TCVN 12441-3:2018 (IEC 62660-3:2016)

TCVN – TIÊU CHUẨN QUỐC GIA

TCVN 12441-3:2018
IEC 62660-3:2016

Secondary lithium-ion cells for the propulsion of

electric road vehicles –
Part 3: Safety requirements
TCVN 12441-3:2018 (IEC 62660-3:2016)

Contents
Preface .................................................................................................................................... 3
1. Scope of application ........................................................................................................ 4
2. Reference documents ...................................................................................................... 4
3. Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................... 5
4. Test conditions................................................................................................................. 6
5. Electrical measurement .................................................................................................. 9
6. Safety tests ....................................................................................................................... 9
APPENDIX A ....................................................................................................................... 17
APPENDIX B ....................................................................................................................... 21
REFERENCE....................................................................................................................... 23

List Figure and Table

Figure 1. Example of temperature measurement of cell .................................................... 8
Figure 2: Example of crush test ......................................................................................... 12

Figure A. 1: Example of charging operating region of typical lithium-ion batteries... 19

Figure A. 2: Example of active discharge region of typical lithium-ion batteries ......... 20

Table B. 1: Example of a short circuit inside a battery ................................................... 21

Page 2 of 23
TCVN 12441-3:2018 (IEC 62660-3:2016)

Preface
TCVN 12241-3:2018 is completely equivalent to IEC 62660-3:2016;
TCVN 12241-3:2018 was compiled by the National Technical Standards Committee
TCVN/TC/E1 Electrical Machines and Electrical Instruments, proposed by the Directorate
for Standards, Metrology and Quality, and published by the Ministry of Science and
Technology.

 TCVN 12241 (IEC 62660), Secondary lithium-ion batteries for power transmission of
electric road vehicles currently has the following parts:
 TCVN 12241-1:2018 (IEC 62660-1:2018), Part 1: Performance testing;
 TCVN 12241-2:2018 (IEC 62660-2:2018), Part 2: Reliability and over-testing;
 TCVN 12241-3:2018 (IEC 62660-3:2016), Part 3: Safety requirements;
 TCVN 12241-4:2018 (IEC TR 62660-4:2017), Part 4: Alternative test method to the
internal short circuit test of TCVN 12241-3:2018 (IEC 62660-3:2016).

Page 3 of 23
TCVN 12441-3:2018 (IEC 62660-3:2016)

1. Scope of application
This standard specifies test procedures and acceptance criteria for the safety performance of
secondary lithium-ion cells and battery packs used to power electric vehicles (EV), including
battery electric vehicles (BEV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV).
NOTE 1: Cell blocks may be used instead of cells by agreement between manufacturer and
purchaser.
NOTE 2: Regarding to batteries for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), the manufacturer
may choose the test conditions of either the BEV application or the HEV application.
This standard is intended to determine the basic safety performance of cells used in battery
packs and systems in their intended use, and reasonably foreseeable or incidental misuse in
service. normal of EV. The battery safety requirements in this standard are based on the
assumption that the batteries are used correctly in the system and battery pack within the
limits of voltage, current and temperature as specified by the manufacturer. of the battery
(battery working area).
Safety assessment of batteries during transport and storage is not addressed in this standard.
NOTE 3: Safety performance requirements for lithium-ion battery packs and systems are
defined in ISO 12405-3. The technical regulations and safety requirements for lithium-ion
battery packs and systems of electric bicycles and electric scooters are defined in ISO 18243.
The IEC 62619 standard specifies the safety requirements for batteries and accumulators used
in industrial applications including forklifts, golf carts and automatically guided vehicles.
NOTE 4: Information on the battery working area is given in Appendix A.

2. Reference documents
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of this standard. For
referenced documents with publication dates, the versions mentioned above apply. For
referenced documents without publication year, the latest version (including amendments)
applies.
TCVN 12241-2:2018 (IEC 62660-2:2018), Secondary lithium-ion batteries for powering
electric road vehicles – Part 2: Reliability and abuse testing
IEC 60050-482, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Part 482: Primary and
secondary cells and batteries
IEC 61434, Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes
Guide to designation of current in alkaline secondary cell and battery standards alkaline
secondary battery and cell standards)
IEC 62619, Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non- acid electrolytes
- Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries, for use in industrial

Page 4 of 23
TCVN 12441-3:2018 (IEC 62660-3:2016)

applications Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries, used for industrial
applications)

3. Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60050-482 and the
following definations.
3.1. Battery electric vehicle (BEV)
Electric vehicles only have drive batteries as an energy source to transmit power to the
vehicle.
3.2. Cell block
Group of cells connected together in parallel configuration with or without protective devices,
such as fuses or positive temperature coefficient (PTC) resistors, not yet attached to the outer
shell of the cell them, connector arrangements and electronic control equipment.
3.3. Explosion
Damage occurs when the battery container, if any, is opened suddenly and the main
components are forcefully ejected.
3.4. Fire Emission
Smoke from the battery or battery pack.
3.5. Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)
The vehicle has both a rechargeable energy storage system and a fuel-based power source for
propulsion.
3.6. Internal short circuit
An unintentional electrical connection between the positive and negative electrodes inside a
battery.
3.7. Leakage Escape
Liquid electrolyte from a part other than a vent, such as the housing, sealing part and/or
head.
3.8. Nominal voltage
An appropriate approximation of the voltage used to identify or identify a battery.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-482:2004, 482-03-31, with modifications – Delete "battery or
electrochemical system" at the end of the definition]
3.9. Rated capacity

Page 5 of 23
TCVN 12441-3:2018 (IEC 62660-3:2016)

The amount of electricity C3 Ah (ampere-hours) for BEV and C₁ Ah for HEVs is declared by
the manufacturer.
3.10. Reference test current
The current in amperes is expressed as follows:

It(A)=Cn (Ah)/n (h)

in there:

 Cn : is the nominal capacity of the battery;

 n : base time, in hours (h)

3.11. Room temperature

Temperature 25°C ± 2 K.
3.12. Rupture
Mechanical damage to the battery container from internal or external causes, causing
exposure or spillage but not ejection of material. Even the smoke at the point of fracture.
3.13. Secondary lithium-ion cell
A secondary battery whose electrical energy is derived from the input and output reactions of
lithium ions between the anode and cathode.
NOTE 1: A secondary battery is a basic manufactured unit that provides electrical energy by
direct conversion from chemical energy. The battery consists of electrodes, counter
electrolyte, container and connectors, and is designed to be charged.
NOTE 2: In this standard, battery or secondary battery means a secondary lithium-ion battery
used for the purpose of powering an electric vehicle.
3.14. State of charge
The capacity available in the battery is expressed as a percentage of the rated capacity.
3.15. Venting
Relieving excessive internal pressure from the battery in a manner designed to prevent rupture
or explosion.
4. Test conditions
4.1. General regulations

Details of the measuring equipment used shall be noted in the test report.

Page 6 of 23
TCVN 12441-3:2018 (IEC 62660-3:2016)

The battery may be securely fixed during testing to prevent swelling if acceptable for the
purpose of the test. Firm fixation requires consideration of the battery design.
4.2. Measuring equipment
4.2.1. Measuring range of measuring device

The measuring equipment used must allow the measurement of voltage and current values.
Measuring range of the devices. These measuring devices and measuring methods must be
chosen so as to ensure the specified accuracy for each test.
For analog measuring equipment, this implies that readings should be taken within the last
third of the scale.
The use of any other measuring devices is allowed provided they provide equivalent accuracy.
4.2.2. Voltage measurement
The resistance of the voltmeter used must be at least 1 MΩ/V.
4.2.3. Current measurement
The entire ammeter assembly, shunt resistor and leads must have an accuracy class of 0.5 or
better.
4.2.4. Temperature measurement
The battery temperature shall be measured using a surface temperature measuring device with
equivalent scale and calibration accuracy of as specified in 4.2.1. The temperature should be
measured in a location that most closely reflects the battery temperature. Temperature can be
measured at other suitable locations if required.
Examples of temperature measurements are shown in Figure 1. The temperature measurement
instructions specified by the manufacturer must be followed.

Page 7 of 23
TCVN 12441-3:2018 (IEC 62660-3:2016)

Figure 1. Example of temperature measurement of cell

4.2.5. Other measurements

Other values including capacity and power may be measured by use of a measuring device,
provided it complies with 4.3.
4.3. Tolerance
The overall accuracy of controlled or measured values, relative to the specified or actual
values, shall be within the following tolerances:
a) ± 0,1 % for voltage;
b) ± 1 % for current;
c) ± 2 K for temperature;
d) ± 0,1 % for time;
e) ± 0,1 % for mass;
f) ± 0,1 % for dimensions.
These tolerances comprise the combined accuracy of the measuring instruments, the
measurement technique used, and all other sources of error in the test procedure.
4.4. Thermal stabilization
For the stabilization of cell temperature, the cell shall be soaked to a specified ambient
temperature for a minimum of 12h. This period may be reduced if thermal stabilization is

Page 8 of 23
TCVN 12441-3:2018 (IEC 62660-3:2016)

reached. Thermal stabilization is considered to be reached if after one interval of 1h, the
change of cell temperature is lower than 1K.
Unless otherwise specified in this satndard, cells shall be tested at room temparature using
the manuafacturer’s declared method.
5. Electrical measurement
5.1. General charge conditions

Unless otherwise stated in this document, prior to the electrical measurement, the cell shall
be charged as follows.
Prior to charging, the cell shall be discharged at room temperature at a constant current of 1/3
It (A) for BEV application and 1 It (A) for HEV application down to an end-of discharge
voltage specified by the cell manufacturer. Then, the cell shall be charged at room
temperature according to the charging method declared by the cell manufacturer.
5.2. Capacity
Before the adjustment of SOC in 5.3, the capacity of the test cell shall be confirmed to be the
rated value by the following steps..
1) Step 1 – The cell shall be charged in accordance with 5.1.
After charge, the cell temperature shall be stabilized in accordance with 4.4.
2) Step 2 – The cell shall be discharged at room temperature at a constant current of
1/3 It (A) for BEV application and at 1 It (A) for HEV application to the end-of-
discharge voltage that is specified by the cell manufacturer.
The method of determining test current It is defined in IEC 61434. See also 3.9
3) Step 3 – Measure the discharge duration until the specified end-of-discharge voltage
is reached, and calculate the capacity of the cell expressed in Ah up to three significant
figures.

5.3. SOC adjustment

The test cells shall be charged as specified in the following list. The SOC adjustment is the
procedure to be followed for preparing cells to the various type of SOC for the tests in this
document standard.
1) Step 1 – The cell shall be charged in accordance with 5.1.
2) Step 2 – The cell shall be left at rest at room temperature in accordance with 4.4.
3) Step 3 – The cell shall be discharged at a constant current of 1/3 It (A) for BEV
application and of 1 It (A) for HEV application for (100 – n)/100 × 3 h for BEV
application and (100 – n)/100 × 1 h for HEV application, where n is SOC (%) to be
adjusted for each test

6. Safety tests

Page 9 of 23
TCVN 12441-3:2018 (IEC 62660-3:2016)

6.1. General

For all the tests specified in this section, the test installation shall be reported, including the
method used for fixing and wiring of the cell. If necessary, to prevent deformation, the cell
may be maintained during the test in a manner that complies with the test purpose.
The tests shall be performed on cells that are not more than six months old. The number of
cells under each test can be determined according to the agreement between the
manufacturer and the customer. A cell block may be used for testing in place of a single cell
in accordance with the agreement between the cell manufacturer and the customer.
The number and type of test samples (cell or cell block) shall be provided in a test report.
Each test shall end with the one-hour observation period, unless otherwise specified in this
document.

WARNING:
THE TESTS USE PROCEDURES WHICH MAY RESULT IN HARM IF ADEQUATE
PRECAUTIONS ARE NOT TAKEN. TESTS SHOULD ONLY BE PERFORMED BY
QUALIFIED AND EXPERIENCED TECHNICIANS USING ADEQUATE PROTECTION. TO
PREVENT BURNS, CAUTION SHOULD BE TAKEN FOR THOSE CELLS WHOSE CASES
MAY EXCEED 75°C AS A RESULT OF TESTING.

6.2. Mechanical Tests

6.2.1. Vibration
6.2.1.1. Purpose

This test is performed to simulate vibration to the batteries that may occur during the normal
vehicle operation, and to verify the safety performance of the batteries under such conditions.
6.2.1.2. Testing
The test shall be performed in accordance with 6.1.1.1 of TCVN 12441-2:2018 (IEC 62660-
2:2018)
6.2.1.3. Acceptance criteria
During the test, the battery shall exhibit no evidence of leakage, venting, rupture, fire or
explosion.
6.2.2. Mechanical Shock
6.2.2.1. Purpose

This test is performed to simulate external load forces that may cause deformation of a cell
during the normal operation of the vehicle and to verify the safety performance of the cell
under such conditions.

Page 10 of 23
TCVN 12441-3:2018 (IEC 62660-3:2016)

6.2.2.2. Testing
The test shall be performed in accordance with 6.1.2.1 of TCVN 12441-2:2018 (IEC 62660-
2:2018)
6.2.2.3. Acceptance criteria
During the test, the cell shall exhibit no evidence of leakage, venting, rupture, fire or
explosion.
6.2.3. Crushing
6.2.3.1. Purpose

The test shall be performed to simulate external loads that may cause defoamation of the
battery and to check the safety of the battery under these conditions
6.2.3.2. Testing
The test shall be performed as follows:
a) Adjust the SOC of cell to 100 % for BEV application and to 80 % for HEV application
in accordance with 5.3;
b) The cell shall be placed on an insulated rigid flat supporting surface, and a force shall
be applied to it with a crushing tool made of a solid material in the shape of a round or
semicircular bar, or in the shape of a sphere or hemisphere with a 150 mm. The force
for the crushing shall be applied in a direction nearly perpendicular to a larger side of
the layered face of the positive and negative electrodes inside the cell. The force shall
be applied to the approximate centre of the cell as shown in Figure 2. The crush speed
shall be less than or equal to 6 mm/min;

NOTE The round bar can be used to crush a cylindrical cell, and the sphere can be
used to crush a prismatic cell or pouch cell.

c) The force shall be released when an abrupt voltage drop of one-third of the original
cell voltage occurs, or a deformation of 15% or more of the initial cell dimension
occurs, or a force of 1000 times the weight of the cell is applied, whichever comes
first. The cells shall be under observation for 24h or until the cell temperature declines
by 80% of the maximum temperature rise.

Page 11 of 23
TCVN 12441-3:2018 (IEC 62660-3:2016)

Figure 2: Example of crush test

6.2.3.3. Test results

During the test, the battery shall exhibit no evidence of fire or explosion.
6.3. Thermal test
6.3.1. High temperature endurance
6.3.1.1. Purpose

This test is performed to simulate a high-temperature environment that the cell may
experience during the reasonably foreseeable misuse or incident of the vehicle, and to verify
the safety performance of the cell under such conditions.
6.3.1.2. Testing
The test shall be performed as follows:
a) Adjust the battery SOC to 100% for BEV applications, and to 80% for HEV
applications in accordance with 5.3;
b) The battery, stabilized at room temperature, shall be placed in a gravity or circulating
air convection oven. The oven temperature shall be raised at a rate of 5 K/min to 130°C
± 2 K. The cell shall remain at this temperature for 30 min. Then, after the heater is
turned off, the cell shall be observed for 1h in the oven.

Page 12 of 23
TCVN 12441-3:2018 (IEC 62660-3:2016)

6.3.1.3. Acceptance criteria

During the test, the cell shall exhibit no evidence of fire or explosion.
6.3.2. Temperature cycling
6.3.2.1. Purpose

This test is performed to simulate the anticipated exposure to low and high environmental
temperature variations which can result in expansion and contraction of cell components, and
to verify the safety performance of the cell under such conditions.
6.3.2.2. Testing
Testing must be performed according to 6.2.2.1.1 of TCVN 12241-2:2018 (IEC 62660-
2:2018).
6.3.2.3. Acceptance criteria
During testing, the cells shall show no evidence of leakage, outgassing, cracking, fire or
explosion.
6.4. Electrical testing
If necessary, to avoid deformation, the battery may be held throughout the test in a manner
that does not defeat the purpose of the test.
6.4.1. External short circuit
6.4.1.1. Purpose
This test is performed to simulate an external short circuit of the battery, and to check the
safety performance of the battery under these conditions.
6.4.1.2. Testing
The test must be performed according to 6.3.1.1 of TCVN 12241-2:2018 (IEC 62660-
2:2018).
6.4.1.3. Acceptance criteria
During testing, the cells shall show no evidence of leakage, outgassing, cracking, fire or
explosion.
6.4.2. Overcharge
6.4.2.1. Purpose
This test is performed to simulate overcharging of the battery, and to check the safety of the
battery under these conditions.
6.4.2.2. Testing

Page 13 of 23
TCVN 12441-3:2018 (IEC 62660-3:2016)

The test must be performed as follows.

a) Adjust battery SOC to 100% according to 5.3.
b) Continue charging the battery beyond 100% SOC with a charging current of 1 It for BEV
applications and 5 It for HEV applications at room temperature using a power source
sufficient to provide a constant charging current. The overcharge test shall be stopped when
the battery voltage reaches 120% of the maximum voltage specified by the manufacturer, or
the amount of voltage applied to the battery reaches the equivalent of 130% SOC, whichever
occurs first.
6.4.2.3. Acceptance criteria
During testing, the batteries shall show no evidence of burning or explosion.
6.4.3. Forced discharge
6.4.3.1. Purpose
This test is performed to simulate forced discharge of the battery, and to check the safety
performance of the battery under these conditions.
6.4.3.2. Testing
The test must be performed as follows.
a) Adjust battery SOC to 0% according to 5.3.
b) Continue to discharge the battery beyond 0% SOC with a charging current of 1 It at room
temperature. The forced discharge test shall be stopped when the absolute value of the battery
voltage reaches 25% or less of the nominal voltage value specified by the manufacturer, or
the battery discharges for 30 min, whichever case happened before.
6.4.3.3. Acceptance criteria
During testing, the batteries shall show no evidence of leakage, outgassing, cracking, fire or
explosion.
6.4.4. Internal short circuit test
6.4.4.1. Purpose
This test is performed to simulate the internal short circuit of the battery caused by
contamination with conductive objects, etc., and to check the safety performance of the
battery under these conditions.
NOTE: Appendix B gives a useful explanation of internal short-circuit testing.
6.4.4.2. Testing
6.4.4.2.1. Forced internal short circuit test

Page 14 of 23
TCVN 12441-3:2018 (IEC 62660-3:2016)

The test shall be performed on the battery in accordance with 7.3.2 b) of IEC 62619, in
addition:
When placing the nickel pad between the positive active material coating area and the
negative active material coating area, the internal circuit pin of one layer must be confirmed.
The specified test conditions, e.g. compression force and shape of the fixture may be varied,
if necessary, to simulate an internal short circuit of a layer. The battery shell and electrodes
should not be subjected to pressure. Changes must be recorded.
The nickel pad can be placed through an incision in the battery case, without removing the
electrode core (coil, layered or folded) from the battery case. In this case, the location of the
nickel pad may not be in the center of the battery provided the test results are not affected.
NOTE 1: An internal short circuit of a layer can be confirmed by a voltage drop of a few mV.
NOTE 2: Where the aluminum of the anode is exposed on the outermost ring, and faces the
cathode active material, the nickel pad is placed at the center of the cell between the area
covering the cathode active material and the aluminum anode. The anode is located at the end
of the anode active material coverage area in the direction of wire winding. The area where
the positive aluminum faces the cathode active material, if any, can be checked by design
review, FMEA, etc. as agreed between the customer and the battery supplier.
6.4.4.2.2 Alternative testing
Other test methods to simulate internal short circuits of the battery due to contamination of
the conductors can be selected if the following criteria are satisfied and there is an agreement
between the customer and supplier.
a) Deformation of the case must not thermally or electrically affect the short circuit of the
battery. Energy must not be dispersed by any short circuit other than short circuit between the
electrodes.
b) Short circuits within a layer between the positive and negative electrodes must be
simulated.
c) A short-circuit zone similar to that in 7.3.2 b) of IEC 62619 shall be simulated.
d) Short circuit locations in the battery must be the same as described in 6.4.4.2.1.
e) The test shall be repeatable (see Table 1 of IEC 62619).
The detailed test conditions and parameters of the substitution test shall be adjusted prior to
the test by agreement between the manufacturer and the battery manufacturer, so that the
above criteria can be met. Test results must be evaluated by removing the battery, observing
with X-rays, etc.
If the test results show an internal short circuit of more than one layer, or a large short circuit
area, the test may be considered a valid alternative test, provided the acceptance criteria in

Page 15 of 23
TCVN 12441-3:2018 (IEC 62660-3:2016)

6.4.4.3. Failure of the alternative test does not imply failure in the test of 6.4.4.2.1, since the
test conditions of the alternative test may be more severe than the specified criteria.
NOTE 1: In cases where an internal short circuit cannot be simulated, the test is invalid and
the test data are recorded.
NOTE 2: Examples of alternative tests are given in IEC TR 62660-4.
6.4.4.2.3 Alternative to battery test
In particular cases to mitigate the risks associated with overheating at levels above that of the
battery (i.e. battery pack and battery module, battery pack/battery and battery/battery system),
external short circuit tests at the battery level may be replaced by an alternative test e.g. an
equivalent test demonstrating the safety of the battery system, if agreed between the customer
and supplier. As an alternative test to the internal short circuit test, an equivalent test for
battery packs and modules is specified in IEC 62619.
NOTE: Duplicate testing on cell blocks is under consideration in ISO 12405-3.
6.4.4.3. Acceptance criteria
During testing, the batteries shall show no evidence of fire or explosion.

Page 16 of 23
TCVN 12441-3:2018 (IEC 62660-3:2016)

APPENDIX A
(Reference)
Operating range of batteries for safe use

A.1. General provisions

This annex explains how to determine the operating area of a battery to ensure its safe use.
The operating zone is regulated by charging conditions, such as the upper limit of charging
voltage and battery temperature, to ensure the safety of the batteries.
The battery manufacturer should specify operating zone information in the battery
specifications, for safety precautions for customers such as manufacturers of battery banks
and battery systems. battery. Suitable and functional protective devices should also be
provided in the battery control system to allow for possible failures of the charge control.
The operating range limits are specified for minimum safety, and differ from charge voltage
and temperature to optimize battery performance such as battery life.
A.2. Loading conditions for safe use
A.2.1. General provisions
To ensure safe use of the battery, the battery manufacturer needs to set an upper limit of the
battery voltage and temperature that should be applied during charging. The battery needs to
be charged within the specified temperature range (standard temperature range) at a voltage
that does not exceed the upper limit. The manufacturer may also set the temperature range
higher or lower than the standard temperature range, provided that safety measures are taken,
such as low charging voltage. Operating range means the voltage and temperature range over
which the battery can be used safely. The maximum charging current and lower limit of
discharge voltage can also be set for the active region.
Newly manufactured batteries can apply the same working area as the original battery, if they
have the same electrode material, same thickness, design and panel as the original battery,
and are less than 120% of the battery's capacity. initial. New batteries can be considered as
batteries in the same product series.
A.2.2. Consider charging voltage
The charging voltage is applied to the cells in such a way as to promote a chemical reaction
during charging. However, if the charging voltage is too high, excessive chemical reactions
or side reactions occur, and the battery becomes thermally unstable. It is therefore important
that the charging voltage never exceeds the value specified by the battery manufacturer (i.e.
the upper limit of the charging voltage). Where the battery is charged at a voltage higher than
the upper limit of the charging voltage, excess lithium ions are separated from the active

Page 17 of 23
TCVN 12441-3:2018 (IEC 62660-3:2016)

positive electrode material, and its crystalline structure tends to rupture. Under these
conditions, when the side short circuit inside this case, overheating may occur more easily
than when the battery is charged within the predetermined operating range. Therefore,
batteries should never be charged at a voltage higher than the upper limit of the charging
voltage.
The upper charging voltage limit should be set by the battery manufacturer based on
validation tests, by expressing the results, for example, as follows:

 Test results confirm the stability of the anode material crystal structure;
 Test results confirming the acceptance of lithium ions into the negative electrode
material when the battery is charged at the upper limit charging voltage;
 Results of verification tests of cells charged at the upper charging voltage tested by the
safety test in Clause 6 at the upper limit of the standard temperature range, and the
acceptance criteria of each test be responsed.
A.2.3. Consider temperature
A.2.3.1. General provisions
Charging creates a chemical reaction and is affected by temperature. The amount of side
reactions or the conditionsb of the reaction during the charging process depends on the
temperature. Charging in the low or high temperature range is considered to cause more
adverse reactions and is more severe from a safety point of view than in the standard
temperature range, while an upper charging voltage limit is applied safe way. Therefore, the
charging voltage and/or charging current need to be reduced from the upper-limit charging
voltage and/or upper-limit charging current in both the low temperature range and the high
temperature range.
A.2.3.2. High temperature range
When batteries are charged at temperatures higher than the standard temperature range,
battery safety tends to decrease due to lower stability of the crystalline structures.
Additionally, in the high temperature range, overheating tends to occur when there are
relatively small temperature changes.
At that time, the charging of batteries in the high temperature range needs to be controlled as
follows:

 When the surface temperature of the battery is within the high temperature range
specified by the battery manufacturer, the following applies specific charging
conditions such as lower charging voltage and lower charging current;
 When the surface temperature of the battery is above the upper limit of the high
temperature range, the battery is never charged with any charging current.
A.2.3.3. Low temperature range

Page 18 of 23
TCVN 12441-3:2018 (IEC 62660-3:2016)

When the battery is charged at a low temperature range, the mass transport rate decreases and
the rate at which lithium ions penetrate the negative electrode material becomes low.
Therefore, metallic lithium easily accumulates on the carbon surface. In this condition, the
battery becomes thermally unstable and is susceptible to overheating and causing
overheating. Additionally, in the low temperature range, the acceptance of lithium ions is
highly dependent on the temperature, within the Lithium batteries system contain many cell
in series, the lithium ion reception of each battery is different depending on the battery
temperature, which will reduce the safety of the battery system.
At that time, charging of batteries in the low temperature range needs to be controlled as
follows:

 When the surface temperature of the battery is within the low temperature range
specified by the battery manufacturer, specific charging conditions such as lower
charging voltage and lower charging current apply;
 When the surface temperature of the battery is below the lower limit of the low
temperature range, the battery is never charged with any charging current.
A.3. Example of active zone
Figure A.1 illustrates a typical example of a charging active region. In a temperature range
higher or lower than the standard temperature range, it is permissible to change the battery
provided a lower charging voltage and/or current is used. The operating range can be specified
with the step pattern shown in Figure A.1, or with diagonal lines. Figure A.2 illustrates an
example of a discharge active region.

Figure A. 1: Example of charging operating region of typical lithium-ion batteries

Page 19 of 23
TCVN 12441-3:2018 (IEC 62660-3:2016)

T1 - T2: Low temperature range

T2 – T3: Standard temperature range
T3 – T5: High temperature range

Figure A. 2: Example of active discharge region of typical lithium-ion batteries

T1 - T2: Low temperature range
T2 – T3: Standard temperature range
T3 – T4: High temperature range

Page 20 of 23
TCVN 12441-3:2018 (IEC 62660-3:2016)

APPENDIX B
(Reference)
Explain the internal short circuit test

B.1 General concepts

The internal short circuit tests in this standard verify the response of the battery under certain
specific conditions of internal short circuit. The internal short circuit test according to
6.4.4.2.1 describes the ability of the battery to withstand the presence of foreign matter in the
battery without causing fire or explosion. The trial represents a demonstration of a reduction
in risk associated with a particular case. The alternative internal short circuit tests in 6.4.4.2.2
demonstrate the ability of the battery to withstand a limited internal short circuit.
However, no short circuit test has demonstrated that the possibility of overheating in the
battery is reduced to zero. Accordingly, the risk related to overheating of a single battery
needs to be mitigated compared to the large-scale level aimed at the entire system (battery
block, module, cell block/battery or vehicle).
B.2 Internal short circuit caused by contamination
Battery internal short circuits are likely to have causes ranging from manufacturing to use in
vehicles. The various safety tests in this standard are intended to verify the basic safety of the
battery when exposed to various short-circuit phenomena (see Table B.1).
The internal short circuit test in 6.4.4 is specifically designed to simulate contamination of
electrical conductors in cells, which often occurs during manufacturing. Solid object
contamination is especially serious because lithium battery fires on the market are caused by
them.
Table B. 1: Example of a short circuit inside a battery

Regime Reason Precautions Experiment

6.3.1. High Temperature

Abnormal temperature
durability

Excessive Excessive vibration 6.2.1. Vibration

Regulation of
environmental
operating
conditions Excessive shock (Drop or
6.2.2. Mechanical Shock
Impact)

Input current density 6.2.3. Crushing

Im proper charging
Operation is condtions Regulation of
*
not correct (Low temperature or high operating area
current)

Page 21 of 23
TCVN 12441-3:2018 (IEC 62660-3:2016)

Overcharged 6.4.2. Overcharge

Too Generous 6.4.3. Forced discharge

Incorrect positive/
*
Negative material balance

Contamination of 6.4.4 Internal short

electrical conductors cicuit test
Manufacturing Burr or loosen the metal Process control *
process part

Torn separation plate *

* The internal short circuit test of 6.4.4 may also include internal short circuits caused by
causes due to a small or similar short circuit area.

The test in 6.4.4.2.1 refers to the forced internal short circuit (FISC) test as specified in IEC
62619. The detailed procedure of the FISC test is also defined in IEC 62133 and IEC TR
62914. Test FISC testing is performed with a test cell in which a nickel pad is inserted to
simulate the worst-case condition of an internal short circuit. The specified size of nickel pad
represents the largest contaminant that can be contained in the battery, and generates the
greatest heat between the electrodes. Solid contamination causes a short circuit within a layer
between the positive and negative electrodes, which can be simulated by FISC testing alone.
It has been verified that the thermal, chemical and electrical conditions of the treated test cell
are equivalent to those of the untreated cell, and do not affect the test results.
NOTE 1: The thermal conditions of the treated test cell are equivalent to, or more severe than,
the untreated cell because of the low thermal conductivity of the polyethylene bag used for
the test cell. The mounting structure is made of flat acrylic synthetic resin or nitrile rubber
has low thermal conductivity and does not affect heat loss from the test cell and rapid heating
in the short-circuit region.
NOTE 2: Evaporation of the electrolyte during the preparation of the test cell is usually
completely prevented by the specified test procedure, so that it has no influence on the test
results. The treated battery has virtually the same performance as the untreated battery in both
capacity and resistance.

Page 22 of 23
TCVN 12441-3:2018 (IEC 62660-3:2016)

REFERENCE

[1] IEC 62133, Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid
electrolytes - Safety requirements for portable sealed secondary cells, and for batteries made
from them, for use in portable applications
[2] IEC 62660-1, Secondary lithium-ion batteries for powering road vehicles Electricity –
Part 1: Performance testing
[3] IEC TR 62660-4, Secondary lithium-ion batteries for powering electric road vehicles –
Part 4: Alternative test method for internal short-circuit testing of IEC 62660-3.
[4] IEC TR 62914, Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid
electrolytes - Experimental procedure for the forced internal short-circuit test of IEC
62133:2012
[5] ISO 12405-1, Road vehicles - Electrically propelled road vehicles - Test specification for
lithium-ion battery packs and systems - Part 1: High power application
[6] ISO 12405-2, Road vehicles - Electrically propelled road vehicles - Test specification for
lithium-ion battery packs and systems - Part 2: High anergy application that defines tests and
related requirements for battery systems
[7] ISO 12405-3, Road vehicles - Electrically propelled road vehicles - Test specification for
lithium-ion battery packs and systems - Part 3: Safety performance requirements
[8] ISO 18243, Electrically propelled mopeds and motorcycles - Test specifications and
safety requirements for lithium-ion battery systems
[9] UN ECE Regulation No. 100 (UN ECE R100), Uniform provisions concerning the
approval of vehicles with regard to specific requirements for the electric power train (02 series
of amendment of later)

Page 23 of 23