Attempt all questions

Q1. Do you believe that Pakistan is an Ideological State & its Ideology is based on
Islam? Justify your stance with logical reasoning also incorporate the role of two-
nation theory in formulating the bases for Pakistan’s Ideology. (7.5 Marks)

Q2. Pakistan’s economy was already strained before COVID-19 as large swaths of the
country are placed on lockdown. What’s its impact on Pakistan’s future socio-
economic situation and how can it be mitigated? (7.5 Marks)

Answers are in the slides below.

ANSWER. 01:

INTRODUCTION:

Ideology refers to ‘set of opinions or beliefs of a group or an individual.’ It contains

those ideas which a nation wants to accomplish in order to bring stability and
homogeneity to its nationhood.

IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN:

Pakistan was created under the ideology of Islam and Sunnah. Hence, there is no
difference in ideology of Pakistan and Islamic ideology as it is based on Holy Quran,
Sunnah, Islamic principles and traditions. Its basic principle being: "Sovereignty
belongs to Allah." Ideology of Pakistan basically means that Pakistan should be a
state where the Law of Quran (The final divine revolution from GOD) should be
established.

Religious difference: the Muslims wanted the land of their own where they could
practice their religion freely and didn’t wanted to be in India where they couldn’t feel
free.
Cultural differences: Muslims followed the Islamic culture where as Hindus followed
their own culture, Muslims wanted a separate land where they could practice their
culture freely.
Educational difference: Muslims were not given complete rights of education and
they lacked education in many fields, whereas Hindus were advancing. Muslims
wanted a land of their own where they will be free to educate themselves in any field
of education and wanted to build a spirit of education in themselves which happened
afterwards because of constant efforts of Sir Syed Ahmed khan encouraging younger
generation towards education.

BASIS OF IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN:

Pakistan’s ideology is primarily based on the Islamic identity of nation, having their
own culture, civilization, literature, religion and way of life. They can not be merged
in any other nation because their philosophy is based on Islamic principles and
Muslims should have an opportunity to live according to the faith and creed based on
Islamic principles.
RIGHTS & DUTIES OF
CITIZEN
 In an Islamic State, rights & duties are closely connected and both go hand in
hand.
 The right of one person becomes the duty of other to fulfill.
 Rights & Duties are correlative.
 Mutual balance between rights and duties is the key to make an Islamic State a
successful one.

FRATERNITY & BROTHERHOOD

PROMOTION OF DEMOCRACY
 Holy Prophet (PBUH) advised his followers to treat orphan, widows & poor
kindly.
 He gave people a code of life so that people can live peacefully.
 He constituted a system of "Zakaat" & charity.
 Fraternity teaches us to develop brotherly relations with one another so that
neither rights of anyone are usurped nor the weak is oppressed by anyone.

JUSTICE & EQUALITY

 Consultation & deliberation are basis of Islamic and society.
 Democracy is promoted on the rights of people.
 Every citizen enjoys equal status.
 All are equal in the eyes of law.
 No discrimination is allowed on the basis of caste, color, creed & language.

BELIEFS & PRAYERS

 All human beings are given equal status without any discrimination of caste,
color, creed, language & culture.
 Independent judiciary & supremacy of law are basic conditions for
establishment of equality & justice.

 Belief in the oneness of God, finality of prophethood, Life here-after, Angel &
books revealed by Almighty Allah.
 The five pillars of Islam:

1: Oneness of Allah & finality of

Prophethood of Hazrat Muhammad
2: Namaaz
3: Keeping Fast
4: Zakaat
5: Hajj

TWO NATION THEORY IN LIGHT OF IDEOLOGY:

After independence war of 1857, the Muslims of subcontinent became the victimhood
of cruelty of the British. Muslims were deprived from their religious, political,
economical, social and educational rights by the Hindus. Muslims realized that they
cannot live with Hindus on the same ground anymore as they differ from each other
socially, culturally, and religiously. The first leader to use word ‘Nation’ for Muslims
is Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.

SIR SYED AHMED KHAN & TWO NATION THEORY:

Sir Syed was a great leader and a great philosopher. He forced Muslims every time to
get modern education. He was the first time to use word ‘Nation’ for Muslims as well
as Hindus and introduced the idea of two nation theory. For internationally giving
identity to Muslims as a nation, he diverted attention of Muslims towards two nation
theory. The main reason for which Sir Syed introduced this theory was the downfall of
Muslims. Sir Syed Ahmed khan is considered as a Father of Two Nation Theory.
First time Syed Ahmed Khan realized that Muslim and Hindus cannot live together
and considered Muslims as a separate nation and demanded a distinct homeland
where the Muslims can practice their way of living according to Islam.

TWO NATION THEORY IN THE EYES OF IQBAL:

Poet of east, a philosopher, Allama Iqbal was the one who gave the concept of two
nation theory in the Allahabad Session. He spoke of Punjab, North West Frontier
province, Sindh and Balochistan united in a single state. In his address Iqbal outlined
a vision of an independent state for Muslim-majority provinces in northwestern India,
thus becoming the first politician to articulate what would become known as the Two-
nation theory—that Muslims are a distinct nation and thus deserve political
independence from other regions.

BAHRIA UNIVERSITY (INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL PSYCHOLOGY)

SOCIOLOGY
MIDTERM
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ROLE OF QUAID AND TWO NATION THEORY:

Quaid fought for the independence of a separate Muslim state and was a solid
defender of Two nation Theory. He joined Muslim league in 1913. During Pakistan
Movement, he said, “India is neither a country nor its inhabitants a nation. This is a
sub-continent, where many nations live. Among them, Hindus and Muslims are two
important nations.” Jinnah was a visionary who rightly exploited the situation at
Lahore Resolution to give the Two Nation Theory a concrete outlook. He brought the
Indian problem out of the shackles of communalism into its internationalized
character seeing a situation when during the world war two years, India was seeking
attention of the US President Roosevelt as well.
“The problem in India is not of inter-communal nature, but manifestly of an
international one, and it must be treated as such.” Jinnah’s presidential address to the
annual session of All India Muslim League in March 1940.

CONCLUSION:
In Pakistan Movement, Two Nation Theory is used as foundation. The Sub-continent
Muslims faced great atrocities of British and Hindu majority. The main reason for this
is the awareness and hard work of Quaid-e-Azam who fulfilled the destiny of
Muslims and got Pakistan on 14th August 1947. Muslims wanted separated land to
keep their culture and Islamic identity alive for which our leaders gave great
sacrifices.

ANSWER. 02:

INTRODUCTION OF ECONOMY:
low-level of foreign investment and decades of internal political conflicts. Pakistan
has English speaking majority which are less popular outside the urban centers. Some
progress in both security and power has been made in the past years, a challenging
security environment, load shedding, and a burdensome investment climate have
traditionally discouraged investors. Pakistan’s GDP growth has gradually increased
since 2012 and was 5.3% in 2017.

ECONOMY AND COVID-19:

Pakistan is on the edge and has a strong rope against a weak economy. Perhaps next
year the country faces the most difficult challenge and that will require flexibility,
competence and discipline. The other side of equality, if we fail, is worse than our
darkest nightmare. The only way to stop the spread of the virus was through social
distance, which can only be achieved by locking down cities and villages. If a
lockdown was not launched, the risk of massive infection rates could had resulted in
health infrastructure being revived. On the other hand, lock downs tend to suffocate
the economy in several ways.

ECONOMY IN LOCKDOWN:
 When coronavirus infections first started spreading in Pakistan, the
government had a few options but held off on a national lockdown providing
rationale that the fragile economy of the country could not afford it. Even after
many provincial governments implemented strict partial lockdowns, Prime
Minister Imran Khan maintained his stance on the looming economic decline
highlighting the plight of the most vulnerable sectors of society. Not long after
provincial lockdowns were put in place, the government announced stimulus
stances to aid the poor as major economic activity ceased in Pakistan.
Dr. Sajid Amin Javed, a senior research fellow at the Sustainable Development
Policy Institute (SDPI) and head of their policy solutions lab, tells MIT
Technology Review Pakistan that one of the biggest issues caused by various
factors during the lockdown was the liquidity and cash flow problem. He states
that most small business enterprises (SMEs) in Pakistan, which are part of the
informal economy, suffered the cash-flow problem from two sides as they
found themselves unable to pay back their loans or maintain the payroll of their
employees. As a result, they had to lay off many employees.

According to his research, roughly one million SMEs were unable to survive
the lockdown due to issues with cash flow, and there was a 50% decline in the
income during April. Recently, the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) has offered
refinancing services, which allow SMEs to qualify for loans as long as they
agree not to lay off their employees. However, many do not qualify for this
service.

Dr. Javed says that Pakistan is facing more pressure than other developing
countries because its economy had been on a slow trajectory for the past few
years. The country had been following some policies in order to fulfill IMF
requirements that were opposite to what would be required in a pandemic
situation. “Suddenly Covid happened, and the government had to take a 180
degrees reverse turn,” he remarks.

The government had to take immediate measures to mitigate the impact of the
health crisis and commence various social protection programs which put a lot
of pressure on the government. Among all these hurdles, the social protection
system of Pakistan has not been able to reach the people at the grassroots level.

NO IMPORT EXPORT:
Corona Virus has mainly disrupted the Global Value Chain also called GVC. It means
that the movement of imports and exports has been interrupted. Pakistani Exporters
are unable to process their orders and payment of previous orders has also stopped in
most cases as overseas business, mostly European and American businesses have been
shut down. The movement of goods and cargo is also making it very difficult to
sustain the flow of business.

WORK FROM HOME:

People have avoided to come to office as government have implied orders to work from home.
This model can work for IT and service-oriented companies, but the trade involves solid goods,
which cannot be handled without a human presence.

MASS BANKRUPTCIES:
Massive bankruptcy is possible as the middle and low class struggle to earn a decent
living to feed themselves and meet basic needs, this can lead to hyperinflation,
unemployment and a complete collapse of the economy.
AGRICULTURE SECTOR:
The government has announced a Rs 50,000,000 support package which includes food,
seeds, pesticides as well as reduced farmers in bank loan markup.

SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED BUSINESS:

The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) has announced deferment of actual repayment of
loans of PKR 432 billion under its refinancing scheme to protect SMEs from the effects
of COVID 19.

CONSTRUCTION SECTOR:
The signing of an agreement between the Government of Pakistan and the China
Power Frontier Works Organization (Pakistan) for the construction of a 4500 MW
hydropower plant of Diamer-Bhasha Dam should give a short-term boost to the
construction sector in Pakistan.

LIFE AFTER LOCKDOWN AND HOW ECONOMY WILL MITIGATE:

After the lockdown, life will most likely not return to the same kind of normal
known by society before the pandemic. It will require a lot of effort in adjusting
to the new normal. Economists have noted that the economy will not
immediately resume as soon as the lockdown is ended, but it will go through a
few phases to reach its regular hustle and bustle.

“We are assuming that the economy will go from lockdown directly into
recovery mode and we are planning that way,” says Dr. Javed explaining that
this isn’t the case. After the lockdown phase, the second phase would
commence, in which containment efforts of the virus will continue and
stabilization of the economy will be prioritized. In this phase, the supply chain
for businesses, that has been disrupted, will be brought back.

The next phase will be dealing with demand compression. Only after that, the
economy will start recovering in the next phase. Dr. Javed says that the creation
of policies to cater to all of these phases is paramount.

Dr. Javed points out that life after the lockdown wasn’t just going to be affected
by the internal changes in Pakistan’s economy, some international factors will
also influence the economy. He gave the example of the gulf region, which will
also be facing an economic recession and will affect Pakistan’s exports of labor
etc.

Another issue Dr. Javed underlines is the assumption that businesses are only
facing financial hurdles during the lockdown. “This is not true. Businesses are
facing a multitude of problems and the government should be taking steps to
counter them,” he maintains.
Factors such as the capacity to protect employees, provide a safe environment
to work, follow the SOPs set by the government and changes in schedules, etc
can impact SMEs especially until a vaccine has been created. Another issue is
that for many SMEs, the cost of compliance with the government’s SOPs will be
a difficult task. The dissemination of information will also be a factor.

 According to the IMF, strong multilateral and multinational cooperation is

required for the world to rise out of the economic crisis. As the pandemic itself
hasn’t restricted itself to borders, the solution must also be achieved by
international cooperation.

 Effective and targeted economic policies are the only way to mitigate the
negative effects of the pandemic. Policymakers must take action and create
targeted policies to alleviate the economic suffering of the masses.