Module 5

Induction Motors

Engr. Gerard Ang

School of EECE
 AC Motors

AC Motor - it is a rotating electrical machine which

converts ac electrical power into mechanical
power.
 Principle of Operation
The principle of operation for all AC motors relies on the interaction of
a revolving magnetic field created in the stator by AC current, with an
opposing magnetic field either induced on the rotor or provided by a
separate DC source. The resulting torque produces usable torque,
which can be coupled to desired loads throughout the facility in a
convenient manner.
 Classification of AC Motors

1. According to their principle of operation

a. Synchronous motor – plain and super
b. Asynchronous motor
b.1. Induction motors
 Squirrel cage induction motor
 Wound-rotor induction motor
b.2. Commutator motor
 Series motor – single phase, universal
 Compensated motor – conductive, inductive
 Shunt motor – single, compensated
 Repulsion motor – straight, compensated
 Repulsion-start induction motor
 Repulsion induction motor
 Classification of AC Motors
2. According to the type of current
a. single phase
b. three-phase

3. According to their speed

a. constant speed
b. variable speed
c. adjustable speed

4. According to their structural features

a. Open
b. Enclosed
c. Semi-enclosed
d. Ventilated
e. Pipe-ventilated
f. Riveted frame
Electric Motor Family Tree
 Induction Motors

Induction Motor (1-φ, 3-φ) – it

is one in which the motor field is
induced by currents flowing thru
the motor. The rotor has no
connection whatsoever to the
supply circuit.

Principle of Operation
The induction motor derives its name from the fact that ac
voltages are induced in the rotor circuit by the rotating magnetic field
of the stator. In many ways, induction in this motor is similar to the
induction between the primary and secondary windings of a
transformer. Hence, an induction motor may be treated as a rotating
transformer.
 General Types of Induction Motor

a. Squirrel cage induction motor - its

rotor is self-contained and resembles
a squirrel cage. The rotor conductors
are permanently short-circuited by
end-rings.

b. Wound rotor or phase wound or

rotor induction motor or slip-ring
motors - its rotor has insulated coils
of wire and resembles a dc armature.
The rotor conductors are connected
to slip rings and shorted thru the
brushes.
 Advantages and Disadvantages of 3-
Phase Induction Motors
1. Advantages of 3-phase Induction Motor
 It has a simple, robust and almost unbreakable construction
 It requires minimum care and maintenance.
 Its cost is low and is very reliable
 It has a sufficiently high efficiency
 It has a reasonably good power factor
 It is self-starting

2. Disadvantages of 3-phase Induction Motor

 Its speed cannot be varied without loss of efficiency
 Its speed decreases with the increase of load
 It has somewhat an inferior starting torque
 Distinction Between Squirrel-Cage
and Wound Rotor Induction Motors
Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
Copper losses is low
Starting torque is low but running
torque is good
Efficiency is high due to low rotor
resistance
Speed can be varied by changing
poles
Speed is nearly constant but
slightly falls with load
Starting current is high
Applications.
It is used where low power is
needed and speed control is not
needed such as
 Printing machinery
 Flour mills
 Saw mills
 Lathe
 Blower mills
Wound Rotor Induction Motor
Copper losses is high
Starting torque is higher than squirrel-
cage induction motor
Efficiency is low
Speed can be varied very slightly by
changing the extra rotor resistance
More speed falls with load
Starting current is low
Applications.
It is only used where high starting
torque is required such as:
 Rolling mills
 Flour mills
 Lifts
 Crane erector
 Slip
1. Synchronous speed, NS – it is the speed at which the
rotating flux rotates.
Where:
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒇 p = number of poles on the rotor
𝑵𝑺 = f = supply frequency in Hz
𝑷 NS = synchronous speed in rpm

2. Rotor speed, NR – it is also called as the actual speed. It is not

calculated but measured by speedometer or tachometer.

3. Slip or slip speed – it is the difference between the

synchronous speed, NS and the actual speed, NR.

𝒔𝒍𝒊𝒑 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 = 𝑵𝑺 − 𝑵𝑹 𝑵𝑹 = 𝑵𝑺 (𝟏 − 𝒔)
 Slip
4. Percentage slip (%s) - it is the difference between the synchronous
speed, NS and the actual speed, NR expressed as a percentage of the
synchronous speed.
Note:
𝑵𝑺 − 𝑵𝑹 When the rotor:
%𝒔 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎% a. Is not rotating (at standstill), s = 1
𝑵𝑺 b. Is rotating at synchronous speed, s = 0

5. Measurement of Slip
The following are the methods used for finding the slip of an
induction motor
a. By the actual measurement of motor speed. This method requires
measurement of actual motor speed and calculation of
synchronous speed
b. By comparing rotor and stator supply frequencies
c. By stroboscopic method
 Frequency of Rotor Current
The frequency of the rotor current is given by:

𝒇𝑹 = 𝒔𝒇𝑺

Where:
fR = frequency of rotor current
fS = frequency of supply voltage
 Rotor EMF and Reactance
The emf the rotor at running conditions is given by:

𝑬𝑹 = 𝒔𝑭𝑳 𝑬𝑩𝑹

The reactance of the rotor at running condition is given by:

𝑿𝑹 = 𝒔𝑭𝑳 𝑿𝑩𝑹 𝒁𝑹 = 𝑹𝑹 + 𝒋𝑿𝑹

Where: EBR = rotor emf per phase at standstill or blocked rotor

voltage per phase
XBR = rotor leakage reactance per phase at standstill or
blocked rotor reactance
XR = rotor reactance per phase
RR = rotor resistance per phase
ZR = rotor impedance per phase
 Sample Problems
1. A 4-pole, 3-phase induction motor operates from a
supply whose frequency is 50 Hz. Calculate: (a) the
speed at which the magnetic field of the stator is rotating (b)
the speed of the rotor when the slip is 0.04 (c) the frequency
of the rotor currents when the slip is 0.03 (d) the frequency of
the rotor currents at standstill (e) rotor frequency when rotor
runs at 600 rpm.
Solution:

(a) the speed at which the magnetic field of the stator is

rotating

120𝑓 120 50
𝑁𝑆 = 𝑁𝑆 = 𝑵𝑺 = 𝟏, 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒓𝒑𝒎
𝑃 4
 (b) the speed of the rotor when the slip is 0.04

𝑁𝑅 = 𝑁𝑆 (1 − 𝑠) 𝑁𝑅 = 1,500 (1 − 0.04) 𝑵𝑺 = 𝟏, 𝟒𝟒𝟎 𝒓𝒑𝒎

(c) the frequency of the rotor currents when the slip is 0.03

𝑓𝑅 = 𝑠𝑓𝑆 𝑓𝑅 = 0.03 50 𝒇𝑹 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝑯𝒛

(d) the frequency of the rotor currents at standstill

At standstill, s = 1

𝑓𝑅 = 𝑠𝑓𝑆 𝑓𝑅 = 1 50 𝒇𝑹 = 𝟓𝟎 𝑯𝒛
(e) rotor frequency when rotor runs at 600 rpm.

𝑓𝑅 = 𝑠𝑓𝑆

1,500 − 600
𝑠= 𝑠 = 0.6
1,500

𝑓𝑅 = 0.6 50 𝒇𝑹 = 𝟑𝟎 𝑯𝒛
 Sample Problems
2. A 3-phase induction motor having a star-connected rotor has
an induced e.m.f. of 80 volts between slip-rings at standstill
on open-circuit. The rotor has a resistance and reactance per
phase of 1 Ω and 4 Ω respectively. Calculate current/phase
and power factor when (a) slip-rings are short-circuited (b)
slip-rings are connected to a star-connected rheostat of 3 Ω
per phase.

Solution:
Let 𝐸𝐵𝑅 be the reference voltage
80
𝐸𝐵𝑅 = ∠0° 𝑉
3
(a) When slip-rings are short-circuited, the motor is at
standstill condition, hence s = 1

𝑍𝑅 = 𝑅𝑅 + 𝑗𝑠𝑋𝐵𝑅 𝑍𝑅 = 1 + 𝑗4 Ω

𝑠𝐸𝐵𝑅 80Τ 3 ∠0°

𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅 =
𝑍𝑅 1 + 𝑗4

𝑰𝑹 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟎∠ − 𝟕𝟓. 𝟗𝟔° 𝑨

𝜃𝐸 𝐵𝑅
𝑝𝑓 = cos 𝜃 ሿ 𝑝𝑓 = cos 0° − −75.96°
𝜃𝐼 𝑅

𝒑𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒 𝒍𝒂𝒈𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈
(b) When the slip-rings are connected to a star-connected
rheostat of 3 Ω per phase.

𝑍𝑅 = 1 + 3 + 𝑗4 = 4 + 𝑗4 Ω

80Τ 3 ∠0°
𝐼𝑅 = 𝑰𝑹 = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟔∠ − 𝟒𝟓° 𝑨
4 + 𝑗4

𝜃𝐸 𝐵𝑅
𝑝𝑓 = cos 𝜃 ሿ 𝑝𝑓 = cos 0° − −45°
𝜃𝐼 𝑅

𝒑𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏 𝒍𝒂𝒈𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈
 Sample Problems
3. A 1100-V, 50-Hz delta-connected induction motor has a star-
connected slip-ring rotor with a phase transformation ratio of
3.8. The rotor resistance and standstill leakage reactance
are 0.012 ohm and 0.25 ohm per phase respectively.
Neglecting stator impedance and magnetising current
determine: (a) the rotor current at start with slip-rings shorted
(b) the rotor power factor at start with slip-rings shorted (c)
the rotor current at 4% slip with slip-rings shorted (d) the
rotor power factor at 4% slip with slip-rings shorted (e) the
external rotor resistance per phase required to obtain a
starting current of 100 A in the stator supply lines.
 Solution:

For the induction motor,

𝐸𝑆 (𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒) 1,100

𝑎= 3.8 = 𝐸𝐵𝑅 = 289.47 𝑉
𝐸𝐵𝑅 (𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒) 𝐸𝐵𝑅

Let 𝐸𝐵𝑅 be the reference voltage

𝐸𝐵𝑅 = 289.47∠0° 𝑉

(a) the rotor current at start with slip-rings shorted (s = 1)

𝑍𝑅 = 𝑅𝑅 + 𝑗𝑠𝑋𝐵𝑅 𝑍𝑅 = 0.012 + 𝑗0.25 Ω

𝑠𝐸𝐵𝑅 289.47∠0°
𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅 =
𝑍𝑅 0.012 + 𝑗0.25

𝑰𝑹 = 𝟏, 𝟏𝟓𝟔. 𝟓𝟓∠ − 𝟖𝟕. 𝟐𝟓° 𝑨

(b) the rotor power factor at start with slip-rings shorted
𝜃𝐸 𝐵𝑅
𝑝𝑓 = cos 𝜃 ሿ 𝑝𝑓 = cos 0° − −87.25°
𝜃𝐼 𝑅

𝒑𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟖 𝒍𝒂𝒈𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈

(c) the rotor current at 4% slip with slip-rings shorted

𝑍𝑅 = 0.012 + 𝑗 0.04 0.25 𝑍𝑅 = 0.012 + 𝑗0.01 Ω

𝑠𝐸𝐵𝑅 0.04 289.47∠0°

𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅 =
𝑍𝑅 0.012 + 𝑗0.01

𝑰𝑹 = 𝟕𝟒𝟏. 𝟐𝟔∠ − 𝟑𝟗. 𝟖𝟏° 𝑨

(d) the rotor power factor at 4% slip with slip-rings
shorted
𝑝𝑓 = cos 0° − −39.81° 𝒑𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕 𝒍𝒂𝒈𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈

(e) the external rotor resistance per phase required to obtain

a starting current of 100 A in the stator supply lines.

𝐼𝑅 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝐼𝑅 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡
𝑎= 3.8 = 𝐼𝑅 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 = 219.39 𝐴
𝐼𝑆 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 100Τ 3

Let Rx be the external rotor resistance per phase

𝐸𝐵𝑅 289.47
𝐼𝑅 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 = 219.39 =
𝑍𝑅 𝑅𝑋 + 0.012 2 + 0.25 2

𝑹𝑿 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟖 𝛀