Name: Iqra Saleem

Roll No: bsf1904879

Program: BS Mathematics (2nd semester)
Subject: Pakistan Studies
Topic: Ideology of Pakistan, the two-nation theory, factors
leading to Muslims separation, Muslims advent in sub-
continent, Pakistani land and people.

Submitted to: Ms. Maryam

 Ideology of Pakistan
Ideology: Ideology means such a plan or program as is based
upon philosophy and application to solve political, social and
cultural issues, and problems, In the words of George Brass
"any plan or program of common life based upon thinking and
philosophy is called ideology "
Ideology of Pakistan:
Pakistan came into existence on 14th of August, 1947 during the
20th century. Many nations got freedom, and many free and
independent states emerged on the map of the world. Pakistan
is also one of those countries, but the foundation of Pakistan
was altogether unique and unprecedented. Most of the
countries got freedom on racial, linguistic or territorial basis.
Pakistan is the only country which came into being on the basis
of a strong ideology.
The basis of the ideology of Pakistan lies in the religion of Islam
which provides guidance to the Muslims in every sphere of life.
Islamic way of living encompasses all aspects of human life. It
has basic principles with reference to social, moral, political,
religious and economic fields. Islamic system is based on the
Holy Quran and Sunnah of the Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H)
and the Hadiths.
The Muslims ruled the Sub-continent for centuries. They
continued living freely according to the teachings of their
religion. The establishment of British rule caused harm to the
free status of Muslims and Islam. During their reign the
Muslims were oppressed. When the British rule was near its
end, it was evident that the Hindu majority government will be
formed in the Sub-continent. It was feared that after getting rid
of the temporary slavery of the British, the Muslims will
become permanent slaves of the Hindus. Many Muslim
dignitaries including Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Quaid-e-Azam
Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Allama Muhammad Iqbal started
their efforts for the security of dignity and freedom of the
Muslim community in the Subcontinent. As a result of these
dignified personalities, Pakistan came into being.
Definition:
1. The ideology of Pakistan is the name of creating a society
based on the principles of Quran and Sunnah.
2. The ideology of Pakistan is the name of practicing the
principles of Islam. It is also the name of a thinking to get the
laboratory to test these principles.
3. The ideology of Pakistan is the name of steps that were
taken for the security of political, social, cultural and economic
values of the Muslims.
4. The ideology of Pakistan is the name of practical efforts for
establishing the rule of Islam and strengthening the unity
among the Muslims, without losing the national identity.
5. The ideology of Pakistan is the name of a welfare state
where the welfare of the people is considered.
Quaid e Azam and ideology of Pakistan:
According to Quaid-e-Azam the territories having Muslim
majority like Punjab, Bengal, Assam, Sindh, North-West Frontier
Province (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) and Baluchistan should be put
together to form Pakistan where people may lead their lives in
accordance with the principles of their religion, civilization,
traditions, ethics and economics. The Muslims may run the
affairs of the state according to their values freely. The
minorities should enjoy equal rights too.
Quaid-e-Azam considered the Islamic System, fully applicable.
He wanted to establish the system of the country on the basis
of Quran. In the session of All India Muslim League at Karachi in
1943, he said:
‘’What relationships knits the Muslims into one whole, which is
the formidable rock on which the Muslims edifice has been
erected, which is the sheet anchor providing basis to the
Muslim Millat, the relationship; the sheet anchor and the rock
is Holy Quran.”
Allama Iqbal and ideology of Pakistan:
Allama Iqbal gave the Muslims an idea of a separate state.
Through his poetry, he awakened the Muslims. In the
beginning, he was a supporter of Hindu-Muslin Unity, but
narrow mindedness and biased attitude of Hindus forced him to
re-think that the Muslims should demand a separate country. In
his famous presidential address at Allahabad in 1930, he
demanded a separate state for the Muslims so that they might
lead their lives in accordance with their religion and culture. He
said: "The formation of a consolidated North-West Indian
Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the
Muslims, at least of North-West India. The life of Islam as
cultural force in this living country very largely depends on its
centralization in a specified territory. I, therefore, demand the
formation of a consolidated Muslim State in the best interests
of India and Islam."
Allama Muhammad Iqbal asserted that the Hindus and the
Muslims could not live together in a country. Hence, sooner or
later, the Muslims would succeed in winning their separate
state. He turned down the idea that only one nation exists in
the Sub-continent. Accepting Islam, a complete system, Allama
Muhammad Iqbal said clearly: "India is a continent of human
groups belonging to different races, speaking different
languages, and professing different religions. It was the prime
duty of all civilized nations to show utmost regard and
reverence for the religions principles, cultural and social
values of other nations."

The two-nation theory

In the Sub-continent, every individual who embraced Islam
associated himself socially and politically to the Muslim society
and state. Thus, he would break all the previous relationships
and link himself to a new social system. On these bases, with
the passage of time, a separate and unique temperament of
the Muslims of India formed. It was entirely different from that
of the other Indian nations. This identity formed the basis of
Two-nation Theory.
In the perspective of the Sub-continent, Two-Nation Theory
means that two major nations, the Muslims and the Hindus,
were settled there. The two nations were entirely different
from each other in their religious ideas, the way of living and
collective thinking. Their basic principles and the way of living
are so different that despite living together for centuries, they
could not intermingle with each other. The Indian Muslims
fought the war of freedom on the basis of Two Nation Theory
and after accepting this theory as a historical fact, two separate
states; Pakistan and India, came into existence. This theory is
the basis of Ideology of Pakistan.
Two-Nation Theory and Sir Syed Ahmad Khan:
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was the first person who used the term,
'Two-Nation Theory’. Due to Hindi-Urdu Controversy in Banaras
in 1867, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan declared the Muslims a separate
nation. He convinced the government that there are at least
two nations settled in the Sub-continent, one of them is
Muslims and the other is Hindus. The Muslims are a separate
nation in every respect because their civilization, culture
language, customs and philosophy of life are different from
those of Hindus. This theory infused a political spirit among the
Muslims and provided them with such a leadership which gave
a new spirit and push to the freedom movement. India was
partitioned because of Two Nation Theory.
Two-Nation Theory and Allama Muhammad Iqbal:
Dr. Allama Muhammad Iqbal presented the idea of a separate
state for the Muslims. He said: "The Muslims would not allow
that their religious, political and social rights are usurped.
Therefore, I would like to see the Punjab, North West Frontier
Province (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), Sindh and Baluchistan put
together into a single state."
Two-Nation Theory and Quaid-e-Azam:
Quaid-e-Azam was a firm advocate of Two Nation Theory. He
gave the Muslims the status of a separate nation in every
respect. He said: "Muslims are a nation according to any
definition of a nation, and they must have their homeland,
their territory and their state."
Pakistan Resolution was passed on 23 rd of March 1940. In his
Presidential Address Quaid-e-Azam said: ’The Hindus and
Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social
customs and literatures. They have different epics, different
heroes, and different episodes. To tie together two such
nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and
the other as a majority must lead to growing discontent and
final destruction of any fabric that may be so built for the
government of such a state. It would be better for the British
Government to announce the partition of the Subcontinent by
keeping in view the interests of the two nations. It would be a
right step religiously as well as historically.

Factors leading to Muslims Separation

1. Communal Riots:
A large number of inhabitants of sub-continent used to be the
victims of communal riots every year. The Muslims were
massacred by the Hindu militants time and again, in an
organized way. As Hindus were in majority, it looked evident
that the Hindus could monopolies the politics after the
departure of Britishers. The lives of Muslims could never be
safe in the united India. The Hindu organizations had again and
again asserted that Hindu Raj would be imposed on India after
the independence. The future apprehension of the atrocious
rule of Hindus more severe than that of the Congress rule
compelled the Muslims to have a separate state.
2. Social Environment:
The Muslims were scared of the Hindu Samaj in which the cast
system and other discriminations could make the Muslims
second rate citizens. They could enjoy neither political nor
social liberties, therefore, they preferred to have a separate
homeland in which they could based on equality and justice.
3. Muslim language and Culture:
The Hindus did their best to replace Urdu by Hindi, but they did
not succeed during British period. If South Asia had not got
freedom without partition, the Hindu majority could very easily
declare Hindi, the official and national language. The Hindu
government could wipe out all signs of Muslims culture,
therefore, the Muslims had no choice except to put a demand
for Pakistan.
4. Two nation Theory:
The Muslims claimed separate nationhood for themselves, and
they were determined to maintain a separate entity for all
times to come. The Muslims believe in separate religion,
practice different traditions, have their own history and their
cultural heritage. Their claim was absolutely true. It was their
right to keep their separate entity alive and to enjoy all
humans’ rights. This was not possible in undivided India.
5. Congress Ministries:
The Congress ran the government in a number of provinces
from 1937 to 1939. During Congress Ministries the Muslims
were maltreated and deprived of their rights. Hindu did every
thing to crush the Muslims in all spheres. The humiliating
attitude of Hindus forced the Muslims to strive for a separate
homeland for themselves. They had experienced the rule of
majority government of Hindus who were in majority in this
way the Muslims became the permanent slaves of Hindus.
6. Establishment of Islamic system:
Islam is a complete code of life. The Muslims wanted to
implement the system practically. This could not be attained in
‘United India’, therefore, they passed a resolution and
demanded an Islamic state in the North East and North West
of South Asia. They wanted to establish an Islamic state,
Pakistan, a model for the entire Muslim world.
So, due to all these reasons Muslims demanded a
separate homeland.

Muslims advent in sub-continent

The last Prophet of Islam, Prophet Muhammad (SAW),

completely changed the intellectual outlook of Arabia. Within a
span of 23 years he transformed the barbarous and impious
Arabs into a civilized and religious nation. During his life and
also after his death, Muslims took the message of Islam to
every corner of the world and within a few years Muslims
became the super power of the era. Trade relations between
Arabia and the Sub-continent dated back to ancient times. Long
before the advent of Islam in Arabia, the Arabs used to visit the
coast of Southern India, which then provided the link between
the ports of South and South East Asia. After the Arab traders
became Muslim, they brought Islam to South Asia. A number of
local Indians living in the coastal areas embraced Islam.
However, it was the Muslim conquests in Persia, including the
provinces of Kerman and Makran, which brought the Arabs face
to face with the then ruler of Sindh, who had allied with the
ruler of Makran against the Muslims. But it was not until the
sea borne trade of the Arabs in the Indian Ocean was
jeopardized that serious attempts were made to subjugate
Sindh.
During the reign of the great Umayyad Caliph Walid bin Abdul
Malik, Hajjaj bin Yousaf was appointed as the governor of the
Eastern Provinces. At that time, Raja Dahir, a Brahman, ruled
Sindh. However, the majority of the people living in the region
were Shudders or Buddhists. Dahir treated members of these
denominations inhumanly. They were not allowed to ride
horses or to wear a turban or shoes. Sindhi pirates, protected
by Dahir, were active on the coastal areas and whenever they
got a chance, they plundered the ships passing by Daibul.
During those times, some Muslim traders living in Ceylon died
and the ruler of Ceylon sent their widows and orphans back to
Baghdad. They made their journey by sea. The King of Ceylon
also sent many valuable presents for Walid and Hajjaj. As the
eight-ship caravan passed by the seaport of Daibul, Sindhi
pirates looted it and took the women and children prisoner.
When news of this attack reached Hajjaj, he demanded that
Dahir return the Muslim captives and the looted items. He also
demanded that the culprits be punished. Dahir replied that he
had no control over the pirates and was, therefore, powerless
to rebuke them. On this Hajjaj decided to invade Sindh. Two
small expeditions sent by him failed to accomplish their goal.
Thus, in order to free the prisoners and to punish the guilty
party, Hajjaj decided to undertake a huge offensive against
Dahir, who was patronizing the pirates.
In 712, Hajjaj sent 6,000 select Syrian and Iraqi soldiers, a camel
corps of equal strength and a baggage train of 3,000 camels to
Sindh under the command of his nephew and son in-law,
Imadud-din Muhammad bin Qassim, a young boy of just
seventeen years. He also had a 'manjaniq', or catapult, which
was operated by 500 men and could throw large stones a great
distance. On his way the governor of Makran, who provided
him with additional forces, joined him. Also, a good number of
Jats and Meds, who had suffered at the hands of native rulers,
joined the Arab forces. Muhammad bin Qasim first captured
Daibul. He then turned towards Nirun, near modern
Hyderabad, where he easily overwhelmed the inhabitants.
Dahir decided to oppose the Arabs at Raor. After a fierce
struggle, Dahir was overpowered and killed. Raor fell into the
hands of the Muslims.
The Arab forces then occupied Alor and proceeded towards
Multan. Along the way, the Sikka fortress, situated on the bank
of the Ravi, was also occupied. The Hindu ruler of
MultanofferedresistancefortwomonthsafterwhichtheHinduswe
reoverpoweredand defeated. Prior to this, Muhammad bin
Qasim had taken Brahmana bad and a few other important
towns of Sindh. Muhammad bin Qasim was planning to
proceed forward when the new Caliph Suleman bin Abdul Malik
recalled him. After the departure of Muhammad bin Qasim,
different Muslim generals declared their independence at
different areas.
The Muslim conquest of Sindh brought peace and prosperity to
the region. Law and order were restored. The sea pirates of
Sindh, who were protected by Raja Dahir, were crushed. As a
result of this, sea trade flourished. The port of Daibul became a
very busy and prosperous commercial center. When
Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh, the local people, who
had been living a life of misery, breathed a sigh of relief. Qasim
followed a lenient policy and treated the local population
generously. Everyone had full religious freedom and even the
spiritual leaders of local religions were given salaries from the
government fund. No changes were made in the local
administration and local people were allowed to hold offices -
particularly in the revenue department. All taxes were
abolished and Jazia was imposed. Everyone was treated
equally. Poor people, especially Buddhists, were very impressed
by his policies and many of them embraced Islam.
A number of Mosques and Madrasas were constructed in
important towns. In a short period of time Sindh became a
center of Islamic learning. A number of religious scholars,
writers and poets were emerged and they spread their
knowledge. The Muslims learned Indian sciences like medicine,
astronomy and mathematics. Sanskrit books on various
subjects were translated into Arabic. During the reign of
Haroon al Rasheed, a number of Hindu scholars were even
invited to Baghdad. The establishment of Muslim rule also
paved way for future propagation of Islam in Sindh and the
adjoining regions. Later Sindh also attracted Ismaili missionaries
who were so successful that Sindh passed under Ismaili rule.
With the conquest of Lahore by Mahmud of Ghazni, missionary
activity began again under the aegis of Sufis who were the main
agents in the Islamization of the entire region.
Sufis and the Spread of Islam:
The spread of Islam in the Sub-continent is the story of untiring
efforts of numerous saints and Sufis who dedicated their lives
to the cause of service to humanity. By the time the Muslim
Empire was established at Delhi, Sufi fraternities had come into
being and the Sufi influence was far more powerful than it was
in earlier days under the Arabs in Sindh. The two great
fraternities that established themselves very early in Muslim
India were the Suhrawardiyah and the Chishtiyah. The
Suhrawardiyah order was founded by Sheikh Ab-al-Najib
Suhrawardi (1097 1162) and was introduced into Muslim India
by Sheikh Baha-ud-din Zakariya (1182 - 1268) of Multan. With
Multan as its center the Silsila became dominant in the areas
that now constitute Pakistan. Hazrat Khawaja Muin-ud-din
introduced the Chishtiyah Silsila in the Sub-continent. He
settled in Ajmer. Because he established the first Sufi Silsila in
the Indian sub-continent, he is often referred to as Hind-al-
Wali. Khawaja Muin-ud-din Ajmeri's chief disciple, Khawaja
Qutab-ud-din Bakhtiyar Kaki, who lived at Delhi, was held in
high esteem by Iltutmish. Baba Farid who was the disciple of
Khawaja Qutab-ud-din Bakhtiyar Kaki, decided to settle in
Punjab. The Chishtiyah order remained the most popular order
during the Sultanate period.
Baba Farid appointed Sheikh Nizam-ud-din Auliya (1238 - 1325)
as his Khalifa. It was Nizam-ud-din Auliya who trained a group
of Sufis for the propagation of Islam in Gujarat, the Deccan and
Bengal. Earlier, Sheikh Ali Hajweri, popularly known as Data
Ganj Baksh, came from Ghazni to Lahore a few days after the
death of Sultan Mahmud. He is mainly responsible for the
propagation of Islam in Punjab. The disciple of Sheikh Baha-ud-
din Zakariya, Syed Jalalud-din Bukhari, popularly known as
Mukhdum Jahanian Jahangasht, was one of the most important
saints of the Suhrawardiyah order. He played an important part
in the propagation of Islam in Sindh. Shah Jalal came from
Turkey and was a great Suhrawardi saint of Bengal. He came to
the Sub-continent in the reign of Iltutmish. Due to his
missionary activities, Islam gained good ground in Sylhet.
Sheikh Ala-ul-Haq and his son Nur Qutab Alam established new
orders after their names in Bengal, and are responsible for
large-scale conversions in Sylhet, Bengal.
 Pakistani land and people
Location of Pakistan:
Pakistan is located between latitudes 23° and 37° N, and
longitudes 61 ° and 77° E. India lies in the East of Pakistan,
China in the North while Afghanistan in the North-west and Iran
in the West. The Arabian Sea is in the South of Pakistan.
Total Area :
 796096 sq. km broad East to West
 1600 kms north to south and about 885 kms broad east to
west.
Boundaries:
 To the west by Iran
 To the North by Afghanistan
 To the North East by China.
 To the South East by India
 To the South by Arabian Sea
Pakistan is separated from Tajikistan by a narrow strip of
Afghan territory called “WAKHAN” 5
Province of Pakistan:
PUNJAB:
Punjab is the most populous province with the population
density of 333.5 persons per sq. Km
1. Punjab is the most populous province of Pakistan, with
approximately 56% of the country's total population
2. The main languages are Punjabi and Saraiki
3. Lahore has traditionally been the capital of Punjab for a
thousand years; it is Punjab's main cultural, historical,
administrative and economic center.
KPK:
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 253.6 persons per sq. Km
1. Previously known as the North-West Frontier Province
2. The main ethnic group in the province is the Pashtuns
3. The principal language is Pashto
4. Tribal system
5. Most beautiful province
SINDH:
Sindh 212.8 person per sq. Km.
1. Geographically it is the third largest province of Pakistan
2. It is hot in the summer and mild in winter.
3. Sindhi is the sole official language
4. Karachi is the largest city, main seaport and the as well as the
capital of the province of Sindh.
5. It was the original capital of Pakistan until the construction of
Islamabad
BALUCHISTAN:
Baluchistan has the least population density where only 18.8
persons live in a sq. Km.
1. Baluchistan is the largest province (by area) of Pakistan
2. Scarcely populated
Agriculture in Pakistan:
About 60% of Pakistan's total land area is under cultivation and
is watered by one of the largest irrigation systems in the world.
The most important crops are cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane,
corn, pulses, oil seeds, barley, fruits and vegetables.
EXPORT COMMODITIES:
Garments, bed linen, cotton cloth and yarn, rice, leather goods,
sports goods, chemicals, carpets and rugs.
IMPORT COMMODITIES:
Petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, plastics,
transportation equipment, edible oils, paper and paperboard,
iron and steel, tea.
Life style of Pakistan:
Life style basically shows the living standard of people. All the
provinces of Pakistan have different life style. They spoke
different languages, dress up themselves according to their
culture and the variety of food makes them unique from
others.
Pakistani Dress:
Shalwar, Kameez, black Sherwani.
Pakistani cuisines: (Dishes)
Sajji, Sarso ka saag, Makai Ki roti, Chapli kabab
Pakistani music:
Classical, folk, ghazal, Qawwali, Hamd, Nat, Hip Hop
Pakistani Dances:
Bhangra, Lodi, Attan, Lewa, chap.