Journal of Sports Sciences

ISSN: 0264-0414 (Print) 1466-447X (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rjsp20

Fatigue increases ankle sprain risk in badminton

players: A biomechanical study

Alexis Herbaut & Julien Delannoy

To cite this article: Alexis Herbaut & Julien Delannoy (2020): Fatigue increases ankle
sprain risk in badminton players: A biomechanical study, Journal of Sports Sciences, DOI:
10.1080/02640414.2020.1748337

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1748337

Published online: 02 Apr 2020.

Submit your article to this journal

Article views: 5

View related articles

View Crossmark data

Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at

https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rjsp20
JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCES
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1748337

SPORTS MEDICINE AND BIOMECHANICS

Fatigue increases ankle sprain risk in badminton players: A biomechanical study

Alexis Herbaut and Julien Delannoy
SportsLab, Decathlon, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

Ankle sprains are the most common injury in regular badminton players and usually occur at the end of a Accepted 13 March 2020
match or training. The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of fatigue produced by
KEYWORDS
badminton practice on the lower limb biomechanics of badminton players. It was hypothesized that fatigue Ankle kinematics; muscle
induces ankle kinematic and lower leg muscle activity changes which may increase the risk of ankle sprain. activity; fatiguing protocol;
Ankle kinematics, ankle kinetics and muscles activities of 17 regular badminton players were recorded injury risk; lateral movement
during lateral jumps before and after an intense badminton practice session. Post-fatigue, ankle inversion at
foot strike and peak ankle inversion increased (+2.6°, p = 0.003 and +2.5°, p = 0.005, respectively). EMG pre-
activation within 100 ms before foot landing significantly decreased after fatigue for soleus (−23.4%,
p = 0.031), gastrocnemius lateralis (−12.2%, p = 0.035), gastrocnemius medialis (−23.3%, p = 0.047) and
peroneus brevis (−17.4%, p = 0.036). These results demonstrate impaired biomechanics of badminton
players when fatigue increases, which may cause a greater risk of experiencing an ankle sprain injury.

Introduction However, it is not known whether the accumulation of

Badminton is one of the most popular sports worldwide, prac-
tised by more than 200 million players from every level
(Fahlström & Söderman, 2007). It is the fastest racket sports,
characterized by high-intensity shots requiring multiple specific
movements, such as forward lunges or backward/lateral jumps
(Cabello Manrique & González-Badillo, 2003; Phomsoupha &
Laffaye, 2015). Even though the injury incidence rate is quite
low (2.3–3.2 injuries/player/1000 badminton hours), many bad-
minton players experience various injuries each year
(Jørgensen & Winge, 1987). The lower extremity is particularly
vulnerable since it accounts for 43% to 86% of all injuries in
badminton (mean = 64%) (Fahlström, 2009; Goh et al., 2013;
Hensley & Paup, 1979). Ankle and knee joints are the most
commonly injured body locations (Krøner et al., 1990; Shariff
et al., 2009; Yung et al., 2007). More precisely, it was reported
that the ankle sprain was the most common injury, accounting
for 33% to 49% of all lower limb injuries in European and
Chinese regular badminton players (Herbaut et al., 2018).
According to this study, ankle sprains often occurred during
jump reception, with a large prevalence at the end of match
play or training, likely due to the presence of fatigue.
Fatigue can be defined as a reduction in force production
capacity regardless of the movements performed (Gandevia,
2001). It has several detrimental effects regarding performance
and injury risk. First, a decrease in the capacity of the evertor
muscles to contract and produce sufficient force to counteract
inversion movement. Second, a reduction in the joint position
sense (Mohammadi & Roozdar, 2010; Sandrey & Kent, 2008),
leading to an insufficient response from the muscles to counter-
act the inversion moment. Third, an alteration of lower limb
biomechanics and decreased dynamic postural control
(Christina et al., 2001; Kellis & Liassou, 2009; Sarshin et al., 2011).
fatigue modifies the ankle kinematics and kinetics when per-
forming a badminton-specific movement. Therefore, the pur-
pose of the present study was to examine the influence of
fatigue produced by badminton practice on the lower limb
biomechanics of badminton players. It was hypothesized that
to perform a lateral jump in a fatigued state, the ankle inversion
angle at foot strike and the peak ankle inversion during stance
would increase whereas the pre-activation of the ankle evertor
muscles would decrease.
Methods
Participants
Seventeen male regular badminton players were recruited from
local badminton clubs and volunteered to participate in this
study. Inclusion criteria were: regular practice of badminton
(minimum of 2 h of badminton exposure per week), minimum
of 2 years of playing experience, older than 18 years of age,
right-handed and injury-free for at least one year. Each partici-
pant was informed about the procedure of the experiment and
signed a written informed consent for the participation in this
study, which was approved by the local ethics committee and
in agreement with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Experimental set-up
Participants were instructed not to engage in strenuous activity
the day before testing. The experiment consisted of 3 parts: a
biomechanical evaluation of a badminton-specific movement
(PRE), a fatiguing protocol and the same biomechanical evalua-
tion as before fatigue (POST) (Figure 1). The POST test started as
soon as possible (within 5 min) after the fatiguing protocol. A

CONTACT Alexis Herbaut herbaut.alexis@gmail.com SportsLab, Decathlon, 4 Boulevard De Mons, Villeneuve d’Ascq 59650, France
© 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
2 A. HERBAUT AND J. DELANNOY
Figure 1. Front (a), Lateral (b) and Posterior (c) views of a participant equipped with retro-reflective markers and EMG sensors.
pair of badminton shoes (Artengo® BS800) was provided to
each participant to perform the experimentation.
Biomechanical evaluation
The experiment was conducted on a badminton court in a
gymnasium. Participants were asked to warm-up for 5 min
before performing the task: a lateral jump (LJ). More precisely,
they were instructed to hit a shuttlecock suspended with a
fishing line at 1.5 times the height of each participant then to
return as quickly as possible to the starting point (see supple-
mentary material). This movement was chosen because it was
considered as one of the highest risks to sustain an ankle sprain
injury due to the ankle plantarflexed and inverted position
when landing (D.T.-P. Fong et al., 2009). The task was repeated
to obtain 10 valid trials both in PRE and POST (whole foot
contact with force plate and correct movement performance
at the discretion of the investigator).
Fatiguing protocol
The fatiguing protocol was an intense badminton training ses-
sion designed by a graduate coach. Participants started with
5 min of warm-up (badminton shadow movements). After
1 min of rest, they performed 3 repetitions of the badminton-
specific speed test (BST) developed and validated by Madsen et
al. (2015), with 2 min of rest between each trial. The best time
performance of the 3 tests was kept. Then, participants per-
formed 6 sessions of 2 min where they had to hit shuttlecocks
sent by the coach everywhere on badminton court under time-
pressure, with 1 min of rest between each session. Finally, each
player played a 10-min simulated badminton match against the
Figure 2. Experimental set-up. PRE: biomechanical evaluation before the fatiguing protocol, FATIGUE: fatiguing protocol, POST: biomechanical evaluation after the
fatiguing protocol, RPE: rating of perceived exertion. The numbers in brackets correspond to the time of each sequence (PRE/POST).
graduate coach according to the current rules of the
Badminton World Federation. The subjective score of rating of
perceived exertion (CR-10) from 0 to 10 was measured at the
end of the match (Borg, 1982). If a participant rated less than 7
on the scale (very hard), they had to perform shadow badmin-
ton movements until they reached this threshold (only one
participant was under 7 at the end of the match and had to
perform additional shadow movements).
Instrumentation
Twenty-three retro-reflective markers were placed on the right
lower limb on the following locations: tip of the shoe, hallux, 2nd
and 5th metatarsal heads, medial and lateral shoe forepart, inter-
nal and external rearfoot, calcaneus, internal and external mal-
leoli, mid tibial, tibial tubercle, head of the fibula, internal and
external femoral epicondyles, mid femoral, greater trochanter,
and anterior and posterior superior iliac spines (Figure 2). An 8-IR
optoelectronic camera system (®Qualisys Oqus 7+ Series,
Gothenburg, Sweden) and a force plate embedded into the
floor (®Kistler 9287CA, Switzerland) recorded both marker posi-
tions and ground reaction force data synchronized at 250 and
2000 Hz, respectively.
The surface EMG activity of six lower limb muscles was
recorded using the DelSys (®DelSys Inc, Boston, Massachusetts,
2000 Hz) double-differential Ag-AgCl surface electrodes with an
interelectrode distance of 10 mm: soleus (SOL), gastrocnemii
medialis (GM) and lateralis (GL), peroneus longus (PL), peroneus
brevis (PB), tibialis anterior (TA). These muscles were selected
because they were the main muscles responsible for ankle dorsi/
 JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCES 3

plantarflexion and in/eversion, measurable with surface EMG
sensors. Surface electrodes were positioned in the middle of
muscle bulks and aligned in parallel with the muscle fibres in
accordance with SENIAM recommendation (Hermens et al.,
2000). Before placing the surface electrodes, the skin surface
was shaved and cleaned with alcohol to reduce skin impedance.
Finally, the surface electrodes were firmly strapped to avoid any
movement during the tests.
Data processing
Ankle joint motion was quantified using Visual 3D software (®C-
Motion, Rockville, MD) and normalized to a reference position
taken with the participant standing upright before PRE and
POST. The three-dimensional kinematics of the joints was cal-
culated using an XYZ cardan sequence of rotations (X: flexion-
extension, Y: ab-adduction and Z: in-external rotation) (Wu et
al., 2002). Marker trajectories and ground reaction force (GRF)
data were low-pass filtered using a fourth-order zero-lag
Butterworth filter with cut-off frequencies of 12 and 50 Hz,
respectively. Net joint moment was calculated using the
Newton-Euler inverse dynamics approach and joint power
was determined as the product of the internal joint moment
and the joint angular velocity. Only the first phase of stance was
evaluated and the negative values of the joint power corre-
sponded to the absorption phase.
EMG data were processed using Visual 3D software (®C-
Motion, Rockville, MD). First, EMG signals of each muscle
were filtered with a Butterworth filter (bandpass, 4th order,
zero phase lag, bandwidth 20–400 Hz), in order to attenuate
movement artefacts. After rectifying the signal, the EMG
root-mean-square (RMS) value was computed. For each
muscle, the muscle activation was assessed by normalizing
the RMS value during each task with the highest RMS value
recorded among all trials (PRE and POST). Muscular pre-
activations (% highest RMS value) were computed as aver-
aged muscle activation magnitudes during the pre-impact
phase, defined as the interval of 100 ms before foot strike
(Huang et al., 2014).
Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses were done using Statistica (®Statsoft,
USA). Paired Student t-tests were performed between PRE
and POST. Significance threshold was set at p < 0.05. Effect
size was assessed with Cohen’s d to determine the meaningful-
ness of the statistical differences between PRE and POST. It was
defined as trivial (0–0.19), small (0.20–0.49), medium (0.50–0.79)
and large (0.80 and greater) (Cohen, 1992).
Results
Participants
The mean ± SD demographic data of the participants were: age:
23.2 ± 5.6 years, height: 1.76 ± 0.06 m, body mass: 69.4 ± 7.2 kg,
badminton exposure: 3.4 ± 1.5 h/per week, years of playing
experience: 13.2 ± 7.1 years.
Fatiguing protocol
Participants were significantly slower to perform the BST after
the fatiguing protocol (PRE: 34.7 ± 3.0 s, POST: 36.7 ± 3.7 s,
p = 0.002). Mean RPE score significantly increased after the
fatiguing protocol (PRE: 2.1 ± 1.0, POST: 8.3 ± 0.8, p < 0.001).
Biomechanics
After fatigue, ankle plantarflexion at foot strike decreased
(PRE: −12.2 ± 6.4°, POST: −9.0 ± 6.5°, p = 0.002, d = 0.50)
whereas ankle inversion at foot strike and peak ankle inver-
sion increased (PRE: 1.7 ± 3.6°, POST: 4.3 ± 2.3°, p = 0.003,
d = 0.88 and PRE: 5.0 ± 3.4°, POST: 7.5 ± 2.6°, p = 0.005, d = 0.83,
respectively). A reduction in peak ankle plantarflexors
moment (PRE: 2.13 ± 0.50 Nm/kg, POST: 1.87 ± 0.50 Nm/kg,
p = 0.006, d = 0.52), peak ankle plantarflexors power absorp-
tion (PRE: −7.4 ± 3.1 W/kg, POST: −5.8 ± 2.8 W/kg, p = 0.010,
d = 0.54) and peak ankle evertors moment (PRE:
0.67 ± 0.39 Nm/kg, POST: 0.56 ± 0.37 Nm/kg, p = 0.042,
d = 0.29) was also observed (Table 1).
Muscular activities
EMG pre-activation significantly decreased after fatigue for SOL
(PRE: 17.1 ± 14.1%, POST: 13.1 ± 8.3%, p = 0.031, d = 0.36), GL
(PRE: 32.0 ± 17.9%, POST: 28.1 ± 15.1%, p = 0.035, d = 0.24), GM
(PRE: 31.8 ± 18.6%, POST: 24.4 ± 16.2%, p = 0.047, d = 0.43) and
PB (PRE: 24.7 ± 16.6%, POST: 20.4 ± 13.2%, p = 0.036, d = 0.29),
but increased for TA (PRE: 16.3 ± 12.0%, POST: 19.6 ± 13.1%,
p = 0.038, d = 0.26) (Figure 3).

Table 1. Kinematic and kinetic variables before (PRE) and after (POST) fatigue.
PRE POST t-test Effect size
Variables Mean (SD) Mean (SD) p Cohen’s d
Kinematics
Foot sagittal angle vs ground at foot strike (°) 27.4 (13.1) 19.8 (10.8) 0.005 0.64
Ankle plantarflexion at foot strike (°) 12.2 (6.4) 9.0 (6.5) 0.002 0.50
Ankle inversion at foot strike (°) 1.7 (3.6) 4.3 (2.3) 0.003 0.88
Peak ankle inversion during stance (°) 5.0 (3.4) 7.5 (2.6) 0.005 0.83
Kinetics
Peak ankle plantarflexor moment (Nm/kg) 2.13 (0.50) 1.87 (0.50) 0.006 0.52
Peak ankle evertor moment (Nm/kg) 0.67 (0.39) 0.56 (0.37) 0.042 0.29
Peak ankle plantarflexor power absorption (W/kg) 7.4 (3.1) 5.8 (2.8) 0.010 0.54
The initial contact with the ground was done with the forefoot.
4 A. HERBAUT AND J. DELANNOY
Figure 3. Muscular pre-activation (100-ms window before foot strike) of the six lower limb muscles recorded for lateral jump (black: pre-fatigue, grey: post-fatigue). *
p ≤ 0.05.
SOL: soleus, GL: gastrocnemius lateralis, GM: gastrocnemius medialis, TA: tibialis anterior, PB: peroneus brevis, PL: peroneus longus.
Discussion
The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of
fatigue induced by badminton practice on the ankle biomecha-
nics of skilled badminton players performing lateral jumps. The
main results confirmed our first initial hypothesis related to more
ankle inversion at foot strike and greater peak ankle inversion
during stance. Our second initial hypothesis regarding the
decreased evertor muscles pre-activation was partially verified
since the peroneus brevis pre-activation was significantly reduced,
but the peroneus longus pre-activation did not decrease
statistically.
Fatiguing protocol
We decided to design a customized fatiguing protocol with a
graduate badminton coach, containing typical exercises of a
badminton practice session rather than fatiguing isolated mus-
cles. The goal was to be more representative of an actual
badminton game, by generating both peripheral and central
fatigue due to the attention required for the double-task (mov-
ing on badminton court and hitting the shuttlecock). Two
parameters indicated that the fatiguing protocol was effective:
mean badminton-specific speed test (BST) time increased by 2 s
and mean RPE score was above 7 (very hard).
Lateral jump biomechanics
To perform the lateral jump, the participants landed with
reduced ankle plantarflexion after fatigue. Such a kinematic
change has already been observed in forefoot runners, who
can generally not maintain a forefoot strike pattern after an
exhaustive run (Jewell et al., 2017). Repeated stretch-shorten-
ing cycles in badminton movements produced plantarflexor
muscles fatigue and likely reduced their ability to contract
eccentrically to attenuate the impact. This altered landing posi-
tion may also be a protective mechanism adopted by the
participants, consciously or unconsciously, against ankle
sprains since a pronounced plantarflexion angle at foot strike
reduces ankle stability compared with a neutral or dorsiflexed
position due to the increased moment arm of the GRF (Wright
et al., 2000). The lower plantarflexor muscles mean pre-activa-
tion (GL, GM and SOL) and the greater dorsiflexor muscle mean
pre-activation (TA) may indicate impaired lower limb neuro-
muscular control due to fatigue since the eccentric action of
the plantarflexor muscles is necessary just after foot strike to
slow the heel lowering. It resulted in a reduced peak ankle
plantarflexor moment and peak ankle plantarflexor power
absorption after fatigue.
The participants also landed with a more inverted ankle posi-
tion after fatigue. It was observed that when the ankle evertor
muscles were fatigued, the absolute error in ankle inversion and
eversion repositioning tasks was significantly increased
(Mohammadi & Roozdar, 2010; Sandrey & Kent, 2008). Joint
position sense may have been impaired in a fatigued state
since the most important source of information would be the
muscle receptors, whose activity was observed to decrease with
fatigue (Gandevia, 1998). It has been stated that increasing ankle
inversion angle at ground contact, as observed in the present
study, may increase the risk of sustaining a lateral ankle sprain,
notably due to the more laterally positioned centre of pressure at
initial contact (Robbins et al., 1995; Willems et al., 2005).
Furthermore, even though the participants were quite far from
the biomechanical limits leading to an ankle sprain, the peak
ankle inversion angle during stance was larger in the fatigued
state. This may be due to the lower muscular pre-activation of
the peroneus brevis following fatigue, which acts to limit the
rapid ankle inversion just after the foot strike with the ground.
Implication for performance and injuries
It was generally hypothesized in the literature that excessive
ankle inversion and plantarflexion angles at initial contact
would increase the risk of ankle sprain injury, due to the larger
ground reaction force moment arm about the subtalar joint
(Willems et al., 2005). In this study, the increased ankle inversion
angle post-fatigue suggests an increased risk of ankle sprain
while the decreased ankle plantarflexion angle at foot contact
suggests a decreased risk of ankle sprain. However, in those
studies reporting accidental ankle sprains during experimental

protocols, it was shown that the ankle plantarflexion angle was
similar in the injury trial compared with the control trials
(Kristianslund et al., 2011; Li et al., 2019). In addition, based on
video analyses, ankle sprain injuries were also observed at a
very low plantarflexion angle (5°) and even in a dorsiflexed
position at ground contact, demonstrating that a large ankle
plantarflexion angle is not systematically required for the injury
to occur (D.T. Fong et al., 2009; Mok et al., 2011).
Post-fatigue, the increase in ankle inversion at foot strike
and peak ankle inversion during stance were substantial, as
evidenced by the large effect size (2.6°, d = 0.88 and 2.5°,
d = 0.83, respectively), which suggests a larger risk of sustaining
an ankle sprain. The fatiguing protocol was particularly stren-
uous according to the participants’ feedback and the RPE
scores. However, longer training sessions and the repetition
of intense badminton matches during competitions may lead
to an even greater level of exhaustion, physically and mentally.
It may accentuate these biomechanical alterations and thus
contribute to the occurrence of an ankle sprain. That may
explain the larger ankle sprain incidence reported at the end
of badminton training or matches (Herbaut et al., 2018), and as
also observed in other sports, such as during the latter stages of
each half in soccer (Woods et al., 2003).
Limitations
Only male regular badminton players participated in this study
and it would be necessary to evaluate the influence of fatigue
on the biomechanics of female or elite male players to general-
ize these results. Furthermore, the POST measurements were
obtained immediately after the fatiguing protocol, when the
participants were exhausted but still warm. The biomechanical
changes after 1 or 24 h of rest remain unknown. It would be
interesting to investigate whether such a period of rest influ-
ences the risk of sustaining an ankle sprain injury. Finally, it was
shown that shoe design can influence the biomechanics of
badminton movements (Lam et al., 2017). Therefore, replicating
this study with different shoes would determine whether these
results could be generalized or if the magnitude of the biome-
chanical changes associated with fatigue would be attenuated
or accentuated. In such a future study, investigating muscle
forces with musculoskeletal modelling may help to better
understand the muscle fatigue phenomenon.
Conclusion
This study demonstrated that fatigue caused biomechanical
changes when performing a badminton-specific movement
such as the lateral jump. After fatigue, the participants demon-
strated an increased ankle inversion angle at foot strike and
increased peak ankle inversion during stance. Furthermore,
peak ankle plantarflexor and evertor moments decreased,
which was consistent with a smaller pre-activation of the med-
ial and lateral gastrocnemii, the soleus and the peroneus brevis.
All these outcomes suggest an increased risk of experiencing
an ankle sprain injury for badminton players in a fatigued state.
These results may be of particular interest for badminton
coaches and sporting goods companies to adapt training proto-
cols and to design specific equipment aimed at compensating for
JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCES 5
the deleterious effects of fatigue. Furthermore, future studies
wanting to evaluate equipment, designed to reduce ankle sprain
risks, should fatigue participants before any measurements are
taken.
Disclosure Statement
All authors have no conflict of interest to disclose.
ORCID
Alexis Herbaut http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9643-8917
References
Borg, G. A. (1982). Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Medicine &
Science in Sports & Exercise, 14(5), 377–381. https://doi.org/10.1249/
00005768-198205000-00012
Cabello Manrique, D., & González-Badillo, J. J. (2003). Analysis of the char-
acteristics of competitive badminton. British Journal of Sports Medicine,
37(1), 62–66. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.37.1.62
Christina, K. A., White, S. C., & Gilchrist, L. A. (2001). Effect of localized muscle
fatigue on vertical ground reaction forces and ankle joint motion during
running. Human Movement Science, 20(3), 257–276. https://doi.org/10.
1016/S0167-9457(01)00048-3
Cohen, J. (1992). Quantitative methods in psychology: A power primer.
Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-
2909.112.1.155
Fahlström, M. (2009). Badminton. In D. J. Caine, P. A. Harmer, & M. A. Schiff
(Eds.), Epidemiology of injury in Olympic sports, Volume XVI (pp. 49–58).
Wiley-Blackwell.
Fahlström, M., & Söderman, K. (2007). Decreased shoulder function and pain
common in recreational badminton players. Scandinavian Journal of
Medicine & Science in Sports, 17(3), 246–251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.
1600-0838.2006.00562.x
Fong, D. T., Chan, -Y.-Y., Mok, K.-M., Yung, P. S., & Chan, K.-M. (2009).
Understanding acute ankle ligamentous sprain injury in sports. Sports
Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation, Therapy & Technology, 1, 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2555-1-14
Fong, D. T.-P., Hong, Y., Shima, Y., Krosshaug, T., Yung, P. S.-H., & Chan, K.-M.
(2009). Biomechanics of supination ankle sprain: A case report of an
accidental injury event in the laboratory. The American Journal of Sports
Medicine, 37(4), 822–827. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546508328102
Gandevia, S. C. (1998). Neural control in human muscle fatigue: Changes in
muscle afferents, moto neurones and moto cortical drive. Acta
Physiologica Scandinavica, 162(3), 275–283. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.
1365-201X.1998.0299f.x
Gandevia, S. C. (2001). Spinal and supraspinal factors in human muscle
fatigue. Physiological Reviews, 81(4), 1725–1789. https://doi.org/10.
1152/physrev.2001.81.4.1725
Goh, S. L., Mokhtar, A. H., & Mohamad Ali, M. R. (2013). Badminton injuries in
youth competitive players. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical
Fitness, 53(1), 65–70. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23470913/.
Hensley, L. D., & Paup, D. C. (1979). A survey of badminton injuries. British
Journal of Sports Medicine, 13(4), 156–160. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.
13.4.156
Herbaut, A., Delannoy, J., & Foissac, M. (2018). Injuries in French and Chinese
regular badminton players. Science & Sports, 33(3), 145–151. https://doi.
org/10.1016/J.SCISPO.2018.02.001
Hermens, H. J., Freriks, B., Disselhorst-Klug, C., & Rau, G. (2000).
Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor place-
ment procedures. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 10(5),
361–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1050-6411(00)00027-4
Huang, M.-T., Lee, -H.-H., Lin, C.-F., Tsai, Y.-J., & Liao, J.-C. (2014). How does
knee pain affect trunk and knee motion during badminton forehand
lunges? Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(7), 690–700. https://doi.org/10.
1080/02640414.2013.848998
6 A. HERBAUT AND J. DELANNOY
Jewell, C., Boyer, K. A., & Hamill, J. (2017). Do footfall patterns in forefoot
runners change over an exhaustive run? Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(1),
74–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1156726
Jørgensen, U., & Winge, S. (1987). Epidemiology of badminton injuries.
International Journal of Sports Medicine, 8, 379–382. https://doi.org/10.
1055/s-2008-1025689
Kellis, E., & Liassou, C. (2009). The effect of selective muscle fatigue on
sagittal lower limb kinematics and muscle activity during level running.
Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 39(3), 210–220. https://
doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2009.2859
Kristianslund, E., Bahr, R., & Krosshaug, T. (2011). Kinematics and kinetics of
an accidental lateral ankle sprain. Journal of Biomechanics, 44(14), 2576–
2578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.07.014
Krøner, K., Schmidt, S. A., Nielsen, A. B., Yde, J., Jakobsen, B. W., Møller-
Madsen, B., & Jensen, J. (1990). Badminton injuries. British Journal of
Sports Medicine, 24(3), 169–172. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.24.3.169
Lam, W.-K., Ryue, J., Lee, -K.-K., Park, S.-K., Cheung, J. T.-M., & Ryu, J. (2017). Does
shoe heel design influence ground reaction forces and knee moments
during maximum lunges in elite and intermediate badminton players?
PloS One, 12(3), e0174604. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174604
Li, Y., Ko, J., Zhang, S., Brown, C. N., & Simpson, K. J. (2019). Biomechanics of
ankle giving way: A case report of accidental ankle giving way during the
drop landing test. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 8(65) 494–502.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2018.01.002
Madsen, C. M., Karlsen, A., & Nybo, L. (2015). Novel speed test for evaluation
of badminton-specific movements. Journal of Strength and Conditioning
Research, 29(5), 1203–1210. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.
0000000000000635
Mohammadi, F., & Roozdar, A. (2010). Effects of fatigue due to contraction
of evertor muscles on the ankle joint position sense in male soccer
players. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 38(4), 824–828.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546509354056
Mok, K. M., Fong, D. T. P., Krosshaug, T., Engebretsen, L., Hung, A. S. L., Yung,
P. S. H., & Chan, K. M. (2011). Kinematics analysis of ankle inversion
ligamentous sprain injuries in sports: 2 cases during the 2008 beijing
olympics. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(7), 1548–1552.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546511399384
Phomsoupha, M., & Laffaye, G. (2015). The science of badminton: Game
characteristics, anthropometry, physiology, visual fitness and biomechanics.
Sports Medicine, 45(4), 473–495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0287-2
Robbins, S., Waked, E., & Rappel, R. (1995). Ankle taping improves proprio-
ception before and after exercise in young men. British Journal of Sports
Medicine, 29(4), 242–247. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.29.4.242
Sandrey, M. A., & Kent, T. E. (2008). The effects of eversion fatigue on frontal
plane joint position sense in the ankle. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 17
(3), 257–268. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.17.3.257
Sarshin, A., Mohammadi, S., Babaei, H., Shahrabad, P., & Sedighi, M. (2011).
The effects of functional fatigue on dynamic postural control of badmin-
ton players. Journal of Biology of Exercise, 7(2), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.
4127/jbe.2011.0047
Shariff, A. H., George, J., & Ramlan, A. A. (2009). Musculoskeletal injuries
among Malaysian badminton players. Singapore Medical Journal, 50(11),
1095–1097. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19960167/
Willems, T., Witvrouw, E., Delbaere, K., De Cock, A., & De Clercq, D. (2005).
Relationship between gait biomechanics and inversion sprains: A pro-
spective study of risk factors. Gait & Posture, 21(4), 379–387. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2004.04.002
Woods, C., Hawkins, R., Hulse, M., & Hodson, A. (2003). The Football
Association Medical Research Programme: An audit of injuries in profes-
sional football: An analysis of ankle sprains. British Journal of Sports
Medicine, 37(3), 233–238. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.37.3.233
Wright, I. C., Neptune, R. R., Van Den Bogert, A. J., & Nigg, B. M. (2000). The
influence of foot positioning on ankle sprains. Journal of Biomechanics,
33(5), 513–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9290(99)00218-3
Wu, G., Siegler, S., Allard, P., Kirtley, C., Leardini, A., Rosenbaum, D., Whittle,
M., D’Lima, D. D., Cristofolini, L., Witte, H., Schmid, O., & Stokes, I. (2002).
ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate system of various
joints for the reporting of human joint motion–part I: Ankle, hip, and
spine. International society of biomechanics. Journal of Biomechanics, 35
(4), 543–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9290(01)00222-6
Yung, P. S.-H., Chan, R. H.-K., Wong, F. C.-Y., Cheuk, P. W.-L., & Fong, D. T.-P.
(2007). Epidemiology of injuries in Hong Kong elite badminton athletes.
Research in Sports Medicine, 15(2), 133–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/
15438620701405263