Waste is a global issue.

If not properly dealt with, waste poses a threat to public health and the
environment. It is a growing issue linked directly to the way society produces and consumes. It concerns
everyone (David C. Wilson et al.). Rapid economic growth, urbanization and increasing population have
caused (materially intensive) resource consumption to increase, and consequently the release of large
amounts of waste to the environment. From a global perspective, current waste and resource
management lacks a holistic approach covering the whole chain of product design, raw material
extraction, production, consumption, recycling, and waste management (Jagdeep Singh et al.). Plastic
waste is one of the world’s most pressing human health and environmental concerns. Plastic constitutes
the third highest waste source globally, with the total volume of plastic waste growing in-line with
increases in the global population and per capita consumption (Hui Ling Chen).

The amount of waste has been steadily increasing due to the increasing human population and
urbanization. Waste materials are generated from manufacturing processes, industries, and municipal
solid wastes (MSW). MSW is defined as waste durable goods, nondurable goods, containers and
packaging, food scraps, yard trimmings, and miscellaneous inorganic wastes from residential,
commercial, and industrial sources. Liquid waste management is consisting of wastewater treatment,
sewage treatment, and chemical and biochemical processing. Human activities and changes in lifestyles
and consumption patterns have resulted in an increase in solid waste generation rates (Ayhan Demirbas).

Education and awareness in waste and waste management is increasingly important from a
global perspective of resource management. The role of sustainable waste management is to reduce the
amount of waste that is discharged into the environment by reducing the amount of waste generated.
Waste is mostly dumped in the countryside or burned in open fires. The resulting pollutions can cause
hygienically and environmentally problems. Wastes polluting the environment and threaten human
health requires the public education (Ayhan Demirbas).

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0734242x14537868

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0196890410004279

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42452-021-04234-y

https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/99773/1/GWMO_report.pdf