Electrode potential

Bridge
U shaped inverted Faraday 2nd Law

Salt
Also know
n as D tube connecting two Faraday 1st Law
Potential difference aniel Cell:
between electrode and electrolyte solution • Amount of chemical reactions • Amount of substance deposited
at electrodes during Nature of
electrolyte. which occurs at any electrode
Cathode: Copper electrolysis is proportional to Electrode
Ecell = Eright – Eleft during electrolysis by a current is
o o

Anode
Anode: Zinc proportional to the quantity of their chemical equivalent
Negatively charged
Salt bridge: Agar-Agar
Oxidation takes place electricity passed weights → W W W Medium of
Electrolyte: ZnSO4 , CuSO4 through electrolyte → 1 = 2 = 3 Electrolyte
Cell reaction: E1 E2 E3
Zn+ CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu W = zit

Cathode
Cell representation: Positively charged Faraday
Zn(s)| ZnSO4(Sol) || CuSO4(sol) | Cu (s) Laws

Quantitative
reduction takes place
Qualitative aspect depend on

Aspects
Device converting chemical
energy into electrical energy.
Electrochemical series

The arrangement of various electrodes in the

Corrosion increasing order of standard reduction Galvanic/Voltic
Standard Hydrogen Electrode potentials. Cell Electrolytic Cell
Electrochemical (SHE) Reduction Half-Reaction E°(V) Device converting
phenomenon in which Stronger F2(g) + 2e − →
2F−(aq) 2.87 Weaker electrical energy
metal oxide of metal oxidizing H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e − →
2 H2 O (l) 1.78 reducing
agent MnO4− (aq) + 8H +(aq) + 5e − →
Mn2+ (aq) + 4H2 O(l) 1.51 agent into chemical energy.
forms coating on Cl 2(g) + 2e − →
2Cl −(aq) 1.36 Salt Bridge
metal surface. Hydrogen gas Cr 2O22− (aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e − →
2Cr 3+ (aq) + 7H2O (l) 1.33
at 1 atm
O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e − →
2H2O(l) 1.23
Prevention Br 2(aq) + 2e − →
2Br −(aq) 1.09
Ag (aq) + e
+ − →
Ag(s) 0.80 Anode Anode
• Painting, barrier Fe3+(aq) + e − →
2Fe2+ (aq) 0.77 Electrode Cathode
Cathode
protection, rust Platinum foil +
O2(g) + 2H (aq) + 2e − →
H2O2 (aq) 0.70 Electrodes Anode → Positively charged;
solutions. Hydrogen ion I2(s) + 2e − →
2I (aq)
−
0.54
oxidation occurs
O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e− →
4OH−(aq) 0.40
Cu2+(aq) + 2e − →
Cu(s) 0.34 Cathode → Negetively charged;
Example
Sn 4+(aq) + 2e − →
Sn 2+(aq) 0.15 Reduction occurs
0 2H (aq) + 2e
+ − →
H2(g) 0 Electrolyte
For SHE, E cell = 0
Pb2+(aq) + 2e − Pb(s) 0.13
• Rusting of iron.
→ −

Ni 2+(aq) + 2e − →
Ni(s) −
0.26
• tarnishing of Electrolyte
Cd (aq) + 2e
2+ − →
Cd(s) 0.40
−

Silver. Fe2+(aq) + 2e − →
Fe(s) 0.45
Zn 2+(aq) + 2 e− →
Zn(s) −
0.76
2H2O(l) + 2e− →
H2(g) + 2OH−(aq) −
0.83
Al 3+(aq) + 3e − →
Al(s) 1.66
Cell representation
Weaker
Mg2+(aq) + 2e −

oxidizing Na +(aq) + e −
→

→
Mg(s)

Na(s)
−

−
2.37

2.71
Stronger
reducing
Electrochemistry Oxidation Reduction
Battery agent
Li+(aq) + e − →
Li(s) −
3.04
agent
half half

Primary Battery secondary Battery

• reaction occurs Can be recharged Nernst Equation Electrical
only once. by passing current
Properties
• cannot be reuse. in opposite direction.
• For reaction: Mn + + ne − → M(s)

2.303 RT 1
E = E° − log n Kohlrausch's
nF [M + ] APPLICATION
1 law of Independent
• Conductance [G] = Resistance Migration of Ions
Mercury Leclanche Lead storage • For reaction: aA + bB cC + dD unit: Ohm-1 or Siemens
cell battery 2.303RT [C]c [D]d l l At infinite
(dry cell) (Ni-cd cell) Ecell = Ecell

− log a b • Specific conductivity (K) = G = cell constant dilution the To To To
nF [A] [B] a a
-1 molar determine calculate calculate
unit: Ohm-1 cm or S cm-1
conductivity Λm & Λeq degree dissociation

• At Equilibrium Ecell = 0
• Molar conductance (Λm) = 1000 × K of electrolyte of weak of constant
ANODE: Zn - Hg ANODE; Zn ANODE; Pb
1 M is given by sum electrolyt dissociatio of weak
CATHODE; Graphite CATHODE; Pb + PbO
2.303 RT unit: Scm- mol-1 of ionic -es at n: (α) Electrolye
CATHODE:
ELECTROLYTE: ELECTROLYTE; E° cell = log Kc
paste of HgO & C nF • Equivalent conductance (Λeq) = 1000 × K conductivities infinite c
H2SO4 (38% By mass) Λm
α2
kc = c
Powderd MnO2 + C + dilution. α=
of cation & 0
ELECTROLYTE: N Λm
Paste of NH4Cl + ZnCl2 unit: cm2 ohm−1 g − eq−1 anions. 1- α
paste of KOH + ZnO

0
• ∆G = −nFEcell or ∆G = − nFEcell
0 0 0
Λ m = ν +λ + + ν− λ−

anand_mani16 DR. Anand Mani https://www.anandmani.com/ https://discord.io/anandmani t.me/anandmani001