PH ANALYSIS 1: PRELIMS

UNIT II: VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS

a. ACID/BASE TITRATION

DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
1st YEAR 2nd SEMESTER A.Y. 2023 – 2024

VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS BRONSTED-LOWRY

Four types:  can happen in any solvent
1. Acid/Base Titration  Acids - donates proton (H+)
2. Complexometry Titration
 Bases - accepts proton (H+)
3. Precipitation Titration
LEWIS
4. Redox Titration
 used in organic chemistry, wider range of
ACID/BASE TITRATION substances
 also known as “neutralization titration”  acids - accepts electron (e-) pair
 a solution of an acid is usually added to a  bases - donates electron (e-) pair
solution of a base (vice versa) until the base
is exactly neutralize and neither acid nor RELATED TERMINOLOGIES
base is in excess. PROTOLYTIC REACTION
 the quantities of acid and base should be  a process where by a proton is transferred
exactly equivalent and if the concentration of from one molecule to another
the solution is known that of the other  transfer of proton
solution maybe calculated.  directly related to Bronsted-Lowry Theory
AUTOPROTOLYSIS
DEFINITION OF TERMS  also known as “self-ionization”
ACIDS  a reaction in which there is a transfer from
 taste sour one molecule to another identical molecule
 react with some metals to give off hydrogen AMPOTHERIC
gas  a property in which a substance can act
 conduct electricity in solution either as an acid or base
 0-6 in pH scale NEUTRALIZATION
ex : HCl, H2SO4, H3PO3  neutralization point
example foods: lemons, apples  usually use in the analysis of inorganic,
BASES organic, and biological species that posses
 taste bitter inherit acidic or basic properties.
 feel slippery
 dissolve fats and oils typical acid/base reaction form:
acid + base → salt + water
 8-14 in pH scale
ex: NaOH, KOH, etc.
examples: household cleaner, soaps INDICATORS
— that are commonly use in acid/base titration ONLY
— indicating the end point
INDICATORS ACID BASE
Malachite Green yellow green
Methyl Yellow red yellow
Bromophenol Blue yellow blue
NEUTRAL Methyl Orange pink yellow
 7 in pH scale Bromocresol Purple yellow purple
ex: milk (but when already introduced in our body and Bromothymol Blue yellow blue
combined with lactic acid, it will become acidic) Bromocresol Green yellow blue
Phenol Red yellow red
THEORIES IN ACID & BASES Cresol Red yellow red
ARRHENIUS Thymol Blue yellow blue
 can heppen only in water Methyl Red red yellow
 acids - produce H+ Phenolphthalein colorless faintly pink
Thymolphthalein colorless blue
 bases - produce OH-

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PH ANALYSIS 1: PRELIMS
UNIT II: VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
a. ACID/BASE TITRATION

DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
1st YEAR 2nd SEMESTER A.Y. 2023 – 2024
RULES IN USING PROPER INDICATOR  doesn’t use water since it is “non-aqueous”
INDICATOR only: ethanol, chloroform (CHCl3), acetone
Strong acid is titrated Methyl Red, Methyl (C3H6O)
with a strong base Orange, Phenolphthalein  deals with the analysis in a medium that is
Weak acid is titrated completely free from water
Phenolphthalein
with a strong base USES:
Strong acid is titrated Methyl Red  to determine very weak acids & bases
with a weak base
Weak acid is titreated REASONS WHY NON-AQUEOUS SOLUTION
x
with weak base NEUTRALIZATION IS DONE:
Amount of Indicator 2-3 drops  Poorly soluble in ________
appearance/disappearance
Ideal end point  Weakly reactible in water
of color
 Precautions:
TYPES OF NEUTRALIZATION REACTION  Control temperature is required
A. AQUEOUS NEUTRALIZATION REACTION  Acid Solutions in aqueous solvents ______
 reactions or solvent that are soluble in water
 Acid Solution have almost equal strength in NON-AQUEOUS NEUTRALIZATION REACTIONS
water (ACIDIMETRY)
2 TYPES:
PROCESS TITRANT TITRAND
Alkalimetry Base Acid
Acidimetry Acid Base

EXAMPLE (Acidimetry):
 Titrant: Acid
 Titrand: Base

 Direct Titration: NaHCO3 Assay, NaBO3

Assay
 Residual Titration: ZnO Assay, Assay of
MgOH (Milk of Magnesia)
 Residual (w/ preliminary treartment): Na EXAMPLE (Acidimetry):
Potassium Tartrate  Type of Titration: Direct Titration
 Residual with Blank: Aromatic Ammonia,  Titrant: 0.1N perchloric acid in glacial acetic
Assay of the Spirit of Ammonia acid
 Titrand/Sample: Methacholine Chloride
EXAMPLE (Alkalimetry): (Assay)
 Titrant: Base  Indicator: Crystal Violet Test Solution (TS)
 Titrand: Acid  Endpoint: grey to yellow

 Direct Titration: Diluted H3PO4 Assay, HCl
NON-AQUEOUS NEUTRALIZATION REACTIONS
Assay, H3BO3 Assay, and Tartaric Acid
(ACIDIMETRY)
Assay
 Residual with Blank: Assay of Aspirin, Ethyl
Acetate, Phosphomolybdate Assay for
Phosphates
B. NON-AQUEOUS NEUTRALIZATION REACTION

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PH ANALYSIS 1: PRELIMS
UNIT II: VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
a. ACID/BASE TITRATION

DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
1st YEAR 2nd SEMESTER A.Y. 2023 – 2024
EXAMPLE (Alkalimetry):
 Type of Titration: Direct Titration
 Titrant: 0.1N Na Methoxide
 Titrand/Sample: Assay of Pherrytoin
 Indicator: Azo Violet, Thymolphthalein Test
Solution (TS)
 Endpoint: blue

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