Traducción Inglés-Español

28/09/23

LINGÜÍSTICA APLICADA

Eugene Nida’s (1975) classical definition of translation: “the production of the closest
natural equivalent of the source language message” could not be bettered. A Textbook of
Translation (1988)

PETER NEWMARK

The first to realize that “no two languages are identical, either in the meanings given to
corresponding symbols or in how symbols are arranged in phrases and sentences, it
stands to reason that there can be no absolute correspondence between languages.
Hence, there can be no fully exact translations.”
 Nature of the message (source text): in some messages, the content is of
primary consideration, and in others, the form must be given a higher priority.
 Purpose of the author and of the translator (producers): to give information
on both form and content; to aim at full intelligibility of the reader so he/she
may understand the full implications of the message.
 Type of audience (target audience): prospective audiences differ both in
decoding ability and in potential interest.

NOMENCLATURE:

 Text
o Source text
o Target text
 Author/translator
 Audience
o Source audience
o Target audience
 Source
 Target
 IOU (I owe you): a document that declares that you owe money to someone.
CONTENT. IOUs have a lot of techniques: you have to translate the content; but
not the stamps (which are described b/w in brackets) and the official signature. If
the source text format does not exist in Spanish, the translator has to indicate the
elements that cannot be translated (such as stamps or signatures). It also has to
be stamped by the traductor Jurado’s official stamp.
 Medical leaflet or medical report (Prospecto). CONTENT. It is important to
make sure the target audience understands the translation.
 A poem. FORM. It is not the same as translating a literary text as for literature.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING

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Written versus spoken language?

Sight translation  traducción a vista  it is used in “mediación cultural”
 Mediación Cultural: La mediación cultural es un proceso de cambio orientado
a mejorar las relaciones, promover la comunicación y favorecer la
integración entre personas y grupos de diferentes culturas. Su objetivo es evitar
o reducir las situaciones que puedan generar conflicto entre los miembros de una
comunidad, precisamente a causa de sus diferencias culturales.
 Traducción a vista: traducción hecha verbalmente sin que el traductor use
ningún tipo de diccionario ni tenga tiempo para reposar el texto.

FIELDS
1. Literary
2. Scientific
3. Technical
4. Legal
5. Economic/Administrative

3/10/23

Masters de traducción

1. Audiovisual
2. Legal/economic  Universidad de Granada
3. Mediation
4. General
5. Editorial  Universidad de Valencia
6. Scientific/technical
7. Interpreting
8. Review
9. Post-edition
Localization  Videogames
Professional and cultural translation  Universidad de Granada

Traduccion e interpretación en UK
Newcastle
Estudio interdisciplinario de educación, derechi, psicología etc
Birmingham

East Anglia
TRADOS

Translation
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The process of translation between two languages involves the translator changing an
original text (the source text or ST)

This is what Jakobson refers to as interlingual translation

Roman Jackobson: 3 types of translation
 Intralingual
 Intersemiotic
 Interlingual

Intralingual translation
It refers to rewording or paraphrasing, summarizing, expanding, or commenting within
a language

Interlingual translation or translation proper is an interpretation of verbal signs by

means of some other language.
Intersemiotic translation
Intersemiotic translation or transmutation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means
of signs of nonverbal sign systems

10/10/2023
LEXICAL ANALYSIS DISCUSSION

a) The lexicon is not a disorganized list of words but a structured network where
words hold multiple relations that may vary in different languages. Every
language has a different structure that may vary according to the way we think.
Example: In Spanish we say “Prensa Rosa” and in English we use “Yellow
Press”.
b) Translators should bear in mind that the meaning of one word in two different
languages does not always correspond exactly, and should then proceed top-
down, that is, from the level of the context to the level of the word. City 
town, village, Hamlet. Ciudad  pueblo, pedanía. In translation we go from the
bottom to the top to find a similar word. (town  city)
c) Ambiguity poses real problems for translators since words in different languages
do not convey the same degree of vagueness or have the same array of
polysemous senses.
d) The ‘vertical’ organization of categories in taxonomic hierarchies is extremely
useful for translators since it provides them with several strategies to bridge the
gaps in the structure of semantic fields when the TL lacks a specific or a general
word..
e) Linguistic typology plays a role in narrative construction and is thus reflected in
the strategies used by translators when working with satellite-framed or a verb-
frame language. English is an analytic language (necesita de satelites para tener
significado. Estos satélites son intraducibles al Español); Spanish is synthetic
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f) Words from different languages may have the same denotations but differ in the
connotations they convey. This difference usually poses problems for translators
when balancing the expressive force of words in the two languages.

24/10/23
Noción de Culturema
Unidad sígnica con contenido cultural.
EQUIVALENTE O ACUÑADO
El equivalente cultural es la traducción aproximada de un término cultural de la LO por otro término
cultural de la LT.
- “A” level
- Selectividad

- Deli
- Ultramarinos

GENERALIZACION
Uso de un equivalente mas general o mas neutro
- Pazo1
- Country house

- A pint
- Una cerveza

PARTICULARIZACION
Uso de un término más concreto (que sería más natural en la lengua meta)
- Una cerveza
- A pint

- ¿Una cervecita?
- Fancy a cheeky pint? (Toque británico)

EQUIVALENTE DESCRIPTIVO
Reemplazo de un término o una expresión por la descripción de su forma o función.
- Botijo
- Traditional Spanish water container made of clay used to keep water cool
through evaporative cooling.

- Gazpacho
- Traditional Andalusian cold tomato soup.

TRASPOSICION
Cambio de elementos gramaticales de la LO a la LT.
- Tras su muerte
- After she had died

- He gave a laugh
- Él se rio.

MODULACION
Tipo de variación hecho mediante un cambio de punto de vista o de perspectiva.

1
Casas de la gente de dinero gallega (cortijo andaluz).
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- Don’t delay
- ¡Date prisa!

- Shallow
- Poco profundo

ADAPTACION
Uso de un equivalente reconocido entre dos situaciones, es un procedimiento como la equivalencia
cultural.
- Yours faithfully
- Le saluda atentamente

- Adaptación cultural
- (nombres de celebridades, por ejemplo)

COMPENSACION
Este es un proceso que utilizamos cuando en una parte de la oración hay una pérdida de significado,
efectos sonoros, efecto pragmático, etc., y la compensamos en otra parte de la misma oración o en otra
oración contigua.
- Ehs eyes move fae the racin form, tae the go-go’s form (Irvine Welsh, Glue).
- Sus ojos van de las rectas de las carreras a las curvas de la go-go.
Mas usada en traducción cultural.

CREACION DISCURSIVA
Se usa para la traducción de títulos de película.

31/10/2023
Presentacion
1. Actively listen
2. Analyse structure
3. Reproduce into another language
a. Anticípate
b. Note taking
c. Cultural awareness
d. Ethics
Simultaneous interpretation: speaker makes a speech, and the interpreter reformulates it into the
language of the target audience, speech requires great knowledge about the topic and the language
multilingual conferences and large events. Interpreters have to bare in mind cultural awareness of the
audience. It is very tiring and demanding, you have to be aware of what you are saying.
Video 1: you have to know the context that you are interpreting.
Video 2: trump is very aggressive-tone is needed and important.
Consecutive interpretation
Speaker makes a speech, the interpreter takes notes and reproduces it.
Events that take less than 2 hours skills: active listening + taking notes
Reproduce it and be able to convey the message as if it were their own speech, different kind of
listening because they are listening to remember everything and reproduce it.
Note taking: symbolically represent all that is important in the speech enough time to think, about that
you want to say.

Whispered interpretation
Interpreting tenders a message from one language into another by whispering it to the client.
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Very complex use of interpretation. You have to do the 3 steps but reproducing by whispering all the
time,. It is essential to have 2+ interpreters that take turns 25/30 mins. It is difficult to get all the
message demands great attention from both interpreter and client.
Chuchotage (whispering in French)
Whispering from long time is bad for vocal strings + hard in a room with a lot of noise. 100/110 wpm.
Relay interpreting
Interpreting listens to speaker + renders the mess to other interpreters who render the message to their
target language group. Multiple target language
Bilateral interpreting
Mix of whispered and consecuitive interpreting
Two or more w
Interpreter as a cultural ambassadors
Bare in mind ethics code of conduct
At sight interpretation
Mix of translation and interpretation
Interpreter reads the info and translated and delivers it in the language of the target audience.
Legal + medical translation
The interpreter not only has to translate but also to take that text and reformulate it into an oral text.
In time + without prior knowledge of context
- Prepared (before-hand reading of the text) higher quality.
- Consecutive
- Synthetic quickly done.
- Explanatory
Inverse translation: mother tongue to another one.
Direct translation: from foreign to mother tongue.