11/8/2023

AHSANULLAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY (AUST)

ME-4203: AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

(Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles)

BY
FAZLAR RAHMAN
Associate Professor
ME Faculty; AUST.
(LEC-11)

ME-4203 (Automobile Engineering)

Automatic Transmission System:
Automatic transmission system include the following basic parts:
 Torque Converter
 Connected to the crankshaft and transmits power to the gear train
 Gear train
 Usually an Epicyclic gear train(s).
 Having three or four forward speeds.
 There is a simple Epicyclic gear train arranged as an external part of the
torque converter.
 Hydraulic system
 It includes some electronic control system.
 It is responsible for engaging or disengaging the various clutches and
gears.

Question: What are main components of automatic transmissions system?

Describe function of each component briefly.

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;

LEC_2;

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.;AUST; ME-4203;

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Link of Video

Differential gear:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OHpETf_XY0s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nC6fsNXdcMQ

Automatic Transmission:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ugao6jTyM7k
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcwG97VMOVk

Question: What are main components of automatic transmissions system?

Describe function of each component briefly.

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;

LEC_2;

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;

LEC_2;

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.;AUST; ME-4203;

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Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;

LEC_2;

ME-4203 (Automobile Engineering)

Automatic Transmission System :
Construction:
 In automatic transmission system, the gears and shifting devices are arranged in
a single row along a common centerline.
 Automatic transaxles have components either in single rows or in two rows with
an offset torque converter.
 Torque converter drives the transmission input shaft through sprockets
connected by drive chain.
 Automatic transaxle drives the front wheels through CV joints and half shaft.

Question: How automatic transmissions system is constructed? Describe

briefly.

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;

LEC_2;

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.;AUST; ME-4203;

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Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;

LEC_2;

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;

LEC_2;

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.;AUST; ME-4203;

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ME-4203 (Automobile Engineering)

Automatic Transmission System (Cont’d):
Torque Converter:
 Torque converter is replaced the mechanical clutch in a vehicle with an
automatic transmission, allowing the load to be separated from the power
source.
 It is usually located between the engine's flex-plate and the transmission.
 Torque converter is generally a type of fluid coupling (but also being able to
multiply torque) that is used to transfer rotating power from a prime mover,
(e.g. an internal combustion engine or electric motor, to a rotating driven load).
 Torque converter is a special type of fluid coupling device. It has curved vanes
that reduce the 'bounce back' effect.
 When the automatic transmission gear is engaged from the start position, the
vehicle starts moving in first gear.
 The transmission up-shifts automatically into higher gears as the accelerator
pedal is depressed by the driver.
 When decelerating, transmission disengages the torque converter clutch (TCC)
and automatically downshifts to first gear as the vehicle stops.

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;

LEC_2;

Question:
What is the function of torque
converter? Where it is use in the
automobile?

Question:
Describe the working principle of
torque converter in automobile
transmission system.

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;

LEC_2;

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.;AUST; ME-4203;

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Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;

LEC_2;

ME-4203 (Automobile Engineering)

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle (Cont’d):
 Construction of Torque Converter:
 The driving member in the torque converter is the impeller or pump and the
driven member is called a turbine.
 The impeller rotates at engine speed and the turbine is connected to the
transmission input shaft
 The third member is the stator.
 It is placed between the inner ends of the impeller and turbine vanes.
 It has curved vanes, which change the direction of fluid flow leaving from
the turbine. It help to multiplication of torque in certain conditions.
 It is mounted on a one-way clutch and can only rotate in the forward
direction.

Question:
What is the function of Stator in Torque Converter? Explain briefly.

Torque Converter Video Link:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tkdx0Gc-_tc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bRcDvCj_JPs
Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;
LEC_2;

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.;AUST; ME-4203;

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Automatic Transmission and Transaxle (Cont’d):
 Working Procedure of Torque Converter:
 Coupling occurs when the turbine is turning as fast as the pump.
 Torque multiplication occurs because of the action of fluid flow and special
vanes in the stator.
 Torque multiplication is needed for acceleration and occurs only when the
impeller turns faster than the turbine.
 Some torque converter has dual stators provides greater torque
multiplication.
 Normally, the impeller turns faster than the turbine—the difference of
speeds is known as the slippage.

Question:
What is the Slippage in the Torque Converter?

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;

LEC_2;

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;

LEC_2;

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.;AUST; ME-4203;

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ME-4203 (Automobile Engineering)

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle (Cont’d):
 Torque Converter Clutch (TCC):
 Normally, the impeller turns faster than the turbine—the difference of
speeds is known as the slippage. It causes power loss through torque
converter.
 A torque converter clutch (TCC) is sometimes used, which locks the torque
converter mechanically to prevent slippage. As a result, it improves fuel
economy and lowers the temperature of the automatic-transmission fluid.
 In most vehicle, the Torque Converter Clutch (TCC) is controlled by Electronic
Control Module (ECM).

Question:
What is TCC? Where is it use in the automobile? Describe the function of
TCC.
Question:
What method is used to prevent slippage in the torque converter?

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;

LEC_2;

ME-4203 (Automobile Engineering)

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle (Cont’d):

Fig. Operation of Torque Converter

Torque Converter
with Locking Clutch

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;

LEC_2;

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.;AUST; ME-4203;

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Automatic Transmission and Transaxle (Cont’d):
 Gear Trains:
 Most automatic transmissions and transaxles have one or more planetary
gear sets.
 A simple planetary gearset can provide following five conditions:
 Speed increase and torque decrease
 Speed decrease and torque increase
 Direct drive—Input and output run with same speed.
 Reverse—output rotates in reverse direction.
 Neutral—Input and output is disconnected.

Question:
What is the function of gear trains in the automobile transmission system?

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;

LEC_2;

ME-4203 (Automobile Engineering)

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle (Cont’d):
 Types of Gearset:
 Three types of gearset are used in automobile Transmission and transaxle
 Simple Planetary
o It has three members an internal or ring gear, a sun gear and a
planet-pinion carrier with two or more planet pinions.
 Simpson Planetary
o It has two separate sets of planet pinions. They revolve around a
common sun gear.
 Ravigneaux (pronounced/sound ‘Raveno’)
o It has an internal gear and two sets of planet pinions, two sun gears
and a planet-pinion carriers. It also known as compound planetary
gearset.
Question:
How many types of Gearsets are used in the automatic transmission system?
Describe each type briefly.

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;

LEC_2;

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.;AUST; ME-4203;

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Simple Planetary Gearset

Simpson Planetary Gearset

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;

LEC_2;

Ravigneaux/ Compound Planetary Gearset

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;

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Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.;AUST; ME-4203;

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Figure: Example of Ravigneaux (Raveno) Planetary Gearset

Video Link about Raveno Gearset :

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7iTn8OWxVFU

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;

LEC_2;

Example of Planetary Gearset

Simpson
Planetary
Gearset

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;

LEC_2;

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.;AUST; ME-4203;

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Automatic Transmission and Transaxle (Cont’d):
Operation of Planetary Gearset:
 If one member is held stationary and one member is turning in the planetary
gearset, this will create either reduction or increase or reverse. The result
depends on which member is kept stationary and which on is turning.
 Various conditions are obtained as shown below.
Condition 1 2 3 4 5 6
Internal gear D H T H T D
Carrier T T D D H H
Sun gear H D H T D T
Speed I I L L IR LR

D – Driven (output); H – Held (stationary); T – Turned or driving (input)

I – Increase speed; L – Decrease speed ; R- Reverse

Question:
How Planetary Gearset operates, explain briefly with the table of condition and
Speed.

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;

LEC_2;

ME-4203 (Automobile Engineering)

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle (Cont’d):
Operation of Planetary Gearset:
Condition 1 2 3 4 5 6
Internal gear D H T H T D
Carrier T T D D H H
Sun gear H D H T D T
Speed I I L L IR LR

D – Driven (output); H – Held (stationary); T – Turned or driving (input)

I – Increase speed; L – Decrease speed ; R- Reverse

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;

LEC_2;

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.;AUST; ME-4203;

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Automatic Transmission and Transaxle (Cont’d):
Controlling Planetary Gearset:
 Planetary gearsets are controlled by bands, one-way clutches, and multiple-disc
clutches.
 One-way clutch operates automatically to prevent a member from turning
backward.
 Many automatic transmissions have one-way clutch (overrunning clutch) that
holds the rear planet carrier stationary in first gear.
 Multiple-disc clutch also used to drive or hold one or more than one member in
stationary.
 Bands and multiple-disc clutches are operated by springs and fluid pressure.
 Fluid pressure is generated in the system by a pump driven by torque converter.
 Pressurized fluid flows through the proper passages to control the bands and
clutches.

Question:
Describe briefly, the controlling system of Planetary Gearset in automatic
transmission system.

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;

LEC_2;

ME-4203 (Automobile Engineering)

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle (Cont’d):
Band and Servo:
 The band is a brake band, which is wrapped around a metal clutch drum. The
band is lined with frictional materials.
 When the band is applied, it tightened on the drum and works like a brake. As a
result, the sun gear stop rotating and are held stationary.
 One end of the band is anchored to the transmission case and the other end of
the band is linked to a servo.
 Servo is hydraulic system that converts hydraulic pressure to mechanical
movement.

Question: What is Band and Servo? Describe the functions of it.

Video Link of Automatic Transmission:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ugao6jTyM7k

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;

LEC_2;

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.;AUST; ME-4203;

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ME-4203 (Automobile Engineering)

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle (Cont’d):
Band and Servo (Continue):

Planetary Gearset with two

Hydraulic controlling devices

Band and Servo

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;

LEC_2;

ME-4203 (Automobile Engineering)

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle (Cont’d):
Band and Servo (Continue):

Figure: Power flow through Planetary Gearset with Band applied.

Question:
Why hydraulic system is needed in the automatic transmission system? What
is the function of hydraulic system?

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;

LEC_2;

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.;AUST; ME-4203;

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Automatic Transmission and Transaxle (Cont’d):
Band and Servo (Continue):

Figure: Disassembled Multiple Disc Clutch

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;

LEC_2;

ME-4203 (Automobile Engineering)

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle (Cont’d):
Band and Servo (Continue):

Clutch Disengaged

Clutch Engaged
Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;
LEC_2;

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.;AUST; ME-4203;

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Automatic Transmission and Transaxle (Cont’d):
 Hydraulic System:
 Hydraulic System in automatic transmission is an essential system to provide
pressurized fluid for operating automatic transmission, transaxle and servo
system.
 It has following functions:
 It supplies fluid to the torque converter.
 It directs pressurized fluid to the band servos and multiple disc clutches.
 It lubricates the internal parts.
 It removes heat generated by the torque converter and other moving
parts.
 Automatic transmission system is filled with Automatic-Transmission-Fluid
(ATF). Without proper amount of ATF, automatic transmission will not work
properly.
 Hydraulic system also include a pump.
 ATF is a special lubricant with the same viscosity of SAE-20 engine.
 Overheated ATF can damage the friction elements (bands and clutches). So,
ATF is cooled by transmission fluid cooler or oil cooler which is located at the
bottom or near to the radiator.

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;

LEC_2;

ME-4203 (Automobile Engineering)

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle (Cont’d):
 Changing of ATF or Servicing Automatic Transmission System:
 ATF need to change in every 30,000 to 60,000 miles or in every five years.
 Some manufacture of the car, recommend to change or flushing in every
15,000 miles in case of heavy duty use.
 It is better to check the service manual and recommendation of the
manufactures.

Question:
What is ATF? Why is it needed in automobile? Describe the function of ATF
briefly.

Question:
Why ATF need a cooling system? How is it cooled in the automobile transmission
system, describe briefly.

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.; AUST; ME-4203;

LEC_2;

Fazlar Rahman; Associate Prof.;AUST; ME-4203;

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