Taken from Course structure

3 phase Induction Machines

Construction –Rotating magnetic field- working principles- slip – motor speed – rotor emf- rotor frequency- torque
developed- different types of torque- power stages- equivalent circuit- tests on induction motor- torque slip
characteristics –- starters of induction motors- drive - Selection and application.

Class Notes
Introduction

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MnQXnEiIUI8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=LtJoJBUSe28&ebc=ANyPxKpoldb3RoO2qJFUUVzrInH42MkTVGtY6S66tnnYgANAT
790iCrIYfTlz3A18UBEbMPRZBkmbuWSkVIwEdW9AIJLQG0F6Q

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DsVbaKZZOFQ

Ac motor can be classified and divided into groups from different point of view. One of the
views is in regards to their principle of operation.
In this regard, AC motor may be classify as synchronous or asynchronous motor .Induction
motor is classified as an asynchronous motor

General Principle
In an Ac motor, the rotor receives electrical power by means of induction inexactly the same
way as the secondary of a transformer.

This is why such motors are known as induction motors. In fact, an induction motor can be
treated as a rotating transformer in which the primary is stationary and secondary is rotating.

Induction motor is one of the most extensively used motor in various kinds of industrial drives.
The advantage of Induction motor
1. It has very simple and extremely rugged, almost unbreakable construction(especially
squirrel cage type)
2. Its cost is low and it is very reliable
3. It has sufficiently high efficiency. In normal running condition, no brushes are needed,
hence frictional losses are reduced. It has a reasonably good power factor.
4. It requires minimum of maintenance
5. It starts up from rest and needs no extra starting motor and has not to be synchronized. Its
starting arrangement is simple especially for squirrel cage type motor.

Disadvantages
1. Its speed cannot be varied without sacrificing some of its efficiency
2. Just like a d.c. shunt motor, its speed decreases with increase in load.
3. Its starting torque is somewhat inferior to that of a dc shunt motor.

Construction
An induction motor has 2 main parts
(i) A stator
(ii) A rotor
Stator
The stator carries a 3 phase winding and is fed from a 3 phase supply. It is wound for a definite
number of poles (for speed requirements).When the stator winding is supply with 3 phase
current, it produces a magnetic flux, which is of constant magnitude but revolves at
120 f
N s=
synchronous speed ( P ).This revolving magnetic flux induces an emf in the rotor by
mutual induction
Rotor
(i)Squirrel-cage rotor (Employed in squirrel cage induction motors)
(ii)Phase wound or round rotor (Employed in ‘wound’ motor or ‘slip ring; motors)

It should be noted that the rotor bars for a squirrel cage rotor bars are permanently short
circuited on themselves, hence it is not possible to add any external resistance in series with the
rotor for starting purposes.

Whereas for Phase wound rotor, the rotor is provided with 3 phase, double layer, distributed
windings consisting of coils as used in alternator. The rotor is wound for as many poles as the
number of stator poles. The three phases are started internally. The other three winding
terminals are brought out and connected to three insulated slip rings mounted on the shaft
with brushes resting on them. [See the figure below]

These three brushes are further essentially connected to a 3 phase star connected rheostat. This
makes possible the introduction of additional resistance in the rotor circuit during the starting
period for increasing the starting torque of the motor and changing its speed-torque/current
characteristics.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=onSectN11Dw
Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF)

A three-phase power supply provides a rotating magnetic field in an induction motor

In an induction motor, the AC power supplied to the motor's stator creates a magnetic field
that rotates in time with the AC oscillations. The induction motor stator's magnetic field is
therefore changing or rotating relative to the rotor. This induces an opposing current in the
induction motor's rotor, in effect the motor's secondary winding, when the latter is short-circuited
or closed through external impedance. The rotating magnetic flux induces currents in the
windings of the rotor; in a manner similar to currents induced in a transformer’s
secondary winding(s). The currents in the rotor windings in turn create magnetic fields in
the rotor that react against the stator field. Due to Lenz’s Law, the direction of the
magnetic field created will be such as to oppose the change in current through the rotor
windings. The cause of induced current in the rotor windings is the rotating stator magnetic
field, so to oppose the change in rotor-winding currents the rotor will start to rotate in the
direction of the rotating stator magnetic field. The rotor accelerates until the magnitude of
induced rotor current and torque balances the applied load. Since rotation at synchronous
speed would result in no induced rotor current, an induction motor always operates slower
than synchronous speed.

For rotor currents to be induced the speed of the physical rotor must be lower than that of the
stator's rotating magnetic field ( n s ) ; otherwise the magnetic field would not be moving
relative to the rotor conductors and no currents would be induced. As the speed of the rotor drops
below synchronous speed, the rotation rate of the magnetic field in the rotor increases, inducing
more current in the windings and creating more torque. The ratio between the rotation rate of the
magnetic field induced in the rotor and the rotation rate of the stator's rotating field is called slip.

Slip

The difference between the synchronous speeds(

n s ) and the actual speed( nr ) of the rotor is known as
slip.
n s −nr
% slip= ∗100 %
ns
Slip speed = n s−nr
Rotor or motor speed nr =ns (1−s )

Frequency of rotor current ( f ' )

The frequency is dependent on the slip speed f '=sf

Questions
1. A slip ring induction motor runs at 290rpm at full load, when connected to 50Hz supply.
Determine the number of poles and slip. (Assume synchronous speed is 300 rpm)
2. The stator of a 3 φ induction motor has 3 slots per pole per phase. If supply frequency is
50Hz, calculate
(i) Number of stator poles produced and total number of slots on the stator
(ii) Speed of the rotating stator flux (or magnetic field)
3. A 3 φ induction motor is wound for 4 poles and is supplied from 50Hz system. Calculate (i)
the synchronous speed (ii) the rotor speed, when slip is 4% and (iii) rotor frequency when rotor
runs at 600rpm.
Torque
The torque developed by the motor at the instant of starting is called starting torque.
E 2 R2
3 2
T st = ∗
2 πns R 2 + X 2
2 2 , where n s= synchronous speed in (rev/ sec) E2 = rotor emf per
phase at standstill
R2 = Rotor resistance/phase X 2 = rotor reactance/phase at stand still

If we want to use n s= synchronous speed in rpm

E 2 R2
180 2
T st = ∗
2 πns R 2 + X 2
2 2
Starting Torque of a Squirrel cage Motor

The resistance of squirrel cage is fixed and small as compared to its reactance which is large
especially at the start because of standstill. Thus the torque is low. The starting current is very
high. Hence, such motors are not useful where the motor has to start against heavy loads.

Starting torque of a Slip ring Motor

Starting torque is improve by adding external resistance in the rotor circuit from the star
connected rheostat, the rheostat resistance being progressively cut out as the motor gathers
speed. The staring torque is high; the starting current is lower than squirrel cage motor.

For maximum starting torque X2=R2

Effect of change in supply voltage on starting torque

2
kV R2
T st =
Z2
2 Where k is a constant
Therefore torque is very sensitive to change in voltage. Therefore a 5% change in voltage will
cause a 10% change in torque

Questions
1. A 3 phase motor having a star connected rotor has an induced emf of 80volts between slip
rings at standstill on open circuit. The rotor has a resistance and reactance per phase of 1Ω and
4Ω respectively. Calculate current/phase and power factor when (i) slip rings are short circuited
(ii) slip rings are connected to a star connected rheostat of 3Ω per phase
2. A 1100V, 50Hz delta connected induction motor has a star connected slip ring rotor with a
phase transformation ratio of 3.8. The rotor resistance and standstill leakage reactance are
0.012Ω and 0.25Ω per phase respectively. Neglecting stator impedance and magnetizing current
determine.
(i) The rotor current at start with slip rings shorted
(ii) The rotor power factor at start with slip rings shorted
(iii) The rotor current at 4% slip with slip rings shorted
(iv) The rotor power factor at 4% slip with slip rings shorted
(v)The external rotor resistance per phase required to obtain a starting current of 100A in the
stator supply lines.
3.A 150kW,3000V,50Hz, 6 pole star connected induction motor has a star connected slip-ring
rotor with transformation ratio of 3.6(stator/rotor). The rotor resistance is 0.1Ω/phase and its per
phase leakage reactance is 3.61mH. The stator impedance may be neglected. Find the starting
current and starting torque on rated voltage with short circuited slip rings.

Rotor EMF and Reactance Under running conditions

When rotor is stationary(s=1), the frequency of the rotor emf is same as the stator supply
frequency.
When rotor starts running, is becomes slower than the supply frequency (stator frequency), thus
its emf also decreases.
Er =sE s , f r =sf s and X r =s∗¿ ¿ (standstill rotor reactance/phase)

Torque under running condition

sE 2 R2
3 2
T running= ∗
2 πns R 2 +( sX 2 )2
2 If we want to use ns=synchronous speed in rev/sec

sE 2 R2
180 2
T running= ∗
2 πns R 2 +( sX 2 )2
2 If we want to use ns=synchronous speed in rpm

For maximum Torque

R2 =sX 2
 E2
3
T max imum= ∗ 2
2 πns 2 X 2 N-m If we want to use ns=synchronous speed in rev/sec

E2
180
T max imum= ∗ 2
2 πns 2 X 2 N-m If we want to use ns=synchronous speed in rpm

Questions
1. The star connected rotor of an induction motor has a standstill impedance of (0.4 +j4)Ω per
phase and the rheostat impedance per phase is (6+j2)Ω.The motor has an induced emf of 80V
between slip rings at standstill when connected to its supply voltage. Find
(i) Rotor current at standstill with the rheostat is in the circuit
(ii)When the slip rings are short circuited and motor is running with a slip of 3%.
(iii)The torque for (i) and (ii) respectively assuming stator speed is 1500rpm
2. A 3 phase, slip ring, induction motor with star connected rotor has an induced emf of 120 volts
between slip rings at standstill with normal voltage applied to the stator. The rotor winding has a
resistance per phase of 0.3Ω and standstill leakage reactance per phase of 1.5Ω
Calculate (i) rotor current/phase when running short circuited with 4% slip
(ii)The torque assuming the stator speed is 1500 rpm.
and (ii)the slip and rotor current per phase when the rotor is developing maximum torque
assuming the stator speed is 1500 rpm.

Rotor Torque and Breakdown Torque

The rotor torque at any slip s can be expressed in terms of maximum (or breakdown) torque Tb
2
T =T b
[ ]
sb s
+
s sb
Where s b is the breakdown of pull out slip

Questions
1. Calculate the torque exerted by an 8 pole, 50Hz, 3 phase induction motor operating with
4%slip which develops a maximum torque of 150 kg-m at a speed of 660rpm.The
resistance per phase of the rotor is 0.5Ω
Torque slip characteristic of induction motor
A family of torque/slip curve is shown in the figure above. For low value of slip, the torque/slip
curve is approximately a straight line. As slip increases, the torque also increases and becomes
R
s= 2
maximum when X 2 .This torque is known as ‘pull out’ or ‘breakdown torque’ or stalling
torque. As slip increases (motor speed drops), R2 becomes smaller as compared to sX2 and thus
the torque decreases.

[It should be noted, that for bigger the resistance R6R, the slip becomes bigger (Moves to the
left as shown in the diagram for it to reach the maximum torque)

Power Stages in an induction Motor

Stator iron loss (consisting of eddy and hysteresis losses) depends on the supply frequency and
flux density in the iron core. It is practically constant.
The iron loss in rotor is negligible because its frequency of rotor current is normally small.
Cu loss is 3I22R2
Different stages of power develop in the induction motor is as follow
Questions
1. The power input to the rotor of 440V, 50Hz, 6 poles, 3 phase induction motor is 80kW.The
electromotive force is observed to make 100 complete alterations per minute.
Calculate
(i) the slip
(ii) the rotor speed
(iii) rotor copper losses per phase.
2. A 440 V, 3 φ , 50Hz, 4 pole, Y connected induction motor has a full load speed of 1425 rpm.
The rotor has an impedance of (0.4+j4) Ω and rotor/stator turn ratio of 0.8.
Calculate
(i)full load torque
(ii) rotor current and full load Cu loss
(iii)power output if windage and friction losses amount to 500W
(iv)maximum torque and the speed at which it occurs
(v) starting current and
(vi)starting torque.

3.The power input to the rotor of a 400V, 50Hz, 6 pole,3 phase induction motor is 20kW.The slip
is 3%.
Calculate
(i) frequency of the rotor currents
(ii)rotor speed
(iii)rotor copper losses and
(iv)rotor resistance per phase if current is 60A
4.A 3 phase,6 pole, 50Hz induction motor develops 3.73kW at 960rpm.What will be the stator
input if the stator loss is 280W?
5.The power input to the rotor of a 440V,50Hz ,6 pole, 3 phase induction motor is 100kW.The
rotor electromotive force is observed to make 120 cycles per minute,
Calculate
(i)the slip
(ii)the rotor speed
(iii)mechanical power developed
(iv)the rotor copper loss per phase and
(v)speed of stator field with respect to the rotor
Equivalent Circuit of an induction motor
As in case of transformer, the equivalent circuit of the induction motor where all the values are
referred to the primary is shown in the diagram below.

This can be simplified further (approximate equivalent diagram)

E2
=1
If E1
No load Test
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dtzn63hlBrU

This is done to find exciting conductance(G0) and susceptance/phase(B0)

We can find
Stator copper loss 3I02R1
Stator coreloss WCL=3G0V2
Total admittance Y0=I0/V
B 0 = Y 2 −G
√ 0 02
W0
cosφ 0 =
√ 3 .V L I0
Question
1.In a no load test, an induction motor took 10A and 450watts with a line voltage of 110V.If
stator resistance/phase is 0.05Ω and friction and windage losses amounts to 135watts,calculate
the exciting conductance(G0) and susceptance/phase(B0).

Block Rotor Test (Lock rotor or Short circuit test)

Ws
cosφ s =
Power factor on short circuit √3 V SL I SL
W s −W CL
R01=
3I 2
Resistance of motor referred to the primary S

VS
=
Total impedance referred to the primary IS
2 2
Total reactance as referred to the primary √
X 01 = Z 01
−R 01

Uusally, X1 is assumed equal to X2’ where X1 and X2 are stator and rotor reactance respectively
as referred to the stator.X1=X2’=X01/2
If the motor has a wound rotor,then stator and rotor resistance are separated by dividing R01 in
the ratio of the dc resistances of stator and rotor windings.

In the motor is having a squirrel cage rotor, R1 is determined as usual and after allowing for ‘skin
effect’ is subtracted from R01 to give R2’-the effective rotor resistance as referred to stator
R2’=R01-R1

Question
1. A 110V, 3 φ , star connected induction motor takes 25A at a line voltage of 30V with rotor
locked. With this line voltage, power input to motor is 440W and core loss is 40W.The dc
resistance between a pair of stator terminals is 0.1Ω.If the ratio of ac to dc resistance is 1.6,find
the equivalent leakage reactance/phase of the motor and the stator and rotor resistance per phase.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=km8MSWm39Z0

Starting Induction motors

When starting an induction machine from stationary, a large initial current is taken by the
primary (stator) for a short while [5-7 times their full load current and develops 1.5-2.5 times
their full load torque].Hence, it is not advisable to line start motors of rating above 25kW to
40kW.It should be noted, that the starting torque of an induction motor can be improve by
increasing the resistance of the rotor circuit but this is impossible in a squirrel cage rotor motor
but is possible in a slip ring motor[rotor rheostatthe resistance being gradually cut out of the
rotor circuit as the motor gathers speed].
To overcome this problem, squirrel cage motor uses
(i) Primary resistors(rheostat)or reactors
(ii) Autotransformer(or auto starter)
(iii) Star delta switches
This method reduces the voltage to the stator during starting up period, full normal voltage being
applied only when the motor has run up to speed

Types of squirrel cage motors.

There are 6 types based on their electrical characteristics [Design A, B, C, D, E and F].
Class Starting Starting slip characteristic
torque current
A normal normal norma -most popular type, have low resistance and
l reactance. Its lock rotor current is 6 times the
rated full load current. For large motor, its
starting torque is 1.1 times the full load torque
 (for small motor-its starting torque is 2 times
the full load torque).Used mostly for fans,
pumps, compressors and conveyors
B normal low norma Can start at full load while developing normal
l starting torque with relative low starting
current (therefore useful for application where
there is a limitation on starting current) such
as in large fan or for driving electrical
generators or for pumps of centrifugal type
C high Low norma Motor are usually of double squirrel cage
l type. Use for crushers, compressor pumps,
large refrigerator, textile machine, boring
mills etc.
D high low high These motors are used for bulldozers,
shearing machines, punch press etc.
E low normal low -
F low low norma -
l

Complete torque/Speed curve of a three phase machine.

When it takes power it works has a motor [the direction of torque and speed are in the same
direction].
When it runs at speed greater than synchronous speed, it receives mechanical energy in the rotor
and supplies electrical energy [It becomes an asynchronous generator].The torque and the speed
are in the opposite direction.
The same machine can also be used as a brake during the plugging period.
The three modes of operation are shown below.