EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

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 IN-FLIGHT EMERGENCY

Section Contents
1 INTRODUCTION
2 FIRE
2.1 General
2.2 Basic Chemistry of Fire
2.3 Removal of Fire Elements
2.4 Classification of Fires
2.5 Cabin Fire Prevention
2.6 Cabin Checks
2.7 Lavatory Checks
2.8 Galley Checks
2.9 Circuit Breaker Policy
2.10 Fire Fighting Policy
2.11 Basic Fire Fighting
2.12 Communication Duties
2.13 Back Up Crew
2.14 Preventing Panic
2.15 Fire in a Lavatory
2.16 Lavatory Fire Fighting Procedures
2.17 Galley Fire Fighting Procedures
2.18 Electric Fire
2.19 Overhead Stowage Fire
2.20 Fire in Cart
2.21 Seat Fire
2.22 Fire / Smoke Behind The Wall
2.23 Smoke In Cabin
2.24 Cabin Fire Fighting procedures
2.25 Closet Fire Fighting Procedures
2.26 Cabin Fire Fighting Checklist
2.27 Basic Fire Drill
2.28 Lavatory Fire Drill
2.29 Oven Fire Drill

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Section Contents
2.30 Cabin Smoke Drill
3 TURBULENCE
3.1 General
Unexpected Turbulence or Clear Air Turbulence
3.2 (C.A.T.)
3.2.1 Wake Turbulence
3.3 Expected Turbulence
3.4 Crew Action
3.5 Turbulence Procedure Flowchart
4 DECOMPRESSION
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Slow Decompression
4.3 Rapid Decompression
4.4 Decompression Flowchart
4.5 Captain Announcement
Cabin Crew Action After Decompression
4.6

4.7 Hypoxia
4.8 Time of useful Consciousness
4.9 Decompression Drill
4.10 Window Crack
5 PILOT INCAPACITATION
5.1 Obvious Incapacitation
5.2 Subtle Incapacitation
5.3 Procedure

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 1 INTRODUCTION
 There are several emergencies one may encounter on board during the flight.
In order to engage such emergencies effectively, crew must be trained and
prepared to meet them confidently to ensure safety of flight and passengers.
 One of the major threats during a long flights is the advent of Fire that is not
controlled within minutes and will lead to a disaster on board. Other types of
emergencies one may meet are turbulence, decompression, pilot
incapacitation, bomb threats and hijack. Thus, recommended procedures are
provided in this section to enable crew to response effectively.

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 2 FIRE
2.1 General
 A fire during flight can be most frightening, as well as the most potentially
dangerous hazard. If a fire should break out in the aircraft, every effort must
be made to localize and extinguisher it promptly. Fire is an emergency most
likely to produce panic and therefore a crewmember must maintain a
positive and calm attitude. And passenger showing signs of panic must be
dealt with firmly.
 Although prompt action is called for, it must be the correct action. Speed is
vital when dealing with a fire. However it is worth taking a second to assess
the situation and decide the correct action necessary to control the particular
fire, so think and act.
 An in-flight fire is a hazardous situation because of heat, flames and the
potential for incapacitation and death through the inhalation of toxic smoke
fumes such as carbon monoxide and cyanide, which can be generated by
combustion.
 It is essential that the Commander is informed as soon as possible of any fire
or smoke. Cabin crew should expect to handle an in-flight fire without
assistance from the Flight Crew, as they will have other duties to perform
should a diversion and/or emergency landing become necessary.
 With a view to ensure that all cabins / lavatories and galleys are monitored,
cabin crew must be positioned throughout the passenger cabins during the
various phases of flight.

2.2 Basic Chemistry of Fire

 The 3 essential elements that must be present before a fire can start are
shown in the fire triangle. Removing any one of the elements will extinguish
the fire.

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 Fire begins when these 3 elements combine.
 Fuel- Any substance, solid, liquid or gas that will burn.
 Heat- Mechanically, chemically or electrically generated
 Oxygen- Present in the atmosphere.
2.3 Removal of Fire Elements
 Removal of fuel is known as starving the fire.
 E.g. Removal of combustible unaffected materials from the vicinity of fire
prevents feeding of additional fuel to the fire.
 b) Removal of heat is known as cooling the fire.
 E.g. Non-flammable liquid such as water, juice or milk when applied, cools
the fire, reduces the heat and ultimately extinguishes the fire.
 c) Removal of oxygen is known as smothering the fire.
 E.g. a blanket or lid when placed over a fire excludes oxygen thereby
extinguishing the fire.

2.4 Classification of Fires

 Fires are classified as:
 Class A: Material Fires i.e. fabric/ paper/ pillows.
 Class B: Flammable liquids i.e. oil/ grease/ alcohol.
 Class C: Electrical Fire i.e. oven fire/ seat fire/ overhead stowage.
 Class D: Metals i.e. Metals used in aircraft construction such as titanium and
magnesium.

 Caution
 If a fire is present in the Flight Deck or Galley do not use water.
 Whenever possible, electrical equipment should be turned off before fighting
a Class C Fire.
 It is not recommended to use water on class B fires, as it only serves to
increase the volume of the burning liquid, thus spreading rather than
reducing the fire.

2.5 Cabin Fire Prevention

 Cabin crew should practice good housekeeping at all times. The following
are guidelines of the cabin, galley and lavatory checks to assist crew in their
tasks.

2.6 Cabin Checks

 Closet lights to be switched “off” when not in use.
 Combustible materials to be stowed away from electrical contacts.

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 Ensure “NO SMOKING” is strictly complied with on board at all times.
2.7Lavatory Checks
 Waste bins are designed to contain the fire. Check waste bins and flaps are
serviceable and are properly closed- not over full.
 Remove empty perfume bottles and spray cans.
 Check the smoke detector is not obstructed.
 Cabin crew must ensure that passengers do not smoke in the toilets.
 Toilets must be checked by crew members at regular intervals.
 Carry out a visual check prior to take-off and landing while “Fasten
Seatbelt”, signs are on
 Check waste bin lids/covers/doors are tightly closed. Clear excessive trash
from bins.

2.8 Galley Checks

 Maintain a safe and clean galley.
 Keep a constant watch on ovens when in use and ensure oven insert trays are
free of grease and spilled food.
 Switch off ovens when not in use.
 Ensure no dry ice packages are left on oven inserts. Do not use ovens as
storage space for dry supplies.
 Report any electrical malfunction.
 Strictly no smoking allowed in galley areas.
 Galley electrics to be switched off for the take-off and landing phase of
flights.
 Check circuit breakers. DO NOT RESET circuit breakers that have tripped
(come out).
 Use ovens only to heat up meals and not as a stowage box.
 Prior to heating the oven, check that nothing is present between the oven
cage and the oven.
 When heating the oven ensure the oven is always lined with an oven cage.

2.9 Circuit Breaker Policy

 In-Flight, cabin crew is not allowed to reset any Circuit Breaker. Should a
circuit breaker come out in-flight, cabin crew must inform the Commander
and an entry must be made in the Cabin Discrepancy Log book.
 On Ground, Maintenance personnel must be consulted and a cabin log must
be filled. Inform the Commander.

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 2.10 Fire Fighting Policy
 In any in-flight fire situation, the crew who first spot or detect a fire shall be
designated the Primary Fire Fighter (PFF). Other Cabin Crew nearby are to
provide back-up duties. The Flight Purser shall be at hand to monitor the
situation and report to the Captain.
 The general rule in firefighting is that the smallest fire onboard must be
eliminated immediately and aggressively. Therefore, crew’s alertness and
constant vigilance at all times, are important factors that help arrest incident
fires.

2.11 Basic Fire Fighting

 When fire is detected notify the Captain and keep him informed of the
situation in the cabin.
 Flight Deck Crew shall remain in Flight Deck during a cabin fire situation
and maintain communication with the cabin crew.
 The PFF shall fight the fire immediately, supported by the Back-up Crew,
using all required firefighting equipment.
 Other Crew are to monitor passenger movements and needs, such as,
reseating of PAX, relocating of portable oxygen cylinders and other safety
related duties.
 Passengers are to be informed through the P.A by the Captain or Purser of
fire on board, to prevent passenger panic and to provide assurance.
 Cabin crew to deactivate the circuit breakers or put the EMER Power Switch
to OFF position in galley and service areas, where applicable.
 When fighting the fire, remember to remain calm, use good judgment, and
apply your training accordingly.
 Monitor for any possibility of re-ignition
 Prepare for emergency landing and evacuation if required.

2.12 Communication Duties

 One Cabin crew must establish and maintain communication with the Flight
Deck. Describe the fire and smoke.
 The second cabin crewmember must alert the Flight Crew. They should
identify themselves, give their location in the cabin and describe the fire and
smoke, and/or location of hot spots. Having alerted the Flight Crew the
“Communicator” must keep them informed of the situation.

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 Location (exact area in cabin)
 Type
 Texture (dense, billowing, rolling, thick, wispy, thin, etc.)
o Color (gray, black, white, blue, brown, etc.).
o Odor (acrid, putrid, electrical, rubbery, oily, etc.)
 Source (air vents, overhead compartments, lower sidewall, coffee-maker,
etc.)

 Severity
o Extent of the fire/damage
o Whether or not it is under control.
 Steps/actions being taken.
o Number of extinguishers and PBEs used.

2.13 Back-Up-Crew
 The back-up will:
 Bring back-up firefighting equipment and PBE (Smoke Hood’s).
 Be prepared to take over from first fire fighter.
 Remove portable oxygen from the area.
 Give out wet towels, advice passengers to stay at floor level. (In case of
severs smoke)
 Move passengers as appropriate, use other Cabin Crewmembers to help.

 Note:
 Additional Cabin Crew may have to do crowd control and move oxygen
bottles and passengers away from the area.
 While calling for Back-Up and communicator be careful to use the word
“BCF” instead of “FIRE”
 Put on additional clothing to minimize bare skin exposed to flames.
 Try to get as close as possible to the fire. Keep low as the purest air will be
nearest the floor.
 Aim at the base of the fire and direct the nozzle from side to side in a
sweeping motion.
 When fighting a fire on a vertical surface such as a galley curtain, start at the
bottom and work upwards.
 After extinguishing a NON-electrical fire with a BCF if the area is still hot
or is smoldering, water/nonalcoholic liquid can be used to dampen the area.
 When fighting a fire behind a closed door i.e. toilet / oven or waste
container, use the door as a shield by opening it sufficiently to provide

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 access for the extinguisher nozzle. Take care when opening the door as a
back draft of flame can occur when extra oxygen is supplied.
 One / two seconds discharge from a BCF should be sufficient for a waste bin
/ oven fire provided you close the door immediately afterward to limit
oxygen supply. Wait one minute then check the state of fire by re-opening
the door / flap with the extinguisher ready.
 To prevent re-ignition a crewmember must monitor the fire area until the
aircraft has landed.
 It is recommended that Cabin crew should be aware of the location of circuit
breakers in galley service areas.
 The primary means of communication with the Flight Deck is the interphone
system.
2.14 Preventing Panic
 A fire incident on board can be frightening. To prevent passengers from
panicking, Cabin Crew shall:
 Make PA announcement to inform passengers of situation and that necessary
actions are being taken.
 If excessive smoke and fumes are present in the cabin, distribute dampened
towels and have passengers cover their nose and mouth.
 Instruct passengers seated in the badly affected area to stay low on cabin
floor where smoke and fumes are less dense.
 Reseat passengers away from affected area where possible.

2.15 Fire in a Lavatory

 Aircraft are fitted with a smoke detection system in all lavatories.

2.16 Lavatory Fire Fighting Procedures

 Locate and assess the extent of fire by feeling the door/well with the back of
the hand for hot spots.
 If door/wall is hot or smoke is seeping through vents:
o Slowly “crack” open the door and discharge BCF into the lavatory and
closed the door.
o Put on the fire gloves, PBE and enter the lavatory to locate source of fire
and knock down fire completely.
 If door/wall is cool:
o Keep door closed.

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 o Obtain BCF, move into lavatory, locate source of fire and knock down fire
completely.
 Monitor for re-ignition.
 Dampen burnt objects with water to prevent re-ignition for class “A” fire
only.

 Detection
 If smoke is obvious and / or smoke detector has been activated; if dense
smoke is seen coming out of the toilet, keep the toilet door closed until the
fire-fighting equipment is collected at the lavatory. Opening the toilet door
will allow more air / oxygen to enter the toilet and enlarge the fire. If it is
very smoky and fire-fighting equipment is not nearby, seal the door at floor
level with blankets.
2.17 Galley Fire Fighting Procedures
 Switch off galley power/ Pull out the circuit breaker.
 Keep oven door closed.
 Obtain and test the BCF (Halon) extinguisher.
 Create a small opening and discharge a small amount of (Halon) in the oven.
 Close the oven door immediately afterwards.
 Check and repeat the discharge if necessary.
 In the event of oven or waste-bin fire, discharge fire extinguisher fully into it
and close oven door/bin flap.
 Douse burnt material with water to prevent re-ignition for waste bin only.
 After eliminating and identifying the origin of the problem obtain permission
from the Flight Deck to switch on galley power. Clan the oven (Do not use
the affected oven).

2.18 Electric Fire

 Switch off affected electrical equipment/ pull out circuit breaker.
 Use BCF (Halon) fire extinguisher.
 In case of hidden fire, apply the BCF (Halon) as close as possible to the fire
source. Use Fire axe to pull the panel slightly away from the wall making an
opening just for the nozzle of the extinguisher to fit.

2.19 Overhead Stowage Fire

 Treat these as electrical fires- the PSU beneath contains electrical wiring and
the stowage itself may contain live electrical components.
 Move passengers away from the affected area.
 Assess the severity of the fire by felling the bin with the back of the hand.
 Obtain and BCF (Halon) extinguisher.

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 Crack open the bin cover and discharge Fire Extinguisher fully inside bin,
then close bin to allow fire to starve.
 Open the bin with caution.
 Close the bin and monitor. Repeat if necessary
 Dampen burnt object with water to prevent re-ignition for class “A” fire
only.
 Remove articles from adjacent bins and relocate any safety equipment.

2.20 Fire in Cart

 Assess the severity of the fire by feeling the door with the back of the hand.
 Obtain and test the BCF (Halon) extinguisher.
 Open the door with caution.
 Discharge the BCF (Halon) and ensure the contents do not spread the fire.
 Close the door and monitor. Repeat if necessary.

2.21 Seat Fire

 Move passengers away from the area.
 Obtain a BCF (Halon) and discharge.

 Note:
 Seat fires should be classified as Class C fires (switch off power of the
Entertainment system).
 When the fire is out, monitor the area until the aircraft has landed.

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 2.22 Fire / Smoke behind the Wall
 Switch off the power to the electrical equipment, inform the commander/
pull out C/B (if accessible).
 Feel the wall / panel with the back of your hand, if you feel intense heat.
 Obtain and test the BCF (Halon) extinguisher.
 Use Fire axe to pull the panel slightly away from the wall making an opening
just for the nozzle of the extinguisher to fit.
 Insert nozzle of the BCF (Halon) fire extinguisher and discharge.
 If the exact location is not known, apply BCF as high as possible.

2.23 Smoke In Cabin

 The first indication that something is wrong is often the smell or the sight of
smoke, or a warning from the smoke detector. Smoke is generally a mixture
of fine solid particles, droplets of water and other liquids, and products given
off by the materials involved in the fire.
 Smoke from a fire or the air conditioning system can fill the cabin and flight
deck within minutes reducing the visibility to one meter or less and may also
be toxic.
 The Commander must be informed immediately of the source, color,
quantity, and effect on passengers. It is essential that the Commander is
informed as soon as smoke or fire is detected so that smoke clearance
procedures can be carried out.
 Smoke and heat rise up to the ceiling of the cabin, then spread sideways.
 Disorientation is a major problem in smoke development. Passenger should
be instructed to remain low and cover their nose and mouth with a (wet)
cloth if the smoke becomes dense or toxic. Smoke can travel considerable
distances from the source of the fire. This is due to air currents. The volume
of smoke is no indication of the size of the fire. Small fires can produce
smoke for long periods into an aircraft and completely smoke log the
structure, making fire-fighting very difficult.

2.24 Cabin Fire Fighting procedures

 Locate source of fire in cabin area i.e. under seats, and advice passengers
around to remain calm and seated.
 Call for Back-up express the “problem”.
 Grab nearest fire extinguisher and flight fire.
 If excessive smoke, ask passengers to stay low on the floor or reseat them.
Distribute wet towels if possible.

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 2.25 Closet Fire Fighting Procedures
 Locate and assess the extent of fire by feeling the door/wall with the back of
the hand for hot spots. (If it is curtain closet, use gloves or wet blanket to
smother the fire, or pour non-inflammable liquid over it).
 If door/wall is hot, slowly “crack” open the door and discharge fire
Extinguisher fully.
 Dampen burnt objects with water to prevent re-ignition for class “A” fire
only. Relocate any safety equipment.
 Note: Lighter or matches in jackets or the sidewall lights situated behind the
closet may cause fire.
 Closets with curtains – Where possible remove items such as coats, jackets,
newspapers that are not burning from the closet in order to get access to the
source of fire.

2.26 Cabin Fire-Fighting Checklist

 BACK UP
PRIMARY OTHER
FIRE- CREW BACK UP CREW
FIGHTER
NOFTIFY
ESTABLE

ASSESS CAPTAIN
COMMUNICATION
TYPE THROUGH
WITH CAPTAIN
OF FIRE OTHER
 (PURSER or the
CREW most senior
CALL cabin crew to

BACK- UP NOTIFY take charge)
CREW
 CAPTAIN
-RELOCATE
 THROUGH
SMULTANEOUSLY OXYGEB
FLIGHT FIRE OTHER
 BOTTLES
CREW
-RESEAT PAX
DETERMINE
FIRE OBTAIN
EXTANGUISHER ANOTHER
FIRE-
MAKE PA
&MONITOR
FIGHTING ANNOUNCEMENT
EQPT& HELP AS
FIGHT FIRE IF NECESSARY
DO NOT PANIC! NEEDED
REMAIN CALM!

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 2.27 Basic Fire Drill
BASIC FIRE DRILL

FIRE FIGHTER)-the fire using the

FIGHT extinguisher.

(Back-Up) assistance.
SUMMON
(Communicator) another assistant
to INFORM the commander:
Where the fire is?
What is burning?
ORDER How much smoke is there?
Actions being taken and whether
Successful

Passenger and PO away from the

MOVE area (other Cabin Crew).

STAND BY With another extinguisher.

When the fire is out:
The area until the aircraft has
WATCH landed.
REASSURE Passengers.
GIVE First aid where necessary.

 NOTE:
 The Backup crew must:
 Immediately notify the F/D and the other crew members by interphone.

 Describe exactly what he/she sees. DO NOT use the word FIRE when
flames are not seen or present.
 Maintain a constant communication between the Commander and the Fire
Fighter.
 If required, the Back-Up may take over the duties of the Fire Fighter.
 To call for assistance be careful with the choice of words (Name, BCF and
Location).
 Inform Commander the number of BCF used for fire -fighting.

 Note:
 It is advised to use the back of your hand as it is more sensitive to heat and to
prevent your palm from injury so as to help you fight the fire effectively.
 Back-Up may take over the duties of the Fire Fighter if required.
 Never enter an enclosed smoke filled area without wearing a smoke hood.

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 2.28 Lavatory Fire Drill
LAVATORY FIRE DEILL
Feel the lavatory door with the back of your hand.

Lavatory Door Cold To Touch

CHECK Occupied / Vacant.
TOILET Request the passenger to vacate the
OCCUPIED toilet.
The Lavatory for the cigarette / burnt
CHECK
material.
CHECK Smoke Detector not blocked.
KEEP The Commander informed.
Lavatory Door HOT To Touch
GRAB Nearest BCF (Fire-Fighter).
SUMMON Assistance (Back-Up).
Another Assistant to inform the
ORDER
Commander.
The BCF completely into the lavatory
DISCHARGE using the door as a Shield.

CLOSE The lavatory door.

For approximately one minute; wear
WAIT the SH and obtain another BCF.
Lavatory and locate the fire source
ENTER (check surrounding before entering the
lavatory).
MONITOR For re-ignition.

2.29 Oven Fire Drill

OVEN FIRE DRILL POWER off.
POWER Off.
GRAB The nearest extinguisher
SUMMON
Assistance (Back-Up)
OPEN Oven door slightly
DISCHARGE Extinguisher into oven.
CLOSE Oven door.
Another Assistant to inform the
ORDER
Commander
STAND BY With another extinguisher

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 2.30 Cabin Smoke Drill
CABIN SMOKE DRILL

Commander source, quantity and

INFORM color of smoke how it is affecting the
passengers.
CARRY OUT
The Commander’s orders.
REASSURE
Passengers.
GIVE First aid where necessary.

3 TURBULENCE
3.1 General
 Turbulence is defined as a disturbed, irregular flow of air with embedded
irregular whirls or eddies and waves. An aircraft while, more or less,
maintaining the intended flight path.
 If the weather conditions and route forecast indicate that turbulence is likely,
the crew would be pre-warned, and passenger advised to return to, and/or
remain seated and to ensure that their seat belts are securely fastened.
Catering and other loose equipment should be stowed and secured until it is
evident that the risk of further turbulence has passed. The degree of
turbulence can vary from a slight buffeting to violent changes of attitude and
airspeed. Turbulence can be classified as light, moderate, severe or extreme.

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 Classification of intensity may be defined as follows:
AIRCRAFT REACTION INSIDE
INTENSITY
REACTION AIRCRAFT
Occupants may feel a slight
strain against seat belts or
Turbulence that shoulder or shoulder straps.
momentarily causes Unsecured object may be
LIGHT
slight, erratic changes in displaced slightly. Food service
altitude and/or attitude. may be conducted and little or
no difficulty is occurred in
aircraft.
Similar to light
turbulence but of greater
intensity. Changes in
Occupants feel definite strains
altitude and/or attitude
against seat belts or shoulder
occur but the aircraft
MODERATE straps. Unsecured object are
remains in positive
dislodged. Food service and
control at all times. It
walking are difficult.
usually causes
variations in indicated
airspeed.
Turbulence that causes
large abrupt changes in Occupants are forced
altitude and or attitude. voluntarily against seat belts or
It usually causes large shoulder straps. Unsecured
SEVERE
variation in indicated objects are tossed about. Food
airspeed. Aircraft may service and walking is
be momentarily out of impossible.
control.
Turbulence in which the
aircraft is violently
tossed about and is
EXTREME ………………
practically impossible to
control. It may cause
structural damage.

 It is imperative that passenger and crew and crew members be seated and
have their seat belts fastened when instructed by the Flight Deck crew
through the “Fasten Seat Belt” signor PA.
 During turbulence, in the absence of any instructions from the flight crew,
the FP shall be entitled to discontinue non-safety related duties and advise
the flight crew of the level of turbulence being experienced and the need for
the fasten seat belt signs to be switched on. This should be followed by the
cabin crew securing the passenger cabin and other applicable areas.

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 3.2 Unexpected Turbulence {Clear Air Turbulence (CAT)}
 An aircraft can encounter turbulence without warning in apparently clear air.

3.2.1 Wake Turbulence

 Every aircraft in flight generates wake turbulence caused primarily by a pair
of counter rotating vortices trailing from the wing tips. Wake turbulence
generated from heavy aircraft, even from those fitted with wing tip fences,
can create potentially serious hazards to following aircraft.
 For instance, vortices generated in the wake of large aircraft can impose
rolling movements exceeding the counter- roll capability of small aircraft.

3.3 Expected Turbulence

 This is turbulence, which has been forecasted by weather reports or on-board
radar. The Commander will switch on the ‘Fasten Seat Belt’ sign. The cabin
crew will secure the cabin and pass the check to the FP who in turn will pass
the check to the Commander. Depending on the severity of the turbulence
the Commander may allow the crew to carry on with normal cabin service.
 However if severe turbulence is expected the cabin crew will remain secure
in their seats until advised by the Commander.

3.4 Crew Action

 If sudden turbulence is encountered the cabin crew must:
 A Make sure that all passengers are seated with seat belts secured.
 b. If possible check toilets and assist passengers.
 c. Stow / secure any carts and service equipment, if this is not possible, lock
the cart across the aisle with beverage pots placed inside the cart.
 d. Sit in the nearest seat and strap in.
 Upon entering an area where turbulence is expected, (anticipated turbulence)
the Flight Deck crew will switch on the seat belt sign. When this occurs:
 The FP designated crew make PA announcement.
 The FP contacts the Flight Deck concerning expected duration and intensity
of the turbulence and the service to be carried out in the cabin.
 Cabin crew to check that all passengers have their seat belts fastened.
 FP to then confirm with the Commander the cabin is checked.
 As long the seat belt signs are illuminated the cabin crew should make
frequent checks that passenger’s seat belts remain fastened and that the
baggage is well stowed. When a passenger is seen to unfasten his seat belt or
attempts to leave his seat, the passenger should be asked to remain seated
and strapped in.

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 In case of sudden higher intensity of turbulence (Clear Air Turbulence
CAT):
 The Flight Deck crew announces “CABIN CREW-BE SEATED”.
 The cabin crew must:
 Stop serving immediately.
 Secure the carts as quickly as possible.
 Place trays with soft drinks, coffee and teapots in empty carts.
 Sit in the nearest seat and strap in.
 The FP will inform the cabin crew when the service can be continued.

 Note:
 The primary means of communication is the interphone system.
 In the rear section of the aircraft, the turbulence experienced is often more
intense. Inform the FP who will inform the Commander.
 During Night Long Haul Flights Cabin lights will be turned up to 10% if
necessary to enable cabin crew to secure the cabin and confirm all
passengers are seated with seatbelts fastened.
 FP to then confirm with the Commander the cabin has been checked.

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 3.5 Turbulence Procedure Flowchart
FASTEN SEAT BELT
SIGN COMES ON

LIGHT TO MODERATE
TURBULENCE
Purser or designated crew to make
Announcement
Temporary ceased In-flight service
Carts must not be left unattended. Held
securely or returned to galley if
needed.
Crew to check cabin, lavatory &
Passengers.
Ensure galley equipment stowed and
latched.
Purser to maintain communication with
Flight Deck.
SEVERE TURBULENCE
Captain to announce “Crew
be seated”
Purser or designated crew to
make Announcement
Crew to cease all cabin &
galley duties
If caught in cabin, take nearest
cabin seat if available (If none,
squeeze between passenger’s
seats).
Stow hot beverage inside cart or
place on the floor.
Remain seated until announced
by Captain or until fasten seat
belt sign is switched off

4 DECOMPRESSION
4.1 Introduction
 The cabin pressurization is generally maintained at an altitude of 5,000 ft. -
8,000 ft. for the comfort and safety of passengers and crew.
 Decompression occurs when there is a loss of cabin pressure due to a
malfunction of the pressurization system or a rupture in the aircraft fuselage.
 When this happens, an emergency oxygen system is provided in the cabin.
 There are two types of decompression, namely Slow Decompression and
Rapid Decompression. The rate of decompression depends on various factors
such as the cabin volume, size of the rupture, altitude and pressure
differential.

4.2 Slow Decompression the

 A slow decompression may occur due to a malfunction in the pressurization
system. This may be due to a small air leak in the aircraft fuselage. A
defective door pressure seal or window seal may cause the air leak. This

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 situation will result in a gradual increase in the cabin altitude and a slow
decrease in cabin temperature.
 Usually there will be no other obvious cabin changes, however, if a leak in
the fuselage is discovered, it is recommended to monitor the situation as it
may develop into a serious decompression
Indications of a Slow Decompression
Cabin Effects
 There will usually be no obvious cabin changes until the masks drop or the
altitude warning in the flight deck activate.
 If a leak or crack on the fuselage is discovered, crew may observe that there
will be an audible hissing and/or whistling sound.

Physiological Effects
 Crew and passengers may experience the following symptoms:
 Dizziness, headache or giddiness
 Fatigue
 Clumsiness
 Poor co-ordination
 Impaired judgment and vision

4.3 Rapid Decompression

 A rapid decompression is a sudden loss of cabin pressure or sudden
equalization of air pressure caused by an explosion, a big rupture in the
fuselage or a serious malfunction of the pressurization system.

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4.4 DECOMPRESSION FLOWCHART
SLOW
RAPID Decompression
Decompression
malfunction in the Serious malfunction in the
pressurization pressurization system
- a small air leak on An explosion.
the aircraft fuselage CAUSE -Big rupture in the fuselage.
Rapid increase of cabin
Gradual increase of
altitude.
cabin altitude.
Rapid drop in cabin
-Slow decrease of
temperature.
cabin temperature
CABIN
Hypoxia.
EFFECT Difficulty in breathing/
speaking
Impaired judgment and
Dizziness
vision.
Headache
Lip flutter due to loss of air
Fatigue
from lungs.
Clumsiness
Pain in ears and abdomen.
-Poor coordination
PHSIOLOGICAL Bodily gas formation and
-Impaired judgment
EFFECT
expulsion.
and vision.
Headache, dizziness and poor
coordination.
-Dysbarism (decompression
sickness).
Loud bang
No obvious changes Sudden rush of air
- may hear audible -Fog
hissing or whistling Flying debris/ objects
sound. -Auto announcement oxygen
INDICATONS mask dropped from the PSU
-Check crewmember
if they are
experiencing the
same symptoms.
Notify Purser and DON nearest oxygen mask
Captain.
-SECURE SELF- SIT
If affected area is
discovered, crew down at the nearest seat
maybe required to re- and fasten seat belt or hold
seat passengers away on to a seat/ passenger.
from the unsafe area -Yell instructions (with
(If available). your oxygen mask on) for
PA Announcement passenger to do the same.
(fasten seatbelts). INDICATIONS MASK ON, FASTEN
Secure all loose items SEAT BELT
in cabin and galley -WAIT for Captain’s
areas.
CABIN announcement that aircraft
If possible cover the
leak or crack with is safe before beginning
CREW post decompression duties.
cushion or blanket.
-Check passengers, if ACTION
any passenger is
suffering from
hypoxia give oxygen.

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 Be aware some passengers may have difficult Donning mask:
 Instruct passengers with eyeglasses to remove them.
 Instruct and adult who already has a mask on to assist a child seated next to
them.
 Instruct parents traveling with a child to don their mask first and then assist
the child.

 Note:
 If you are in the lavatory, don oxygen mask and breathe normally. Remain
there until aircraft descends to a safe level as advised by the Captain.
 Additional oxygen mask is provided at each seat row and lavatories.

4.5 Captain’s Announcement

 On reaching a safe altitude, the Captain will make the following
announcement to indicate to crewmembers that it is safe to commence their
post decompression duties.
“We have reached a safe altitude; Cabin Crew and Passenger may
remove your Oxygen Mask.”

4.6 Cabin Crew Actions- After Decompression

 After aircraft is leveled as advised by the Captain, cabin crew may begin
subsequent action.
 Obtain nearest oxygen cylinder, check on fellow crew members and give
assistance.
 Check lavatories, cabin, crew rest areas, for passengers and crew who may
need oxygen and assistance.
 Administer First Aid to those who are injured or experiencing
decompression sickness.
 Reassure and comfort passengers.
 Report progress of cabin situation to FP and Captain.
 If passengers need O2, dropped out O2 mask be used as a matter of
preference.

 Note:
 FP is fill out a voyage report

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 4.7 Hypoxia
 It result from insufficient supply of oxygen to an extent that metabolic
process is impaired. Some of the symptoms presented are headache,
dizziness, difficulty in breathing, nausea, loss of co-ordination, blueness of
skin and fingernails. If a victim of Hypoxia does not get oxygen quickly
unconsciousness will follow. After4-6 minutes without oxygen, the victim
may suffer serious brain damage or death. Oxygen must be supplied
immediately.

4.8 Time of Useful Consciousness (TUC)

 The period of time from the onset of a decompression until a person is
unable to effectively or adequately perform tasks due to an insuffcient
supply of oxygen.
 The most significant factor which affects T.U.C is altitude. Physical activity
at altitude, fatigue, self-imposed stress and individual variation will make the
TUC vary. A Cabin Crew engaged in light to moderate activity has less TUS
than a non-active passenger to effectively obtain supplemental oxygen after
decompression. People who smoke and/or consume alchol or drugs will have
reduced tolerance to withstnd altitude.
 The table below is to be used only as aguide and is based on an indvidual
engaged with moderate activity and an individual at reast.

Altitude Sudden Loss Of Pressure

In Feet Moderate Activity Sitting/Resting
42,000 12 seconds 18 seconds
40,000 18 seconds 30 seconds
35,000 30 seconds 45 seconds
30,000 45 seconds 75 seconds
25,000 2 minutes 3 minutes

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 4.9 Decompression Drill

DECOMPRESSION DRILL
PUT ON Nearest drop-out oxygen mask.
SECURE If possible, service equipment you are using.

SIT In the nearest available seat and strap in.

On oxygen and seated until advised by the
REMAIN
Commander.
IF SAFE TO DO SO:
Yourself, crew, passengers and reassure.
CHECK Toilets and galleys. Seat belts fastened and enforce
NO SMOKING.
KEEP The Commander informed

4.10 Window Crack

WINDOW CRACK DRILL

INFORM Commander.
Passengers away from the area, (if
possible, the 4 adjacent rows should not
MOVE
be occupied 2 fwd. of and 2 aft of the
cracked window).
REASSURE The passengers.
KEEP The Commander informed.

5 PILOT INCAPACITATION
 Pilot incapacitation is a serious occurrence and can happen to pilots,
irrespective of age, during any phase of flight. This incapacitation is defined
as a decline or loss in physical or mental condition, which could render a
crewmember incapable of performing normal or emergency duties on board
the aircraft.
 There are two types of incapacitation, namely:
 Obvious Incapacitation
 Subtle Incapacitation

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 5.1 Obvious Incapacitation
 Obvious incapacitation is defined as a major or total loss of falling. The
obvious incapacitation is easily and immediately recognized by its very
nature.
 The danger in this instance is the possibility of the affected crew falling over
or interfering with the controls in the flight deck in some way or other.

The probable causes are:

 Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain,
 Acute, diarrhea,
 Physical injury,
 Severe heart attack,
 Epileptic fit.

5.2 Subtle Incapacitation

 This may be transient or progressing to a medical disorder involving partial
loss of function. It is considered a significant operational hazard, as it is
difficult to detect.
 The first sign that a crewmember is afflicted would probably be his deviation
from the desired flight path or Standard Operating Practices (SOP).
 As this may be only trivial at first, other crewmembers may not suspect that
something is amiss. The real danger is that the other crew may not take over
the control in time to prevent an accident due to reluctance, inexperience or
lack of appreciation, poor CRM practices (e.g. high power distance), or that
something is wrong.
 The most probable cause for this is due to information overload.
 Other possible causes are:
 Psychological problems,
 Preoccupation with personal problems and fatigue (stress),
 Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia),
 Hypoxia,
 Recent use of certain drugs

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 5.3 Procedure
 If a cockpit crew member becomes incapacitated, the remaining crew
member must call a cabin attendant as soon as practicable, the best way
to request the assistance from the cabin crew is by means of the
passenger address system.

 FP TO THE FLIGHT DECK, FP TO THE FLIGHT DECK.

Procedures to Dell with an Incapacitated Pilot in Flight

 The following details the actions to be taken.
 Move arms and legs away from the controls.
 Slide the seat fully aft.
 Recline the seat.
 Cross the arms over chest and secure shoulder harness. Shoulder harness
locked in position at time handle is placed in down position.
 Administer first aid and oxygen if necessary.
 Call on the PA for a doctor or nurse.
 Check if a company qualified pilot is available on board to replace the
unconscious one.
 Assist the other crew member as requested.
 Do not try to move the pilot from his seat.
 If oxygen is required, use portable bottle and mask. First aid measures
should be carried out where necessary for the unconscious pilot, but do not
attempt to remove them from their seat, unless the resuscitation is required;
 Use of pilots’ checklists.

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 EVACUATION PROCEDURES

Section Contents
1 INTRODUCTION
2 PRIME RESPONSIBILITY
3 CHAIN OF COMMAND
4 IMPORTANCE OF TIME
5 STATISTICS
6 TYPES OF EMERGENCIES
7 BRACE POSITIONS
8 BRACE SIGNALS
9 PREPARED EMERGENCY
CABIN PTEPARATION: CRASH LAND &
10
DITCHING
10.1 CABIN PREPARATION
10.2 COMPLETION OF CABIN PREPARATION
10.3 FINAL CHECK OF THE CABIN
11 UNPREPARED EMERGENCY
12 TYPES OF EVACUATION
12.1 COMPANY POLICY
12.2 UNPLANNED EMERGENCY LANDING
12.3 DECISION TO EVACUATE
12.4 EVACUATION PROCEDURES
12.5 CROWED CONTROL
ASSIST CREW (CABIN CREW NOT
12.6
ASSIGNED TO AN EXIT)
12.7 REDIRECT PASSENGERS
12.8 PRACTICE GOOD COMMUNICATION
13 NITES / COMMANDER’S BRIEFING
13.1 PASSENGER ADVICE
13.2 PRECAUTIONARY LANDING
14 ABLE BODIED PASSENGER (ABP)
14.1 ABP SEATING
14.2 ABP BRIEFING - DOORS

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Section Contents
14.3 PASSENGER EVACUATION
15 EVACUATION COMMAND
15.1 EMERGENCY ALERT ON GROUND
15.2 EVACUATION ORDER

15.3 CANCELLATION OF EMERGENCY ALERT

15.4 COMMANDS CHARTS

16 EVACUATION PROCEDURES
17 EVACUATING TECHNIQUES
18 EVACUATION DRILLS
18.1 MINIMUM TIME PREPARATION
19 SILENT REVIEW
20 EMERGENCY PREPARATION
20.1 FLIGHT DECK PREPARATION
20.2 FLIGHT PURSER - CABIN PREPARATION
PRIMARY CABIN CREW - CABIN
20.3
PREPARATION

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 1 INTRODUCTION
 An aircraft emergency on board will always be the exception rather than the
rule, as no two emergencies encountered are the same. Moreover, statistics
have down shown that well-trained crewmembers have always performed
better in an emergency. Safety procedures are written and given as
guidelines for crew to manage emergency situations and conditions.

 Importance of Training: Crewmember are given the necessary training

meeting regulatory requirements to carry out their emergency duties
successfully. This mandatory training is carried out annually to ensure
crewmembers remains current in their safety knowledge and is updated with
the latest safety information.
 SEP Knowledge: Knowledge and operation of safety equipment, escape
provisions and evacuation drills, are also equally important for a successful
evacuation of the aircraft. Thus, all crew must be thoroughly familiar with
their Safety Emergency Procedures.
 Crew Initiative: It must also be noted that written instructions cannot
possibly cover all aspects of emergency and evacuation conditions, nor is it
possible to detail the precise steps to follow in each situation. Therefore,
trained crewmembers should try to follow the laid down guideline and
procedures, and at the same time to use their initiative and sound judgment
during an emergency or evacuation situation.
 Leadership: In any emergency, leadership skills are important for the
success of cabin evacuation. It is vital in an emergency that crew remain
calm, organized, giving clear and concise instructions, Most passengers will
not leave their seats or the aircraft unless instructed to do so, and the reaction
of passengers during an emergency can present potential problems.
Therefore, crew must assume leadership immediately and act, otherwise, a
passenger may do so, resulting in panic, serious injuries and loss of lives.
2. PRIME RESPONSIBILITY
 The Captain is primarily responsible to initiate a passenger evacuation. He is
to keep the cabin crew and passenger fully informed of his intentions should
an emergency evacuation or precautionary disembarkation become
necessary.
 In the event where it is certain that an evacuation is imperative or where no
contact with the Flight Deck is possible, the Flight Purser shall assume full
responsibility for initiating a passenger evacuation.

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 3 CHAIN OF COMMAND
 The following order of Command applies in the event of an emergency or
after an emergency where orderly leadership is required.
 Captain in command
 Co-pilot
 Flight Engineer
 Flight Purser
 Next most senior ranking crewmember

Commander
 The Commander has full control and authority in the operation of the
aircraft, without limitation, over other crewmember whilst on duty.

Flight Purser
 The Flight Purser takes instructions directly from the Commander and has
the responsibility for the conduct and co-ordination of normal and
emergency procedures, specified in the SEP and/or Operations Manuals.
Flight Purser is also responsible for the emergency preparations of the cabin,
reporting all technical irregularities in co-ordination with the Commander,
and reporting of incidents, which might affect the safety of the flight.

4 IMPORTANCE OF TIME
 Crew must remember that time is a crucial safety factor. All crewmembers
must be capable of responding to an emergency and to execute their duties in
the shortest time possible to effect a successful evacuation.
 An evacuation of passengers from an ill-fated aircraft is to be completed
within 90 seconds, as fire/smoke is one of the main contributing factors to
many deaths on board in an emergency evacuation.
 Most accidents occur during take-off, climb, approach and landing when
little or no warning can be given. Crewmembers should be alert and comply
with safety practices during these critical phases of flight.

5 STATISTICS
 The statistical summary of commercial jet aircraft accidents worldwide
operations from 1959-1995 is as follows:
o Takeoff- 26.4%
o Cruise- 13.5%
o Landing- 60.1%

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 It is every noticeable that most accident occur during the landing and takeoff
phases of flight. Therefore, it is of paramount importance that all crew pay
particular attention to these phases of flight because more than 70% of
accidents are related to human factors.

General
 An emergency on board an aircraft is always an exception rather than the
rule.
 No instructions can cover all emergency conditions nor is it possible to detail
the precise steps to follow in each situation. Good judgment and initiative
play a vital role in successfully handling an emergency.
 It is vital in an emergency that crewmembers remain calm, appear organized
and issue clear and concise instructions. The reaction of passengers during
an emergency will vary and can create potential problems. Passenger
initiative will almost certainly be absent, so the motivation for survival must
come from the crew. During an emergency landing and possible evacuation,
some crew members may become disabled and equipment lost. All crew
must be able to locate and item of safety and survival equipment, and be
prepared to assist and take over the duties of others.

6 TYPES OF EMERGENCIES
 They can be categorized as:
o Prepared Emergency:
 An emergency in the climb, cruise, or descent which then gives the flight
crew time to brief and time to prepare for a possible evacuation on landing.

o Unprepared Emergency:
 An unexpected incident at the beginning or end of the flight (take off/
approch/ landing), which deems it necessary to immediately land/ stop the
aircraft and may requirean evacuation.
 Crewmembers prime responsibility during any emergency landing is
toevacuate passengers through all available exits within 90 seconds or a
minimum amount of time.
 Should a PRIMARY Crew be Incapacitated during an emergency, the
ASSIST Crew is to take over his/her duties.

Flight Deck Preparation

 Contact Air Traffic Contorol or the nearest Search and Rescue center, and
provide all necessary information and make known of intentions.

Page 33 of 56
 Captain shall brief deck crew and Flight Purser of the intended emergency
landing, and inform passengers of the situation.
 Stow all loose items in the flight deck. (If it is a ditching situation, put on the
life jacket.)
 Complete the Emergency Checklist items.
 Obtain report of cabin readiness from Flight Purser.
 Instruct crew to return to crew station and wait for the Brace signal.
 Order “Brace” 1 minute before impact through PA or by flashing the “Fasten
Seatbelt” sign repeatedly.

7 BRACE POSITIONS
 General
 The are two main reasons for bracing for impact. One is to reduce flailing
and the other is to reduce secondary impact. Secondary impactcan be
reduced by pre-positioning body (particulary the head) against the surface it
would strike during impact. Flailing can be reduced by having the occupant
flex, bend or lean forward over their legs in some manner. In all casses sit
wll back in the centre of the seat with the seat belt and /or harness fitted
correctly. Lap straps must be worn as tight as possible and as low on the
waist as possible.

Crew AFT Facing

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Crew- FWD Facing

Passengers

Passenger- Alternative Brace Position

Page 35 of 56
 Mother with Infant

8 BRACE SIGNALS
 This command will be given by the Commander on the PA (Brace, Brace) or
by flashing the seat belt sign continuously, approx. 60 seconds prior to
impact. On hearing this command cabin crew will brace and should relevant
commands to the passengers. They will remain in the Brace position until the
aircraft has come to a complete stop.

CREW BRACE COMMANDS

Prepared “BRACE, BRACE”

“BEND DOWN STAY
Unprepared DOWN” REMAIN
SEATED”

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 9 PREPARED EMERGENCY
 In a prepared emergency there is adequate time to prepare the aircraft, crew
and passengers, with the airport in anticipation of an evacuation as
necessary.
 A prepared ditching is an emergency with a controlled landing on water
rather than on land. This makes flotation an additional concern.
 As soon as it is expected that an emergency landing will be required the FP
will be summoned to the flight deck by the following P.A. announcement
(Emergency Call):
FP to the flight deck, FP to the flight deck
 This call will indicate that an in-flight emergency situation has arisen. The
FP will go immediately to the flight deck. Other crew will suspend service
and to his/her stations to receive briefing from the FP. The assist crew will
report to the FWD at the FP station.

10 CABIN PTEPARATION: CRASH LAND & DITCHING

 Flight Purser to receive briefing from Captain on the following:
 Type of emergency- Crash land or Ditching.
 Time available for preparation.
 Any other special instructions.
 After receiving details of the intended emergency from the Captain, the
Flight Purser shall brief rest of the cabin crew and passengers. The cabin
briefing includes:

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 10.1 CABIN PREPARATION

A) Cabin Fully bright for preparation

Lights

Secure loose cabin items

B) Cabin/ in stowage
Galley compartments, closets,
lavatories, and under the

Stow all galley Equipment and latch all carts. Galley

electrics in OFF position.

Check aisle/cross aisles are kept unobstructed. Draw

and secure curtains. Window shades in up position.

Distribute pillows and blankets for face and body

protection.

Passenger’s seatbacks in upright position. Stow tray

tables/ armrests/ footrests and seatbelts securely
fastened.

Page 38 of 56
 Cabin preparation Continues

c) Sharp Ensure passenger remove all sharp and

Objects/ loose objects.
Tight
Clothing.
Remove all spiked and high-heeled shoes.
For Ditching, all shoes must be removed.

Loosen tight clothing. Remove

neckties and scarves. Encouraged
passengers to put on thick clothing for

D) Safety
Point out nearest and alternate exit, forward
Exit
and aft of the cabin.
Briefing

Point out emergency floor path lighting that

leads to the exits.

Refer passengers to instructions on the Safety

Information cards.

Inform passengers of the slide/rafts location.

 Note: If time is limited, do the following:

1. Secure galley/cabin.
2. Ensure passenger seatbacks, seatbelts, and tray-tables are secured.
3. Brief brace position and assigned exits.

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 10.2 COMPLETION OF CABIN PREPARATION

Report Purser shall report cabin readiness status

to Flight to the Captain
Dick
(Dim cabin lights for night flight.)

Crew
Emergency Crewmembers are to return to their
Station assigned station, secure themselves,
assume brace position, and perform the
“Silent Review”.

1 minute before
Shout:
Impact-Command
“BRACE, BRACE
From Flight Deck:
BEND DOWN, STAY DOWN”
“BRACE, BRACE”

Cabin Crew remains in Brace position until aircraft

comes to a complete stop.

10.3 FINAL CHECK OF THE CABIN

 If the emergency landing is to take place away from airfield removable
safety equipment can be stowed securely within easy reach.
 The FP will do a final complete check of the cabin and passengers before
passing the ‘secure’ check to the Commander. The FP will take their crew
seat for landing. On command from the flight deck all the cabin crew
members will adopt their Brace position and shout their brace commands.

11 UNPREPARED EMERGENCY
 An unprepared emergency is a situation with no time available for
preparation. It usually develops without any warning and occurs during take-
off or landing.
o If a situation arises shortly after take-off or before landing where crew
are aware that an impact is imminent, they should brace for impact
commands as a minimum warning.
o When a take-off or landing maneuver has a definite difference in
force, sound or when the aircraft attitude may be different from the
normal, cabin crew must be alert for subsequent actions.

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 o In an unprepared landing, crew may only have enough time to give a
forceful and strong command to demand passengers’ attention and
response.
 The flight deck crew will if possible warn cabin crew and passengers via
the public address system.
 Crew members will adopt the brace position and keep shouting their
brace commands until the aircraft coms to a complete stop.

 Note: For Unprepared Landing, the Captain should initiate evacuation, using
the PA system before activation the Emergency Evacuation Command
system.

12 TYPES OF EVACUATION
 An emergency evacuation may take place on land (Ground Evacuation) or
in water (Ditching).

12.1 COMPANY POLICY

 If the conditions are such that an evacuation appears necessary, the first crew
member aware of the situation shall immediately advise the Flight Deck
Crew.
 The Commander will evaluate the situation and if necessary initiate the
evacuation. If time does not permit contacting the Flight Deck crew because
the nature of emergency requires immediate action, the cabin crew will
initiate the evacuation without further delay by, giving the command
“EVACUATE, EVACATE, EVACATE” and press the “Evacuation
Command” and then perform their evacuation drills as appropriate.

 Note:
 In some rare circumstances the commander may, at his discretion nominate
the exits to be used during evacuation.

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 12.2 UNPLANNED EMERGENCY LANDING
 When an emergency situation arises directly either just prior to or after take-
off or during approach, which may necessitate evacuation of the aircraft.
12.3 DECISION TO EVACUATE
 It is accepted that only the aircraft Commander can order an evacuation.
 However, circumstances might dictate that any other member of the crew
must initiate such action. If, for example, a total engine failure on take-off
makes a crash landing inevitable, the Commander may only have time to
give a warning to brace for impact. After the aircraft has stopped there may
be no further communication and the cabin crew will have to make an instant
decision and use their own mature judgment in the event of a life threatening
situation.
 The following are some examples from a list of incidents, which would
demand an immediate Cabin Crew initiated evacuation:
o An obvious self-sustaining major fire either inside or outside the
aircraft.
o Thick / Dense smoke in the cabin.
o Severe structural damage to the aircraft.
o Ditching. Cabin Crew may encounter situations that might appear to
be an emergency, but do not warrant an emergency evacuation.
o Explosions
o A disorderly exit from the runway.
o Confirmed sabotage
 For e.g. an engine fire during take-off / approach/ landing, Landing gear
collapse situation after an aborted take-off may not always lead to an
emergency evacuation.

12.4 EVACUATION PROCEDURES

 As soon as the aircraft has come to a complete stop listen for the evacuation
signal and evaluate conditions at and outside your area. Some exits may be
jammed, blocked by fire or partially under water so be ready to direct
passengers to alternative exit. Once the door is open, pull the manual
inflation handle and monitor the inflation of the slide. Use strong commands
to hold passengers back until the slide has inflated fully.

12.5 CROWED CONTROL

 Firm control and clear instructions will prevent panic so direct the
evacuation aggressively. Passenger reaction may be slow so use strong

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 command shout with authority. Force passengers to leave hand baggage
behind. Aim to establish a rate of flow through the exit of one person per
second. If a passenger is hesitant about jumping on to the slide the crew
manning the door should firmly push the passenger in the lower back. Time
permitting elderly / pregnant inform passengers may sit on the doorsill and
slide down.

12.6 ASSIST CREW (CABIN CREW NOT ASSIGNED TO AN

EXIT)
 The Assist Crew are in addition to the required number of Primary Cabin
Crew. They shall take over the duties of the Primary Cabin Crew in the event
of an incapacitation.
 The general responsibility of the Cabin Crew (ASSIST CREW) not assigned
to an exit, is to assist in the evacuation of passengers. They shall assist in
directing/redirecting and establishing even flow of passenger evacuation in
the cabin.

 Note: Cabin Crew may be faced with unique evacuation scenarios, in such
cases, cabin crew must assess the overall situation, to decide the best course
of action, to ensure a safe and rapid evacuation of passengers and crew.

12.7 REDIRECT PASSENGERS

 If a door cannot be opened or should not be opened, redirect passengers to
another useable exit.
 If the slide does not inflate even after pulling the manual inflation handle, or
deploys abnormally, or if a hazardous condition exit on the ground, redirect
passengers to other usable exit.

12.8 PRACTICE GOOD COMMUNICATION

 Following an accident some passengers may be unwilling to leave the
aircraft. They may not be aware of the danger involved and they may require
specific instructions from the crewmembers.
 Make physical and verbal contact with the passenger as far back in the cabin
area as possible.
Use proper commands to discourage passengers against sitting in the
doorways or jumping too close and hitting the doorsills, causing back
injuries.
 In case of smoke in the cabin ask passengers to bend low and follow the
escape path lighting system. (If possible use emergency flashlights to direct
passengers)

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 Once all passengers have evacuated check the cabin and ensure all vital
safety equipment are taken.

 Dedicated Assist Space – All exit have Dedicated Assist Space, forward
and/or aft of the exit. These are small spaces for crew to position themselves
safely, to conduct passenger evacuation.
 Dried- Up Exit – These are exits where passengers flow has ceased and
crew are to make every effort to call the attention of other passengers to the
Dried-Up Exit. This is to maintain a balanced flow of passengers to all
usable exit, in order to minimize total evacuation time.

 Exit Bypass – It is redirecting passengers past a usable or unusable exit to an

adjacent usable exit, to maximize passenger flow throughout the cabin. This
is evidenced in the First and Business class cabin.

13 NITES/ COMMANDER’S BRIEFING

 The Commander will brief the FP on the following points:
o Nature of the emergency- the problem with the aircraft.
o Intention- whether crash landing or ditching.
 C) Time- How much time remaining airborne.
o Escape routes- factors affecting the exit (escape routes not to be used).
o Signal- the signal he will give for brace.
 This briefing is known as the NITES briefing. FP will acknowledge the
Commander’s briefing by repeating back the full instructions (NITES) given
and return to the cabin to brief the other crew who in turn will acknowledge.
It is important to given on anything not understood.

13.1 PASSENGER ADVICE

 Once all the cabin crew are briefed and have taken their demonstration
positions (as per the aircraft type), the FP will report to the Commander and
the Commander will make the first announcement to the passengers.
However, the Commander may delegate this to the FP. The FP will read the
appropriate PA. It is essential to speak calmly and clearly, emphasizing
where needed. Be positive and use a strong voice. If demonstration LJ, use
your own crew LJ.

13.2 PRECAUTIONARY LANDING

 A Precautionary Landing is when a situation such as an extensive engine
vibration, engine failure, instrument failure or similar situation occurs in-
flight and the Commander decides to land the aircraft without further delay.

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 The Commander will announce “FP To the Flight Deck, FP To the Flight
Deck” and upon hearing this announcement the FP will proceed to the flight
deck and other crew immediately proceed to their stations and stand by for
the N.I.T.E.S. briefing. The N.I.T.E.S. briefing will inform the crew of the
situation at hand and will bring to their attention that intention of the
Commander is only to return to the airport and that an evacuation is not
required.

14 ABLE BODIED PASSENGER (ABP)

 If time permits seek passengers to assist in the evacuation who are likely to
be able to act predictably during the evacuation such as crewmembers
travelling as passengers, military personnel, someone who is physically and
mentally able.
 ABP must be positioned at all emergency exit (3for main exits and 1 for each
o/w exit) and briefed accordingly. ABP will need to be positioned to assist
mothers with children, elderly, nervous passengers, language barrier etc.
 After selecting your ABP tells them you need their assistance and ask them
if they are willing to help. Ensure they are prepared to undertake this
responsibility and receive a verbal acknowledgement.

14.1 ABP SEATING

 Position the ABP adjacent to an emergency exit and tell them they will
initially be required to assist with crowd control. Three ABP will be briefed
to cover each main exit. One ABP will be briefed on opening the exit and
operating the slide. Two ABP will be briefed to assist with the evacuation at
the bottom of the slide.
+

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 14.2 ABP BRIEFING - DOORS
 First tell them they will only be required to carry out these instructions only
if you become incapacitated.
Brief the ABP
When to open exit?
How to open crew harness?
How to open exit?
How to restrain passengers at exit?
How to get passengers out?
How to help outside?
What to do after evacuation?
Ask ABP to repeat instructions.
Evacuation command given.
Aircraft has stopped.
Outside condition safe.
Help crew out if injured and take over
duties.
Opening of exit.
Manual inflation.
Assessing condition.
Verify selector lever.
What to shout.
Use body language.
Positive commands to get passengers
out.
At bottom of slides.
In rafts.
Assemble passengers 100m upwind of
aircraft.

14.3 PASSENGER EVACUATION

 Tell them to evacuation the aircraft first and stay the bottom of the slide.
 Assist the passengers off the slide and direct them away from the aircraft.
 Keep the passengers together and control the crowd.
 Ditching- Ensure passengers have inflated their lifejacket.
 Ditching- Advise the passengers to swim to the slide rafts.

15 EVACUATION COMMANDS
 The commands given to passengers during an evacuation will vary
depending on the type of emergency and the type of exit being used.
However cabin crew must ensure their commands are CLEAR, CONCISE
and POSITIVE.
 Before / whilst opening the exit repeat / initiate evacuation command.
 Once the exit and the slide/rafts are ready, command passengers to
evacuation from the aircraft.

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 15.1 EMERGENCY ALERT ON GROUND
 Should an emergency situation arise on the ground the Commander will need
to alert the crew to the danger and advise that an order to evacuate will
probably follow in a short time?
 The Commander will make a PA:
“ATTENTION CREW AT STATION”
 All cabin crew will proceed immediately to their assigned station, look
outside, evaluate the situation and await further instructions.

15.2 EVACUATION ORDER

 If an Evacuation is required the Commander will give the order on PA –
“EVACUATE, EVACUATE, EVACUATE”
 And activate the evacuation signal (if fitted on the aircraft).

15.3 CANCELLATION OF EMERGENCY ALERT

 If an Evacuation is not considered necessary the Commander will announce
this stating,
“CABIN CREW AND PASSENGERS- KEEP YOURS SEATS’.

 Note: “Attention Crew at Stations” will be used to advise of an emergency

situation on the ground “ONLY”.

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15.4 COMMANDS CHARTS

BRACE COMMANDS ((BEFORE IMPACT))

Prepared
/Unprepared Land Comply
Emergency
EMERGENCY!
EMERGENCY!
Crew at all stations
BENDDOWN! STAY DOWN!

Aircraft shutdown – initiate EVACUATION command through

“EVAC” Command and / or PA System.
EVACUATION COMMANDS
BRACE COMMANDS (AFTER IMPACT)
Prepared /
Unprepared Land Comply
Emergency
EVACUATE! EVACUATE!
OPEN SEATBELT!
LEAVE EVERYTHING!
Crew all station HEELS OFF
(Unprepared Emergency)
COME THIS WAY!
FROM TWO LINES!
For all exit JUMP AND SLIDE
For over wing exit RUN AND SLIDE!

EVACUATION COMMSNDS
(AFTER IMPACT) Prepared Ditching Emergency
Prepared Ditching
Comply
Emergency
EVACUATE! EVACUATE!
OPEN SEATBELT!
LEAVE EVERYTHING!
Crew at all station COME THIS WAY!
FROM TWO LINES!
PULL BOTH TAGS (IF SLIDE
JUMP INTO WATER)
For all exit PULL BOTH TAGS!
BOARD RAFT!
For over wing exit RUN AND JUMP INTO THE
WATER

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 EVACUATION COMMSNDS (AFTER IMPACT) unprepared
Emergency
Unprepared Ditching
Comply
Emergency
EVACUATE! EVACUATE!
OPEN SEATBELT!
LEAVE EVERYTHING!
Crew at all station
LIFE JACKET UNDER
YOUR SEAT!
DON LIFE JACKET!
SHOES OFF!
COME THIS WAY!
FORM 2 LINES
For all exit PULL BOTH TAGS! (AT THE
EXIT)
BOARD RAFT/JUMP INTO
THE WATER
RUN AND JUMP IN TO THE
For over wing exit
WATER.

Door Commands
 After slide/raft deployment, verify that slide/raft is safe for use. Slide/raft
should be fully inflated and in correct position. Crewmembers must occupy
the Dedicated Assist Space provided at the forward or aft of the exit.
Blocking the exit would reduce the flow of passenger evacuation. Make
physical and/or verbal as soon as possible when passengers approach the
exit.

FROM TWOLINES!
STAND BACK!
STAND BACK!
MOVE, MOVE
JUMP, JUMP, JUMP!

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Commands for Usable Exit
 If exit will not open, or a hazard exits making the exit unsafe for use, crew is
to block exit and redirect passengers to other useable exit. Forcefully inform
passengers that exit will not be used and why?
 Slides and environmental conditions must be constantly monitored. Should
conditions change that would affect the safety of the passengers, discontinue
evacuation and redirect other useable exits.

DOOR JAMMED!
EXIT BLOCKED!
NO SLIDE!
FIRE OUTSIDE!
GO THAT WAY

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16 EVACUATION PROCEDURES
Evacuating Passengers

Evacuating Passengers

Slides fail: BLOCK EXIT

MIH fails
Pull MIH

Guard the Shout:

door while
STAND BACK,
slides inflates
STAND BACK

Evacuate
passengers Shout:

(Stand at the JUMP&SLIDE

dedicated
assist space)
Dried-up Area- Should
Monitor Passenger flow cease at
Situation your exit, call other
passengers to your exit.

Ensure all passengers

have evacuated. Crew
Check Cabin may leave the aircraft if
situation is deemed
dangerous or life
threatening

Remove Take/ensure vital safety

Equipment equipment is taken out.

Leave Aircraft Evacuate immediately at

nearest exit

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 17 EVACUATION TECHNIQUES

Evacuating passengers,
Techniques for efficiency

Passenger obstructs the flow. Get passenger to the side.

Passenger hesitates or sits down. Assist passenger out.

There is a pile-up on
Keep evacuating the passengers.
The ground.

There are no more passengers

Direct passengers to
evacuating through the exits near
“Dried up exits”.
you.

Constantly monitor inside and outside conditions.

Cabin Crew
 Cabin crew will follow their evacuation drills.
 Check their respective emergency areas and take with them vital safety
equipment. L1/ R1 crewmember must check the flight deck prior to
evacuating the aircraft.
 Evacuate from their respective exit (or any other suitable exit if their exit is
blocked).
 On ground assists passengers and direct them upwind away from the aircraft.

18 EVACUATION DRILLS

ABNORMAL STOP
BRACE Adopt the Brace position.
Heads down, Stay down – Heads
SHOUT Down, Stay down.
Braced and keep shouting until the aircraft has come
REMAIN to a complete Stop.

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 GROUND EVACUATION
When the aircraft has finally stopped:
LOOK For any hazards.
LISTEN For evacuation signal or command.
INITIATE if none
OPEN Evocation, if circumstance dictate.
PULL The door if safe to do so.
MONITOR The red manual inflation handle.
EVACUATE Slide/raft inflation.
CHECK Passengers.
REMOVE All passengers are off.
Vital safety equipment if evacuating
LEAVE
Away from an

DITCHING EVACUATION
When the aircraft has finally stopped:
LIFEJACKET ON
SHOUT ‘Open Seat Belts – Lifejacket on’
LOOK Not in prepared emergency
OPEN The door if safe to do so.
PULL The red manual inflation handle.
MONITOR Slide/raft inflation.
EVACUATE Passengers.
CHECK All passengers are off.
REMOVE Vital safety equipment and any Other useful equipment.
INFLATE Your lifejacket
LEAVE The aircraft yourself.
DETACH The slide/raft.
SEPARATE The slide/raft.

 Note:
 Life jackets will be fitted in prepared ditching

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 5.18.1 MINIMUM TIME PREPARATION
OPEN Cabin dividers.
STOW Secure all loose equipment & cabin baggage.
Passengers
a)LJ on if ditching
PREPARE b) Seat belt fastened seat back upright, tray table stowed, etc.
c) Remove dentures, spectacles, and high-heeled shoes, etc.
d) Demonstrate Brace positions.
Yourself
PREPARE a) LJ on if ditching.
b) Remove shoes, badges, belts etc.
On signal. Shout and keep shouting “Brace” until the aircraft
BRACE has come to a complete stop.
ACTION Evacuation drill as appropriate.

 Note: Minimum Time Preparation drill to be followed by Cabin Crew when

Preparation time is less than 15 minutes.

19 SILENT REVIEW
 The object of Silent Review is to mentally prepare Cabin Crew for any
eventualities during take-off and landing. For example, an aborted take-off
or an unexpected wind shear or turbulence during landing may occur. Below
are some of the points to review as guidelines.

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 SILENT REVIEW GUIDE
BRACE COMMANDS! “Emergency, Emergency”, Bend Down, Stay Down!
A/C STOPS! What do I do? Wait for evacuation order!
Assess condition! Check for fire and obstructions!
OPENING DOOR? How do I operate the door? Is the door armed?
DOOR FAILS! What do I do if the door fails to open pneumatically? Open
manually.
.SLIDE FAILS! What if slide does not inflate automatically? Pull manual
inflation handle.
REVIEW COMMANDS!
“Open seat belts, leave everything, shoes off,
Come this way, Hurry”(Jump, Jump- Land) ( Board Raft- Ditching)

Crucial Phases of Flight

 3 minutes after take-off,
 +8 minutes before landing,
 11 minutes of flight during, which
 95% of all accidents occur.

20 ENERGENCY PREPARATION
20.1 FLIGHT DECK PREPARATION
FLIGHT DECK CREW: - PREPARATION CHECKLIST
CONTACT ATC and provide all necessary information regarding the nature
1 of emergency and intention.
NOTIFY all Cabin Crew of the nature of emergency and time available
2
through the Purser
SECURE and stow all loose items in the Flight Deck and put on lifejacket if
3
it is ditching.
4 COMPLETE emergency checklist items.
5 OBTAIN cabin report from Flight Purser on cabin readiness.
INSTRUCT all cabin crew to emergency stations and to standby for brace
6
order.
ORDER “BRACE”1 minute before impact repeatedly through the P.A. or
7
flashing of the seat belt sign.

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 20.2 FLIGHT PURSER - CABIN PREPARATION
FLIGHT PURSER: - CABIN PREPARATION
RESPOND to signal from the Flight Deck and proceed immediately for
1
briefing.
BRIEF other cabin crew as per the Captain’s instruction and supervise
2 cabin preparation for emergency landing/ditching. (Put on lifejacket if
ditching)
3 TURN cabin lights on to fully BRIGHT.
CONDUCT passenger briefing using PA ANNOUCEMENT TEXT (select
4 Land or Ditching) with other crew.
REPORT to CAPT when briefing is completed and cabin ready.
5
6 DIM all cabin lights and take assigned seat.
7 WAIT for brace signal and mentally perform “Silent Review” of own drills.
SHOUT “Brace” commands when ordered by the CAPT through PA or by
8 flashing the “FASTEN SEAT BELT” sign repeatedly.

20.3 PRIMARY CABIN CREW - CABIN PREPARATION

PRIMARY CABIN CREW :- CABIN PREPARATION
1 RECIVE briefing from Flight Purser.
PROCEED to briefing station for passenger safety briefing and
2 demonstration. (Put on lifejackets if ditching)
PERFORM duties according to PA Announcement Text
3 (Landing/Ditching) read by Flight Purser. Secure Cabin and Galley areas.
4 CHECK passenger and cabin prepared.
5 CONFIRM all doors are “ARMEDDISARMED” as applicable.
6 REPORT to Flight Purser and take assigned station.
7 WAIT for “BRACE” signal and perform “Silent Review”.

SHOUT “BRACE” commands when ordered by the Captain through PA or

8
by flashing the “FASTEN SEAT BELT” sign repeatedly.
ASSIST CABIN CREW
provide assistance where necessary

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