GRADE12ENGLI

SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

ASKI
NGFORANDGI
VINGADVI
CES
Giv
ingadvi
ceref
erstowhenwet ellot
herpeopl
ewhatwet hi
nkcouldhel
pthem.
Themostcommonwayt ogiveadv i
ceisbyusingthemodalver
b‘shoul
d’.
Therear
ealsootherf
ormsincluding,oughtt
‘ o’and‘
hadbett
er’
whicharemoref
ormal
.
Youcanalsousethesecondcondi t
ionalt
ogiveadvi
ce.
Therear
eanumberoff ormul
asusedwhengi vi
ngadvicei
nEngli
sh.
Herearesomeoft hemostcommon:
AdviceConstruct
ion
Formula Ver
bFor m
Idon’tt
hinkyoushouldworkhar
d. Use‘ Idon’
tthi
nkyoushoul
d’t
hebasef
orm of
thev erbinast atement .
Yououghtt owor kl
ess. Use‘ Yououghtt o’thebasef or
m oft heverbin
astat ement .
Yououghtnott oworksohard. Use‘ Yououghtnott o’t hebasef orm oft he
verbinast atement.
I
f Iwer ey ou/If Iwer einy our Use‘ IfIwer e’‘you’OR ‘ inyourposi ti
on’OR
posit
ion/ I
fIwer einy yourshoes’‘
ourshoes,I ‘ Iwouldn’t’OR‘ Iwould’baseform
wouldn’twor ksohard. oft he v erbi n a statement( Af orm oft he
condi t
ional 2).
Youhadbet terworkless. Use‘ Youhadbet t
er’( you’
dbet ter)thebase
for
m oft hev erbinast atement.
Youshoul dn’tORYoushoul dwor k Use‘ Youshoul d’OR‘ Youshoul dn’t
’thebase
l
ess. for
m oft hev erbinast atement.
What every ou do,don’ twor k so Use‘ What everyoudo’ t heimperativ
e.
hard.
Askingf oradv i
ce:
I
'
vegotabadt oothache.
Whatdoyousuggest ?
Whatdoyouadvi semet
odo?
WhatshouldIdo?
WhatoughtItodo?
What'
syouradvice?
I
fyouwer emewhatwouldyoudo?
Gi
vi
ngadv
ice:
IfIwereyou,Iwoul dgotot hedent i
st.
Whydon' tyougot othedent ist?
You'dbetterbrushyourteethr egul
arl
y.
Yououghtt o/shouldavoideat i
ngsweet s.
Ifyoutakemyadvi ce,you'
llgot othedentist
.
Itmightbeagoodi deatobr ushyourteethonaregul
arbasi
s.
Iadviseyoutobr ushyourteet honar egul
arbasi
s.
Haveyout houghtaboutseei ngadent ist
?
Decl
ini
ngt
ogi
veadv
ice(
Ref
use)
Idon'
tknowwhattoadvise,
I'
m af
rai
d.
IwishIcoul
dsuggestsomethi
ng,
butIcan'
t.

1
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

IwishIcouldhelp.
I'
m afr
aidIcan'tr
eall
yhelpyou.
Thi
ngst orememberaboutaski ngforandgi vi
ngadvi ce:
Advi
1." se"isav er
b.
Example:
"Iadviseyout olear
nEngl i
sh.Youwillundoubtedlyneediti
nyourhi
gherst
udi
es"
Advi
2." ce"isanoun.
Example:
"Myf athergavemet hispieceofadvicewhenIwasyoung:nevergi v
eup"
Oughtt
3." o"hasnear l
ythesamemeani ngas" shoul
d" .
Theonlydifferenceisthat"oughttorefer
st oamor alorext er
nalobl
i
gati
onbutshoul
d
i
smor
eofanadv
ice.
Example:
"Yououghttostopsmoking."
"Youshoul
dst opsmoking.
"
You'
4." dbett
er-i
stheshortform of"
youhadbet
ter
"
Example
"Youhadbetterseet
hedoct or
"
Pr
act
iceQuest
ions
Chooset
heal
ter
nat
ivet
hatbestanswer
seachquest
ion
1._________alway sl ookbot hway sbef oreyoucr ossast r
eet.
A.Youshoul dt o B.Youar eshoul d C.Youshoul d D.should
2.They_ _______ ____v erymuchnoi se.Thegi rli
sasleep.
A.Shoul dn'tmake B.Shoul dn'tmaki ng C.Shoul dmake D.Shouldtomake
3.Lindaiswor kingonherhomewor k, butshef i
ndssomedi f
ficultquesti
ons.Whatwi l
lyou
suggesther ?
A.It hi
nky oushoul dst opst udy ing.
B.may bey oucansl eepnow.
C.Whati fyoudr i
nkt or efreshy our self?
D.whataboutgoi ngt oy ourf riend’ shouset ost udytogether ?
4.A: Iam sohungr y.
B: ___________ ____ _____ _____ _
A.It hi
nky oushoul dtakear est. C.Calm down!Youshoul dbemor erel
axed.
B.Yououghtt or eadi tmor ecar efully. D.Whataboutgoi ngtoar estaurant
?
5.A: Ihavegotbadmar kinEngl i
sht est .
B: ___________ ____ _____ _____ _
A.Youshoul dst udyhar d C.youhav etogohome
B.y oumayaskt oy ourt eacher D.youshoul dbuysomeEngl i
shbook
6.Cher uishav ingcol d.Doct or’sadv i
cebel owiscor rect
,except …
A.Youshoul dt akeabedr est
B.Isuggesty out oeatchi ckensoup
C.Iadv isey out oeati cecr eam mor e
D.Myadv i
cei st owearmaskout side, toprotecty our
selfandot herpeopl e.
7.Ihav etoothache.Whatshoul dIdo?Thesuggest ionisproper ,except…
A.I fIwerey ou, Iwoul dgot ot hedent ist.
B.Whydon’ ty ougot ot hedent ist?
C.Iwoul dsuggestt otakepai nki llerpill
s.May bei twi
llhelp?
D.I ’
m sor r
yInev erhadt oot hache.

2
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

8.Whatadv i
cewi llyougi veify ourfriendf ailedt heexam?
A.Itdoesn’ tmat ter
B.Iadv isey outol earnhar derandsmar ter.Icanhelpy ouwiththat.
C.Iadv isey outoj ustforgetabouti t
.
D.Whatexam?
9.Iwantt ohav eaheal thi
erl i
festyl
e.Whatshoul dIdo?
A.Don’ tdoi t. C.Idon’tl
i
keeati
ngveget
abl
es.
B.Youshoul dsleepbet ter,eatheal thieranddowor kout. D.Justdoit.
10.A:_____ _
___ __
__ ____
_ _
_ _
_ _
_ __
B:Itmi ghtbeagoodi deat otaket r
ain.
A.Ihat etakingt rain. C.Whatt ransportati
onwoul dyourecommend?
B.Whyshoul dIdoi t
? D.It hinkt raini
sf i
ne.
11.A:_____ _
___ __
__ ____
_ _
_ _
_ _
_ __
B:Isuggesty out ogohomeear li
er .
A.Whatshoul dIdo? C.Ihat esuggestions.
B.Tellmei fwhatIdoi swr ong. D.Iwantt ogohome.
12.Doctor: __
_ ____
_ _____smoki ngify oudon’ twanttogetsi ck.
Patient:Yessi r,Iwilltry
.
A.whati fyoust op B.y oushoul dst op C.howaboutD.may beyoucanst
op
EXPRESSI
NGPURPOSES
Apur pose(
mightmeanobject
ive,i
ntent
ion,orgoal
)isanythi
ngaper
soni
ntendst
odo
orachievei
nthefut
ure.
Therearemanyway speopl
ecanexpresspurposeinEngl
ish.
Bel
ow,
ther
ethr
eedi
ff
erentwayst
oexpr
esspur
pose.
1)For
Fori
salway
sf owedbyanounorager
ol
l und(
ver
b+i
ng)
Exampl
es:
•Istoppedt her eforachat .
•Thismopi sforcl eaningthef loor.
•Iwor khar df orsuccess
•Itr
av el alotforamusi ngmy self.
2)To/soast o/ i
nor dert o
To,soast o, andi nor dert o/arealway sfollowedbyav erb(i
nf i
nit
ive)
Exampl es:
•Iwentt othepostof fcet
i o/soast o/ i
nor dertobuysomest amps.
•I'
m goi ngt oAddi sinto/soast o/i
nor dertovisi
tmyf ami l
y.
•Shepr epar edwel lto/soast o/inor dert ogetagoodgr ade.
•Hei sl ookingf orapar tti
mej obt o/soast o/inor dert osavesomepocket
money .
•Shewakesupear lyinto/soast o/inor dertobeont i
met owor k.
•Theyv i
sitedhi mt o/soast o/inor dert ooffertheircondol encesforthedeathof
hiswife.
•Bobst udi eshar dsoast o/soast o/ i
nor dertogetagoodj ob.
•Ipracticespor tsev erydayto/ soast o/inordertohaveaf itbody.
3)Sot hat/
Inor derthat
Sothatandi nor dert hat/ar ealwaysf oll
owedbyasubj ect+modal +ver
b( i
nfi
nit
ive)
Exampl
es:

3
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

•Het urneddownt hemusi csothathewouldn'

tdisturbtheneighbor
s.
•Hegotav sasot
i hathecant r
aveltotheUSA.
•Hedeci dedtostayinEnglandforawhi esot
l hathecoul dpracti
cehisEnglish.
•Iam sav ngmoneysot
i hatIcanbuyanewcar .
•Ireadmanyshor tstoressot
i hatIcanlear
nmanyv ocabul
ari
es.
•Shespendsal otofmoneyonher selfi
norderthatshecanlookbeaut i
ful
.
I
nordernott o/soasnott o
Youcanuse/ i
nordernottoandsoasnott o/toexpresspurposeinthenegativeform.
Exampl
es:
•Theywokeupear lyinordernott
obel at
e.
•Sheexercisesregularysoasnott
l ogetfat
.
•Hehelpedt henewpol icewomansoasnott ofail
inherf
ir
stmi
ssi
on.
•Iam l
eavingnowsoasnott obelate.
•Theystudyhardsoasnott ofail
.
•Shepracti
cesspor tssoasnott obefat.
•Iwri
teeverydayi nordernottobeabadwr iter
.
Mor
eExampl esofexpr essi
ngpur posei nEnglish:
•Shesavesalotofmoneysoast obuywhatsheneeds.
•Theyhelpmycl assmatesunder standlessonsi nordert
olearn
•Ir
un2mi est
l or educecholest
erol i
nmybl ood.
•Theyeducatetheirchil
drensothatt heycouldgetagoodj ob.
•Shestudi
eslanguagesf orcommuni cati
on.
•Dotheseassignment sinorderthatyoul earntherulesver
yfast.
Pr
act
iceQuest
ions

Chooset
heal
ter
nat
ivet
hatbestanswer
seachquest
ion
1.Iexerci
seddai l
y_ _________
__gai nmor eweight .
A.inor dernott o B.tonot C.to D.sot hat
2.Netsanetswi t
chedont heTV_ ___________shecanwat chherf av ori
tecart
oon.
A.soast o B.for C.sot hat D.inor derto
3.Kebedewentt otheschool ____________apar ents'meet ing.
A.soast o B.for C.t o D.inor dert o
4.Emmaqui t
tedMedi cineUniversity___________becomi nganar t
ist.
A.inor derto B.sot hat C.for D.to
5.Johnt r
av el
edt oI t
aly_ ___
________ _
_st udyItal
ian.
A.sot hat B.soast o C.soasnott o D.for
6.Jambocl eanedt hehouse_ ___________pleasehi sgi r
lfri
end.
A.to B.soas C.inor dernott o D.for
7.Thepol i
cequest i
onedt hewi tnesses_ ____
_______unj ustlyjudget heaccused.
A.inor derto B.soast o C.t o D.inor dernott o
8.Azebwentt ot hebeaut ysalon_ _
_ _
____ _
____gettingahai rcut.
A.soasnott o B.for C.sot hat D.to
9.Rebeccapl ay edtenni smanyy ears_ _
_ ____
_________tobecomeagoodt ennispl
ayer
.
A.soast o B.for C.soasnott o D.to
10.Angelaboughtat urkey_ __
___ ____prepareaThanksgi vingDaymeal .
A.sot hat B.tonot C.to D.f or
RELATI
VEPRONOUNS&CLAUSES

4
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

Relati
ve Funct
ion
Pronoun
WHO •Rel
atestopeopl
e(subject)
WHOM •Rel
atestopeopl
e(object)
WHI CH •Rel
atestoanimal
sandobj ect
s
THAT •Rel
atestopeopl
e,animalsandthi
ngs
WHOSE •Rel
atestopeopl
e(subject)
WHERE •Ref
erstopossessessi
on
WHEN •Ref
erstoti
mes
WHY •Ref
erstoreason
WHAT •Ref
erstothi
ngs
RELATI
VECLAUSE
Rel
ati
vecl
ausesbegi
nwi
thr
elat
iv onounssuchaswho,
epr whom,
whi
ch,
that
,whose,
of
whi
ch,wher
eetc.

Theyt
ell
usmor
eaboutpeopl
eandt
hings:

descr
ibet
hepr
ecedi
ngnoun

addext
rai
nfor
mat
ion

Exampl
e:

Thebooki
saboutagi
rlwhof
all
sinl
ovewi
thTom.

At whoi
oKebede, s76,
hasj
ustr
eti
red.

Thi
si hehousewhi
st chBonabui
l
t.

Mar
ieCur
iei
sthewomant
hatdi
scover
edr
adi
um.

TypesofRel
ati
veCl
ause

Ther
ear
etwoki
ndsofr
elat
ivecl
auses

1.Def
ini
ngRel
ati
vecl
ause

Thi
sdescr
ibest
hepr
ecedi
ngnouni
nsuchawaysoast
odi
sti
ngui
shi
tfr
om ot
her
nounsoft
hesamecl
ass.

Acl
auseoft
hiski
ndi
sessent
ial
tot
hecl
earunder
standi
ngoft
henoun.

Ther
eisnocommabet
weent
henounandt
hedef
ini
ngr
elat
ivecl
ause.

Thatcanbeusedwi
“ tht
hiscl
ause.

5
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

I
tisusedt
omakecl
earwhi
chper
sonort
hingwear
etal
ki
ngabout
:
Exampl
es

Imeetsomeonewhosai
dheknewy
ou

Thegi
rl
swhoser
vei
nthi
sshopar
etheowner
’sdaught
ers

Themanwhor
obbedy
ouhasbeenar
rest
ed(
subj
ect
,per
son)

Themanwho/
whom/
thatIsawt
oldmet
ocomebackt
oday(
Obj
ect
,per
son)

ThewomanwhosesonIhel
pedwasv
eryhappy(
possessi
ve)

Thi
sist
hepi
ctur
ewhi
ch/
thatcausesi
mpr
essi
on(
subj
ect
,thi
ng)

Mar
ieCur
iei
sthewomanwhodi
scov
eredr
adi
um .

Thi
sist
hehousewhi
chBi
rehanubui
l
t.

I
nthi
ski
ndofr
elat
ivecl wecanuset
ause, hati eadofwhoorwhi
nst ch:

Exampl
es
Mar
ieCur
iei
sthewomant
hatdi
scov
eredr
adi
um.

Thi
sist
hehouset
hatBi
rehanubui
l
t.

Wecanl
eav
eoutt
hepr
onouni
fiti
stheobj
ectoft
her
elat
ivecl
ause:

Exampl
es
Thi
si hehouset
st hatBi
rehanubui
l
t t
.(hati
stheobj
ectofbui
l
t)

Becaref
ul!
Therel
ati
vepr
onouni
sthesubj
ect
/obj
ectoft
her
elat
ivecl
ause,
sowedonotr
epeatt
hesubj
ect
/obj
ect
:
Exampl
es
MarieCuri
eisthewomanwhoshedi scov
eredradi
um.
(whoisthesubjectofdi
scovered,sowedon'tneedshe)
Thisist
hehouset hatJackbuiti
l t
.
(t
hatistheobj
ectofbuilt,sowedon'tneedit
)
2.Non-
def
ini
ngRel
ati
veCl
ause

Thesecl
ausesar
epl
acedaf
ternounswhi
char
edef
ini
teal
ready
.

Theysi
mpl
yaddext
rai
nfor
mat
ion.i
.e.

Theyar
enotessent
ial
int
hesent
ence

Theyar
esepar
atedbycomma.

6
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

“
that
”cannotbeusedwi
tht
hiscl
ause

Exampl
e

Keneni
sa,
whoi
sEt
hiopi
anat
hlet
e,wont
hemar
athonr
ace.

Ii
nvi
tedAl
i,
whoi
smynei
ghbor
.

whi
Thesebooks, chyoucangetatanyshop,
arev
aluabl
e.

At whoi
oKebede, s76,
hasj
ustr
eti
red.

Wehadf
i ps,
shandchi whi
chIal
waysenj
oy.

ImetMar
tai
ntowny
est
erday
,whi
chwasani
cesur
pri
se.
Becaref
ul!
I
nthiski
ndofr
elat
ivecl
ause,
wecannotuset
hat
:
Exampl
es
AtoKebede,
whois76,hasjustreti
red.
(NOTAtoKebede,t
hatis76,hasjustret
ired.
)
I
nthi
skindofrel
ati
vecl
ause,wecannotl eav
eoutt hepr
onoun:
Exampl
es
Wehadf
ishandchi
ps,
whichIalway
senjoy
.
(
NOTWehadf i
shandchi
ps,Ial
waysenj
oy.
)
WhoseandWhom
Weusewhoseasthepossessi
vef
orm ofwho:
Exampl
es
Thi
sisAdem,
whosebrot
herwenttoschoolwi
thme.
Wesometmesusewhom ast
i heobj
ectofaverborpr
eposi
ti
on:
Exampl
es
Thisi
sAdem, whom youmetatourhousel
astyear
.(Whom t
heobjectisofmet)
Thisi
sAdem’ sbr
other
,wit
hwhom Iwenttoschool
.(Whom i
stheobjectofwi
th)
Rel
ati
vepronounswit
hpreposi
ti
ons
Who(
m)orWhi
ch
Whenwho(
m)orwhi
chhaveapr
eposi
ti
on,
thepr
eposi
ti
oncancomeatt
hebegi
nni
ngorendoft
hecl
ause:
Exampl
es
IhadanuncleinGermany,fr
om who(m)Iinherit
edabitofmoney.
IhadanuncleinGermany,who(m)Iinheri
tedabitofmoneyfrom.
Weboughtachainsaw,withwhichwecutupal lt
hewood.
Weboughtachainsaw,whichwecutallthewoodupwi th.
Butwhenthathasapreposi
ti
on,thepr
eposit
ionalwayscomesattheend:
Exampl
es
Idi
dn'
tknowt et
heuncl hatIinher
it
edthemoneyfr
om.
Wecan'tf
indt nsawt
hechai hatwecutallt
hewoodupwi
th.
whenandwher
e

7
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

Wecanusewhenwi
tht
imesandwher
ewi
thpl
acest
omakei
tcl
earwhi
cht
imeorpl
acewear
etal
ki
ng
about
:
Exampl
es
EnglandwontheWorldCupi n1966.Itwast
heyearwhenwegotmarri
ed.
Iremembermyt wenti
ethbir
thday.I
twasthedaywhenthet
sunamihappened.
Doy ouremembertheplacewherewecaughtthetr
ain?
Wecanl
eaveoutwhen:
EnglandwontheWor l
dCupin1966.Itwastheyearwegotmar r
ied.
Iremembermyt wenti
ethbi
rt
hday.I
twast hedaythetsunami
happened.
Weoftenusequanti
fi
ersandnumberswithrel
ati
vepronouns:
allofwhi
ch/whom
mostofwhich/whom
manyofwhi ch/
whom
l
ot sofwhi
ch/whom
af ewofwhich/
whom
noneofwhich/whom
oneofwhich/whom
twoofwhich/whom et
c.
Exampl
es
Shehast
hreebr
others,
twoofwhom ar
ei nt
hearmy.
Ir
eadthr
eebooksl oneofwhi
astweek, chIreall
yenjoyed.
Ther
eweresomegoodpr ogr
ammesont heradi
o,noneofwhi
chIl
i
stenedt
o.
Pr
act
iceQuest
ions
Chooset
heal
ter
nat
ivet
hatbestanswer
seachquest
ion
1.Mybr other,___
_____livesi nBost on, isanaccount ant.
A)whose B)Who C)t hat D)whi ch
2.Iworkf oracompany_ ____ ___expor tsclothing.
A)that B)which C)who D)AandB
3.Shewentt oaschool ______ __theyst udiedal lsubjectsinEngl ish.
A)wher e B)whose C)whi ch D)t hat
4.Thehousehebought ,__ _
_ __ _
_ __isi ncentral London, i
sreallybeaut i
ful.
A)that B)who C)whi ch D)whom
5.Ispoket otheguy_ __
_ ___deal swi thcompl aints.
A)whi ch B)who C)whose D)AandB
6.Anne, ___
______sisterisal soaf riendofmi ne, isgoi ngtojoinusf ordinner.
A)Whom B)whose C)whi ch D)that
7.West ayedi nahot el______ _hadaswi mmi ngpool andasauna.
A)wher e B)whi ch C)whom D)AandB
8.Myempl oyershaven'tgi venmemyhol idaypayy et,___
______real l
yisn'tfai
r.
A)which B)who C)Whom D)whose
9.I'
vegotaf ri
end__ _____husbandgoessky diving.
A)that B)who C)whi ch D)whose
10.PresidentKennedy ,___ _
_ __ _
_Ir eallyadmi re,wasassassi natedi n1963.
A)whose B)whi ch C)t hat D)whom
11.Anyone_ _______
_ __want st odr i
v eacarmusthav ehisdr i
vinglicense.
A.who B.whom C.t hat D.AandC
12.Mycl assmat eknowsaper son_ _ _
_ ____canpai ntbeaut i
fulpictures

8
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

A.Who B.whom C.whi ch D.whose

13.Ihaveacousi n_ _
______
_canspeakf ivel anguages.
A.Whose B.who C.that D.BandC
14.Myf riend,_______
__grandfather’
snamei sthesameasmi ne,i
sher
etoday.
A.Who B.whom C.whose D.which
15.__________doy outhinkwillcomet onight ?
A.Whom B.who C.whomev er D.that
16.Wi l
lthedel egatefr
om thepar l
iamenti ndicate_______hewant st
osupport?
A.Whom B.what C.t hatof D.which
17.Sara: Iam goingdownt own
Helen:_ ___
__ _
______
___?
Sara:Wi thmymot her.
A.Whosewi th B.Whowi th C.Whi chwi th D.Wi t
hwho
18.Thesear ethestudentsfrom myv il
lagebot hof_ _
__ _
____
__studymedi
cine.
A.Who B.t
hat C.whom D.all
LANGUAGEOFMEETI
NG(
DISCUSSI
ON)
UsefulPhr
ases
Int
roduct
ion
Let
'sbegin/star
twith.
.. Letmestartwit
h…
Let
’sdiscuss… Let’
sbegi
nwi t
h….
Weshoul ddiscuss…… Let’
sdi
scuss…f i
rst
.
Aski
ngf
oropi
nion

What you thi

nk about Doy
oushar
emypoi
ntofv
iew?
somebody
/ somet
hing
Doyouagree?
Agr
eei
ng
Istr
onglyagreewi t
hyou. You'r
erightupt oapoi
nt.
Icouldn’
tagreemor e. Youcoul dberight
.
Ishareyourpointofview. That'
sright.
Icanseeyourpoi nt,but
… Exactl
y.
Iagreewithyou. Icanunderstand..
.
Ibeli
eve..
. It
'safactthat..
.
I'
m convi
ncedt hat..
.
Disagreeing
Idon’
tagreewithyou. Idon'tthi
nkso.
I’
m ofadiff
erentopi
nion. Thatcan'tberight
.
I’
m sorr
y,butIhavetodisagr
eewit
hyou. Idon' tagreeatall
.
Idon'
tagreewithyou. That'
swr ong.
Idon'
tbeli
eve... It
'shardtosay.
Iwouldn'
tsaythat..
.
Expressi
ngopi nions
Fr
om mypoi
ntofvi
ew… Ithi
nk…
Tomymind… I’
m notsureif
…
I
nfact
… Iti
ssaid/bel
i
eved/
knownt
hat
…

9
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

Tothebestofmyknowl
edge… I
tisobvi
oust
hat…
ThewayIseeit
… I
tseems(tome)that…
I
fyouaskme, …
Askingforclar i
fication
Whatdoyout hink? Whatdoyoumean?
What '
syouropi nion? Whatar eyouri deas?
Woul dyoul iket osaysomet hi
ng? Whatar eyout r
yingtosay?
Howt ointer
ruptpol i
tel y
I'
m sorry,but. .
. Sorrytoi nterrupt,but..
.
Can/MayIaddsomet hing?
Phrasest okeepadi scussi ongoi ng
Let'
sgetbackt o... Wher ewer ewe?
Aswej usthear d...
Bal anci
ngar gument s
On t he one hand… and on t he other I ti
ssai dt hat….However …
hand….
Some peopl e sayt hat…,others beli
eve
that
…
Summi ngup
Tosum up… Icansuggestt hef ol
l
owingorder,…
Toconcl ude… Ibelievet hemost( import
ant)is…and
theleast( signifi
cant)is…
Tosummar ize… We ( have) agr eed on t he fol
lowi
ng
order…
Takingever ythingintoconsiderat
ion… We( have)deci dedt hatnumberonei s,
numbert woi s…andnumbert hree
Pract
iceQuest ions
Chooset
heal
ter
nat
ivet
hatbestanswer
seachquest
ion
1.X: We’ll
hav ealonghol i
daynextmont h.Whatar eyougoi ngtodo?
Y: ___
_ ______________________
X: Ihopey ouhav eani cet ri
p.
A.Iam t hinkingofgoi ngt oBal i C.I t’
snoty ourbusi ness
B.Sorry, Ican’ttellyou D.Idon’ tknowwhatt odo
2.A: Whatdoy outhinkaboutt hef i
lm?
B:Ithink_ _________________________
A.Ili
kei t B.Thanky ou C.Youf or
getit D.Let ’sgo
3.____
_____ __________
_ __
____hei spolite.
A.Idon’ tknow B.Idon’ tthi
nk C.Whati sy ouropi nion?D.Whatdoy oufeel
?
4.Ana:IthinkIhav eaheadacheandst omachache.
Tomy :__ _____________
_ _
_ _
_ _
_ ____
A.Youmustsi ng C.Youshoul dgopl ayi
ng.
B.Youshoul dseet hedoct ort onight. D.Imustgetsomer est
,too.
5.Eri
c:Ithinkourci t
yisv eryhotatt hemoment .
Eve:Idon’ tthinkso_ _
_______ _ourci tyismuchcool ert hanot hercit
iesi
nthiscount
ry.
A.Iam t hinkingof B.Hef orgeti t C.Inmyopi ni
on D.Iknowit
6.Til
ahum: Wewi l
lhav ealonghol idayt henextsemest er,whatarey ougoingtodo?
Beharu: __________________________;
Til
ahun: Idohopey ouhav eani cet r
ip.

10
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

A.Idon'tknow C.Iam busy .

B.Iam thinkingofgoi ngtoKiluanBeach. D.Idon' tthinkso
7.I
dri
s:Lookatt hev i
ews.Whatdoy outhi
nkaboutt her i
ver?
Abdi:It
hink_ __ __
___ _
_ _
_____
__ _
____
___
A.Icandonot hing. B.Yes.good C.Yes,ofcour se D.I tisamazi
ng.
8.Meaza:I’
vegotapr oblem withmymobi lephone.What ’
sy ouropini
on?
Shi
to: ___________________
_______
A.Itsoundsgr eat C.Ithi
nkyoushoul dbuyanewone.
B.Howapi tyy ouar e. D.That’snotmybusi ness
DI
RECTANDREPORTEDSPEECH
A)Direct(
quated)speech
I
tissay i
ngexactlywhatsomeonehassai
discal
leddi
rectspeech(
someti
mescal
l
ed
quotedspeech).
Herewhataper sonsay sappear
swi
thi
nquot
ati
onmark( "")andshoul
dbewordfor
word.
Exampl
es
Shesai d,"Today'
sl essonisaboutReportedSpeech.
"or
"Today '
sisaboutr epor t
edspeech."
,shesaid.
B)Indirect
(reported)Speech
Iti
srepor t
ingwhatt hespeakersai dwithoutusingt
heexactwor
ds,wecal
lthatr
epor
ted
speech.
Iti
sawayofpassi nginformat i
onfrom onepersontoathi
rdper
son.
Changesi nI ndir
ect(
repor ted)Speech
Ther
ear
echangeswhenyouconver tdi
rectspeechest
oindi
rect
:
Changeofpronoun
Changeoftense,and
Changeofadverb
Noquotat
ionmar k
Noquesti
onwor dorder
Noquesti
onmar k
Li
nki
ngwor ds,
that,i
forwhet
her
Changeofpr
onoun
ThePr
onounsofarechangedasbel ow:
I→ he/sheorremainsI
You→ he/sheorremai nsyou
He/she→ remainshe/she
We→ t hey
They→ remainsthey
Examples:
DS=Hesai d,Iam bor
‘ ed.’
I
S=H esaidthathe was bor
ed.
DS=Kunusai d,Wear
‘ egoingtothemov i
es.’
I
S=K unusa i
dthattheyw er
e goi
ngtothe movies.
DS=Zami said,Myf
‘ r
iendsgavemeat r
eat.
’
I
S=Z amisaidthatherfri
endsgaveherat r
eat.
DS=Hesai dtoher,Youar
‘ ebeauti
ful
.
’

11
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

I
S=Hes aidtoherthatshewasbeaut if
ul.
Youmustwr
DS=‘ iteneatl
y,
’thet
eachert ol
dherst
udents.
I
S=Thet eacheradv isedherpupi
lsthattheymustwri
teneatl
y.
DS=Isai d,Theyhavegoneout
‘ .’
I
S=Iinformedt hattheyhadgoneout .
DS=Linasai d,Thesebooksar
‘ ethei
rs.’
I
S=Linasai dthatthosebookswer etheir
s.

ChangeofTense
Whileconvert
ingdirectspeechi ntoindirectspeech,thet
enseoft
hever
bmustchange
accordingl
y:
Simplepr esent → Simplepast
Simplepast→ Pastper fect
Presentcont inuous→ Pastcont inuous
Presentper fect→ Pastper fect
Can→ Coul d
Shall→ Woul d
Will→ Woul d
May→ Mi ght
Example:
DS=Hesai d,“Ieatbr ead.”
I
S=Hes aidthatheat ebread.
DS=Hesai d,“Iam eat i
ngbr ead.”
I
S=Hes aidthathewaseat ingbr ead.
DS=Hesai d,”Iatebr ead”
I
S=Hes aidthathehadeat enbr ead.
DS=Hesai d,”Ihaveeat enbr ead.
I
S=Hes aidthathehadeat enbr ead.
DS=Hesai d,“Iwillcome. ”
I
S=Hes aidthathewoul dcome.
I
nreport
inghabit
ualacti
ons&gener altr
uth,
therewil
lnotbechangei
ntense.
Example:
DS=Hesai d,“
Myf athersmokes. ”
I
S=Hes aidthathisfathersmokes.
DS=Ourchemi str
yt eachersaid,“
Hydrogen&Oxygengivewater
”
I
S=O urchemistr
yt eachersaidthatHydrogen&Oxygengivewat
er.
I.Theverbf ormsr emai
nt hesamei nthegivenexampl
es:
1.Ifweuset hepastperf
ecttense.
Example:
DS=Abel :Ihadneverseenhi
“ m.”
RS=Abelcl aimedthatshehadnev erseenhim.
2.Iftherepor t
ingver
bisinthepresenttense.
Example:
DS=Fekede:“ Iam enjoyi
ngmyhol i
day.”
RS=Fekedesayshei senjoyi
nghisholiday
.

12
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

Whenwer epor tsomet hingt hati sst il

lt rue.
Example:
DS=Fat uma: “Asiai st hel argestcont i
nent .
”
RS=Fat umasai dAsi ai st hel argestcont i
nent..
3.Whenasent encei smadeandr epor tedatt hesamet i
meandt hef actissti
llt
rue.
Example:
DS=Mi chael :“Iam t hir
st y.”
RS=Mi chael sai dhei st hirsty.
4.Wit
hmodalver bswoul d,mi ght ,coul d, should,oughtto,
usedto. Exampl e:
DS=At sede: “Iwoul dt ryit.”
RS=At sedesai dshewoul dt ryit.
DS=Mi mi :Imi
“ ghtcome. ”
RS=Mi mi saidshemi ghtcome.
DS=Ayant u:“Icoul df ail.”
RS=Ayant usai dhecoul df ail.
DS=Li ya: Heshoul
“ d/oughtt ost ayi nbed. ”
RS=Li yasai dheshoul d/ oughtt ost ayinbed.
DS=Mel :“Iusedt ohaveacar .
”
RS=Melsai dheusedt ohaveacar .
5.Aft
erwish,woul dr ather ,hadbet ter,iti stime. Exampl e:
DS=Mar kos: “Iwi sht heywer einGr eece.”
RS=Mar kossai dshewi shedt heywer einGr eece.
DS=Mamo:“ Iwoul dr atherf l
y.”
RS=Mamosai dhewoul dr atherf ly.
DS=Bet ty :Theyhadbet
“ tergo. ”
RS=Bet tysai dt heyhadbet tergo.
DS=Paul :“I
tist imeIgotup. ”
RS=Paulsai di twast imehegotup.
6.Int
imeclauses. Exampl e:
DS=Gemechu:“ WhenIwasst ayingi nJi mmaImetmybestf r
iend.”
RS=Hesai dthatwhenhewasst ayinginJi mmahemethi sbestf r
iend.
7.Wedonotchanget hepastt ensei nspokenEngl i
shifiti
sclearfrom thesit
uati
on
whentheactionhappened. Exampl e:
DS=“ Shedi ditonSunday ,”Isaid.
RS=Isai dshedi ditonSunday .
Wemustchangeit
,however
,inthef ol
lowi
ngsentence,ot
her
wisei
twi
l
lnotbecl
ear
whet
herwear
etal
ki
ngaboutthepresentorpastf
eel
ings.
Example:
DS=“Ihatedher,
”hesai d.
RS=Hesai dhehadhat edher.
8.Wedonotusual l
ychangethemodalver bsmustandneedn’ t.
Butmustcanbecomehadt oorwoul dhavetoandneedn’ tcanbecomedi
dn’
thavet
o
orwouldn’
thavetoifwewantt oexpr
essanobligat
ion.
Would/
wouldn’thavetoareusedt otal
kaboutfutur
eobligati
ons.
Example:
DS=“Imustwashup. ”

13
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

RS=Hesaidhemustwashup/ hehadt owashup.

DS=“Ineedn’
tbeatschooltoday .”
RS=Hesaidheneedn’tbe/didn’thavet obeatschoolthatday.
9.I
fthemodalverbmustdoesnotexpr essobl i
gation,wedonotchangei
t. Exampl
e:
DS=“Wemustr el
axforawhi le.
”( suggestion)
RS=Hesaidtheymustrelaxforawhi le.
DS=“Youmustbet i
redaftersuchat r
ip.”(certai
nty
)
RS=Hesaidwemustbet i
redaf tersuchat r
ip.
ChangesofAdver bs
Words indi
cati
ng ‘
near
ness’oft
ime and pl
ace ar
e changed t
o wor
ds i
ndi
cat
ing
‘
dist
ance’ofti
meandplace:
Now→ t hen
This→ that
These→ t hose
Here→ ther e
Today→ t hatday
Yester
day→ t hedaybef ore
Thedaybef oreyesterday→ twodaysbefor
e
Tomorrow→ t henextday
Thedayaf tertomorrow→ intwodays’ti
me
Nextweek→ t hefoll
owingweek
Lastweek→ t hepr evi
ousweek
Report
edQuesti
on
wecanuseotherrepor
ti
ngwor
dssuchaswantt
oknow,
wonder
,andi
nqui
rei
nst
eadof
ask.
a)Yes/NoQuest i
ons
Quest
ionsthatneedyes/noanswertake“whetherori
f”
Example:
DQ ►Heasked, “
Doyoul i
kebanana?”
RQ ►Heaskedmei f(
whether
)Ilikedbanana.
DQ ►"Areyougoingt
oreadt henov
el?"
RQ ►Iaskedhimif/whetherhewasgoingtoreadt
henov
el.
DQ ►"Doyouwantachocol ate?
"
RQ ►Theyasked(me)I
fIwant edachocol
ate.
DQ ►"DoyouspeakEngli
sh? "
RQ ►Heasked( me)i
fIspeakEngli
sh.
b)WH-
Quest
ions
Theyt
ake“ asked/wantedtoknow+Wh+S+V
Exampl e:
DQ ►Heasked, “whyar eyoulate?”
RQ ► HeaskedwhyIwasl at
e.
DQ ►" Whereareyougoi ngtoseethepl
ay?
"
RQ ► Iaskedwher ehe/shewasgoi ngt
oseet
hepl
ay.
DQ ►"Wher eismyj acket?"
RQ ►Heaskedwher ehisjacketwas.
DQ►" Wher
eisLondon? "

14
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

RQ ►Heaskedwher eLondoni s
DQ ►" Whati smaki ngt hatnoi se? "
RQ ►Iaskedwhatwasmaki ngt henoise.
DQ ►" Whatar ey oudoi ng? "
RQ ►Heaskedwhaty ouwer edoi ng.
DQ ►" Whati shesay i
ng? "
RQ ►Iaskedwhathewassay ing.
DQ ► " Wher edoeshecomef rom ? "
RQ ►Iaskedhi m wher ehecamef r
om.
ReportingI mper at i
v es
Wecanuser epor t
ingv erbssuchas: tell
,ask,order,
per suade,i
nst
ruct
,andi
nvi
te.
Weuse" tell"foror der sanduse" ask"f orpoli
terequests.
affi
rmat i
vecommands→ ask/ tell+to+i nfi
nit
ive
negat i
v ecommands→ ask/ tel
l+not+t o+i nfi
nit
ive
A.Affi
rmat ivecommands/ I
mper ative
DC → “Stand- up”heor der edus.
RC → Heor deredust ost andup.
DC → Thet eachersai d, "Cont i
nuet owor khar d!
"
RC → Thet eachert ol dthest udentt hatt heyshouldcont inuetoworkhar
d.
DC → Dad, “Doy ourhomewor k.”
RC→ Dadt oldmet odomyhomewor k.
DC → "Bequi et.
"
RC→ Thet eachert ol dthest udent stobequi et.
DC → "Sitdown. "
RC→ Mybosst ol dmet osi tdown.
DC → "Wakeupear ly."
RC→ Shet ol dmet owakeupear ly.
B.Negat ivecommands/ Imper ati
v e
DC → Teacher ,“Don' ttalkt oy ourf r
iend.”
RC → Thet eachert ol dmenott ot al
kt omyf r
iend.
DC→ Dad, “Doy ourhomewor k.”
RC→ Dadt oldmet odomyhomewor k.
DC→ "Don' tdot hat ."
RC→ Shet ol dmenott odot hat .
DC→ "Donott al
k. "
RC→ Shet ol dusnott ot alk.
DC→ "Don' tbenoi sy .
"
RC→It oldhernott obenoi sy.
DC → “Don’ tshout ”mot herwar ned.
RC→ Mot herwar nedusnott oshout .
Repor
tedRequest
DR→ "Pl
easestopi t
."
RR→ Heaskedhert opleasestopit.
DR→ "Bri
ngit
,please."
RR→ Heaskedhert obringit
,please
DR→ "
Pleasedonotbel ate.
"

15
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

RR→ Sheaskedmenott
obel
ate.
Repor
tedSuggest
ions
DS→ Fat her
, “
Let'
swat chaf i
lm. ”
RS→ Fathersuggest edwat chingaf i
l
m.
→ Fathersuggestedt hattheyshouldwat chafilm
Inreportedspeech,t hewor d/wordsorthesoundusedbyt hespeakert
oexpressan
emot i
onar ealsoomi t
ted.
Exampl e:
DS=‘ Wow!Whatahandsomemanhei s!
’thegi r
lssai
d.
RS=Thegi r
lsexclaimedwhatahandsomemanhewas.
DS=‘ Hell
o!’myf r
iendsai dtome.‘Howar ey ou?’
RS=Myf ri
endgr eetedmeandaskedhowIwas.
Reporti
ngVer bs
Theyar er eporti
ngwor ds“t hat”connectsther eport
ingphrasesandthereport
ed
stat
ement( clause).
Accused admi
tt
ed advi
sed al
leged
agreed
Explained i
mpl
ied i
nvi
ted of
fer
ed
begged
Replied suggest
ed t
hought or
der
ed
apologized

Promi
sed deni
ed
Exampl
e:
-Heaskedmet ocomet othepart
y.Thi
smeans:-
Heinvi
tedmet othepar
ty.
Hebeggedt ocometothepart
y.
Heorderedmet ocometothepart
y.
Headvisedmet ocometothepart
y.
HesuggestedIshoul
dcomet othepart
y.
Pract
iceQuest
ions
Chooset
heal
ter
nat
ivet
hatbestanswer
seachquest
ion
1.Motheraskedme_ _________
A.WhyIhav espental l
themoney C.IfIhadspentallthemoney .
B.ThatIhadspental lt
hemoney . D.WhenIspendal lt
hemoney .
2.Hesaid,“Iam v erybusyt oday.”
Hesaid_ __
_ _____
_ _____
A.Hehadbeenv erybusyt hatday C.Hewasv erybusythatday
B.Hei sverybusyt oday D.Ihadbeenv erybusyt hatday
3.Lensa,“wher ehav ey oubeeny ester
day?”
Lensaasked_ ___
_ ____________
A.Wher eshehadbeent hedaybef ore C.Whereshewast hedaybef or
e
B.Wher eshehadbeeny esterday D.Whereshecoul dbet hedaybefore
4.“Don’
tplayi nthest reet!
”.
A.Mymot hert ol
dmedon’ tpl
ayint hestr
eet C.Mymot hertoldmenott oplayinthest
reet
B.Mymot hersai dtopl ayi nthestreet D.Mymot hersaidIshouldplayinthestr
eet

16
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

5.Shet oldhimt hatshe_ _ ___

_ _toseehi mt hef oll
owi ngday .
A.willcome B.came C.come D.woul dcome
6.Mar t
asai d, “Imayl eav et omor row. ”
A.Mar t
asai dt hatshemi ghtl eav et henextday .C.Mar taaskedi fsheshoul dleavet henextday .
B.Mar t
asai dt hatshemi ghtl eav et omor row.D.Mar tai
nf ormedmet oleavet omor row.
7.Kemersai d, “Ritai sbusyr i
ghtnow. ”
A.Kemersai dRi tawasbusy . C.Kemersai dRi tahadbeenbusy .
B.Kemeri nf or medt hatRi t
awasbusyt hen.D.Kemeri nformedt hatRit
ai sbusy .
8.Thet eachersai d,“ Youar esuspended! .”
A.Thet eacherexcl aimedt hatIam suspended.C.Thet eacheri nformedmet hatIwas
suspended.
B.Thet eacherexcl aimedt omet osuspend. D.Theteacherexcl ai
medt hatIwas
suspended.
9.Hesai d,“Ihav ebeenagr eatment or.”
A.Hesai dt hathehadbeenagr eatment or. C.Heexcl aimedt hathewasagr eatment or.
B.Hesai dt hathewasagr eatment or . D.Hesai dt hathehasbeenagr eatment or.
10.Meger sasai d, “Wewentf orasummert rip.”
A.Meger sasai dt hatt heywentf orasummert r
ip.
B.Meger sasai dt hatt heywer eonasummert ri
p.
C.Meger sasai dt hatt heyhadgonef orasummert ri
p.
D.Meger sasai dt heywentf orasummert ri
p.
11.Michael sai d, “Iwi llmanageher eaf ter .
”
A.Michael saidt hathewoul dmanageher eaf ter.
B.Mi chael sai dt hathewi l
lmanaget her eaf ter.
C.Mi chael sai dt hathewoul dmanaget her eaf t
er .
D.Mi chael saidt hathewi l
l manageher eaf ter .
12.“Iam goi ngoutt oni ght .
”Mi mi sai d.
A.Mi mi sai dt hatshewasgoi ngoutt oni ght . C.Mimi saidshewasgoi ngoutt hatnight.
B.Mi mi sai dt hatshewasgoi ngoutt hatni ght . D.Mi mi saidt hatshewi llbegoi ngoutt hat
ni
ght.
13.Theguar dasked, “Whoar ey ou? ”
A.Theguar daskedwhohewas. C.Theguar dasksmewhohewas.
B.Theguar daskedmewhohewas. D. Theguar daskedwhoIwas.
14.Rahel said, “Theconcer tendedy ester day .”
A.Rahel sai dt hatt heconcer thadendedy est erday .
B.Rahel sai dt hatt heconcer tendedt hedaybef ore.
C.Rahel sai dt hatt heconcer thadendedt hepr ev i
ousday .
D.Rahel sai dt hatt heconcer tendedal ready .
15.Shesai d, “Bringagl assofwat er, pl
ease. ”
A.Shecommandsmet obr i
ngagl assofwat er.C.Sheaskedmet obroughtagl assof
water.
B.Sher equest edmet obr i
ngagl assofwat er . D.Sheor deredmet obr i
ngheragl assof
water.
16.Hesai d, “
Letushav edi nnerher e. ”
A.Hepr oposedt hatwehaddi nnert her e. C.Hesai dthatweshoul dhav edinnert her
e.
B.Heaskedi fwewi shedt ohav edi nnert her e. D.Hesai dthatwehaddi nnert here.
17.Thesal esmansai d, “
Ar ey oui nter est edi nt hescheme? ”
A.Thesal esmansai dthati fIwasi nter estedi nt hescheme.
B.Thesal esmansai dt hatifIwer eint erest edi nt hescheme.
C.Thesal esmanasksi fIam i nt erest edi nt hescheme.

17
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

D.Thesalesmanaskedmei fIwasinter
est
edinthescheme.
18.Shesai
d,“Shutt hedoor !
”
A.Sheaskedmewhet herIwoul dshutthedoor. C.Shesai dthatIshouldshutt
hedoor.
B.Sheorder edmet oshutt hedoor. D.Sheshoutedandsai dtoshutthedoor.
19.Shesai
d,“Theywi l
l beleavingsoon.”
A.Shesaidt hattheywoul dleavesoon. C.Shesaidthattheywoul dbeleavi
ngsoon.
B.Shesaidt hattheyar eleav i
ng. D.Shesai
dt hattheywilll
eavesoon.
20.“Al
as!I
tcan’ tbethisbad. ”Hesaid.
A.Heexclaimedwi thsor r
owt hatthatcoul
dn’
tbethatbad.
B.Hegrievedt hatitcouldn’tbethatbad.
C.Hesaidt hatitwasr eallythatbad.
D.Hesaidwi t
hsor rowt hatthatwasbad.
VAGUEPRONOUNREFERENCE
PRONOUN
I
tisawordusedtotaket
heplaceofanoun
I
tshoul
drefert
ooneunmistakabl
enounpr
ecedi
ngit.
I
tmustref
ertoasingl
enoun,whichact
sasit
santecedent
.
Ant
ecedent
(noun)
I
tist
henounwhi
chapr
onounsubst
it
utesf
ororr
efer
sto.
Per
sonalpr
onouns
Per
sonalpr
onouns
pr
onouns Subj
ect Obj
ect P.Adj
ect
ive P. Ref
lexi
ve
pr
onoun
Fi
rst per son I me my Mine my
sel
f
si
ngular
Second You You Your y
our
s y
our
sel
f
person
si
ngular
Third person He/she Hi
m/her
/i hi
s/her
/i
ts His/
her
s/i Himself
/her
sel
f/i
ts
si
ngular /i
t t ts el
f
Fi
rst per son We Us Our ours oursel
ves
pl
ural
Second You y
ou y
our y
our
s y
our
sel
f
personplural
Third person They t
hem t
hei
r t
hei
rs t
hemsel
ves
pl
ural

PRONOUN
I
tisawordusedtotaket
heplaceofanoun
I
tshoul
drefert
ooneunmistakabl
enounpr
ecedi
ngit.
I
tmustref
ertoasingl
enoun,whichact
sasit
santecedent
.
Ant
ecedent
(noun)
I
tist
henounwhi
chapr
onounsubst
it
utesf
ororr
efer
sto.
Per
sonalpr
onouns

18
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

Per
sonalpr
onouns
pr
onouns Subj
ect Obj
ect P.Adj
ect
ive P. Ref
lexi
ve
pr
onoun
Fi
rst per son I me my Mine my
sel
f
si
ngular
Second You You Your y
our
s y
our
sel
f
person
si
ngular
Third person He/she Hi
m/her
/i hi
s/her
/i
ts His/
her
s/i Himself
/her
sel
f/i
ts
si
ngular /i
t t ts el
f
Fi
rst per son We Us Our ours oursel
ves
pl
ural
Second You y
ou y
our y
our
s y
our
sel
f
personplural
Third person They t
hem t
hei
r t
hei
rs t
hemsel
ves
pl
ural
VaguePr
onounRef
erence
I
tApr onounwi thoutaspeci ficant ecedent.
I
tisusingapr onounwi thoutacl earant ecedent
.
I
tisapr onounwi thmultiple,possi bleantecedents.
I
twhenapr onoundoesn' tagr eewi t
hanumber .
I
twhenapr onoundoesn’ tclear l
yr efertoaspecificpersonorthi
ngi
nthesent
ence.
EXAMPLES:
–Af t
erputti
ngt hediskint hecabi net ,Johnsoldit.
”
(Thepronoun“ i
t”hastwoant ecedent s)
–Mat t’
sbrotherl i
kestot ell
ast oryaboutt heti
mehebr okemom’svase.
”
(Thepronoun“ he”hastwoant ecedent s.)
–Thegi rl
sdidn’tgettoseet hebandsbecauset heirbusbrokedown.
”
(Thepronoun“ thei
r”hast woant ecedent s.
)
Thecommonv
aguepr
onounandhowt
ofi
xthem
1.Combi
ningFi
rst
/Second/
Thi
rdPer
son
I
ncorr
ect:Ineverri
deroll
ercoaster
sbecausetheymakey
ousick.
”
Cor
rect:
Inev err
iderol
lercoast
ersbecausetheymakemesi
ck.”
2.Toomanyant
ecedent
s
Apr onounshoul
dhaveonlyoneant
ecedent(noun)thati
sclearandspeci
fi
c.
Incorrect
:Edwint d Kennyt
ol hatDr.Wilson suspect
edthathehadcheat edont
he
chemi str
yexam.
”
Correct:Edwint
oldKennythatDr.Wil
sonsuspect edthatKennyhadcheatedont
he
chemi str
yexam.
3.Hi
ddenant
ecedent
s
I
tiswhent hepr onoun’
santecedentfuncti
onsasanadj ect
iverat
herthanasanoun.
Thet r
ueant ecedentis“hi
dden”from ther eaderbecauseithasbeensubordi
natedt
o
anothernoun.
Incorr
ect:Thecandydi shwasempt y,butwewer eti
redofeatngi
i tanyway.
(substi
tut
eanounf orthepronoun“ i
t.
”)

19
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

Corr
ect
:Thecandydi shwasempt
y,butwewer
eti
redofeat
ingcandyany
way
.”
4.Noantecedentatall
I
tiswhenawr i
terusesapronounwithoutsupplyi
ngtheantecedent.
I
ncorrect:Thewit
nesscall
edthetel
evisi
onstati
on,buttheydidn’
tanswer.
(t
hepr onoun“t
hey”hasnoantecedenttowhichitcanrefer
.
Corr
ect :Thewi
tnesscall
edthetel
evi
sionstati
on,butnotasinglerepor
teranswer
edt
he
phone.(Thewrit
ercouldchangethepronoun“they”t
oanoun. )
5.Pr
onounusedt
ost
andf
oragr
oupofwor
ds
Itiswhen“ t
his”and“ which”ref
ert o anideaexpr essedinanenti
resentenceor
statement/Notspeci
ficnoun).
Incorr
ect:Idi
dnotattendmybestf ri
end’sbir
thdayparty,
whichwasr
eal
lyunsuppor
ti
ve
ofme. ”(
Thewor d“which”hasnosingle,
clearantecedent
.)
Wecanf
ixt
hisi
ntwoways:
a).Replacethepr onounwit
hanoun)
–“ Idi
dnotat tendmybestf riend’
sbir
thdaypar
ty,Myacti
onswasr eal
l
yunsupporti
ve
ofme. ”
b)Rephr asetoeliminat
ethepronoun
–“ Bynotattendingmybestf r
iend’sbi
rt
hdaypart
y,Iwasr
eall
yunsupport
iveofher
.”
6.Pr
onounnumber
Pronounsmustagr eeinnumberwi tht hei rantecedent s.
Pluralant ecedent srequi r
epluralpr onouns,andsi ngularant ecedentsrequir
esingular
pronouns.
Incorrect: “
Eachper sonshoul df oll
owt hei rdreams. ”
(“their”isapl uralpronounand“ person”i sasi ngul arnoun.
Correct :“Eachper sonshoul df oll
ow hi sorherdr eam. ”OR“ Allpeopleshouldfol
low
theirdreams. ”
Pract iceQuest ions
Fort hef oll
owingquest ionsSelectt hev aguepr onoun
1.Av i
rusi sani nfectiveagentt hatt ypical lyconsistsofanucl eicacidmol ecul
eina
proteincoat .Theycanpr oscri
beant i
bi ot i
cst ohel pfightt hevirus.
A.v i
rus B.agent C.They D.a
2.WhenMel i
ssaandAl ifi
nall
ygr aduat ed, shecelebr atedwi thabi gpart
y!
A.she B.par ty C.Al i D.Mel issa
3.Theysayt hatt hedeliveryti
mei sal way sunder30mi nut es.
A.time B.alway s C.say D.They
4.WhenAdl eyandhersi sterf
lewt oChi cago, theairli
nel ostherl uggage.
A.her B.sister C.Adl ey D.airli
ne
5.Thecoachhadt ochoosebet weenki ckingt heext rapoi ntandgoi ngforthetwo-
point
conv ersion.Itwascl earl
yt hebet t
eropt ion.
A.opt ion B.coach C.choose D.I t
6.Int hechampi onshi pgame, t
heEagl est ookont heBobcat s.I ntheend, wewon!
A.we B.Eagl es C.champi onshi p D.Bobcat s
7.Thegi rlandhermot herbothknewshewasi nbigt roubl e.
A.she B.mot her C.gi rl D.t r
oubl e
8.Taket hechai routoft heroom andcl eani t
.
A.it B.r oom C.clean D.chair

20
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

8.Lastweek,Ihadapresentati
on,twotest
s,andabigproj
ectdue.I
twasmuchbet
ter
thi
sweek.
A.proj
ect B.presentat
ion C.i
t D.test
s
10.WhenLarryspoketohisuncl e,
hewasv er
ypoli
te.
A.uncl
e B.Larry C.he D.hi
s
PUNCTUATI
ONMARKS
Punct uat ioni sasetofmar kingsorsy mbol st hatweneedt o cl
earlyexplai
nt he
meani ngofoursent encesandt omai nt aint het extflowingsmoot hly
.
Itindi cat eswhenweshoul dt akeabr eak,di vi
desconcept s,indicateswhenaphr aseis
quot ingsomeoneel se’ swor dsandper for msoneofsev er
al i
mpor tanttasks.
Per iod( .
)
a)Att heendofdecl arati
v e( ast atement ):
Summerv acat ionbegi nsi nJune.
Thebooki sont hedesk.
b)Att heendofI mper ati
v e(acommand) :
Got othegr ocer yst oreandbuymi l
k.
c)Inabbr eviations( Anabbr ev iationi sf ollowedbyaf ul
lst
op. )
Dr .,Mr .,Dec.
d)I nsidequot at i
onmar ks:
Thedet ermi nedsci ent i
stt houghtt ohimsel f,“Imustf i
ndasol ut
ion.
e)Att heendofi ndirectquest ions
Shewant st oknowwhatt heassi gnmenti s.
Bonaaskedmei fIknewt hewayt oPostof fi
ce.
•Quest i
onmar k( ?):
aquest ionmar kendsani nterr ogat i
v esent ence.
a)Att heendofadi rectquest ion.
Doy ouknowt hatt heassi gnmenti s?
Doy ouknowt hewayt oPostof fice?
b)Wi thquot ationmar ks:
Insidet hequot ationmar ksonl ywhent hequest i
onmar ksispar tofthequot edtext
:
Iasked, “MayIbor r
owapenci l
?”
Heasked, “Doy ouknowwhatt heassi gnmenti s?”
Itshoul dbepl acedout si
det hequot ation.
Di dy ousay ,“
Meetmeatei ghto’ clock” ?
Di dheask, “
Ar ey oucomi ngt oni ght ?”
?
•Comma( ,)
Commasar eusedt oi nser tapausei ntoasent ence.
Thepur poseoft hepausecanbef ordi ff
erentr easons,suchast osepar ateideas,
phr ases, orev enal tert hest ruct ur eofasent ence.
Itist hemostf requent lyusedmar kofpunct uation.
a)Bet weenmai nclauseswi thacoor dinat ingconj unct i
on(for,and,nor,but,or
, y
et,so):
Thef i
rsttwoact swer esl owmov ing,butt het hir
dactwasf ullofacti
on.
YougoaheadandIwi ll foll
ow.
Themov i
ewast errible, andt heaudi encewasmaki ngf unofi t.
b)Bet weeni ndi vi
dual it
emsi naser iesorl i
st:

21
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

Remembert obuymi lk, but ter,eggs, br ead, andj uice.

Mymot herhasf ormer lywor kedasanambassadori nt hef ollowingcount r
ies:
Moscow, Vi enna, Madr id, andBer lin.
Ther ewer et oy sf orchi ldr en, tool sf orf ather s,andbooksf ormot hers.
c)Afternamesi nadi rectaddr ess:
Joe, wi ll y
oupl easepasst hebut ter ?
Samuel ,pleasecomeher e.
d)Afterint roduct or yexpr essi ons:
Useacommaaf teri nt roduct or yel ement sl ike: wel l,yes, oh, no, why ,yeahet c.
Unf or tunat ely, Ionl yhada2. 5GPAl astsemest er .
e)Afterani nt roduct or ydependentcl ause:
Af tershehadwor kedatt hecompanyf orsi xy ear s, shedeci dedshehat edherjob.
f)Beforesuchaswheni tisf ollowedbyanexampl eoral i
st :
Readagoodbook, suchasThePer ksofBei ngaWal lflower .
g)Aroundat hr own- ini nter r
upt i
ngexpr essi on( Howev er ,Ithi nk, Afterall,etc):
BillCl int oni s, inmyopi ni on, ater ri
bl er olemodel .
h)Aroundnon- li
mi ti
ng( non- rest rict i
ve, non- essent ial)cl auses, phr ases, orinfor mati
on:
Addi sAbaba, whi cht hecapi t
al ofEt hiopia, hasov er3mi ll
ionpopul ati
ons.
Myl ittlebr ot her ,play i
ngi nt hest reet , i
sgeni us.
Mul ber ries, whi chhappent obemyl eastf av oriteBet ty ,areexpensi vet hisyear.
i
)Wi t
hquot at ions:
SigmundFr eudasked, “Whatdowomenwant ?”
j
)Bet weenel ement si nl ocat ions, dates, oraddr esses:
Myf atherwasbor nonDecember31, 1953, int hemor ning.
Thei rbabywasbor nonMonday ,May1, i
n1999, inBal timor e, Mar yl
and.
k)Afterint roduct or yv er bal orv er bal phr ases:
Behav ingl ikeachi ld,hedi sappoi nted.( phr ase)
IfIwer ey ou, Iwoul dhel pt hepoor .( clause)
Sleepi ngsoundl y ,Lindadi dnotwakeupwhent heear thquakehi t.
l
)Bef oreandaf teranel ementt hatcont rast swi thapr ev iousel ement :
Nowt hatIhav eagoodj ob, Igetpai dabet tersal ary, notmi nimum wage.
•Quot ationMar ks( “)
a)Quot at ionmar ksar eusedt odenot et ext ,speech, orwor dsspokenbysomeoneel se.
Iti
salsousedt oi ndi cat edi alogue.Ar oundt heexactwor dsofaspeaker :
Thet eachersai d, “Wewi ll hav eanexam nextTuesday .”
b)Ar oundt itlesofsongs, shor tar ticlesoressay s, stories, poems:
Nancyquot edf rom t hear ticle“ LostHer oes”i nherr esear chpaper .
c)Whenusi ngquot ationmar kswi thinaquot ation, usesi ngl equot ati
onmar ks:
TonyaskedNancy ,“CanIr ead“ Losther oes”wheny ouar efinishedusi ngit?”
•Apost rophe( ‘)
Itcanalsobeusedt opl ur al
izel ower casel et ters.
a)Inpossessi ves, bet weent heendoft hewor dandswhent hewor ddoesnotendi ns;
butaftert hesi nwor dsendi ngi ns:
Thati sAndy ’
sj arofpi cks.
Thati st heTay lor s’house.
b)Incont ract i
ons, tosi gni fywher el etter shav ebeenomi tted:

22
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

Thebadguy si nmov iessomet i

mesar en’ tverysmar t.(Theoi nnothasbeenl eft
out .
)
c)Bef or ethesi npl ur alsofl et t
ers, number s,andwor ds.
Dr .Yensergav esi xA’ s,threeB’ s,nineC’ s, and’ twoD’ sinhisl it
eratureclass.
•Semi colon( ;)
Itcanbeusedt oconnectt woi ndependentcl auseswhi char erel
atedsomehow.
I’ml ookingf ormybook; wher edoy ousupposeIputi t?
I’m nothungr y; hewant stoeatabi glunch.
Thecari sol d; howev er ,i
twor kswel l.
Itcanal sobeusedt osepar ateshor tclausesi nal i
staf teracol onhasbeenused
especi allyifthel i
stpot ent iallycausesaconf usion.
Pleasedot hef ol lowi ngassi gnment sforhomewor k: readpage15- 17iny ouMat h
test; f
inisht heout l
inef ory ouressay ;fini
shr eadingt hebook‘ TheGi ver
’
Col on( :)
a)Useacol ont oi nt roducel istofi tems
Mymot herhaswor kedasanambassadori nt hef oll
owi ngcount r
ies:Ber l
in,
Vienna, Madr i
d, andMoscow.
Tol osewei ght ,y oushoul ddot hef oll
owi ng:exer ciser egularly,eathealthyfoods,
anddr inkl essal cohol .
b)I tcanbeusedt osepar at et woi ndependentcl ausesi nsuchawayt hatthesecond
clausei si mpor tant&shoul dbeemphasi zed.
Ithasbeensnowi ngf ort hreeday sst r
aight :ther oadsar oundher ear en’tver y
saf efordr iving.
Fai t
hi slikel ov e: Itcannotbef orced.
c)I tisal sousedt oi ntr oducequot esanddi aloguesi napl ay.
BobPr oct or :Youcanst ar tf rom nowher eandnot hingbutoutofnot hi
ng&
nowher eawaycanbemade.
Remembert hewor dsoft hegr eatYogi Ber ra:“Itisn’tov erunt i
lit’
sov .“
er
d) I nasal utationofaf or mal l
etter:
To Whom I tMayConcer n:( Salutati
onsi nl essf ormall etter
st end t o have
commas. )
e) Bet weenhour sandmi nut esandbet weenmi nut esandsecondsoft i
me:
Thespaceshut tlel i
ftedof fatexact ly11: 40:29t hismor ni
ng.
f)Inpr opor ti
ons:
Ther atioofst udent st oteacher swas30: 2.
Excl amat ions( !)
Itisusedi nexcl amat or ysent ences, andsomet imesi nimper ativ
es.
Whatabeaut iful dr ess!
Whatagoal !
Howexpensi v e!
Youar eki dding!
Righton! \
WhatagoodAdv ice!
Ar en’ttheyhandsome!
Whataspect acul arscene!
Gi rl
sar ewal ki ngont hemoon!

23
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

Manyexclamat
ionsbegi
neit
herwi
tha‘Whata…or‘How…asintheexampl
es.
Anint
erj
ecti
onatthebegi
nni
ngofasentencei
susual
l
yfol
l
owedbyacomma.
Exampl
es
Ah,t
hereyouhav eme!
OAlas!Ihavelostt
heidea.
Hurr
ah!Wehav ewont hecr
icketmat
ch.
Ouch!Thatsti
ngs!
Animperati
vesentencemaybef ol
lowedbyeit
heraper
iodoranexcl
amat
ionpoi
nt,
dependi
ngontheforceint
ended.
Exampl
es
Pl
easerepl
ybyret
urnmai
l
.
Bl
ockthatki
ck!
Pr
act
iceQuest
ions
Chooset
heal
ter
nat
ivesent
encet
hati
scor
recti
npunct
uat
ion
1.
A)Spainisabeaut if
ul country;thebeache' sar ewar m, sandyandspot l
essl yclean.
B)Spainisabeaut if
ul country:thebeachesar ewar m, sandyandspot l
esslycl ean.
C)Spainisabeaut if
ul country,thebeachesar ewar m, sandyandspot l
esslycl ean.
D)Spainisabeaut if
ul country;thebeachesar ewar m, sandyandspot l
esslycl ean.
2.
A)Thechi ldr
en'sbookswer eal ll
eftint hef oll
owi ngpl aces:Mr sSmi t
h'sroom, Mr
Powell'
sofficeandt hecar etaker'
scupboar d.
A)Thechi l
dren'sbookswer eal l
leftint hefollowi ngpl aces;Mr sSmi th'
sr oom, Mr
Powel l
'
sof fi
ceandt hecaretaker'scupboar d.
C)Thechi l
drensbookswer eal llef
tint hef oll
owi ngpl aces:Mr sSmi t
hsr oom, MrPowel
l
s
off
iceandt hecar etakerscupboar d.
D)Thechi l
dren'sbookswer eal ll
eftint hef ol
lowi ngpl aces,Mr sSmi th'
sr oom, Mr
Powel l
'
sof fi
ceandt hecaretaker'scupboar d.
3.
A)Sheal way senj oyedsweet s,chocol ate,mar shmal lowsandt offeeappl es.
B)Sheal way senjoy ed: sweets,chocol at e,mar shmal l
owsandt off eeappl es.
C)Sheal way senj oyedsweet schocol at emar shmal l
owsandt offeeappl es.
D)Sheal way senj oyedsweet '
s,chocol ate, mar shmal l
ow'sandt offeeappl e's.
4
A)Sarah'suncl e'
scarwasf oundwi thouti t
swheel si nt hatoldder eli
ctwar ehouse.
B)Sarah'suncl e'
scarwasf oundwi thouti t
swheel si nt hatold,der el
ictwar ehouse.
C)Sarahsuncl escarwasf oundwi thouti tswheel sint hatold,der eli
ctwar ehouse.
D)Sarah'suncl e'
scarwasf oundwi thouti t
'swheel si nthatold,der eli
ctwar ehouse.
5
A)Ican'tseeTi m'scar , t
heremusthav ebeenanacci dent .
B)IcantseeTi m' scar; ther
emusthav ebeenanacci dent.
C)Ican'tseeTi m'scart her
emusthav ebeenanacci dent .
D)Ican'tseeTi m'scar ; t
heremusthav ebeenanacci dent .
6
A)Paul'sneighbor swer eter
rible;sohi sbr other'sf r
iendswentr oundt ohav eawor d.
B)Paul'sneighbor swer eter
rible:sohi sbr other'sf r
iendswentr oundt ohav eawor d.
C)Paul'sneighbor swer eter
rible,sohi sbr other'sf r
iendswentr oundt ohav eawor d.
D)Paul'sneighbor swer eterr
iblesohi sbr ot
her '
sf ri
endswentr oundt ohav eawor d.
7

24
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

A)Ti msgr an, aformidablewoman, alwaysboughthi m chocolate, cakes,sweet sandani ce

fr
eshappl e.
B)Ti m'sgranaf ormidablewomanal way sboughthim chocolate, cakes, sweetsandani ce
fr
eshappl e.
C)Ti m'sgran, aformidablewoman, alwaysboughthi m chocolatecakessweet sandani ce
freshappl e.
D)Ti m'sgran, aformidablewoman, alwaysboughthi m chocolate, cakes, sweetsanda
nicefreshappl e.
8.
A)Af terstealingTimscar ,thethieflosthiswayandendedupi nt hechiefconst able's
gar age.
B)Af terstealingTim'scart hethieflosthiswayandendedupi nt hechiefconst able's
gar age.
C)Af terstealingTim'scar, thethi
efl osthiswayandendedupi nt hechiefconstable's
garage.
D)Af terstealingTim'scar, thethi
efl osthis'
wayandendedupi nt hechi efconstable'
s
garage.
9
A)Wedeci dedtov i
sit:Spain,Greece, Port
ugal andItal
y'smount ai ns.
B)Wedeci dedtov i
sitSpain, Gr
eece, PortugalandItalysmount ains.
C)Wedeci dedtov i
sitSpain, Gr
eece, PortugalandItaly'
smount ains.
D)Wedeci dedtov i
sitSpainGr eecePor t
ugalandI t
aly'
smount ains.
10
A)Thatt allman,Paul'sgrandad, isthismont h'swinner.
B)Thatt allmanPaul '
sgr andadi sthismont h'swinner.
C)Thatt allman,Paul'sgrandad, isthismont hswinner .
D)Thatt al
lman, Paulsgr andad,ist hi
smont h'swinner.
COMMONCONFUSI
NGWORDS
Thefoll
owsisalistofmostcommonlyconfusedwor
ds.
Accept/
Except
Accept/ver
b/="agreeorr
eceiv
efavor
abl
y."
Doy ouknow i
fthegiftshopwilacceptachechquef
l orpay
ment
?(accept
,
except)
Except/pr
eposit
i excl
on/=" uding,
leavi
ngout,but
."
Al
mazr ememberedtopackeveryt
hingf
orthetr
ipexceptf
orhercul
tur
aldr
ess.
l
ose/
loose
l
ose=verb,tomispl
aceornotwin
Whatevery tl
oudo,don’ oseyourt
icket
,becausei
t’
syouronl
ywayt
ogetbacki
nto
t
hepark.
l
oose=/adj
ect
ive/
=tonotbet
ight
Dannyt
ri
edonhisdad’
sol
dleatherj
acket
,buti tl
twasabi ooseonhi
m.
apar
t/apart
APART=t obej
oinedwi
th
Kal
ill
ovestoactandsi ogetapar
ng,sohehopest tintheschoolmusi
calthi
s
summer.
APART=tobeseparat
ed
Sel
am andhert
winsi
sterLeml
em hav erbeenapar
enev tf
ormorethanaweekend.
Af
fect
/Ef
fect

25
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

Ef
fect/
noun/=i
nfl
uence.
Gett
ingenoughfreshairandexer
cisecanhaveaposit
iveef
fectonyourmoodand
yourhealt
h.
Affect/
verb/=toinfl
uenceorhaveanef f
ecton.
"
Wecan’tal
way spredi
cthowourdecisi
onswil
laf
fectot
hersaroundus.
Capi
tal/
capit
ol
capi
tal=seatofgover
nment
.
Bahrdar,Amhar aregion,i
soneoft hemostbeaut i
fulcapi t
alci
ti
esint
heEthiopi
a.
Capi
tol=theactual buil
dinginwhicht helegisl
ati
vebodymeet s
Theregionof f
icial
smeeti ntheircapitolbui
ldi
ngtodi scussandcreat
elaws.
si
te/
sight
Si
te=positi
onorpl ace
Everyyearont heiranniv
ersary,
mygr andparentsvi
sitthesitewheret
heyfi
rstmet.
si
ght=visi
on
Aryawistful
lywat chedthecardr i
v eawayunt i
ltwasoutofsi
i ght
.
Complement/Compl i
ment
Complement/ noun/=" tomakesomet hi
ngwhol eorcompl ete."
AuntCindyt houghtt hatt hebluecur tai
nswoul dper fectycompl
l ementthedark
har
dwoodfloors.
Compli
ment/ nounorver
b/="prai
se."
Myf av
oritewri
ti
ngteacher
,Mr .Ort
ega,al
way
sfi
ndssomet
hi ocompl
ngt i
menti
n
hi
sstudent
s’work.
Passed/
past
passed=ver
b,pastt
enseof"
topass,
"tohav
emov
ed
Wegazedupi
nwonderast
het
inygl
i
mmeroft
heI
nter
nat
ionalSpaceSt
ati
on
passedoverus.
past=belongi
ngtoaf
ormert
imeorpl
ace
Manyofourmoder
nspor
tsl
ookqui
tedi
ff
erentf
rom t
hev
ersi
onspl
ayedi
nthePast
.
Pr
oceed/
precede
pr
oceed=togoforwar
d
Audi
ence members mustt ake thei
rseats befor
ethe show can proceed as
schedul
ed.
precede=tocomebefore
Manypeopl
ebel
ievethatpecul
iaranimal
behavi scanpr
or ecedeanearthquake.
Adapt/
Adopt
adapt=to"makef
itoradj
ust
."
Thecur rentproduct
ionpr
ocessneedstobeadapt
edtot henew technol
ogi
cal
requi
rement s.
Adopt="acceptasone' sownorchoose.
"
The par l
i
ament voted unani
mousl
yto adopt new changes tothe
constit
uti
on.
Al
ready/Al
lready
Al
ready="byorbeforeacer
tainti
me",bynow"
" ,
or" byt
hen.
"
Wehav ealr
eadycompletedourproj
ect.
Al
lready="beingprepar
ed.
"
Thestudentswereal
lreadyfort
heirf
inalexam.

26
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

Emi
grate/
Immigrate
Emi
grate="goi
ngf r
om acountry"tosett
lesomewhereel
se.
Sheemigrat
edfr
om acount ryinAfr
icainsear
chofabet
terl
i
fei
nanotherl
and.
I
mmigrate=to"cometoacount ry"toset
tl
e.
Manyskil
ledprofessi
onalswi thadvanceddegr
eeshaveimmigr
ated i
ntothi
s
count
ryi
nthel
astf
ewy
ear
s.
Farther/Further
Fartherisusedt ocompar edi
stancesonly.
Wear egoingt oruntwomi esf
l ar
thert
odaythanwedidyester
day.
Further=" additi
onal"or"more.
"
Thisassi gnmentneedsf ur
therclari
fi
cati
on.
Ingenious/Ingenuous
Ingenious=" cl
ever,i
nventi
ve.
"
Ingeniousi nvent
ionsofsucht oolsasaradio,orat
elephone,orast
eam engi
ne
hav
esol
vedmanymy
ster
iesandi
mpr
ovedpeopl
e'
sli
ves.
I
ngenuous="
nobl
e,f
rank.
"
Alessopenandl essingenuousper
sonwoul
dhav
etakenadv
ant
ageoft
his
unf
ort
unat
esi
tuat
ion,butnothe.
Lay/
Lie
Lay=to"pl
acesomet
hingdown.
"
Whenst udent
swer efinishedwitht
heexam,theyl
aidt
hei
rpenci
l
sdownand
handedinthei
rscant
ronsheet s.
Li
e=t
o" r
ecli
ne."
Icoul
dn'tsl
eepandjustlaywideawakeal
lni
ghti
nbed.
Rai
se/
Rise
Ri
se=to"goup.
"
Becauseofrecentrai
ns,t
hewat erl
eveli
ntheri
verhasbeenst yr
eadi
l isi
ng.
Raise=t o"
causesomet hingt
omov eup."
Thecandidat
epr omisednottorai
setaxeswhenelect
ed.
council/
counsel
council=agroupthatconsult
soradv i
ses
Themenandwomenont hecounci
lvotedinfavorofanout
doorconcer
tint
hei
r
t
own.
counsel=t
oadv
ise
Thepar oleoffcercounsel
i edt heconvictbef orehewasr eleased.
el
ici
t/i
ll
icit
el
ici
t=t odr aworbr i
ngout
Thet eacherel icitedthecor rectresponsef rom thestudent.
i
ll
ici
t=illegal
TheCol umbi andr ugl ordwasar restedf orhisil
li
citacti
vi
ti
es.
eminent/immi nent
eminent=f amous, respect ed
Theemi nentpodi atr
istwont hePhy si
cianoft heYear awar
d.
i
mmi nent-r eadyt ot akepl ace
Afightbet weenmysi sterandmei simmi nentf r
om themomentIentermyhouse.
st
ationary/st ati
oner y

27
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

st
ati
onar
y=st
andi
ngst
il
l
Theacci
dentwasmyf
aul
tbecauseIr
ani
ntoast
ati
onar
yobj
ect
.
st
ati
oner
y=wr
it
ingpaper
herboughtmest
Mymot ati
oner
yt hatwasonrecy
cledpaper
Practi
ceQuesti
ons
Chooset
heal
ter
nat
ivet
hatbestanswer
seachquest
ion
1.Shewasconf i
dentthathewoul d_ ______toherr equest .A.exceed B.accede
2.Ii
nvitedev eryone_ __
_ _
_ __
__ __Tom t ot hepi cni c.A.except B.accept
3.The_ _____ _____ofWashi ngt oni sOlympi a.A.capi tal B.capi t
ol
4.Thenewdécor_ _____________ _thecompany 'snewdi r
ect i
on.
A.compl iment ed B.compl ement ed
5.Theat hletewas_ _______ont heshoul dersoft hecr owdaf terthegame.
A.bor n B.bor ne
6.Iwas_ _____________togobyt hetimehegothome.A.al ready B.al lready
7.Someweal thypeopl eli
v eont heinterestoft hei rmoneywi thoutevertouchingt he
____
_____.
A.pr i
nciple B.pr i
ncipal
8.Mysi sterwasagood_ _ _
____ ____model .A.r ol e B.r oll
9.Thepr esenceofacr owdnev er___________t heconf identpubl i
cspeaker
A.ef f
ect ed B.affected
10.Iwoul d_ _________yout osaynot hing.A.adv ice B.adv i
se
11.Cont i
nuedl abortroublecont ri
butest opoor_ _ _______.A.mor ale B.mor al
12.Ast oret hatsellspaperi sknownasa_ _____ __st ore.A.st ati
onary B.st at
ionery
13.Afterseei nghi sfi
anceeeatspaghet ti
,Br andonwas_ __________totakehert oan
expensiver estaurant.A.l oath B.loathe
14.Aweb_ _________mustgener all
ybecur rentt obeef f
ective
A.cite B.sit
e C.sight
15.TheHumanResour cesDepar t
mentmustbei nv olvedinal l__
______
_ _
_deci sions.
A.per sonal B.per sonnel
16.Afterthecarr oll
eddownt heembankment , she_ _______thepassenger stosaf ety
.
A.l ed B.lead
ACTI
VEANDPASSI
VEVOI
CE
A)Dif
fer
encebet
weent
heAct
iveVoi
ceandt hePassi
veVoi
ce
Act
iveVoice Passi
veVoice
I
t denot es that t he subject i
I s
tdenot esthatthesubj
ectisacteduponbyt he
per
formingtheaction. ver
boract i
oninthesent
ence.
I
tdoesnotr equi
real inki
ngv er
bt
I o
t uses a l i
nki
ng verbf ol
l
owed by the past
makesense. part
ici
pleofthemainver
b.
I
tfocusesont hedoeroft heacti
on.
I
tcomesi nhandywhent hedoeroft
heacti
oni s
undeter
mined.
I
thasadi
rect
,cl
earandst
rongt
one. I
thasani ndi
rect
,weakandsubtl
etone
B)
TheFor
m(St
ruct
ure)ofact
iveandpassi
vevoi
ce
Tense Act
ivevoi
ce Passi
vevoi
ce
Presentsi
mple Themechani
crepair
sthecar. Thecari
srepai
red.
Presentcont
ini
ous Themechani
cisrepair
ingt
hecar
. Thecari
sbeingrepai
red.

28
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

Presentperfect Themechani
chasjustr epai r
edt hecar
. Thecarhasjustbeenr epair
ed.
Pastsimple Themechani
crepai
r edthecar . Thecarwasr epair
ed.
Pastcontini
ous Themechani
cwasr epairingt hecar. Thecarwasbei ngrepaired.
Pastperfect Themechani
chadr epairedt hecar. Thecarhadbeenr epaired.
Futuresimple Themechani
cwillr
epairt hecar . Thecarwill
ber epai
red.
Presentconditi
onal Themechani
cwouldr epai rthecar. Thecarwouldber epaired.
Perfectconditi
onal Themechani
cwouldhav er epair
edthecar
. The car woul d hav e been
repai
red.
C)Thedi
ff
erencei
nmeani
ngbet
weent
hepassi
veofsi
mpl
eandcont
inuoust
enses.
Exampl
e
1.Anewhousei sbui l
tinourst reet.
(Thehouseisfinished. )
2.Anewhousei sbei ngbui lti
nourst reet
.
(
Theyarebuil
dingi ttheseday s, i
tisnotfi
nished.
)
3.Iwasbeingint
roducedt oMr s.Joneswhenherhusbandar ri
ved.
(
Herhusbandar rivedint hemi ddleoftheintr
oducti
on.)
4.Whenherhusbandar ri
v edIwasi nt
roducedtoMr s.Jones.
(Herhusbandarri
v edfirstandt henshei nt
roducedme. )
Otherverbf ormsofact i
veandpassi vevoice
Verbforms Activevoice Passi vevoice
I
nfi
niti
ve Idon'twantanyonetodi
sturbme. Idon'twanttobedist
urbed.
per
fectinf
ini
tive Theyseem tohav et
akenit
. Itseemst ohavebeentaken.
Part
ici
ple Isawt hecateati
ngit
. Isawi tbei
ngeatenbythecat.
per
fectparti
cipl
e Having fi
nished my work,Iwent Mywor khav i
ngbeenf ini
shed,Iwent
home. home.
Ger
und Ii
nsi
stedonthem payingme. Iinsi
stedonbeingpai
d.
goi
ngt
o Ishegoi ng t
o sing Thr
il
leratthe IsThri
llergoi
ngtobesungatt
hepar
ty?
par
ty?
usedt
o Ram usedtotakecareofevery
thi
ng. Everyt
hingusedt obet akencareofby
Ram.
Can Theycanquestionhimforsi
xhours. Hecanbequest ionedf orsixhours.
Coul
d I
tcouldhavebadlyhurtyou. Youcoul dhavebeenbadl yhurt.
May The papers say t
hey may rel
ease Thepaper ssayhemayber el
eased
hi
m.
Might Somebodymi ghtbuyit
. Itmightbebought.
Must Passenger
smustwearseatbel t
s. Seatbeltsmustbewor n.
Shoul
d Youshouldhavetoldme. Ishouldhavebeent old.
oughtt
o Theyoughttoforgi
vehim. Heoughtt obeforgiven.
Wecanuset
hei
ndi
rectobj
ectast
hesubj
ectofapassi
vever
b:
Act
iveVoi
ce Passi
veVoi
ce
Igavehi
m abookforhi
sbirt
hday. Hewasgivenabookforhisbi
rthday
.
Someonesentherachequeforathousandbi
rr
. Shewassentachequeforathousandeur
os.
Kebedegav
eMar taagi
ft. Mart
awasgivenagiftbyKebede.
Wecanusephr
asalver
bsi
nthepassi
ve:
Act
iveVoi
ce Passi
veVoi
ce
Theycal
ledofft
hemeet i
ng. Themeeti
ngwascalledoff
.
Hisgr
andmotherlookedaft
erhim. Hewaslookedaft
erbyhisgrandmot
her
.
Theywil
lsendhim awaytoschool
. Hewil
lbesentawaytoschool.

29
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

Somever bswhi
char
ever
yfr
equent
lyusedinthepassi
vear
efol
lowedbyt
het
o-
i
nfi
nit
ive:
Act
iveVoice Passi
veVoi
ce
Wehav easkedJohntomakeaspeechatt
he Johnhasbeenaskedt omakeaspeechat
meet
ing. themeeti
ng.
Wesupposey out
owearauni
for
m. Youaresupposedt
owearaunif
orm.
Weschedulethemeet
ingt
ost
artatsev
en Themeetingi
sschedul
edt
ostartatsev
en.
2.TheUseofPassi
veVoi
ce
Ther
ear
efourwr
it
ingsi
tuat
ionsi
nwhi
cht
hepassi
vevoi
cei
smor
eappr
opr
iat
e:
i
)Whenthesubj
ecti
suni
mpor
tant
.
Examples
JoeBi
denwaselect
edbytheAmer
icanpeopl
einNov
ember
,2020.
(Thef
ocusi
saboutBiden.
)
i
i
)Whenthesubj
ecti
sunknown.
Exampl
es
AnEthi
opianwomanwasmur deredlat
elastni
ght.Poli
cesayt
her
ear
enosuspect
s.
Hewasof f
eredajob.(
Someoneof f
eredhimthejob)
Anewhousei sbei
ngbuil
tinourstr
eet.
Thewindowwassmashedwi thastone.
i
i
i)Whenyouwantt
odownpl
ayt
hei
mpor
tanceoft
hesubj
ect
.
I
ftheacti
onismoreimportantt
hant
heagent.
Thi
sstrategyi
smuchl ovedbypoli
ti
ciansbecausei
tal
l
owst
hem t
oadmi
tmi
stakeswi
thout
namingthoser
esponsi
ble)
.
Exampl
es
I
naccurat
einfor
mat i
onaboutthepresenceofWeaponsofMassDest r
uct
ionwasr
elay
ed.
Theplai
nti
ffwasshotinthefacewhilehunti
ng
(notAl
exshottheplai
nti
ffinthefacewhil
ehunti
ng!)
Theyaresupposedtobegoodst udents.(
someteacher
ssupposethat
)
Fl
owerswer epl
antedint
hegar den.(Wedonotknowwhodi di
t).
i
v)Whenther
ear
etwover
bswi
tht
hesamesubj
ect
,maket
hesecondver
bpassi
ve.
Exampl
es
Al
exshotsomeonei
nthef
ace,
andwasawar
dedasl
apont
hewr
ist
.
Pr
act
iceQuest
ions
Chooset
heal
ter
nat
ivet
hatbestanswer
seachquest
ion
1.Thisproblem _ ________
_byy ourbrothery esterday.
A.Wassol ved B.I ssolved C.Willbesol ved D.Sol v
es
2.Myf atherwrot ethisbook.Thi sbook_ __
_ _
____ _
___bymyf ather
.
A.Wi llbewr ote B.Waswr i
tten C.Waswr i
te D.Wi ll
bewr it
ten
3.Thisclock_ _______in1750.
A.Ismade B.Wasmade C.I smaki ng D.Wi llbemade
4.Bronsonscor edagoal .Yes,agoal ____________byBronson.
A.Isscor ed B.Wi l
lbescored C.Scor ed D.Wasscor ed
5.Thisjob_ ___
_ ___
__ _bymyf ri
endnextweek.
A.Isdone B.Di d C.Wi llbedone D.Wasdone
6.Thishousewas_ ________
_mygr andfather.
A.Bui l
dfor B.Bui l
dby C.Bui ldedfor D.Bui ltby
7.Thisexercisewi l
l_ ___
______
__ __athome.
A.Bedoi ng B.Hav edone C.Do D.Bedone

30
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

8.Wast hewi ndowpane_ ___ __ ______thechi ldren?

A.Broke B.Br okenby C.Br okef or D.Br okenf or
9.All
thebedswer e_ __
____ __mygr andmot her.
A.Madeby B.Madeher C.Makeby D.Makef or
10.Manywr iterswer e_ _____ ____Shakespear e.
A.Infl
uenceby B.I nfluencedby C.I nfluencef or D.I nf l
uencedf or
11.Themoney_ _________st olenbyt het hievesi fyoul eavei
tt here.
A.Was B.Wi llbe C.Hasbeen D.I s
12.Mr.Johnson_ _________t hebook.
A.Istranslated B.Tr ansl atedby C.Tr anslated D.Wast ransl
ated
13.Thepol i
ceman_ __ _
____ _t hatman.
A.Wasar restedby B.Ar r
estedf or C.Ar rested D.Wi ll
bear r
ested
14.Wewi ll_____________byt hatt eacher.
A.Bet eached B.Hav et aught C.Bet aught D.Beent aught
15.Manyt hi
ngs_ ___________i nt hishouse.
A.Issaid B.Ar esaid C.Theysay D.Theyar esaid
16.Thismansi on_ __________ _i n1750.
A.Isbuilt B.Wasbui lt C.Wi llbebui lt D.Bui l
ded
17.Theywi l
l_ __
_ _
__t hi
scarsoon.
A.Bebought B.Buy ing C.Bebuy i
ng D.I sbought
18.Thiscarwi ll___
__ ___
_ _
_soon.
A.Bebought B.Bebuy i
ng C.Buy D.I sbought
19.Thejar__ ______
__ _byt hemai d.
A.Wasbr oken B.Br oke C.Br oken D.Br eaks
20.Thecent erforwar d____ __ ________agoal .
A.Wasscor ed B.Scor ing C.I sscor ed D.Hasscor ed
VERBANDPREPOSI
TION
Ver
b Pr
eposi
ti
o Exampl
esent
ence
n
adapt To Wheny oumov etoanot hercount ry
,youshoul
dadaptt
o
i
tsculture.
agree On Theyf i
nallyagreedont hatsol uti
on.
apologi
ze For Weapol ogi zeforanyi nconv enience
apply For Hav eyouappl iedf orthejoby et?”
approve Of Wedonotappr ov eofy ourbehav i
or
ask For I
’m surey oucanhav eit
.Youj ustneedt oaskf
orit
.
Base On Thef i
lmisbasedonat ruest ory.
beli
eve I
n Doy oubel i
ev einGod
belong To Thecarbel ongst omyf r
iend.
boast About Heboast edabouthi snewj ob.
borrow From He’salway sbor rowingmoneyf rom me.
care For Shecar esf orherbr other.
Concentr
a On Please,concent rateony ourwor k.
te
depend On I
tal
ldependsont
heweat
her
.

31
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

Ver
b Pr
eposi
ti
o Exampl
esent
ence
n
die of Ifyoudon’ tdrink,youdi eoft hirst.
differ from Thet wopr oduct sonl ydifferfr
om eachot herinthepr
ice.
i
ntroduce to MayIi ntroducey out omyassi st ant?
l
isten to Inev erl
istentot her adio.
pay for Mybosspai df orev erything.
prepar e for She’sprepar i
ngf ort hemeet i
ng.
Prot ect from Ahel metpr otectsy ouf rom fall
ingobj ects.
prov ide wi t
h Thet ourguidepr ov i
desuswi t
ht henecessar yequipment.
recov er from Hehasal mostr ecov eredf rom af l
u.
refer to Theessayhasmanyf ootnotest hatr efert ot hesame
author.
respond to Hehasn’ trespondedt oanyofmyemai ls
save from Allthepassenger scoul dbesav edf r
om dr owni ng.
special
ize i
n Thiscompanyspeci al i
zesi ne-bikes.
succeed i
n Ifyouwor khar d,youwi llsucceedi nbusi ness.”
suffer from She’sbeensuf feri
ngf r
om acol d.
wait for Wewer ewai ti
ngf ort het r
ain.
worry about Don’twor ryaboutt hat !
yearn for Aft
ert hatlonghi ket het woadv entur
er syearnf orasteak.
PracticeQuest ions
Chooset
heal
ter
nat
ivet
hatbestanswer
seachquest
ion
1.Womenaccount_ ________halfoft hepopul ation
A.About B.For C.On D.wi th
2.Theyaccusedme_ _ _
_ ___
__st eali
ngt heirfood.
A.Because B.For C.Of D.at
3.Theywer eadmi red_ _______
_t heircour age.
A.On B.For C.About D.on
4.Theyadapted_ _ _
_ _
_ _
_ _allt
heci rcumst ances.
A.To B.For C.at D.about
5.Weagr eed_____ ____doingt hat.
A.Not B.On C.For D.with
6.Sheapologized_ ________notsay inggood- bye.
A.Of B.Because C.For D.on
7.MayIasky ou_ _ ______somewat er?–Ofcour se, I
’
llgetyousome.
A.for B.on C.about D.t o
8.You’v
egotacool smar tphone.–Yes, butitbel ongs_ ___
_____
_mybrot
her
.
A.for B.on C.about D.to
9.Ir
eall
yneedt opr epar e_ _
_____ _
__ _thet esttomor r
ow.
A.for B.on C.about D.to
10.Don’ttr
ytoconcent rateont oomanyt hingsatt hesamet ime.
A.for B.on C.about D.to
11.I
’m abitwor r
ied_ ___________myf r
iend.He’ sgonecl imbing.

32
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

A.for B.on C.about D.to

12.Excuseme, arey oualsowai t
ing_______at axi?
A.for B.on C.about D.t
o
13.I
’dli
ket oi
ntroducey ou_ _
_____mynewcol league.
A.for B.on C.about D.to
14.Youknow, Ireall
ywantt oappl y____
__ __anewj obsoon.
A.for B.on C.about D.to
15.Havey ouagreed_ _____
___thecolorf ory ournewapar t
ment
?
A.for B.on C.about D.to
16.Oli
verhasbeenl ist
ening_ ___
_ _
____ther adioforhours.
A.for B.on C.about D.t o
PATTERNSOFTHEVERBWI
THWI
SH
Wishcanbeusedi ndiffer
enttensesdependi
ngonwhatwedesi r
eordesir
edtobe
dif
fer
ent
.(Presentorpast)
1.Wish+SimplePast
Weuse“ wi
sh”+si mplepasttoexpresst
hatwewantasi
tuat
ioni
nthepr
esent(
orf
utur
e)
tobedif
fer
ent.
Exampl
e
“IwishIli
vedi nEthi
opi
a”
(Ri
ghtnowt hespeakerdoesnotli
vei
nEthi
opi
abutwoul
dliket
oli
veinEthi
opia
atthepresent.)
2.Wi
sh+PastCont inuous
Weuse“ wish”+pastcont i
nuoustoexpr
esst
hatwewantt
obedoingadif
fer
entact
ivi
ty
i
nthepresent(orthef ut
ure)
.
Exampl
e
“IwishIwaseat i
ngSpani shf oodi nBarcel
ona”
(Ri
ghtnowt hisper soni si
nt heof fi
ce,t
heywouldli
ket
obeinSpain,eati
ngtapas,
i
nt hepr esent.)
IwishIwer elyingonabeachnow.( I
’m sit
ti
ngi
ntheof
fi
ce)
Iwishitwer en’training.(I
tisr ai
ning)
Iwishy ouwer en’
tleavingtomor row.(Youar el
eavi
ngt
omorrow)
3.Wi
sh+PastPer fect
Weuse“ wish”+pastcont i
nuoust oexpr essthatwewanttobedoi
ngadi f
ferentact
ivi
ty
i
nthepresent( orthef uture).
Exampl
es:
“ shIhadn’
Iwi teat
ensomuchchocol
ate”
(Thispersonatet
oomuchchocol
ate,
feel
ssickandwouldl
i
ketogobackt othepast
andchangei t
.)
4.Wish+Woul d
Weuse“ wish”+woul
d+inf
ini
ti
vetoexpr
essdissat
isf
act
ionwi
tht
hepresentsi
tuati
on.
Exampl
es:
“
Iwishy
ouwoul dst
opmakingsomuchnoise”
(
Thepersonwantst
heothert
ostopmakingnoi
se.
)
‘
Wish’
or‘i
fonl
y ’
Weusewishandi fonl
ytotal
kaboutt
hingst
hatwewouldl
i
ket
obedi
ff
erenti
nei
ther

33
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

t
hepresentorthepast.
I
fonl
yisusual l
yabitst
rongerthanwish.
Exampl e:
IwishIliv
edsofarawayf rom you.
Ifonlyweknewwhatt odo.
Hewi sheshecouldaff
ordat our.
Pr
acticeQuest
ions
Chooset
heal
ter
nat
ivet
hatbestanswer
seachquest
ion
1.Mr s.Hillwishesherdaught er_ _____touni ver sity.That '
swhyshesendshert opr i
vate
school .
A.wi llgo B.woul dgo C.hadgone D.goi ng
2.Iwi shI_ __
_ ___
_ __undert hesunf oral ongt ime. NowIhav eat erri
blesunbur n.
A.woul dst ay B.woul dn'
tst ay C.hadst ay ed D.hadn' tstayed
3.Josephwi sheshe_ _____ar ichmansot hathecoul dbuyt her edspor tscari nhis
dreams.
A.wer e B.wer en'
t C.wi l
l be D.won' tbe
4.Myf atherwi sheshe_ __thatcarbecausei tusual l
ybr eaksdownandcost shim al ot
ofmoney .
A.bought B.didn'tbuy C.hadbought D.hadn' tbought
5.Mi chael andMegwi sht hey_ _ _
____ ___onhol idayi nMi ami insteadofhav i
ngt owor k
alldayi nthisbor ingof fice.
A.wer e B.woul dbe C.hadbeen D.wi llbe
6.Iwi shwe_ _________toabi ggerhouse. Idon' thav emyownr oom.
A.wi llmov e B.mov ed C.mov ing D.won' tmov e
7.Iwi shy ou_ _
_ _
__ ____sosel fi
sh.
A.wi l
lbe B.won' tbe C.wer en'
t D.wer e
8.Pam wi shesshe_ ____ _
___ _Sue'sphonenumber .Shewoul dt elephoneherandi nvi
te
tothebi rthdaypar ty.
A.knew B.woul dknow C.hadknown D.wi llknow
9.Mr .Reedwi sheshi swi f
e_ __ _
_ __
__ _hery ell
owdr esst ot heweddi ngcer emonynext
Tuesday .
Her eall
yl i
kesi t.
A.woul dwear B.wi llwear C.wor e D.hadwor n
10.Phi ll
ipandJohnwi sht hey_ _ _
____ ___theirhomewor k.Thet eachergotv eryangr y.
A.did B.woul ddo C.haddone D.wi lldo
11.Iwi shI_ _________Henr yofst ealingmywal let .
If oundi tundermybedy esterday
A.hadn' taccused B.di dn'taccuse C.woul dn'taccuse D.won' taccuse
12.Sophi ewi shesherboss_ ________ _herapr omot i
onasshehasbeenwor king
dil
igentlyf oral ongt imeandshei sv erysuccessf ul.
A.wi llgive B.woul dgi ve C.hadgi ven D.isgi ving
13.Iwi shI_ _________har derf ortheSci enceexam. Igotav erybadmar kandmypar ents
gotqui teupset .
A.wi l
lst udy B.st udied C.woul dst udy D.hadst udied
14.Thomaswi sheshe_ _soi ll.
Hewant st ogooutandpl aywi thhi sfri
ends, buthecan't.
A.wer en' t B.won' tbe C.hadn' tbeen D.woul dn' tbe
SUBJECT-
VERBAGREEMENT

34
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

I
tmeanschoosi
ngt
hecor
rectsi
ngul
arorpl
ural
ver
baf
tert
hesubj
ect
.
I
tisal
soknownas" concord"
I
nasentence,
theverbmustagr eei nnumberwit
hthesubj
ect
.
I
fthesubj
ecti
ssingular,
thev er
bmustbesi ngul
ar.
I
fthesubj
ecti
splural
,thev er
bmustbepl ural
.
Rul
esf orSubj
ect–Ver
bAgreement
Subj
ect
sandver
bsmustagr
eei
nnumber
.
1.I fthesubj ecti ssi ngular ,thev erbmustbesi ngul art oo.
Exampl e:
Shewr itesev eryday .
Except ion: Whenusi ngt hesi ngul ar" t
hey ,
"usepl uralv erbf or ms.
Exampl e:
Thepar ti
cipantexpr essedsat i
sfacti
onwi tht heirj ob.Theyar ecur rentl
yi na
manager i
al roleatt heor gani zati
on.
2.I fthesubj ecti spl ural
, thev erbmustal sobepl ural.
Exampl e:
Theywr it
eev eryday .
Somet imes, howev er ,i
tseemsabi tmor ecompl i
catedt hant his.
3.Whent hesubj ectoft hesent encei scomposedoft woormor enounsorpr onouns
connect edbyand, useapl ural ver b.
Exampl e:
Thedoct oralst udentandt hecommi t
t eemember swr i
teev eryday .
Theper centageofempl oyeeswhocal ledi nsi ckandt henumberofempl oyees
whol eftthei rjobswi t hin2y ear sarer ef lectiveoft hel ev el ofjobsat i
sf acti
on.
4.Whent her ei sonesubj ectandmor ethanonev erb, t
hev er bst hr oughoutt hesent ence
mustagr eewi tht hesubj ect .
Exampl e:
Inter viewsar eonewayt ocol l
ectdat aandal lowr esear cher stogai nani n-depth
under standi ngofpar ticipant s.
An assumpt ion i s somet hi ng thati s gener allyaccept ed as t r
ue and i s an
i
mpor tantconsi der ationwhenconduct ingadoct oral study .
5.Whenaphr asecomesbet weent hesubj ectandt hev erb, remembert hatt hev erbst i
l
l
agr eeswi tht hesubj ect,nott henounorpr onouni nt hephr asef ol l
owi ngt hesubj ectof
thesent ence.
Exampl e:
Thest udent , aswel last hecommi tteemember s, i
sexci ted.
Thest udentwi t
hal l t
hemast er ’
sdegr eesi sv erymot ivated.
St rategi est hatt het eacherusest oencour agecl assr oom par tici
pat ioni nclude
usi ngsmal lgr oupsandcl arifyingexpect ations.
Thef ocusoft heint erv i
ewswasni nepur posivel ysel ect edpar ti
cipant s.
6.Whent woormor esi ngul arnounsorpr onounsar econnect edby" or"or" nor,
"usea
singul arv erb.
Exampl e:
Thechai r
per sonort heCEOappr ovest hepr oposal bef or epr oceedi ng.
7.Whenacompoundsubj ectcont ainsbot hasi ngul arandapl uralnounorpr onoun
j
oi nedby" or"or" nor ,
"thev er bshoul dagr eewi tht hepar toft hesubj ectt hati sclosest

35
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

tothev erb.
Thisisal socal ledt her uleofpr oxi mity.
Exampl e:
Thest udentort hecommi tteemember swr it
eev eryday .
Thecommi tteemember sort hest udentwr it
esev eryday .
8.Thewor dsandphr ases" each, ""eachone, ""eit
her ,
"" neither ,
""ever yone, ""everybody,"
"anyone, ""anybody, "" nobody, ""somebody, ""someone, "and" noone"ar esi ngularand
requir
easi ngul arv erb.
Exampl e:
Eachoft hepar t
icipant swaswi l
li
ngt ober ecor ded.
Nei t
heral ternat ivehy pothesi swasaccept ed.
Iwi l
l offera$5gi ftcar dt oev er y
bodywhopar ticipatesi nthest udy .
Noonewasav ailablet omeetwi thmeatt hepr eferredt i
mes.
9.Non- countnounst akeasi ngul arv erb.
Exampl e:
Educat i
oni st hekeyt osuccess.
Diabet esaf fect smanypeopl ear oundt hewor ld.
Thei nfor mat ionobt ainedf rom t hebusi nessowner swasr el ev anttoi ncludei n
thest udy .
Ther esear chIf oundont het opicwasl imited.
10.Somecount abl enounsi nEngl shsuchasear
i ni ngs,goods,odds,sur roundings,
proceeds, cont ent s, andval uabl esonl yhav eapl ural form andt akeapl uralverb.
Exampl e:
Theear ningsf ort hisquar terexceedexpect ations.
Thepr oceedsf r
om t hesal egot osuppor tthehomel esspopul at ionint heci ty
.
Local lypr oducedgoodshav et headv antageofshor tersuppl ychai ns.
11.Insent encesbegi nningwi th" therei s"or" t
herear e, "thesubj ectf ollowst hev erb.
Since" there"i snott hesubj ect ,
thev erbagr eeswi thwhatf ollowsthev erb.
Exampl e:
Ther eisl ittl
eadmi ni
st rati
v esuppor t.
Ther ear emanyf actor saf fectingt eacherret ention.
12.Col l
ectiv enounsar ewor dst hati mpl ymor et hanoneper sonbutar econsi dered
singularandt akeasi ngularv erb.Someexampl esar e" group,""t eam, ""commi ttee,
"
"family,"and" class. "
Exampl e:
Thegr oupmeet sev er yweek.
Thecommi tteeagr eesont hequal it
yoft hewr it
ing.
Howev er,thepl ur al verbi susedi fthef ocusi sont hei ndividualsint hegr oup.
Thisismuchl esscommon.
Exampl
e:
Thecommi
tt
eepar
ti
cipat
einvari
ousvol
unteeract
ivi
ti
esi
nthei
rpr
ivat
eli
ves.
Practi
ceQuesti
ons
Chooset
heal
ter
nat
ivet
hatbestanswer
seachquest
ion
1.Theteacher_
_______
____completedthischapt
er.
A.have B.has C.i
s D.are
2.Ram andShyam ______
____businesspart
ners.

36
 GRADE12ENGLI
SHSHORTNOTEANDPRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS(
byAl
emay
ehuM.
)

A.hav e B.has C.ar e D.had

3.Neit
hery ounory oursi stershoul d_ ___ ___
_ _
__t ot hem.
A.talk B.talks C.t alked D.t al
king
4.Twentyy ears_ ________t hemi nimum aget of illthisform.
A.are B.i s C.has D.hav e
5.Apairofsocks_ __________beenmi ssingf rom mywar drobe.
A.hav e B.has C.wer e D.is
6.Much_ ____ _
__ ____beensai dint henewsr epor ts.
A.wer e B.hav e C.has D.was
7.Theinformat ionpr ovidedt oy ou_ ___ _______wr ong.
A.wer e B.was C.ar e D.hav ebeen
8.Ei
theroft het wodr essesshal l _____ _______good.
A.looking B.look C.l ooks D.l
ooked
9.Eachandev erymember_ __ _
__ ____t ov ote.
A.has B.hav e C.hav ing D.ar e
10.Alargenumberofsol diers_ ____ ____ __diedf ort hecount ry.
A.has B.i s C.are D.hav e
11.Halfofthecl ass_ ___ _______empt y.
A.wer e B.was C.has D.hav e
12.Mymot her,alongwi thot hers, _
_ ____ _____wor ried.
A.wer e B.are C.hav e D.was
13.Noneoft hecandi dat es_ _______ ___r esponded.
A.wer e B.hav e C.has D.i s
14.Thebook‘ ManagementPr i
nciples’ _ ____
_ __
_ ____qui teinsight
ful
.
A.are B.is C.hav e D.has
15.Twodol lars_ _________asmal lamount .
A.are B.has C.hav e D.i s
16.Alotofst artups_ ____ _
_ _____st artedi nt hepastf ewy ears.
A.is B.ar e C.hav e D.has
17.There_ __________plent yofspacef orguest satt hev enue.
A.was B.wer e C.ar e D.hav ebeen
18.Alotofst udent s_ _
_ ________t ocl eart hisexam.
A.fail
ing B.fails C.fail D.hasf ai
led

37