapter # 05: RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN

Q1: Describe the importance of resources?

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Chapter # 06: INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN

Q1: What is meant by industry?

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Chapter # 07: THE POPULATION OF PAKISTAN

Q1: Describe the size and composition of the population of Pakistan?

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Q1: Describe the characteristics of culture?

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1) Pakistan’s national language is Urdu.

Chapter # 09: EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN

Q1: Describe the importance of education in the development of a country?

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Chapter # 10: PAKISTAN- A WELFARE STATE

Q1: What is meant by a welfare state?

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