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Executive summary
Buildings, which are concentrated in urban areas, are part of the emissions problem.
They can also be part of the solution if they are sustainably constructed and
responsibly maintained. Investors, designers, and facility managers can contribute
to emissions reduction and help achieve the net-zero emissions target by adopting
energy efficiency measures, digitalization, and using distributed energy resources
(DERs) with a microgrid. New technologies that improve energy efficiency and
standards, such as IEC 60364-8-1 and IEC 60364-8-82 are available today. The
challenge is identifying and incorporating the best design solution and managing
them effectively to capture the most value in terms of emissions reduction.
Introduction The construction and operation of buildings are massive contributors to global
emissions. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), “buildings are
responsible for 50-70% of emissions in cities and contribute 38% of emissions globally.1”
There is an urgent need for new ways to accelerate the decarbonization of the urban
environment. If the world is serious about reaching the ambitious goal of limiting the
global temperature rise to less than 1.5°C outlined in the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement,
serious rethinking about buildings must be part of the solution.
Figure 1 shows that in 2020, oil and coal were the sources of the largest percentage
of energy generation globally. Still, renewables and natural gas have gained ground,
hitting record highs that year. Natural gas comprised 24.7% of the total, and renewables
accounted for 5.7%. Analysts predict this upward trend will continue until 2050.
increases. 60%
40%
20%
0%
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Excludes traditional biomass
Other non-fossil fuels includes hydro and nuclear Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2022
As the use of renewables increases, real estate investors, building designers, and
facility operators can reduce the carbon footprint of construction and operation by
6
applying new technologies and tools to manage energy usage better. The first and
most important step to improve energy efficiency is electrifying the building loads and
then adopting efficiency measures to reduce energy consumption.
Energy This white paper discusses energy efficiency solutions and technologies like digitization
and integrating microgrid solutions with distributed energy resources that can help
efficiency plan commercial buildings achieve net-zero emissions.
Load grouping
Granular zones and In an energy management plan, loads are grouped according to zones, usage, or
granular monitoring meshes. For example, each floor is divided into zones in an office building based
solutions can lead to on electricity use. Typically, zones are workspaces, spaces near windows, or
greater energy savings. meeting rooms.
Sensors (such as movement and presence detectors), switches, and actuators are
used in each zone to prevent unnecessary energy consumption by switching off
loads automatically based on set conditions (absence of personnel, no movement,
temperature, or a set lux value). Having a granular zone design brings more clarity to
the types of loads consuming energy in the facility and a greater understanding of the
efficiency of the automation system.
Figure 3 represents an office floor segregated into zones, usages, and meshes
for evaluation.
Active control measures include placing presence detector sensors over workspaces
to switch off lights when they are no longer used automatically. These sensors also
detect if there is sufficient daylight and can switch off the lighting or adapt it based on
a set lux value.
Mesh-3
Light control sensors
(presence and motion)
Office Space
Mesh-1
Dining Hall Conference room Light level sensors
(presence with lux)
According to IEC 60364-8-1, good metering systems enable the measurement of loads
in meshes, zones, and usage. Breaking down loads provides insights that allow facility
managers to determine energy uses in areas or meshes that need to be monitored.
Table 1 shows power metering and monitoring at the office floor distribution board
level. A table like this helps the facility manager keep track of the consumption of
various usages in different zones and meshes.
Digitalization
What isn’t measured isn’t Digitalization allows building operators to control, monitor, and conserve energy usage
known, and what isn’t and carbon emissions. Investing in digitalization includes metering energy resources
known can’t be changed. and using the energy management system to monitor and control energy consumption.
Metering
Metering supports a comprehensive energy management program by tracking the
facility’s performance. Effective metering and monitoring deliver crucial information
about how a building performs by benchmarking it against similar buildings.
Understanding how energy usage is maximized in a similar building leads to substantial,
almost immediate improvements. IEC 60364-8-1 provides guidelines for selecting
electrical measurement devices based on application.
IEC 61557-12 provides power metering and monitoring device (PMD) classification for
building consumer energy usage analysis and power monitoring based on minimum
required functions according to the application of the device:
E a – total active energy, P – total active power, Q – total reactive power, S – total apparent power, Er – total reactive energy, E ap – total apparent
energy, f – frequency, I – current, IN – neutral current, U – line to line voltage, V – line to neutral voltage, PF – power factor, THD U – total harmonic
distortion voltage related to fundamental, THD-R U – total harmonic distortion voltage related to RMS value, THD I – total harmonic current related
to fundamental, THD-R I – total harmonic current related to RMS value
Roof-top PV
Figure 4 PV
Lifts
Example of measurement M
equipment placement,
including energy flow.
PMD-III PMD-I PMD-III
400V,TP+ N
Roof switchboard
PMD-II PMD-I
Level 5
DB
SMDB
DB
-A5
DB Level 4
DB
SMDB
DB
-A4
DB Level 3
DB
SMDB
DB
-A3
DB Level 2
DB
SMDB
DB
-A2
DB Level 1
DB Power & Lighting
SMDB Distribution
DB
-A1 M
DB
PMD-II PMD-III PMD-II PMD-I
400V,TP+ N
PMD-III PMD-III
MSB#1
Transformer
BESS
PV
Common area PV
Grid
The overall system accuracy class of the PMD for active energy measurement at the
incomer should be class 1 or better. For other distributions, such as the main low-voltage
(LV) switchboard, intermediate distribution board, and final distribution board, the value
should be class 2 or better.
Table 2 shows the relevant measuring devices selected for each application and the
applicable standards.
Table 2 Measurement Explanation
Applicable IEC
product standards
Extract from IEC 60364-
8-1 measurement Billing Metering for billing applications, helping IEC 62053-21
applications. Applications building operators verify the utility bill. or IEC 62053-22
One of the values of the EMS is that it integrates functions. The building management
system (BMS), which consists of software, a server with a database, and smart
sensors that gather data, control and monitor such things as the energy efficiency
of air conditioning and mechanical ventilation and allows the facility team to monitor
real-time plant efficiency values based on measurements from sensors installed in
different components of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system.
The fan coil unit of the HVAC system is controlled and adjusted remotely through the
thermostat display in the BMS dashboard.
KNX switches and pushbuttons allow building occupants to activate multiple functions
(lowering blinds/screens, activating lights, or switching on air conditioning). KNX
connected devices are also monitored and controlled through the BMS dashboard.
The power management system acquires electrical, power quality, and energy data
(including real-time data, historical data, and events) from metering devices, circuit
breaker trip units, and other intelligent electrical devices. This is visually displayed on
the BMS dashboard.
Microgrid layers, part of the EMS, can help optimize facility operations. This is
achieved via customized functions developed based on load profile to minimize energy
costs and emissions and maximize revenue. These include:
● Thermal energy supply costs. These are dynamic time-of-use costs and
monthly demand charges for the consumption peak. (The latter is computed as
the average consumption over a sliding 3-hour interval.)
● Frequency reserve markets. The system does not compute the reserve
capacity. Instead, the reserve is calculated and set as an input to the component,
which then defines battery control setpoints that aim to guarantee that the
committed frequency reserve can be delivered.
● Diesel or LNG generator fuel costs.
● Thermal energy sales revenue for hybrid process electrification, for which the
system dynamically calculates the price for thermal and electrical energy, is sold
to the heating network.
● CO2 taxes or credit benefit opportunities are considered when estimating costs
so power sources can be managed effectively.
An EMS dashboard, see Figure 5, makes it easy for a facility manager to visualize
building performance, which enables insight-based decisions that continuously
Figure 5
improve energy efficiency. The EMS for building provides cloud-based analytical and
Energy management advisory services that comprise workspace management, asset health, reporting,
system layer historian, cross-enterprise operations, security control, microgrid advisor, EV charging
advisor, and fire safety.
APPS, ANALYTICS
& SERVICES
Workplace Management Asset & BMS Reporting/ Cross Microgrid EV charging Fire
Health Historian Enterprise Security
Systems Controls Controls Safety
Access
Control
Microgrid The next step toward achieving net-zero emissions requires integrating energy
produced from renewables with microgrid solutions.
Figure 6 shows how electrical infrastructure historically was managed for buildings,
operating with an energy value chain that includes centralized power generation from
fossil fuels, transmission, and distribution of electrical energy to consumers.
Figure 6
Historical electrical
energy value chain
Centralized HV MV/LV Energy
Generation Transmission Distribution Customer
In the future, utilities will accelerate decarbonization in the electrical energy value chain
by adding clean power sources, primarily from renewable energy sources such as solar
and wind. As this transition occurs, DERs for commercial buildings will include on-site
power, such as rooftop solar panels and vertical wind farms. Excess energy available
in the building will either be stored in batteries or sent back to the grid.
Today, microgrid and DER technologies are being adopted as part of the energy value
chain to facilitate the transfer of energy across the distribution to provide a cost-
effective, resilient and secure supply of sustainable energy.
Figure 7
Future electrical energy
value chain
Centralized HV MV/LV
Generation Transmission Distribution with
Renewables
Prosumer
This standard, which covers new and existing prosumer electrical installations,
has objectives:
Grid ● Self-consumption
● Export management
DERs
● Other optional feature
Remote energy monitoring and forecasting
● Islandable PEI
Disconnect
Figure 9
Islandable PEI
Grid Grid
DERs DERs
Islandable PEI
Off-grid configuration:
● BESS main, no Genset
● BESS main, Genset as backup
● Genset main, BESS as backup
Optional feature
● Remote energy monitoring and forecasting
Figure 10 Islandable PEI operation can be changed from connected mode to island mode
following the steps shown in Figure 10.
Steps for connected mode
to island mode BESS Generator
SoC Low
Genset off
Island Mode or
ith
w
rt et
k
a
st en s
Grid Planned/Unplanned
Grid Forming
ac S/G
Bl ES Reconnection islanding
B
BESS Generator
BESS Generator
Connected Mode
Grid outage with no local &
production
Hibernation
Figure 11 shows how the DERs operate in stand-alone mode when the PEI is not
permanently connected to a distribution network.
Stand-alone PEI
Figure 12 shows how the PEI is set up in stand-alone mode with Genset and BESS.
Figure 12
BESS
Steps for stand-alone
mode of BESS to Genset
SoC Low
Operation on BESS
Genset off
Grid Forming
State No PV
Generator
PEI architecture takes a different form based on the type of installation, which can be :
● Greenfield
● Greenfield or brownfield
● Brownfield
In a greenfield installation, the DER connects to the energy control center (ECC) and to
the sheddable and non-sheddable facility loads.
Figure 13 illustrates how the microgrid controller manages the DER and load operations
for a building with greenfield PEI architecture.
Energy
Control
Center
&
Building
facility loads
For a greenfield or brownfield facility where the utility switchboard is separate, a new
ECC board can be added to connect the utility and the on-site DER. Figure 14 shows
the architecture for a brownfield and a greenfield building with a separate utility board.
Utility Generator
Figure 14
Typical PEI architecture
for a greenfield or a
brownfield building
Utilty &
DG Board
Solar PV BESS Windturbine
Energy
Control
Center
&
Building
facility loads
Utility Generator
Figure 15
Typical PEI architecture for
a brownfield building
Energy
Control
Center
Non-essential loads
(Sheddable Loads)
Each type of architecture should be validated with system studies to determine the
magnitude and direction of the current and the minimum and maximum short-circuit
values. This step helps determine what protection devices are required and the
tripping characteristics.
Conclusion Adopting efficient technologies and integrating them with control monitoring and
managing systems are key to achieving a net-zero building. The combination of
replacing hydrocarbons with cleaner fuels and renewables, increasing on-site
electrification, and using digital metering and monitoring devices to streamline
operations increases the potential for decarbonizing buildings while at the same time
reducing energy spending.
Kevin Hung resides with the Power System Consulting Team at Schneider Electric
under the capacity of Digital Solution Architect. He holds a Bachelor of Science in
Electrical Engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology and is a certified
CESAM Associate (System Architecture Professional). He has more than 17 years
of experience in Energy Management on the design, execution, deployment, and
consultation of projects and initiatives in both Commercial & Industrial Buildings
and Data Center sectors.
Shailesh Chetty is an Edison Technical Expert and works as a Technical Leader with
Subject Matter Expertise in Power System Design & Consulting at Schneider Electric’s
Power System Competency Center based in Singapore. He holds a ME degree in
Power Systems and Electrical Drives from Thapar University INDIA and is a certified
professional in System Engineering from CESAME, Paris. His primary focus is leading
innovation in the new energy landscape for segment applications such as Buildings,
Oil & Gas, and Critical process industries. He takes a special interest in areas of
process electrification and green hydrogen applications, energy efficiency, and
sustainability. Mr. Shailesh has more than 14 years of experience in Power System
Consulting and has executed EPCs of very large-scale projects in Mining, Oil & Gas,
and Thermal Power Plants. He has authored and co-authored technical papers and is
an expert in Power System Design and Electrical Network Protection & Control.
Acknowledgments
Special thanks to Philippe Vollet for providing the necessary support for the content of
this white paper.
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