Chemistry 2

LAS 2_WEEK 2_QUARTER I:

Phase Diagram of Water
and CO2

http://www.chemistryexplained.com/photos/solid-state-3384.jpg
I. Phase Diagram of Water and CO2:

After your encounter with this module, you are expected to:
• Content Standards: The learners demonstrate understanding of phase
changes in terms of the accompanying changes in energy and forces
between particles

• Performance Standards: The learners should be able to design a simple

investigation to determine the effect on boiling point or freezing point
when a solid is dissolved in water

• Most Essential Learning Competency:

▪ Interpret the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide
STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-107; and
▪ Determine and explain the heating and cooling curve of a
substance. STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-109

This module generally describes the different topics on ways of separating

mixtures:
 Lesson 1 – Kinetic Molecular Theory
 Lesson 2 – Phase Diagram of Water and CO2
 Lesson 3 – Heating and Cooling Curve of a Substance

II. CONCEPT NOTES

LESSON 1: Phase Change

Figure 1.1
Recall that a scientific law is a
way of simplifying behavior or
phenomena that has been observed in
many experiments. Scientific laws allow
us to predict the behavior of similar
systems. For example, if a chemist is
trying to identify a new gaseous
compound, a measurement of the gas’
density at certain pressure and
temperature will be a reliable
information for obtaining the gaseous
compound’s molar mass. http://www.mysearch.org.uk/website1/images/pictures/214.carbon.jpg

However, although scientific laws

summarize observed behavior, they do not explain why nature behaves in the
observed fashion. This is the main question for scientists. To try to answer
Chemistry 1_Q4 Page 1
this question, scientists construct theories (build models). The models in
chemistry consist of speculations about what the individual atoms or
molecules (microscopic particles) (See Figure 1.1) might be doing to cause the
observed behavior of the macroscopic systems (collections of very large
Figure 1.2

http://www.angelfire.com/home/gaslaws/images/heattransfer.jpg

numbers of atoms and molecules). A model is accepted if it clarifies the

observed behavior in question and foresees correctly the results of future
experiments. Take note though that a model can never be absolutely true. In
fact, any model is just an estimate and will fail at some point.

Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)

The kinetic molecular theory (KMT), also known as kinetic molecular
theory of gases, is a model that attempts to explain the behavior or properties
of matter. The KMT states that matter is made up of particles—atoms or
molecules—that are in constant motion. By giving simple assumptions about
the motion of particles (e.g. the concept that matter is made of widely spaced
particles in constant motion), the theory helps to explain the behavior of
matter. The KMT of gases creates a model of the ideal gas (an imaginary gas).
An ideal gas is fits all the assumptions of the kinetic-molecular theory.
The postulates of the kinetic molecular theory of gases as they relate to
the particles (atoms or molecules) of an ideal gas is stated as follows:
1. The particles (atoms or molecules) are so miniscule compared with
the distances between them that the volume of each individual
particles can be assumed to be insignificant (zero);
2. The particles are constantly moving. As particles collide with the walls
of the container, this created pressure exerted by the gas particle;

Chemistry 1_Q4 Page 2

 3. The particles are presumed neither to attract nor to repel each other;
and
4. The average kinetic energy of a collection of gas particles is said to be
directly proportional to the temperature of the gas. (See Figure 1.2)

The kinetic molecular theory of gases specifically applies to ideal gases

only. Although ideal gases do not exist in the real world, some gases behave
almost like an ideal gas in certain conditions. The theory can help explain the
flow or transfer of heat and the relationship between pressure, temperature
and volume properties of gases.
What about other phases of matter? Since matter (solid, liquid, gas,
plasma, Bose-Einstein condensate) is made up of particles (atoms or
molecules), the kinetic molecular theory still applies to all. Though gases are
more observable than other phases of matter.

The KMT can be observe when matter

undergoes phase change. During a phase change, Figure 1.3
energy is either absorbed (endothermic) or released
(exothermic). Energy is released as molecules slow
down and move closer together, like when liquid
water turns to ice. Energy is absorbed as molecules
speed up and expand, like when dry ice (solid
carbon dioxide) turns to gaseous carbon dioxide. In http://www.angelfire.com/home/gaslaws/im
ages/heattransfer.jpg
Figure 1.3, the dry ice absorbed the heat energy
around the spoon causing the water vapor in the area to solidify.

LESSON 2: Phase Diagram of Water and CO2

Phase diagrams provide a convenient way of representing which state of

Figure 2.1 phase or phases is stable for a
given set of conditions. In addition,
phase diagrams provide valuable
information about freezing,
melting, vaporization and other
phenomena. For example, the
phase diagram for water shows
which state exists at a given
https://www.dublin.k12.ca.us/cms/lib5/CA01001424/Centricity/Domain/324/Matter%20and%20Ph temperature and pressure. It is
ase%20Changes%202.pdf

Chemistry 1_Q4 Page 3

important to recognize that a phase diagram describes conditions and events
in a closed system, where no material can escape into the surroundings and
no air is present.
In your previous lesson, the kinetic molecular theory was discussed.
Kinetic molecular theory (KMT) explains the observed properties of matter in
its different states. It postulates that particles are in constant motion, the
speed of this motion depends on temperature, particles are neither attracted
nor repelled by each other. This theory can be observed when matter
undergoes phase change (see Figure 2.1) since changes of temperature and
pressure within a system affects the particles within matter.

Parts of a Phase Diagram

Figure 2.2

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A phase diagram (see Figure 2.2) is a chart showing the phase of a

substance within different pressures and temperatures. The areas around
the lines indicate the phase of the substance and the lines show where the
phases are in equilibrium.
Usually, a phase diagram will show the lines of equilibrium or phase
boundaries. On these lines, different phases of matter can occur at
equilibrium. The lines also show where phase transition happens. Triple
points are where lines of equilibrium intersect. A triple point identifies the
condition at which three phases of matter (solid, liquid, gas) can co-occur.
The temperature below which a substance forms a stable solid is called the
solidus. The temperature above the triple point which a substance forms a
stable liquid is called the liquidus.
Chemistry 1_Q4 Page 4
 Phase Diagram for Water
Water is a unique substance in many ways. One of these special
properties is that solid water (ice) is less dense (about 0.92 g/mL) than liquid
water (1.0 g/mL) just above the freezing point. We can observe this property
when we prepare place ice on water, ice readily floats on water.
One key difference between the Figure 2.3
general phase diagram (Figure 2.2)
and the phase diagram for water
(Figure 2.3) is that in water’s diagram,
rather than a positive, the slope of the
line between the solid and liquid
states is the opposite. The reason for
this difference is that water is a
unique substance, such that its solid
state is less dense than its liquid
state. Consequently, a pressure
change has the contradictory effect on
those two phases. If solid water (ice) https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images-archive-read-only/wp-
is near its melting point, it can be content/uploads/sites/53/2014/08/19212109/20140811155434493809.png

changed into liquid water by applying

pressure. The water molecules are closer together in the liquid phase than
they are in the solid phase because of the presence of the H-bond.
Lets look again to water’s phase diagram (Figure 2.3). Notice that point
E is labeled as the critical point. What does that mean for the phase of water?
At 373.99 °C, water vapors are moving very, very fast. At any temperature
higher than the critical point, water vapors cannot be change to liquid,
regardless of how much pressure is applied to the vapors. The critical
pressure (Pc) is the pressure that must be applied to the a given gas at the
critical temperature in order to turn it into a liquid. For water, the critical
pressure is very high, at 217.75 atm. The critical point is the point where
the critical temperature and the critical pressure intersects.

Phase Diagram of Carbon Dioxide

Different to the phase diagram of water, the phase diagram of CO 2
(Figure 2.4) has a more common melting curve, inclining up and to the right.
The triple point is at −56.6°C and 5.11 atm. At 1 atm, solid CO2 sublimes
directly to the gas while maintaining a temperature of −78.5°C, the normal
sublimation temperature. Solid CO2 is commonly known as dry ice because,

Chemistry 1_Q4 Page 5

unlike ice (solid water), it doesn’t Figure 2.4
leave a liquid behind once it shift to
a different phase.
The critical point of CO2 at
30.98°C and 72.79 atm.
Supercritical carbon dioxide is
currently being tested as a natural
refrigerant, making it a more
environmentally friendly solution for
domestic heat pumps.

The Critical Point

https://files.mtstatic.com/site_4334/125776/0?Expires=1598193994&Signature=VfkFl8vqWJJpDzTS0NJTiV6twm2A0vudu7y6u2h6QvvlPa~I

We can see in the phase

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4JRWQJT1kpgOFu8gs_&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJ5Y6AV4GI7A555NA

diagrams above that a combination Table 2.1

of high pressure and low Substance Tc (°C) Pc (atm)
temperature liquefied gases. If we NH3 132.4 113.5
increase the temperature of a gas, CO2 31.0 73.8
liquefaction becomes more difficult CH3CH2OH
because we would need higher 240.9 61.4
(ethanol)
pressures to overcome the He −267.96 2.27
increased kinetic energy of the Hg 1477 1587
molecules. For every substance, CH4 −82.6 46.0
there is a temperature in which the N2 −146.9 33.9
gas can no longer turn to liquid, H2O 374.0 217.7
regardless of the amount pressure
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/12%3A_Intermolecular_Forces%3A_Liquids_And
_Solids/12.4%3A_Phase_Diagrams

applied. This temperature is called

the critical temperature (Tc), the highest temperature when a substance can
be a liquid. If a substance is placed above its critical temperature, its
molecules would have too much kinetic energy for the intermolecular forces
to hold them together in a separate liquid phase. In this condition, the
substance forms a gaseous phase that occupies the complete volume of the
container. Substances with strong intermolecular forces (e.g. water) tend to
form a liquid phase in higher temperature range and consequently have
higher critical temperatures. Substances with weak intermolecular
interactions (e.g. gases) have low critical temperatures. Each substance also
has a critical pressure (Pc), the least pressure needed to liquefy a subtance
at their critical temperature. The amalgamation of critical temperature (Tc)
and critical pressure (Pc) is called the critical point. The critical temperatures
and pressures of several common substances are listed in Table 2.1.

Chemistry 1_Q4 Page 6

LESSON 3: Heating and Cooling Curve of a Substances
Figure 3.1
When you are trying to cook pacit, you need
to bring the water to a boil before you add in the
noddles (see Figure 3.1). You notice that the
water will not boil immediately upon the addition
of heat. Water molecules would be absorbing the
heat energy and will vibrate faster and faster
until the intermolecular forces break. The https://images.radio.com/kluvfm/boiling%20water.jpg?width=775&height=515
&crop=775:515,smart

temperature of the water does not goes up easily,

there are certain points where the temperature will stay stagnant for a brief
time before rising up again.

The same change of temperature also occurs in ice though in the

opposite direction. Water will not freeze immediate as it released its heat
energy into the environment.

This change of tempeture can be shown by the heating and cooling curve
of water. Read through to learn more.
In your previous lesson, a phase diagram is a chart showing the phase
of a substance within different pressures and temperatures. It will show the
lines of equilibrium or phase boundaries.
The phase diagram of water is rather unique compared to other
substances’ phase diagrams. This oddity is due to the difference of density of
water’s solid state and its liquid state. Solid water (ice) has a density of about
0.92 g/mL while liquid water has 1.0 g/mL.
The next lesson will tackle the heating and cooling curves of different
substances and understanding how to analyze the graphs to better use the
substances in various ways.

Heating Curves
Heating curves, as the name suggests, display how the phase of a
substance changes as a substance is heated up. In Figure 3.2, the
temperature goes up the longer the heating continues. However, there are
two plateaued parts (melting and vaporizing) to the graph. The plateaus are
where the phase changes.

Chemistry 1_Q4 Page 7

 Figure 3.2 The first change of state
is melting (ice turned to liquid
water). The temperature
remains the same while a
substance melts. In the case of
water, first plateau happens at
0°C because the melting point
for water is 0°C. For a certain
time, both liquid and solid
exist in various proportions,
starting at 100% solid water
(ice) and ending at 100% liquid
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images-archive-read-only/wp-
water.
content/uploads/sites/53/2014/08/19212102/20140811155433613733.png

The second change of state (vaporizing) is Figure 3.3

when a liquid is change to a gas. The temperature
remains the same while a substance boils. Since
water’s boiling point is at 100°C, the second
plateau occurs at the 100°C point. Over the
course of this plateau, both liquid and gas exist in
various proportions, starting at 100% liquid and
ending at 100% gas.
Different substances have different melting https://www.oakparkusd.org/cms/lib5/CA01000794/Centricity/Domain/934
/Heating%20and%20Cooling%20Curves.pdf

points and boiling points, but the forms of their

heating curves are alike. For example, the heating curve for iron (see Figure
3.3), iron melts at 1538°C (segment B and C) and boils at 2861°C (segment
D and E).

Cooling Curves
Cooling curves are the opposite of heating Figure 3.4
curves. They display how the phase of a
substance changes as a substance is cooled
down. Similar to heating curves, cooling
curves have horizontal flat parts (plateaus)
where the state of a substance changes from
gas to liquid, or from liquid to solid. Cooling
curves are mirror images of the heating curve
(see Figure 3.4). https://www.rcboe.org/cms/lib/GA01903614/Centricity/Domain/1951/Heating%20and
%20Cooling%20Curves%20new.pdf

Chemistry 1_Q4 Page 8

Energy Changes
Technically, temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy, any
change in temperature is a change in kinetic energy. All of the diagonal line
segments on a heating or cooling curve show a temperature change and
therefore a change in kinetic energy. Within these regions, a single state of
matter exists and the substance is either getting hotter or cooler.
And also within the horizontal line segments, there is no difference in
temperature, so the kinetic energy remains constant. However, all the energy
that is absorbed or released is correlated to the changes in potential energy
of the substance.

III. LEARNING TASKS

A. Learning Task 1.

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. What is the first postulate of the Kinetic Theory of Matter?
A. Gases are the same in all matter.
B. Matter consists of molecules and atoms.
C. Matter is the same as kinetic energy.
D. Nothing in the known universe has kinetic energy.
2. What determines how close molecules are to each other?
A. The diameter of the molecules.
B. The state of phase of matter.
C. The change of phase of matter.
D. There is no way to tell their distance.
3. What happens when particles collide?
A. Molecules break into atoms.
B. Nothing happens.
C. The change the state of the material.
D. They exchange or transfer kinetic energy.
4. Which phase changes require an increase in energy?
A. Condensation and vaporization
B. Freezing and condensation
Chemistry 1_Q4 Page 9
 C. Melting and freezing
D. Melting and vaporization
5. What is a phase diagram?
A. A diagram showing the phases of a gas.
B. A diagram showing the phases of a liquid.
C. A graph of the physical state of a
substance (solid, liquid, or gas) and
the temperature and pressure of the
substance.
D. A graph of the physical state of a
substance (solid, liquid, or gas) and
the temperature and state of the
substance.
Use the diagram on the right to answer
questions 6 and 7.
6. At 1.0 atmosphere of pressure and 150°C,
what is the phase of water?
A. Gas C. Solid
B. Liquid D. Vapor
7. What phases of water are present at a temperature of 0.01°C and 0.006
atm of pressure?
A. Solid and gas D. Solid, liquid, gas and
B. Solid and liquid vapor
C. Solid, liquid and gas

B. Learning Task 2.
In which container are the nitrogen
molecules moving fastest? Explain
your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
https://www.sciencegeek.net/Chemistry/Review/KMT/

C. Learning Task 3.

Activity 3.1 State the names of the phases (solid, liquid, gas) in order of
Temperature, Kinetic Energy, density and bond strength between atoms.

Chemistry 1_Q4 Page 10

 In between
Lowest Temperatures Highest Temperatures
Temperatures

In between Kinetic
Lowest Kinetic Energy Highest Kinetic Energy
Energy

Lowest Density Highest Density

High Strength Bonds Weak Bonds No Bonds

Activity 3.2 Describe an Experiment

We know that the solid form of water (ICE) is less dense than the liquid form of
water ( LIQUID WATER). When water freezes it starts at the top and freezes
down through to the bottom. A scientist thinks that wax will also freeze from
top to bottom. Describe the steps of how a scientist would test this.

Activity 3.3 Knowing the KMT

Describe the basic assumptions of the kinetic molecular theory of gases as
far as:
a) volume b) intermolecular forces c) collisions
D. Learning Task 4.
Use the generic phase diagram to answer the following questions.

1. Which section represents the solid phase?

2. What section represents the liquid phase?
3. What section represents the gas phase?
4. What letter represents the triple point?
Chemistry 1_Q4 Page 2
 E. Learning Task 5.

Activity 5.1 Interpreting a Phase Diagram

Use the phase diagram on the left to answer
the following questions. Note: “Normal” refers
to STP – Standard Temperature (0 °C or 273
K) and Pressure (1 atm or 760 torr).
a. What is the normal freezing point of this
substance? _______________
b. What is the normal boiling point of this
substance? _______________
c. What is the normal melting point of this
https://www.livingston.org/cms/lib4/NJ01000562/Centricity/Domain/826/answers%20to%20phase%20diagram%20worksheet.pdf

substance? _______________
d. What is the phase (solid, liquid, gas) of this substance at 2.0 atm and 100
°C? _______________
e. What is the phase (solid, liquid, gas) of this substance at 0.75 atm and
100 °C? _______________
f. What is the phase (solid, liquid, gas) of this substance at 1.5 atm and 50
°C? _______________

Activity 5.2 Comparing boiling point

Use the phase diagram below to answer the following questions. Note:
“Normal” refers to STP – Standard Temperature (0 °C or 273 K) and Pressure
(1 atm or 760 torr).

A. If you had a quantity of this substance

at a pressure of 1.25 atm and a temperature
of 3000 C and lowered the pressure to 0.25
atm, what phase transition(s) would occur?
B. At what temperature do the gas and
liquid phases become indistinguishable from
each other?
C. If I had a quantity of this substance at a pressure of 0.75 atm and a
temperature of -1000 C, what phase change(s) would occur if I

Chemistry 1_Q4 Page 2

 increased the temperature to 6000 C? At what temperature(s) would
they occur?

Activity 5.3 Let’s predict

Suppose a solid is originally at 0.2 atm and 0ºC. If it is first pressurized to
1.5 atm, and then subsequently heated to 90ºC, what will happen to it?

F. Learning Task 6.
Use the phase change graph of water to answer the following questions.

https://www.dublin.k12.ca.us/cms/lib5/CA01001424/Centricity/Domain/324/Matter%20and%20Phase%20Changes%202.pdf

1. What is the boiling point of water?

2. At what temperature does water freeze and become solid?
3. Infer: Why is there no change in temperature during a phase change?
G. Learning Task 7.

Activity 7.1 Interpreting a Phase Diagram (A)

Use the phase diagram on the left to answer the following questions.
a. In the heating curve of iron, describe the
phase change that occurred between points B
and C on the graph. Explain why the
temperature stayed constant between points B
and C.
b. What is the boiling point and melting point of
iron?
https://www.oakparkusd.org/cms/lib5/CA01000794/Centricity/Domain/934/Hea
ting%20and%20Cooling%20Curves.pdf

Chemistry 1_Q4 Page 3

Activity 7.2 Calculating Heat of Vaporization and Heat of Fusion
In the Module 1, heat of fusion and heat of vaporization was introduced. Lets
use the formula of heat of fusion (Q = m × Hfusion) and heat of vaporization (Q =
m × ∆Hvap) to solve the problem given below.
A. Calculate the energy necessary to melt 50 grams of water.
Heat of fusion (Hfusion) of water = 334 J/g
B. Calculate the energy necessary to boil 150 g of water.
Heat of vaporization (∆Hvap) = 2260 J/g
C. How much energy is needed to raise the temperature of 250 grams of
water from 25 °C to it’s boiling point and then boil it? The specific heat
of water is 4.18 J/g.°C and the heat of vaporization is 2260 J/g.

Activity 7.3 Let’s Interpret Another Phase

Diagram
For each of the questions on this worksheet,
refer to the phase diagram for mysterious
compound X.
a. What is the critical temperature of compound
X?
b. If you were to have a bottle containing
compound X in your closet, what phase would it
most likely be in?
c. At what temperature and pressure will all three phases coexist?

H. Learning Task 8.
Write your answer to the space provided.
On Crosbia, bolonium (Bg) and
manasium (Ma) react together to
form the compound tastegudum.
For each of the following questions
(1-5), refer to the phase diagram for
tastegudum.
1. Label the regions of the
diagram that correspond to the
solid, liquid, and vapor phases.
(Write the names of these
phases in the appropriate regions directly on the diagram.)
Chemistry 1_Q4 Page 4
 2. Draw a small red circle around the point that is the critical point for
tastegudum.
3. Draw a small blue circle around the point that is the triple point for
tastegudum.
4. If you were to have a container containing tastegudum in your kitchen,
in what state (phase of matter) would you expect to see it? Explain your
answer.
5. A container of tastegudum is sitting at a pressure of 45 atmospheres
and temperature of 100 °C. Describe what will happen as the
temperature is raised by 400 °C.

I. Learning Task 9.
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.
A pure solid substance is heated as indicated in the diagram at right. Use the
diagram answer questions 1 - 5.
1. On which portion(s) of the graph is only a
liquid present?
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D

2. On which portion(s) of the graph is a liquid (and maybe other phases of

matter) present?
A. B only C. D only
B. C only D. B, C and D

3. On which portion(s) of the graph is only a solid present?

A. A C. C
B. B D. D

4. Which section of the graph indicates the boiling point?

A. A C. C
B. B D. D

5. On which portion(s) of the grpah would you use the formula, number of
moles x Hvap, to calculate the energy change?
A. A C. B and D
B. C D. A, C and E

Chemistry 1_Q4 Page 5

 J. Learning Task 10.

Use the phase diagram to answer the following questions. Write your
answer to the space provided.
Solid sulfur can exist in two forms, rhombic sulfur and monoclinic sulfur. A
portion of the phase diagram for sulfur is reproduced schematically below.
The pressure and temperature axes are not drawn to scale.

A. Which form of solid sulfur is stable at 25 °C and 1 atm?

______________________________________________________________
B. Describe what happens when sulfur at 25 °C is slowly heated to 200 °C
at a constant pressure of 1 atm.
______________________________________________________________
C. How many triple points are there in the phase diagram?
______________________________________________________________
D. What phases are in equilibrium at the triple points?
______________________________________________________________
E. Which solid form of sulfur is denser? Explain your reasoning.
______________________________________________________________

Chemistry 1_Q4 Page 2

IV. REFLECTION (for Grade IV up)
Instruction: Complete the statement:

I have learned that

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V. REFERENCES

Tro, Nivaldo J.; Introductory Chemistry Essentials; Pearson Education, Inc;

Massachusetts, USA; 2015
Zumdahl, Steven and Zudahl, Susan; Chemistry 7th Ed; Houghton Mifflin
Company; Massachusetts, USA; 2007
https://reviewgamezone.com/mc/candidate/test/?test_id=886&title=Phase
%20Changes last seen on August 21, 2020
https://study.com/academy/practice/quiz-worksheet-phase-
diagrams.html last seen on August 21, 2020

Compiled by: KRISTINE P. SUMALINOG

Teacher III, Babag NHS-SHS

Chemistry 1_Q4 Page 2