Unsymmetrical fault

UNSYMMETRICAL
CHAPTER 6
FAULTS

EET308 – POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

MUHD HAFIZI IDRIS
UNDERSTAND THIS :
- SINGLE LINE TO GROUND FAULT
- LINE TO LINE FAULT
- DOUBLE LINE TO GROUND FAULT

Ability to analyze fault

current in
UNSYMMETRICAL
Fault
SEQUENCE NETWORKS OF
A LOADED GENERATOR
Synchronous generator
with neutral grounded
through Impedance Zn.

The generator is
supplying three phase
balanced load.

The generator generates

balanced three phase
internal voltages
represented by
Ea, Eb and Ec.
Writing the terminal voltages;

Substituting In = Ia + Ib + Ic and writing in matrix;

In compact form;
Transform into their symmetrical components;

Multiplying by A-1;

EQUATION 1

Where;
Then we get;

Since the generated emf is balanced, there is only positive sequence

internal voltage;

Substituting E012 and Z012 into EQUATION 1;

IMPORTANT
EQUATIONS!

Where;
In component form;

Sequence network of generator;

positive negative zero

CONT.
Important observations;
◦ The three sequences are independent.
◦ Only the positive sequence network has a voltage source.
◦ There is no voltage source in negative and zero sequence
networks.
◦ The neutral of the system is the reference for the positive and
negative sequence networks, but ground is the reference for
the zero sequence network. The zero sequence current only
can flow when there is connection between phase to ground to
the neutral of the system.
TYPES OF
UNSYMMETRICAL
FAULTS
Single Line To Ground Fault
Line to Line Fault
Double Line to Ground Fault

A fault can have fault impedance value, Zf or

zero fault impedance (bolted fault)
SINGLE LINE TO GROUND
FAULT
Assume generator on no load.

Symmetrical components of
currents.

We get:
From;

We get;

Where ;
Next;
Or;

The fault current is;

If the generator is
solidly grounded,
Zn = 0.
Zf = 0 for bolted
fault.

Series sequence network for single line to ground fault

 LINE TO LINE FAULT
Assume generator initially no load.

Symmetrical components of currents;

We get;
EQUATION 2 And also;
 EQUATION 3

Substituting only for Va1 and Va2 and noting Ia2 = - Ia1 for matrix below;

We get;
Next, from EQUATION 3;

From EQUATION 2;

Thus;
The phase currents are;

The fault current is;

Sequence network connection for LL fault

Zf = 0 for bolted fault

EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2
 DOUBLE LINE TO
GROUND FAULT
Fault in this case is assumed to occur on phases b and c through an
impedance Zf to the ground.
Generator assumed initially on no-load.
The boundary conditions at fault point:

EQUATION 4

EQUATION 5
The phase voltages Vb and Vc:

EQUATION 6

Since Vb = Vc, we note that:

EQUATION 7
 Substituting for the symmetrical components of currents in EQUATION 4:

EQUATION 8
From EQUATION 5:

Substituting into EQUATION 8:

Substituting for Vb using EQUATION 6 by equating Va1 = Va2 :

EQUATION 9
From the symmetrical components of voltage for generator;

Substituting the symmetrical components of voltage into EQUATION 9,

we get;

From symmetrical components of voltage;

Substituting Ia0 and Ia2 into EQUATION 5 and solving for Ia1, we get;

To get the phase current;

The fault current;

Sequence network connection for LLG fault
Zf = 0 for bolted fault
UNBALANCED FAULT ANALYSIS
USING BUS IMPEDANCE
MATRIX
INTRO.
When the network is balanced, the symmetrical components impedances
are diagonal, so it is possible to calculate Zbus separately for zero, positive
and negative sequence networks.
For a fault at bus k, the diagonal element in the k axis of the bus
impedance matrix Zbus is the Thevenin impedance to the point of fault.
For unbalanced faults, the impedance matrix for each sequence network
is obtained separately.
The sequence impedance Z0kk, Z1kk and Z2kk are connected together as we
already discussed in previous slides for different types of unsymmetrical
faults.
Here, the subscript a is left out and the symmetrical components are
understood to refer to phase a.
 SLG FAULT USING Zbus
SLG fault requires that positive, negative and zero sequence networks for phase a
be placed in series in order to compute the zero sequence fault current as discussed
previously.
Thus for a SLG fault at bus k, the symmetrical components of fault current are;

Where Z1kk , Z2kk and Z0kk are the diagonal elements in the k axis of the corresponding
symmetrical sequence bus impedance matrix and Vk(0) is the prefault voltage at bus
k.
The fault phase current is;
 LL FAULT USING Zbus

As we already discussed previously, for LL fault, the positive and

negative sequence networks are placed in opposition.
The symmetrical components of fault currents are;

The fault phase current then is obtained using;

 DLG FAULT USING Zbus
As we already discussed previously, for DLG fault, the positive sequence network is
placed in series with the parallel combination of the negative and zero sequence
networks.
The symmetrical components of faults current are;

The phase currents are obtained from;

The fault current is;

BUS VOLTAGES AND LINE
CURRENTS DURING FAULTS
To get the symmetrical components of the ith bus voltages during fault, we use back the
sequence components of the terminal voltages of the generator that we already discussed
previously.
So, we have;

Where;
Prefault phase voltage at bus i

The phase voltages during fault are;

The symmetrical components of current in line i to j given by;

Where z0ij, z1ij and z2ij are the zero, positive

and negative sequence components of the
actual line impedance between bus i and j.

The phase fault currents in line i to j during fault are;