21st

1. Oral Literature:

a. Riddle- it is a statement that contains superficial words that functions figuratively and metaphorically and is usually
uttered in a form of question. (e.g. Kay lapit na sa mata, di mo pa nakikita)

b. Proverbs/ Mga salawikain- a short saying that is widely used to express an obvious truth

(e.g. Kung ano ang puno siya rin ang bunga. Huwag gawin sa iba ang ayaw mong gawin sa iyo.)

2. Folk Songs -these are folk lyrics that are usually chanted.

a. Oyayi o Hele/Lullabies

b. Rawitdawit/Drinking songs

c. Kundiman/Love songs-awit ng pag- ibig (e.g. Dandansoy)

d. Songs of death/ Dung-aw - awit sa patay

e. Dalit o Himno/ Religious songs

f. Kumintang- awit sa pakikidigma

g. Diona- awit sa kasal

3. Folk tales/ Mga Kwentong bayan

-are part of oral traditions which means they originated in the era before literacy and are passed down verbally from
generation to generation.

a. Myth- a well-known story which was made up in the past to explain natural events or to justify religious beliefs or customs.

b. Legend - a traditional story that is popularly regarded as historical but is not proven to be true

c. Fable- uses animals as characters conveying a moral.

d. Epic- is a long narrative poem recounting the deeds of a legendary hero.

SPANISH PERIOD:

• The start of the Philippines' more colorful history took place in March 6, 1521 when Ferdinand Magellan docked on the
shores of Homonhon.

FORMS OF LITERATURE IN THE SPANISH PERIOD:

1. Religious Literature

-it revolves around the life and death of Jesus Christ since Christianity was introduced by the Spaniards to the Filipinos.

a. Pasyon - it is about the passion (journey and suffering) and the death of Jesus Christ.

b. Senakulo- the re-enactment of the Pasyon

c. Komedya- it usually depicts the battle between the Muslim and the Christians

2. Non-religious Literature

a. Awit- these are tales of chivalry where a knight saves a princess.

(ex. Florante at Laura)

b. Korido- is along metrical tale that follows the structure of the poem

(ex. Ibong Adarna)

c. Prose Narratives- are easy to understand instructional materials that teach Filipinos on proper decorum.

(ex. Pagsusulatan ng Dalawang Binibini na sina Urbana at Feliza, 1864)

3. Propaganda Literature
• These were writings in the form of satires, editorials and news articles that aim to attack the Spanish government.

FAMOUS WRITERS DURING THE PROPAGANDA LITERATURE

a. Graciano Lopez Jaena - Ang Fray Botod

b. Marcelo H. Del Pilar-Dasalan at Tocsohan

c. Jose Rizal- Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo

4. Revolutionary Literature:

-it sparked the revolution and resistance in the hearts of the Filipinos

FAMOUS WRITERS DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY LITERATURE:

a. Andres Bonifacio – Obligations of our Countrymen

b. Emilio Jacinto- Light and Darkness

c. Apolinario Mabini- The Rise and Fall of the Philippine Republic

PUBLICATIONS:

a. El Heraldo dela Revolucion

b. La Independencia

c. La Republica Filipina

d. La Libertad

THE AMERICAN PERIOD

The Philippine public school system was introduced.

Free public education was given to Filipinos:

The literature during the American period was considered as imitative of American model. Instead of asking the students to
write originals, students end up following the form of American poets.

Forms of Literature in the American Period:

1. Poetry- its contents ranged from free writing to societal concerns under the Americans.

2. Drama- was usually used in the American period to degrade the Spanish rule and to immortalize the heroism of the men
who fought under the Katipunan.

3. Remake Novels - took up Dr. Jose Rizal's portrayal of social conditions by colonial repression.

JAPANESE LITERATURE:

The Philippine literature came to a halt.

The use of English language was forbidden and the use of Filipino language was mandated under the Japanese rule.

Filipino literature was given a break during this period. Many wrote plays, short stories etc. about life in the province.

Forms of Literature in the Japanese Period

1. Poetry- the common theme of most poems during the Japanese occupation was nationalism, country, love and life in the
barrios, faith, religion and the arts.

2. Fiction- the field of the short story widened during the Japanese occupation. Many wrote short stories.

3. Drama- the drama experienced a lull during the Japanese period because movie houses showing American films were
closed. Many of the big movie houses were made to show stage plays. Those were reproductions of English plays to Tagalog.

4. Newspaper- writings that came out during this period were journalistic in nature. Writers felt suppressed but eventually
the spirit of nationalism started to seep into their consciousness.

5. Essays- were composed to glorify the Filipinos and at the same time to figuratively attack the Japanese.
The Republic:

Philippine literature in Tagalog was revived during this period. Most themes in the writings dealt with Japanese brutalities, of
the poverty of life under the Japanese government and the brave guerilla exploits.

THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM (1946 – 1970):

-The Americans returned in 1945. On July 4, 1946, the Philippines regained is freedom and the Filipino flag waved joyously
alone. The chains were broken.

F. 21st Century Literature:

-new literary works created within the last decade

-from January 2001 up to the present

-deals with current themes and reflects technological culture

-often breaks traditional writin

- refers to world literature in prose produced during the 21st century.

- Readers grew up with technology

-readers are capable of navigating and interpreting digital formats

21st Century Literary Genres

1. ILLUSTRATED NOVEL

-story through text and illustrated images

2. DIGI-FICTION:

-triple media literature. It combines three media: book, movie/video, and internet website.

3. GRAPHIC NOVELS:

- narratives in comic book formats. It is more artistic and heavily illustrated.

4. MANGA:

-a Japanese word for comics. It is used in the English-speaking world as a generic term for all comic books and graphics
novels originally published in Japan

5. DOODLE FICTION

6. CHICK LIT

7. FLASH FICTION:

-is a style of fictional literature of extreme brevity

8. SCIENCE FICTION:

-is a genre of speculative fiction dealing with imaginative concepts such as futuristic science and technology, space travel,
time travel, faster than light travel, parallel universe and extraterrestrial life.

What is 21st Century Literature?:

-all literary works written and published at the latter part of the 21st century (from 2001 onwards).

What is Literature?

The word literature derived from the Latin word:

-litera which means letter

-litteratura means writing

-litteratus means learning

-true literature is a piece of written works which undying. It expresses the feelings and emotions of people in response to his
everyday effort to live, to be happy in his environment and, after struggles, to reach his Creator.

IMPORTANCE OF LITERATURE:

-Through literature, we learn the culture across time and space.

-By studying good literature we learn more about human problems and difficulties.

-Universality of such problems and ways to overcome.

-Make ourselves better human being.

-Promote humanity and compassion. International understanding and world peace.

-We understand not only the past life of a nation but also its present.

A. Drama:

- it is the genre of literature with stories composed of verse or prose which is meant to bedramatically or theatrically
performed.

- Its emotions and conflicts are expressed through dialogue and movements or action.

B. Creative nonfiction - also known as literary nonfiction or narrative nonfiction, is a genre of writing that uses literary styles
and techniques to create factually accurate narratives.

C. Blog- it is a web log containing short articles called posts that can be changed regularly.

Some blogs are written by one person (called blogger) containing his/her hobbies or interests, opinions, and experiences,
while others are written by many different people.

D. Poetry - it is verse and rhythmic writing with imagery that evokes an emotional response from the reader. Mina Roy defines
poetry as "prose bewitched". If fiction is concerned with plot action, poetry is "life distilled" through words and language.

-The art of poetry is rhythmical in composition, written or spoken. Poetry is for entertaining and exciting pleasure by
beautifůl, imaginative, or elevated thoughts.

Mobile phone Texttula - a particular example of this poem is a tanaga, a type of Filipino poem, consisting of four lines with
seven syllables each with the same rhyme at the end of each line that is to say a 7-7-7-7 syllabic verse, with an AABB rhyme
scheme.

Hyperpoetry:

•It is a form of digital poetry that uses links using hypertext mark-up. It is a very visual form, and is related to hypertext
fiction and visual arts. The links mean that a hypertext poem has no set order, the poem moving or being generated

• in response to the links that the reader/user chooses

Spoken word poetry - it is a poem that has made its way into the hearts and souls of thousands of Filipinos especially the
millennials. It is a type of poem performed or read in artistic and emotive manner which can be accompanied by music or
presented in the streets or bars, even café shops. It is an oral art that focuses on the aesthetics .

E. Fiction - Fiction has genres that can be defined as narrative literary works whose content is produced by the imagination
and is not necessarily based on fact. In fiction something is feigned, invented, or imagined; a made-up story.

Short Story : is brief fiction that can be read in one seating and is not able to support any subplots.

Chick Literature:

• Is genre fiction which addresses issues of modern womanhood, often humorously and lightheartedly.

• Chick it typically features a female protagonist whose womanhood is heavily thermalized in the plot.

Flash Fiction:

• Is a style of fictional literature of extreme brevity

• There is no widely accepted definition of the length of the category. It could range from word to a thousand

Realistic Fiction:

- is a story that can actually happen and is true to real life

Historical Fiction:

is a story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting

Illustrated Novels These - are stories through text and illustrated images.

Graphic Novels - These are narratives in comic book formats.

Speculative fiction- It is a term encompassing the more fantastical fiction genres, specifically science fiction, fantasy, horror,
weird fiction, supernatural fiction, superhero fiction, utopian and dystopian fiction, apocalyptic and post- apocalyptic
fiction, and alternate history in iterature as well as related static, motion, and virtual arts.

Science Fiction

• Is a genre of speculative fiction dealing with imaginative concepts such as futuristic science and technology, space travel,
time travel, faster than light travel, parallel universe and extraterrestrial life.

• Often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations and has been called a "literature of Ideas".

Fantasy:

-It is the forming of mental images with strange or other worldly settings or characters and invites suspension of reality.

Humor:

- It is the faculty of perceiving what is amusing or comical. It is fiction full of fun, fancy, and excitement which meant to
entertain.

•This genre of literature can actually be seen and contained within all genres.

Poetry:

•literary work in which special intensity is given to the expression of feelings and ideas by the use of distinctive style and
rhythm; poems collectively or as a genre of literature

•literature that evokes a concentrated imaginative awareness of experience or a specific emotional response through
language chosen and arranged for its meaning, sound, and rhythm.

• The language of imagination expressed in verse

• It can be defined as 'literature in metrical form' or a 'compostition forming rhythmic lines'.

• A poem follows a particular flow of rhythm and meter.

Stanza:

• A unit of lines grouped together.

• Similar to a paragraph in prose.

• A Stanza consists of two or more lines of poetry that together form one of the divisions of a poem.

• The stanzas of a poem are usually of the same length and follow the same pattern of meter and rhyme and are used like
paragraphs in a story

•Tercets - stanzas of three lines. The three lines may or may not have the same end rhyme. If all three lines rhyme, this type
of tercet is called a triplet.

•Quatrain- stanzas of four lines which can be written in any rhyme scheme.

Types of Quatrains:

Alternating Quatrain- a four line stanza rhyming "abab." From W.H. Auden's "Leap Before You Look"

Envelope Stanza- a quatrain with the rhyme scheme "abba", such that lines 2 and 3 are enclosed between the rhymes of lines
1 and 4. Two of these stanzas make up the Italian Octave used in the Italian sonnet. This is from Auden's "Look Before You
Leap"

Rhyme:

• The repetition of the same or similar sounds, usually in stressed syllables at the ends of lines, but sometimes within a line.
Alliteration

• The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginnings of words.

Onomatopoeia:

• Words that are used to represent particular sounds.

Imagery:

• Visual imagery: visual descriptions so vivid they seem to come to life in the reader's mind's when they are read, as in the
description of a very old fish in Elizabeth Bishop's poem titled "The Fish":

• Auditory imagery: descriptions of sound so vivid the reader seems almost to hear them while reading the poem. For
example, Alexander Pope contrasts the gentle sounds of a whispering wind and a soft-running stream with the harsher sound
of waves crashing on the shore in "Sound and Sense":

• Images of smell (olfactory imagery): descriptions of smells so vivid they seem almost to stimulate the reader's own sense of
smell while reading, as in the poem, "Root Cellar," by Theodore Roethke:

• Tactile or "physical" imagery: descriptions conveying a strong, vivid sense of touch or physical sensation that the reader
can almost feel himself or herself while reading, as in Robert Frost's description of standing on a ladder in "After Apple
Picking". Or in the sensation of touch (and possibly taste) in the fourth stanza of Helen Chasin's poem, "The Word Plum":

Simile:

• A comparison using like or as.

Metaphor:

• Describes one thing as if it were another.

Personification:

• Gives human characteristics to something non-human.

Tone or Mood:

• refers to the writer's attitude towards the subject of a literary work as indicated in the work itself.

• One way to think about tone in poetry is to consider the speaker's literal "tone of voice": just as with tone of voice, a poem's
tone may indicate an attitude of joy, sadness, solemnity, silliness, frustration, anger, puzzlement, etc

Refrain:

• The repetition of one or more phrases or lines at certain intervals, usually at the end of each stanza.

• Similar to the chorus in a song.

• The word 'Refrain' derives from the Old French word refraindre meaning to repeat.

Repetition:

• A word or phrase repeated within a line or stanza.

• Sometimes, repetition reinforces or even substitutes for meter (the beat), the other chief controlling factor of poetry.

Theme:

• The theme of the poem talks about the central idea, the thought behind what the poet to convey.

Symbolism:

• A poem often conveys feelings, though and ideas using symbols, this technique is known as symbolism.

• poetry has developed over hundreds of years, certain symbolic meanings have attached themselves to such things as
colors, places, times, and animals.

Sleep is often related to death.

• Dreams are linked to the future or fate.

Seasons often represent ages: spring-youth, summer.. prime of life, autumn--middle age, winter--old age or death.

• Water is sometimes linked to the idea of birth or purification.

• Colors are often linked to emotions: red--anger, blue-- happiness, green--jealousy. They are also used to represent states of
being: black-death or evil, white-purity or innocence, green--growth.

• Forests are often places of testing or challenge.

• Light--as the sun, the moon, stars, candles--often symbolizes good, hope, freedom.

• Darkness is associated with evil, magic or the unknown.

The moon- has several associations. It is sometimes a feminine symbol, sometimes associated with madness, sometimes with
resurrection.

Lyrical Poetry:

• Expresses Personal thoughts and emotions.

• is a short poem which has the characteristics of a song

•pertains to a single mood or feeling and is more personal in nature.

• Sonnet, Elegy, and Ode are types of Lyrical Poetry.

Sonnet:

• The Name sonnet derives from Italian word sonneto which means little song.

• is a relatively short poem consisting of merely fourteen lines. It is known to follow a strict pattern of rhyme.

• Classified into Petrarchan, Shakespearean, Spenserian and Miltonic sonnets.

Elegy:

• This is a lyric poem which expresses lament and mourning of the dead, feeling of grief and melancholy.

• The theme of this poem is death.

Ode:

• This is a poem of nobeling feeling expressed with dignity and praises for some persons, objects, events or ideas.

• It is exalted in tone and formal in structure and content.

Narrative Poetry:

• Types of poet that narrates a story through the use of poetic diction either real or imaginary.

• Narrative poem has special appeal.

• This form of poetry describes events in a vivid way, using some of the elements as short stories, plot characters and
dialogue.

Epic:

• This is a long and narrative poem that normally tells a story about a hero or an adventure.

• Epics can be oral stories or can be poems in written form.

1. Popular or ancient poetry is usually without definite author and slow in the development.

2. Modern epic poetry has a definite author.

Balladl:

• It also tell a story, like epic poems however, ballad poetry is often based on a legend or a folk tale.

• Most ballads are written in four- six stanzas and has a regular rhythms and rhyme schemes.

• A ballad often features a refrain-a regular repeated line or group of lines.

Social poem:

• This is either purely comic or tragic and pictures the life of today.

• It may aim to bring changes in social conditions.

Dramatic Poetry;

• Has elements related closely to the drama.

• It uses a dramatic technique and may unfold a story.

• It emphasize the character rather than the narrative.

Dramatic monologue

• This is a combination of drama and poetry.

• It presents some line or speech of single character in a particular but complicated situation and sometimes in a dilemma

Solilouy:

• The speaker of the poem or the character in a play delivers a passage.

• The thoughts and emotions are heard by the author and the audience as well.

Oration:

• This Is a formal address elevated in tone and usually delivered on some notable occasion.

Character Sketch:

• This is a poem which the writeris concerned less with the elements of story.

• He presents his observations and comments to a particular individual.

Haiku:

• Special type of poetry which originated from Japan.

• It's the shortest type of poem and, often, the most difficult to understand.

• It consists of three lines that generally do not rhyme. The lines should have five, seven, and five syllables in them.

Cinquain:

• This is five-line poem which also originated in Japan.

• There are many different variations of cinquain including American Cinquains, didactic cinquains, reverse cinquains,
butterfly cinquains and crown cinquains.

Free Verse:

• A loosest type of poem.

• It can consists as many lines as the writer wants and either rhyme or not and has no fixed metrical pattern.

• This type of poem openly called as "Poem with no rules."

Name poem:

• A special type of poetry belong to descriptive poetry that use an adjective to describe a person that begins with each letter
of that person's name.

•Derived from the Greek term "poesis" which means "to create" or

• "to make". It is a form of literature represented by its highly controlle manner of choosing and arranging language with the
use of regulating devices such as sound and rhythm to aesthetically convey meaning.

•Poetry is used by most writers to share their life's experiences. Thus, it could also mean as an experience pack in a capsule
form. A poem's form is its appearance. Poems composed of lines and these lines are grouped into stanzas. Most poetic works
utilize few words and they are mainly arranged in lines and in stanzas.
1. Sound devices - Some poems use the technique of sound.

a. Rhythm- is the pattern of beats or stress in a poem.

b. Rhyme- is the repetition of the san or similar sounds, usually in stressed syllables at the end of lines or within a line.lt can
be internal (within the line) or end (at the end of a line)

2. End rhyme- this rhyme occurs in the last syllable of verses.

a. Alliteration- is the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words.

Figures of Speech- these are special kind of imagery

•Personification- is giving human attributes to inanimate objects.

•Allusion- using this literary device, the writer refers to a significant person, place, thing, idea in culture, history, literature, or
politics briefly and indirectly.

•Apostrophe- with this literary device, the writer addresses someone or something that is not present in his work.

Types of Poetry:

•Narrative

•Lyric

•Dramatic

Narrative Poetry- includes all poems

that tell a story. It has a variety of length, and complexity.

Lyric Poetry- this refers to all poems that express a writer's profound thoughts or feelings. A traditional poetry that is
characterized by brevity, emotional intensity and musical quality. This is known for its-- melodic quality since it was first
recited with the accompaniment of a lyre.

Dramatic Poetry - are long dramatic lyrics

which tell the story through the speech of a character.

3 MAJOR FORMS OF FICTION

SHORT STORY

NOVELLA

NOVEL

NOVELLA:

This is shorter version of a novel. It is longer than a short story but shorter than a novel.

NOVEL:

It is a long prose narrative that deals with human experience through a relative sequence of events- -that is known to be
complex

Elements of Fiction

1. Setting

•This element includes the place and the time of the actions that happen in a story. The time may be in previous years or
decades, in the present period, or even some time in the future.

2. Character(s)

•It refers to the persons or any entity involved in the circumstances and actions in a story.

A Protagonist the principal or lead character, commonly referred to as the hero

B Antagonist-known as the villain, the role is mainly to oppose or to challenge the main character, it can be in forms like
death, defeat, illness, etc
C. Static/Flat Character-a character who remains the same from beginning to end of the story.

D. Dynamic Character-this character goes through significant changes in personality, behaviour, perspective etc. as the story
develops.

E. Round character-known as complex and multidimensional. A character that people can relate the most. This also appears
lifelike.

F. Antihero a character who does not exhibit the stereotypical qualities inherent to a hero

G. Foil-refers to a character used to stand in contrast to another character

3. Plot:

It refers to the series of events that take place in a story. The plot is composed of several elements such as: exposition, rising
action, climax, falling action, and the denouement or resolution

4. Point-of-view:

It refers to the vantage point as to the story unfolds. It mainly relates as to the way the story is told or narrated

5. Conflict:

It refers to the opposing forces that may set forth the problems, issues, and the challenges that a character needs to face or
deal with.

a. man vs. man

b. man vs. himself

c. man vs. nature

d. man vs society/culture

6. Symbols:

An object which is used to represent ideas aside from its literal meaning

7. Theme:

The significant truth about life which a story attempts to communicate to its readers or simply the lesson that the readers
learned from the story

MELC:

-Discuss how different contexts enhance the text's meaning and enrich the reader's understanding

WRITER'S CONTEXT:

It is the idea of the author as he/she writes the story based on his/her heliefs, experiences in life, and sonal background.
(writer's world)

READER'S CONTEXT:

-It is the perception/ interpretation of the reader on the story based on his/her personal experiences and knowledge.
(reader's world)

TEXT CONTEXT

It is the overall idea of the text, if it just discusses a certain topic or it is a representation of the author's experiences in life.
Simply put, this is what the text is all about.

SOCIAL CONTEXT:

It features the society in which the characters live and in which the author's text was produced. Simply put, it is the world
where the story is based.

DRAMA:

-is basically a literary form intended to represent experiences through a theatre performance. It involves characters
portrayed and impersonated by actors.
-Typically, a complete story with structure and unity can be dramatic or comical, having a beginning, middle, and an end.

Genres of Drama (Baronda, 2016

Tragedy

-Mainly depicts a very serious dramatic atmosphere; the lead character encounters misfortunes because of fate, moral
weakness, or social opposition that may lead to a disastrous or catastrophic end involving physical or spiritual death or beak
down.

Comedy

-A literary composition intended to amuse the viewing crowd. It mainly presents human actions and behaviors lightly. The
characters encounter difficulties but later on, find happiness. There are several types of Comedy like: dark, high, low, comedy
of humors, and old comedy

Tragicomedy

-It combines the conventions of tragic and comic elements and despite tragic circumstances; the story ends happily. A
serious play exhibiting some qualities of comedy. This can be a commentary on a society's unpleasant manners, behaviors,
and practices that lead to laughter and a happy ending, yet discomfort is experienced in sarcasm. This may challenge the
audience to think why they need to laugh at something which is somewhat primarily frightening.

Closet Drama,.

-A written work or a play which is intended to be read, not performed on stage. It sometimes refers to works which are
unsuccessful in theatre and are perceived to be more enjoyable to read.

Farce:

-A comic drama in form and is primarily amusing and entertaining. Characters and scenes are mainly exaggerated

Melodrama

-This is usually accompanied with music and with a song set at a different pace. It is now seen as a romantic play without
serious, comic, or tragic significance.

Actions are often too violent but still virtue dominates and succeeds.

Mystery PLAY

-A Medieval play which is mainly allegorical; represents good and evil forces highlight the conflicts of the human soul.

Miracle plays

-This is usually about stories taken from the Bible or the lives of saints.

Music

-This serves as a background used during performances. This is used occasionally to establish a dramatic effect. This can be
done live or provided technically

Dialogue

-The conversation and exchanges between or among characters it helps to tell the whole story. It is also an element that
helps reveal the characters, emotions, conflicts, further actions, and themes.

Stage Direction

-These statements tell the actors

-These statements tell the actors how they should look, move, and speak. They also give the director a picture of how the
setting looks like, and what music and other sounds would set the mood of the play.