Electrical Protection Schemes 3DG-E30E How Scheme For Feeder, Motors, Trafo, Genrators

BECHTEL CORPORATION
ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
FOR
STANDARD ELECTRICAL PROTECTION SCHEMES
(INTERNATIONAL PROJECTS)
This document and the design it covers are the property of BECHTEL.
They are merely loaned on the borrower's express agreement that
they will not be reproduced, copied, loaned, exhibited, or used except
in the limited way and private use permitted and by any written
consent given by the lender to the borrower.
0 OCT ISSUED AS CORPORATE STANDARD AB MEH RHB

93
REV. DATE REASON FOR REVISION BY CHEC APPR
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BECHTEL CORP ELECTRICAL DESIGN GUIDE REV
LORO ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE
FOR 3DG E30E 001 0
STANDARD ELECTRICAL PROTECTION SCHEMES Page 1 of 32
(INTERNATIONAL PROJECT)
Engineering Design Guide

P:\WP_CENT\DGS\CORP.DGS\3DGE3001.DO 3DG E30E 001 Rev. 0 Page 1 of 32
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CONTENTS
1.0 PURPOSE................................................................................................................4
2.0 SCOPE.....................................................................................................................4
3.0 CODES AND STANDARDS..................................................................................4
4.0 PROTECTION SCHEMES.....................................................................................4
4.1 LOW VOLTAGE MOTOR PROTECTION...............................................5
4.2 HIGH VOLTAGE MOTOR PROTECTION..............................................6
4.3 FEEDER PROTECTION.............................................................................8
4.4 TRANSFORMER FEEDER PROTECTION..............................................9
4.5 GENERATOR PROTECTION.................................................................10
4.6 SWITCHGEAR PROTECTION...............................................................11

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 One-line Diagram for L.V. Motors < 30 kW
Figure 2 One-line Diagram for L.V. Motors ³ 30 kW
Figure 3 One-line Diagram for L.V. Motors ³ 30 kW using Motor Protection Relay
Figure 4 One-line Diagram for 2 Winding 2 Speed L.V.Motors < 30 kW
Figure 5 One-line Diagram for H.V. Motors Contactor fed.
Figure 6 One-line Diagram for H.V. Motors Circuit Breaker fed.
Figure 7 One-line Diagram for L.V. Feeder £ 63 Amp
Figure 8 One-line Diagram for L.V. Feeder (Contactor type) £ 63 Amp
Figure 9 One-line Diagram for L.V. Feeder > 63 Amp
Figure 10 One-line Diagram for Circuit Breaker Feeder
Figure 11 One-line Diagram for Transformer Feeder
Figure 12 One-line Diagram for L.V. Transformer (<1000 kVA) Incomer Sealed Type
Figure 13 One-line Diagram for L.V. Transformer (³ 1000 kVA) Incomer Sealed Type
Figure 14 One-line Diagram for L.V. Transformer (³ 500 kVA < 1000 kVA) Incomer
Conservator Type
Figure 15 One-line Diagram for L.V. Transformer (³ 1000 kVA) Incomer Conservator
Type
Figure 16 One-line Diagram for H.V. Transformer Incomer Conservator Type
Figure 17 One-line Diagram for Incomer with Auto Transfer
Figure 18 One-line Diagram for Generator Incomer £ 1000 kVA
Figure 19 One-line Diagram for Generator Incomer > 1000 kVA
(The figures are located in CAD file [130,024]3DGE30E01.DGN)

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1.0 PURPOSE
This engineering design guide outlines standard protection and control schemes to be
adopted for power systems within industrial plants. It also describes commonly
encountered variations to these schemes.
2.0 SCOPE
This guide covers industrial type power systems for voltages up to 33 kV and total
power consumption up to approximately 100 MVA and individual generators up to about
40MVA.
Typical installations would comprise petrochemical/gas producing or refining complexes.
Major power stations should be considered separately.
3.0 CODES AND STANDARDS
The following International Standards are relevant to the subject matter of this design
guide:
IEC 185 Current transformers
IEC 186 Voltage transformers
IEC 255 Electrical relays
IEC 269 Low-voltage fuses
IEC 644 Specification for high-voltage fuse-links for motor circuit applications
4.0 PROTECTION SCHEMES
Figures give protection and control schemes for the most common applications of low-
voltage and high-voltage ac squirrel cage induction motors, low-voltage and high-
voltage feeders, power transformers, directly connected power generators and
switchgear. These schemes are maintained as CAD cells for direct inclusion in one-line
diagrams. The schemes presented do not encompass special cases, but should be
adopted unless circumstances demand otherwise.

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System design, CT selection, design of earthing systems etc. is addressed elsewhere
and is beyond the scope of this document.

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4.1 Low Voltage Motor Protection
4.1.1 Where low voltage motors are supplied by contactor starters, fuses should be
selected to provide motor and cable short circuit protection while thermal relays
are provided for overload protection. Moulded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCBs)
having instantaneous overcurrent elements may be used in place of the
switch/fuse, provided that they have sufficient fault breaking capacity. The
MCCBs should be fitted with current limiters in order to limit the fault level, and
thus avoid oversizing cables.
4.1.2 Where fault rated circuit breakers are used for motor switching, separate
instantaneous overcurrent protection, usually combined into a comprehensive
motor protection relay is to be provided.
4.1.3 Single speed, unidirectional or reversing motors, require only a single overload
protection relay. Two speed motors require one overload relay for each speed
connection.
4.1.4 All thermal overload relays should include single phasing (phase failure)
protection
4.1.5 Direct acting thermal relays are normally provided for motors rated less than 30
kW (up to 40 A approximately). For motor ratings of 30 kW and above thermal
overload relays may be supplied via current transformers, if this is the
manufacturer's standard practice.
4.1.6 Sensitive earth fault protection should be provided for all motors of 30kW and
above as it is considered that fuse protection alone will not give acceptable earth
fault clearance times for low values of earth fault current. Consideration must be
given to coordination between the earth fault relay and the fuses to ensure that
the contactor is not called upon to break a fault current in excess of its rating. It
may be necessary to introduce a delay in the earth fault tripping time to achieve
this coordination.
4.1.7 Intelligent (microprocessor based) comprehensive protection relays may be

specified by the Client or may be considered as an alternative to electro-
mechanical devices if cost effective, as more accurate overload protection is
given when a thermal memory element is included. The use of such relays may
become cost effective when remote monitoring of the drive or of the switchboard
is required since these relays can combine a communications facility.

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4.1.8 Additional protection may be required in the following cases :
a) All Ex'e' motors must trip within their 'te' time.
'te' time is the time taken for any part of the motor to heat up to the limiting
temperature from the full load temperature, whilst the motor is stalled and
the windings carry locked rotor current under the maximum coolant
temperature conditions.
This can be achieved by a good conventional overload protection relay but
additionally a Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) element (e.g
Thermistor) in the motor with it's associated relay in the motor starter is
sometimes recommended.
b) Submersible or cryogenic pump motors may overheat if the flow of fluid

being pumped stops. If flow switches are not provided then an
undercurrent trip should be added or a PTC element may be provided in
the motor winding as above.
c) Submersible pump motors are usually fitted with a ratchet arrangement to

prevent backspin which would result in a sudden reversal when the motor
is started in the correct rotation.
d) On drives liable to stall, e.g. reciprocating compressors, crushers,

conveyors etc, motors should be provided with stall protection.
e) On motors driving high inertia loads, the starting time may exceed the safe
stall time. In this case a speed switch may be fitted on the motor, or
alternatively an impedance relay which can sense whether the motor is
rotating, is provided to check that rotation has commenced and to override
the normal stall protection during run up.
f) Separate undervoltage protection has to be provided for circuit breaker fed

motors. This may be instantaneous or delayed, depending on the
application.
4.2 High Voltage Motor Protection
4.2.1 Motors up to 1200 kW are generally supplied at voltages where contactor starters
are available. Short circuit protection is provided by high voltage fuses. High
voltage fuses should have striker pins to trip the contactor on fuse faulure.
Where circuit breakers are employed, separate instantaneous overcurrent
protection should be provided.

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4.2.2 Electrically held contactors are preferred. Where latched contactors or circuit
breakers are employed, adjustable undervoltage tripping should be provided
which may be instantaneous or time delayed depending upon it's application. In
the case of contactors, coordination must be considered to ensure that the
contactor is not called upon to break fault currents beyond its rating in cases
where the undervoltage is caused by a short circuit on it's load circuit.
4.2.3 An electronic multifunction protective relay is preferred for high voltage motor
protection. Such relays should incorporate :-
a) Thermal overload with memory function.
b) Instantaneous overcurrent protection for circuit breaker fed motors.
c) Sensitive earth fault protection (with time delay for contactor applications
where necessary).
d) Phase unbalanced detection.
e) Stall protection.
4.2.4 Additional protection may be required for particular applications as described in

section 4.1.8 above.
4.2.5 For motors rated 1200 kW and above a form of differential protection should be
provided. One of the following methods may be employed:
a) A single 'core balance' CT located in the main terminal box of the motor through
which are passed all six winding ends, the star point being made 'outside' the
protected zone. This arrangement which is very sensitive to winding earth faults,
requires only two wires to be taken back to a relay mounted in the motor starter.
b) Three core balance CTs in the main motor terminal box, through each of which
are passed the two ends of a single winding, the star point being made outside
the protected zone. Two wires have to be taken back to the starter to relays for
each of the three CTs. This scheme is very sensitive both to phase and earth
faults in the motor

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c) Alternatively the zone of protection is extended to cover the motor feeder cable
by the use of six CTs, three located at the starter and three in the motor star point
terminal box, the star point made 'outside' the protected zone. This is a full %
differential scheme requiring four wires between motor and starter and although
covering a wider zone (which could include a unit transformer) is consequently
less sensitive to faults on the motor winding than either of the first two methods.
4.2.6 For motors rated above 750 kW, winding RTD's should be provided. It is usual to
provide six platinum resistance temperature elements, resistance 100 ohms at
0°C, three wire type, two being located in the slots of each phase.
4.2.7 Additional protection may be required by the project, e.g. Vibration, bearing
temperature, cooling air or water flow/ temperature. These devices may be
elected to Alarm Only or alternatively configured with two stages, i.e. Alarm
before Trip.
4.3 Feeder Protection
4.3.1 Low-voltage feeders
a) Feeders of 63 amps rating and below may be simple fuse switches provided that
the earth loop impedance permits earth fault clearance within the time limit set by
applicable codes. Where a remote control is required a contactor feeder may be
provided. At ratings above 63 amps a contactor feeder arrangement should be
provided together with separate sensitive earth fault protection, co-ordinated with
the fuses to ensure that the contactor does not break currents above its rating.
b) Fault rated MCCBs may be used in place of a switch and fuse unit in which case
it may be tripped by a shunt trip coil instead of combining with a contactor to
incorporate the earth fault feature.
c) Circuit breaker feeders are generally used for connections between

switchboards. IDMT or definite time overcurrent circuit and earth fault protection
is fitted at the sending end only. This protection should coordinate with
downstream protection. In the case of duplicate feeders an intertrip should be
arranged to open the receiving end when the sending end opens to ensure
against a fault being fed from the alternative feeder via the receiving end.
4.3.2 High-voltage feeders.

a) High voltage circuit feeders are generally switched using circuit breakers. IDMT
or definite time overcurrent and earth fault protection is fitted at the sending end
only. This protection should coordinate with downstream protection.

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b) If adequate protection time discrimination is unobtainable or where there are
feeders which operate in parallel, it may be necessary to apply some form of
feeder zone protection (for example, Translay or circulating current).
c) In the case of duplicate feeders an intertrip should be arranged to open the
receiving end when the sending end opens to ensure against a fault being fed
from the alternative feeder via the receiving end. When an intertrip is provided it
should be via an intertrip receive relay such that the cause of trip is apparent.
4.4 Transformer Feeder Protection
4.4.1 Transformer primary side protection should comprise IDMT overcurrent, high set
instanteous overcurrent and earth fault relays.
4.4.2 The primary side overcurrent relay provides overcurrent protection to the
transformer and cables as well as back up to the secondary side switchboard
incomer protection.
4.4.3 The zone of protection of the primary side earth fault relay extends only across
the primary side cables to the primary winding of the transformer.
4.4.4 Transformer secondary side protection (assuming a star connection) should

comprise an unrestricted earth fault relay. CT location should be between the
star point connection to earth, and the star point neutral connection for a four wire
system or the star point for a three wire system.
A restricted earth fault relay should be provided for transformers rated 1000 kVA
and above.
Both types of earth fault relay should trip the primary side breaker directly and the
secondary side breaker via a lockout relay.
Unrestricted earth fault protection is normally of IDMT type set to coordinate with
downstream relays and fuses. In resistance earthed schemes the set points of
the earth fault relays must be determined by the time and current rating of the
resistor usually requiring a definite time relay rather than an IDMT type.

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4.4.5 Over current relays are only fitted to the secondary side of transformers where:
i) Secondary is a high voltage winding.
ii) A secondary selective scheme is used to automatically change over
supplies on a feeder failure. The overcurrent relay in this case is used to
prohibit change over if the feeder failure is due to a busbar fault or
downstream feeder uncleared fault.
iii) A half differential scheme is provided to give busbar zone protection.
4.4.6 Sealed transformers are the preferred type up to 2000 kVA. An overpressure
relief device with an auxiliary trip contact should be provided. The trip contact
should preferably be connected to trip the primary breaker directly.
4.4.7 Where conservator type transformers are provided, an explosion vent is

necessary but the overpressure relief device with trip contact is not required. All
conservator type transformers should be fitted with a Buchholz relay
incorporating gassing and surge detection. The gassing contact is normally
connected to Alarm, whereas, the surge contact should be connected to trip the
primary breaker directly.
4.4.8 All transformers should be fitted with an oil temperature alarm. For high voltage
transformers a winding temperature alarm and trip device should be provided.
4.4.9 For large transformers (5MVA and above) a biased differential current protection
scheme extending from the primary side switchgear through to the secondary
side switchgear may be provided in order to give the fastest possible
phase/phase and earth fault protection covering both primary and secondary
cabling as well as the transformer. Transformer differential relays are specially
designed to allow for transformer charging currents as well as providing the range
necessary to allow the relay setting to take account of the mismatch of the CTs
on the different voltage systems in addition to allowing for the range of current
variation due to tap changing.
4.5 Generator Protection
4.5.1 All generators should be provided with Merz-Price circulating current protection
which will provide phase and (for solid or low resistance earthed systems) earth
fault protection. For low-voltage generators rated 1000 kVA and below this may
be reduced to a restricted earth fault scheme by using one c.t. in the neutral
instead of three phase connected CTs on the neutral side. For high resistance
earthed systems, core balance schemes as described for large motors should be
considered.

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4.5.2 Generator overcurrent protection is normally by voltage restrained overcurrent
relays. Standard overcurrent or voltage controlled overcurrent relays do not take
account of voltage collapse during close to generator faults.
4.5.3 Unbalanced loading (negative phase sequence current) protection should be
provided for generators rated 1000 kVA and above.
4.5.4 Reverse power protection should be provided for all generators used for parallel
operation.
4.5.5 Generator AVRs should be of the electronic type that inherently provides under
and over voltage, overfluxing and loss of field protection. In this case separate
protection relays for these functions are not required.
4.5.6 For generators rated 5 MVA and above which are used in parallel operation, a
field failure relay of the impedance measuring type (to detect asynchronous
operation) should be provided.
4.5.7 The generator control scheme appended to this design guide includes provision
for synchronising, automatic transfer, and interlocking and is based on
synchronising being carried out within the substation. For automatic start up and
transfer the generator diagram is used in conjunction with the corresponding
normal supply incomer diagram.
4.5.8 The generator manufacturer may recommend additional protection to that listed
above.
4.6 Switchgear Protection
4.6.1 Low-voltage switchgear and high-voltage switchgear is not usually provided with
overcurrent or earth fault protection other than that given by the incoming circuit
protection. The rareness of switchgear failure, especially when fully insulated
bus is used makes further protection unattractive. A frame earth protection might
be provided but this is non-selective and has to disconnect the entire switchboard
for a fault on an individual section.

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4.6.2 In the case of critical multi-bus and/or multi-section switchboards, normally
operated with their section switches closed, bus zone current differential
protection may be provided to isolate individual bus sections in the event of a
fault. Bus zone current differential protection requires the use of multiple
matching CTs on every incoming and outgoing circuit of each section of busbar,
including at the bus section and/or bus coupler switches. The need for all CTs to
match means that they must all be rated for the maximum current applicable to
that bus (usually the rating of the bus section switch). The protection works by
matching the total current input to the section of bus with the total current
outgoing and a mismatch causes all switches on that section of bus to be tripped.
Since there are a large number of CTs interconnected, the failure of any one of
which would cause a nuisance trip, it is a statistical fact that the protective
devices have a greater failure rate than the equipment that it protects, therefore it
is usual to cover the bus zone current differential scheme with an overall bus
check system which comprises a further set of CTs on every incoming and
outgoing switch (but not bus couplers) operating another differential current relay
which inhibits the individual bus zone trip signal unless the overall bus check
scheme also detects a simultaneous fault. Consequently this form of protection
is expensive and its merit must be considered in each application.
4.6.3 Trip supervision should be provided on all main switchgear to ensure that the trip
system is healthy.
4.6.4 Trip receive relays should be provided at the switchgear such that the cause of
the trip is made apparent whenever the trip initiating contact is remote from the
switchgear. Such a relay may also be essential in order to act as an interposing
relay when long lengths of pilot are involved.
4.6.5 Lock-out relays should be provided in every case where a trip contact is self
resetting or where there is a multiplicity of individual tripping devices (say three or
more). In the case of only one or two tripping devices, individual hand reset
relays can suffice.

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Electrical Protection Schemes 3DG-E30E How Scheme For Feeder, Motors, Trafo, Genrators

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BECHTEL CORPORATION

0 OCT ISSUED AS CORPORATE STANDARD AB MEH RHB

Engineering Design Guide

Engineering Design Guide

Figure 1 One-line Diagram for L.V. Motors < 30 kW

Figure 2 One-line Diagram for L.V. Motors ³ 30 kW

Figure 4 One-line Diagram for 2 Winding 2 Speed L.V.Motors < 30 kW

Figure 5 One-line Diagram for H.V. Motors Contactor fed.

Figure 6 One-line Diagram for H.V. Motors Circuit Breaker fed.

Figure 7 One-line Diagram for L.V. Feeder £ 63 Amp

Figure 8 One-line Diagram for L.V. Feeder (Contactor type) £ 63 Amp

Figure 9 One-line Diagram for L.V. Feeder > 63 Amp

Figure 10 One-line Diagram for Circuit Breaker Feeder

Figure 11 One-line Diagram for Transformer Feeder

Figure 16 One-line Diagram for H.V. Transformer Incomer Conservator Type

Figure 17 One-line Diagram for Incomer with Auto Transfer

Figure 18 One-line Diagram for Generator Incomer £ 1000 kVA

Figure 19 One-line Diagram for Generator Incomer > 1000 kVA

(The figures are located in CAD file [130,024]3DGE30E01.DGN)

Engineering Design Guide

Typical installations would comprise petrochemical/gas producing or refining complexes.

Major power stations should be considered separately.

3.0 CODES AND STANDARDS

IEC 185 Current transformers

IEC 186 Voltage transformers

IEC 255 Electrical relays

IEC 269 Low-voltage fuses

4.0 PROTECTION SCHEMES

Engineering Design Guide

Engineering Design Guide

4.1.7 Intelligent (microprocessor based) comprehensive protection relays may be

Engineering Design Guide

a) All Ex'e' motors must trip within their 'te' time.

b) Submersible or cryogenic pump motors may overheat if the flow of fluid

c) Submersible pump motors are usually fitted with a ratchet arrangement to

d) On drives liable to stall, e.g. reciprocating compressors, crushers,

f) Separate undervoltage protection has to be provided for circuit breaker fed

4.2 High Voltage Motor Protection

Engineering Design Guide

a) Thermal overload with memory function.

b) Instantaneous overcurrent protection for circuit breaker fed motors.

d) Phase unbalanced detection.

4.2.4 Additional protection may be required for particular applications as described in

Engineering Design Guide

4.3 Feeder Protection

4.3.1 Low-voltage feeders

c) Circuit breaker feeders are generally used for connections between

4.3.2 High-voltage feeders.

Engineering Design Guide

4.4 Transformer Feeder Protection

4.4.4 Transformer secondary side protection (assuming a star connection) should

Engineering Design Guide

4.4.7 Where conservator type transformers are provided, an explosion vent is

4.5 Generator Protection

Engineering Design Guide

4.6 Switchgear Protection

Engineering Design Guide

Engineering Design Guide

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