Funct

ion1–Nav
igat
ionOr
alNot
es Page|
1

FUNCTI
ON1

NAUTI
CALPUBLI
CATI
ONS

WHATALLPUBLI
CATI
ONSAREREQUI
REDBYAVESSELTOCARRYONBOARD?
TheCar
ri
ageofNaut
icalPubl
i
cat
ionl
i
sti
sfoundi
nAnnualSummar
yofadmi
ral
tynot
icest
o
mari
ner

LI
STOFOFFI CIALPUBLICATI
ONS
 Int
ernat
ionalcodeofsi
gnal
s
 TheMar
inerHandBook
 MSN,
MGN,
MIN(
M NOTI
CES)
 NTM (
NOTI
CESTOMARI
NERS)
 ALRS
 ALLFS
 Sai
l
ingDi
rect
ions
 Naut
ical
Almanac
 Nav
igat
ionTabl
es
 Admi
ral
tyTi
deTabl
e
 Ti
dal
Str
eam At
lases
 Oper
ati
onandMai
ntenanceI
nst
ruct
ionsf
ornav
igat
ional
aidscar
ri
ed.

1)ADMI
RALI
TYLI
STOFNOTI
CESTOMARI
NERS(
NTM’
S)
(
U.K)

a)Weekl
ynot
icest
omar
iner
s

b)Annual
not
icest
omar
iner
s

c) Cumul
ati
venot
icest
omar
iner
s

a)WEEKLYNOTI
CESTOMARI
NERS

 I
tcont
ainsinformati
ont
hatenabl
est
hemar
inert
okeephi
schar
tsandpubl
i
cat
ionsup
t
odatewithlatestr
epor
ts.

 Tot
alweekl
ynot
icest
omar
iner
sinay
ear
:52
 Theyshoul
dberet
ainedonboar
dunt
ilt
henex
tANNUALSUMMARYTONOTI
CESTO
MARINERSisr
ecei
ved.

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ki
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Funct
ion1–Nav
igat
ionOr
alNot
es Page|
2

 Howeverweekl
yedi
ti
onsdat
ingasf
arbackas18MONTHSmayber
equi
redt
obekept
onboar
d.

Weekl
ynot
icest
omar
iner
sar
edi
vi
dedi
nto8sect
ions:

 Sect
ionI–Expl
anat
orynot
es&I
ndext
ouseofchar
ts&ot
herpubl
i
cat
ions

 Sect
ionI
I–Admi
ral
tyNTM,
Cor
rect
ionst
ochar
ts

 Sect
ionI
II–Repr
int
stor
adi
onav
igat
ionalwar
nings

 Sect
ionI
V–Cor
rect
ionst
oASD

 Sect
ionV–Cor
rect
ionst
oALLFS

 Sect
ionVI–Cor
rect
ionst
oALRS

 Sect
ionVI
I–Updat
est
omi
scel
l
aneousnaut
icalpubl
i
cat
ions

 Sect
ionVI
II–Updat
est
odi
git
alpubl
i
cat
ions

b)ANNUALNOTI
CESTOMARI
NERS-NP247(
1)&NP247(
2)

 I
tispubl
i
shedannual
l
y.

 I
tcont
ainsal
lthecor
rect
ionsf
ort
hepar
ti
cul
ary
ear
.

Cont
ent
sofNP247(
1):

1.Sect
ion1-cont
ainsi
mpor
tantt
opi
cswhi
char
eli
kel
ytor
emai
nval
i
dforsomet
ime(
ex.
Li
stofTSS)

2.Sect
ion2–t
empor
ary&pr
eli
minar
ynot
ices

Cont
ent
sofNP247(
2):

1.Sect
ion1–l
i
stofcur
rentedi
ti
onsofal
lASDwi
tht
hei
rsuppl
ement
s

2.Sect
ion2–amendment
stoASDwhi
chhav
ebeenpubl
i
shedi
nSecI
Vofweekl
yNTM

Tempor
arynoti
ce:
Inf
ormati
onval
idforal
imi
tedperi
odoft
imebutwi
ll
notbei
nit
iat
ed
per
manentl
yift
hedurat
ionofv
ali
dit
yisl
ess,
between3–6months.

Prel
imi
nar
ynoti
ce:Ear
lypromul
gati
ontomarineraboutsomewor
kandact
ion/
wor
kwi
l
lshor
tl
y
betaki
ngpl
aceexample:har
bourdevel
opments

Nav.
Warning:
Ear
lyi
nfor
mat
ionofi
mpor
tanti
nci
dentwhi
chmayconst
it
utet
obeadangert
o
nav
igat
ion.

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ki
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Funct
ion1–Nav
igat
ionOr
alNot
es Page|
3

c)CUMULATI
VENOTI
CESTOMARI
NERS-
NP234(
A)&NP234(
B)

 Publ
i
shedt
wicei
nany
earJANUARY&JULY

 I
tcont
ainsi
nfor
mat
ionaf
fect
ingv
ari
ouschar
ts

 Januar
y&Jul
ybot
hedi
ti
oncont
ainsi
nfor
mat
i ast2y
onofl ear
s(weekl
yNTM’
s)

 Cont
ent
sofbot
hpar
tsar
ethesame

(
INDI
AN)

a)For
tNi
ght
lyedi
ti
on

b)Annual
edi
ti
on

c) Speci
aledi
ti
on

a)FORTNI
GHTLYEDI
TION

 Publ
i
shedev
eryf
ort
night
ly(
15day
s),
ie.01stand15thofev
. erymont
h.

shedbyNAVALHYDROGRAPHI
 Publ
i COFFI
CE,
DEHRADUN

I
tisdi
vi
dedi
nto10Sect
ions

 Sect
ionI–I
ndexofchar
tsaf
fect
ed

 Sect
ionI
I–Per
manentnot
ices

 Sect
ionI
II–Tempor
ary&Pr
eli
minar
ynot
ices

 Sect
ionI
V–Mar
ineI
nfor
mat
ion

 Sect
ionV–Repr
intofr
adi
onav
.War
nings

 Sect
ionVI–Cor
rect
ionst
oASD

 Sect
ionVI
I–Cor
rect
ionst
oALLFS

 Sect
ionVI
II–Cor
rect
ionst
oALRS

 Sect
ionI
X–UseofGPSf
ornav
igat
ionusi
ngl
ocaldat
um char
ts

 Sect
ionX–Repor
ti
ngofnav
.Danger

b)ANNUALEDI
TION

Pul
ki
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Funct
ion1–Nav
igat
ionOr
alNot
es Page|
4

 SameasUKHO

 Publ
i
shedev
eryy
ear

c)SPECI
ALEDI
TION

 I
tispubl
i
shedatani
nter
val
of4YEARS.

 Thei
nfor
mat
ionpubl
i
shedcont
ains:
-

a)Tempor
ary&pr
eli
minar
ynot
ices–annual
summar
y

b)Amendment
stoASD–annual
summar
y

c) Amendment
stoALRS–publ
i
shedquar
ter
ly

d)NAVAREA,
Hydr antmessages–weekl
opl yedi
ti
on

HYDROGRAPHI
CNOTE
 Hydrographicnoteall
owst hemarinertoi
nformtheUKHOaboutanynavi
gati
onall
y
si
gnifi
cantinfor
mation.Thisinf
ormationcouldi
ncl
udeneworsuspect
eddangers,
changestonav i
gati
onalaids,amendment stodet
ail
sincl
udedi
npubli
cat
ionsand
suspectedchartsandpublicati
onsthatcoul
dbecounterf
eit
.

1)H102:Hy
drogr
aphi
cnot
eforGener
ali
nfor
mat
ion

2)H102A:Hy
drogr
aphi
cnot
eforPor
tinf
ormat
ion

3)H102B:Hy
drogr
aphi
cnot
eforGPS/
Char
tdat
um obser
vat
ions

2)CHARTCATALOGUE(
NP131)
 I
thas39sect
ionsand10par
ts

 Revi
sedandre-
publshedon01stDECEMBERofev
i eryy
ear(
Indi
anchar
tcat
alogue
st
publ
ishedon01 JANUARYofev eryy
ear
)

 I
tgi
vesi
nfor
mat
ionl
i
ke:

a)Dat
eofpubl
i
cat
ion

b)Ti
tl
eofchar
t

c) BAchar
tnumber

d)Dat
eofnewedi
ti
on

e) Nat
ural
scal
eforal
lchar
ts

f
) Di
agr
ammat
icr
epr
esent
ati
onofl
i
mit
sofnav
igat
ional
char
ts

Pul
ki
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ion1–Nav
igat
ionOr
alNot
es Page|
5

CORRECTI WEEKLYNTM –SECTI

ONOFCHARTCATALOGUE: ONI
I

3)PAPERCHARTMAI
NTENANCERECORD(
NP133A)
 Cont
ainsl
i
stofal
lpaperchar
tsonboar
d

 Cor
rect
ionst
opaperchar
tsar
ement
ionedi
nthi
srecor
d

4)ADMI
RALTYSAI
LINGDI
RECTI
ONS(
ASD)(
NP1–NP75)
 I
t’
sanot
hernamei
s“PI
LOTBOOK”

 Appl
i
cabl
et ps>
oshi 150GRT

 I
tisessent
ial
forPASSAGEPLANNI
NG

 Cov
ersv
ari
ousnav
igabl
ear
easoft
hewor
ld

 TOTALVOLUMES:
75

 ASDgi
vest
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nfor
mat
iont
othemar
iner
s:

a)Local
regul
ati
ons

b)Cl
i
mat
econdi
ti
ons

c) Nav
igat
ional
hazar
ds

d)Por
tfaci
l
iti
es

e) Har
bourappr
oaches

f
) Buoy
agesy
stem

g)Weat
hercondi
ti
on

 Newv
olumepubl
i
shedev
ery
:12YEARS

 Keptupdat
edbysuppl
ementev
ery
:18MONTHS

 ForI
NDI
A:BAYOFBENGALPI
LOT–NP21

I
NDI
ANWESTCOASTPI
LOT–NP38

CORRECTI WEEKLYNTM –SECTI

ONTOASD: ONI
V,ANNUALNTM –NP247(
2)

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ki
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ion1–Nav
igat
ionOr
alNot
es Page|
6

5)OCEANPASSAGESOFTHEWORLD
 Publ
i
shedbyHYDROGRAPHI
COFFI
CEOFNAVY

 Cont
ainsnot
esonmet
eor
ologi
cal
fact
orsaf
fect
ingt
hepassage

 I
tguidesthemariner
stof
oll
owt
hebestpassagei
napar
ti
cul
armont
hthr
ougha
par
ti
culartr
ack.

 I
tal
sopr
ovi
desi
nfor
mat
ionsuchaswi
nd,
sea,
cur
rent
,ice,
andl
oadl
i
ner
ules.

 I
tisdi
vi
dedi
nto4PARTS:

a)Par
t1–powerdr
ivenv
essel
s(chapt
er1-
8)

b)Par
t2–sai
l
ingv
essel
s(chapt
er9-
11)

c) Par
t3–acompr
ehensi
vegener
ali
ndex

d)Par
t4–char
tsanddi
agr
ams

CORRECTI WEEKLYNTM –SECTI

ONTOOCEANPASSAGESOFTHEWORLD: ONVI
I

6)GUI
DETOPORTENTRY
 I
tispubl
i
shedi
n2v
olumes(
A-K)&(
L-Z)

 Itcover
sthepor
tsofent
ir
eworl
dandgivesi
nfor
mationregar
dingpor
tandharbor
approachest
ovari
ousot
herpar
ti
esconcer
nedwithshi
ppingli
kemaster
s,char
ter
ers,
agents,et
c.

 I
thas2par
ts:

 PART1–I
nfor
mat
ionaboutPor
ts&i
tsappr
oaches

 PART2–Li
stpl
anofi
mpor
tantpor
ts

7)ADMI
RALTYLI
STOFLI
GHT&FOGSI
GNALS(
ALLFS)(
NP74–NP87)

 I
thast
ot 14v
al olumes(
A-H,
J-N&P)

 Vol
umeI&Oar
eomi
tt
ed

 Vol
umeFi
sforI
NDI
A–NP79

 I
tcov
ersal
lthewor
ldgeogr
aphi
cal
l
y

Pul
ki
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ion1–Nav
igat
ionOr
alNot
es Page|
7

 Publ
i
shedev
ery
:12MONTHS

 I
tgi
vesi
nfor
mat
ionaboutt
hel
i
ght
swi
thf
oll
owi
ngchar
act
eri
sti
cs:

a)Locat
ionname

b)Lat&Long

c) Char
act
eri
sti
cs(
ex:
flY4sec)

d)El
evat
ion

e) Range

f
) Hei
ght

g)Remar
ks

h)Lumi
nousr
angedi
agr
am

CORRECTI WEEKLYNTM –SECTI

ONTOALLFS: ONV

8)ADMI
RALTYLI
STOFRADI
OSI
GNALS(
ALRS)(
NP281–NP286)
 I
thast
ot 6v
al ol
umes

 Al
lvol
umespubl
i
shed:
ANNUALLY(
exceptVOL4orNP284)

 Vol
ume4publ
i
shed:
18MONTHS

a)NP281–CoastRadi
oSt
ati
ons

b)NP282–Radi
oNav
igat
ionalAi
ds

c) NP283–Mar
it
imeSaf
etyI
nfor
mat
ionSer
vices

d)NP284–Met
eor
ologi
calObser
vat
ionSt
ati
ons

e) NP285–GMDSS

f
) NP286–Pi
l
otSer
vices,
VesselTr
aff
icSer
vices&Por
tOper
ati
ons

CORRECTI WEEKLYNTM –SECTI

ONTOALRS: ONVI

9)TI
DALSTREAM ATLAS
 Ti
dal
str
eam at
las(
TSA)gi
vest
het
idal
predi
cti
onf
orev
eryhouri
ncl
udi
ngRATE&

Pul
ki
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ion1–Nav
igat
ionOr
alNot
es Page|
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DIRECTIONofthespr
ingsandneapofeach6hr
sbef
oreandaf
terhi
ghwat
erf
ort
he
part
icul
arpl
ace.

 I
thasnoCOMPASSROSE.

 Measur
esbyPARALLELRULER FLOODTI
DE EBBTI
DE

 Di
rect
ionoft
idal
str
eam i
sindi
cat
edbyanar
row

 TI
DALDI
AMONDi
ndi
cat
est
hegeogr
aphi
cal
posi
ti
on. TI
DALDI
AMOND

10)CHARTSYMBOL&ABBREVI
ATI
ONS
 CHART5011(UK)–Iti
sanauti
calpubl
icat
ionpubl
i
shedbyBri
ti
shAdmi
ral
tyt
hatcov
ers
anent
ir
erangeofsy
mbolsandabbrevi
ati
onsusedinBAchar
ts.

 CHART5020(I
NDIAN)–Iti
salsoanautical
publi
cati
onpubli
shedbyNAVAL
HYDROGRAPHICDEPARTMENT, DEHRADUNt hatcont
ainssymbol
susedi
nchar
ts
publ
i
shedbyt
henavalhy
drogr
aphicoff
ice.

11)ADMI
RALTYTI
DETABLES(
NP201–NP208)
 I
tdetai
l
st het
ime&hei
ghtofhi
ghandl
owwat
ersf
orv
ari
ousst
andar
dandsecondar
y
por
tsoftheworl
d.

 I
tispubl
i
shedANNUALLY.

 Tot
alv
olumes:
8vol
umes

1)NP201–UK&I
rel
and

2)NP202–Eur
ope,
Medi
ter
raneanSea&At
lant
icocean

3)NP203–I
ndi
anocean

4)NP204–Sout
hPaci
fi
cocean

5)NP205–Sout
hChi
nasea&I
ndonesi
a

6)NP206–Nor
thPaci
fi
cocean

7)NP207–Sout
hWestAt
lant
icocean&Sout
hAmer
ica

8)NP208–Sout
hEastAt
lant
icocean,
WestAf
ri
ca&Medi
ter
ranean

 I
thas3par
ts:

Pul
ki
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ion1–Nav
igat
ionOr
alNot
es Page|
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Par
t1–pr
edi
cti
onsoft
ime&hei
ghtofhi
gh&l
owwat
ersatst
andar
dpor
ts

Par
t2–pr
edi
cti
onsf
orsecondar
ypor
ts

Par
t3–l
i
stofpr
inci
pal
har
moni
cconst
ant
s

COTTECTI ANNUALNTM
ONTOATT:

12)MARI
NERSHANDBOOK(
NP100)
 I
tisacompr
ehensi
vegui
det
oseamanshi
pandgi
vesi
nfor
mat
ionaboutnav
igat
iont
o
mari
ner
s.

 I
tgivesinformati
onaboutchart
s,nav
.Inf
ormation,suppl
yofchar
ts,
nav.Warni
ngs,
buoyagesy st
em, l
i
ght&fogsignal
s,i
cebergs,
met eorol
ogy,
obser
vati
on&report
ingof
hydr
oi nf
ormat i
on,et
c.

13)ADMI
RALTYDI
STANCETABLES(
NP350)
 Thetabl
esgi
veshort
estnavi
gabl
edist
ancebetweenimport
antposi
ti
ons&chi
efpor
tsof
theworl
dwit
houtconsi
deri
ngtheef
fectofcur
rentandweat
her.

 I
tispubl
i
shedi
n3VOLUMES

1) Vol
1( NP350-
1)–At
lant
icocean,
Medi
ter
raneansea,
Car
ibbeansea,
NW Eur
ope
&GulfofMexi
co

2) Vol2(NP350-
2)–Indianocean,RedSea,Per
sianGul
f,East
ernAr
chi
pel
ago,
2
par
tsofSout
hernOceanfrom SouthAf
ri
catoNewZealand

3) Vol
3(NP350-
3)–Paci
fi
cocean&i
tsseaboundar
y

14)ROUTEI
NGCHARTS
 Thesechar
tsar
eal
socal
l
edPI
LOTCHARTS.

 Ver
yusef
ulf
orpl
anni
ngofoceanv
oyages.Publ
i
shedf
oreachmont
hoft
hey
ear
.

 Thesechar
tsgi
vepr
omi
nentsear
out
es&di
stancebet
weenmaj
orpor
tsf
orapar
ti
cul
ar
month.

 Gi
vesi
nfor
mati
onregar ng–pr
di evai
li
ngcurr
ents,at
mospher i
cpressur
evi
aisobar
s,ai
r
&seat
emperat
ure,
loadli
nezones,i
celi
mit
s,annualvar
iat
ion,et
c.

Pul
ki
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ion1–Nav
igat
ionOr
alNot
es Page|
10

 Tot
alchar
tspubl
i
shed–8x12=96char
ts

 8REGI
ONSARE:

1)Nor
thAt
lant
ic

2) Sout
hAt
lant
ic

3) Nor
thPaci
fi
c

4) Sout
hPaci
fi
c

5) I
ndi
anOcean

6) Mal
accaSt
rai
ttoMar
shal
lI
slands

7) Car
ibbeanSea&Gul
fofMexi
co

8) Medi
ter
ranean&Bl
acksea

15)NAUTI
CALALMANAC
 I
tcont
ainsal
lthedat
arequi
redf
ort
hepr
act
iceofAst
ronomi
cal
nav
igat
ionatsea

 Dat
afort
hewhol
eyeari
spr
ovi
dedi
ntheal
manac

 Publ
i
shed–ANNUALLY

16)STARFI
NDERANDI
DENTI
FIER(
NP323)
 Consi
stsofdi
agr
ams,
onwhi
char
epl
ott
ed,
the57st
arsl
i
stedont
hepagesofNaut
ical
Al
manac.

17)M -NOTI
CES&MS–NOTI
CES
 Thesenot
icescont
ainessent
ial
inf
ormat
ionf
ort
hesaf
etyofshi
ps&seaman

 Thesenot
icescangetsuppr
essed,
cancel
l
edornewpagesi
nser
ted

 Thesenot
icesar
eissuedf
ort
hesaf
etyofnav
igat
ionandacci
dent
swhi
chhav
eoccur
red
ear
li
er.

a)M NOTI
CES

 M not
icesar
ethenot
icest
hatar
epr
int
edbyt
heUKMARI
NEDEPARTMENTon

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acci
dent
sthathadoccur
redear
li
er,
thei
rcausesandr
ecommendat
ionsf
or
prev
enti
on.

 Thesenot
icesar
eissuedas:

1) MARINESHIPPI
NGNOTI CES(
MSN):Thesecontainmandator
y
i
nformati
ont
hatmustbecompli
edwi
threspecttothel
egisl
ati
ont
hey
r
eferto.

2) MARI NEGUIDANCENOTI CE(MGN) :

Thesegi veinf
ormati
onabout
guidancetomari
nersaboutsaf
etyofshippingandofli
featseaandt
o
preventormi
nimizepol
lut
ionfr
om shipping.

3) MARINEINFORMATIONNOTICE(MIN):
Thesegivei
nfor
mationthati
s
val
idf
orashortdur
ati
onoft
imeandisrel
evantf
orasmall
gr oupof
peopl
e.

b)MSNOTI
CES

 MSnoti
cesar
eissuedbyGOVT.OFINDI
A(DGSHI
PPI
NG)onoccur
redacci
dentcauses
andr
ecommendati
onsonprev
enti
on.

18)I
NTERNATI
ONALAERONAUTI
CALANDMARI
TIMESEARCHAND
RESCUEMANUAL(I
AMSARMANUAL)
 Publ
i
shedbyI
MO&I
CAO(
Int
ernat
ional
Civ
ilAv
iat
ionOr
gani
zat
ion)

 I
tisacombi
nedsearch&rescuesystem byci
vi
l avi
ati
on&mari
neorgani
zat
ionst
o
pr
ovi
deassi
stancet
opeopleindi
stresswhil
etravel
li
ngbysea&ai
r

 I
thas3Vol
umes

1.Vol1–Or
gani
sat
ion&Management

2.Vol2–Mi
ssi
onCo-
ordi
nat
ion

3.Vol3–Mobi
l
eFaci
l
iti
es(
Compul
sor
ytobecar
ri
edonboar
d)

 Vol
ume3i
sdi
vi
dedi
nto4Sect
ions:

1)Sec1–Ov
erv
iew

2)Sec2–Render
ingAssi
stance

3)Sec3–Onsceneco-
ordi
nat
ion

4)Sec4–Onboar
dEmer
genci
es

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Var
iousSear
chpat
ter
nsi
nIAMSARar
e:

1)EXPANDI
NGSQUARESEARCH

 Mostef
fect
ivewhent
hel
ocat
ionoft
hesear
chobj
eti
sknownwi
thi
nrel
ati
vel
ycl
ose
l
imi
ts

 Commenceposi
ti
oni
sal
way
sDATUM posi
ti
on

 Appr
opri
atef
orvessel
sorsmal
lboat
stousewhensear
chi
ngf
ordi
str
essedper
sonor
obj
ectwi
thli
tt
leornol
eeway

 Duet
osmal
lar
eai
nvol
ved,
thi
smustnotbeusedbymul
ti
pleai
rcr
aft
sorv
essel
s

 Accur
atenav
igat
ioni
srequi
red,
fir
stl
egi
sor
ient
eddi
rect
lyI
NTOTHEWI
ND t
omi
nimi
ze
er
ror

 Di
ff
icul
tforf
ixed-
wingai
rcr
aftt
ofl
ylegscl
oset
odat
um i
fSi
slesst
han2NM.

2)SECTORSEARCH

 Mostef
fect
ivewhent
heposi
ti
onofsear
chobj
ecti
sknown,
sear
char
eai
ssmal
l
.

 Usedt
osear
chaci
rcul
arar
eacent
eredonadat
um poi
nt.

 Duet
osmal
lar
eai
nvol
ved,
thi
smustnotbeusedbymul
ti
pleai
rcr
aft
sorv
essel
s.

 Anai
rcr
aft&av
essel
maynotbeusedt
oget
herf
ori
ndependentsect
orsear
ches.

 Asuit
abl
emarkerl
ikeasmokef l
oatorr
adi
obeaconmaybedr
oppedatdat
um posi
ti
on
andusedasr
efer
enceforcent
re.

 Forai
rcr
aft
,sear
chpat
ter
nradi
usi
sbet
ween5NM &20NM.

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igat
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 Forvessel
s,sear
chpat
ter
nr adi
usi
sbet
ween2NM &5NM,
eacht
urni
s120degr
ees,
normall
yturnedt
ostar
board.

3)TRACKLI
NESEARCH

 Nor
mall
yusedwhenanai
rcr
aftorv
essel
hasdi
sappear
edwi
thoutat
raceal
ongaknown
r
oute

 Of
tenusedasi
nit
ial
sear
chef
for
tdueoeaseofpl
anni
ng&i
mpl
ement
ati
on

 Sear
chmaybeal
ongonesi
deoft
het
rackl
i
ne&r
etur
ninopposi
tedi
rect
ionont
heot
her
si
de

 Ai
rcr
aftar
efr
equent
lyusedduet
othei
rhi
ghspeed

 Ai
rcr
aftsear
chhei
ght
:300m –600m dur
ingday
,600m –900m dur
ingni
ght

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4)PARALLELTRACKSEARCH

 Usedt
osear
chal
argear
eawhensur
viv
orl
ocat
ioni
suncer
tai
n

 Mostef
fect
iveonwat
ersur
faceorf
latt
err
ain

 Usual
lyusedwhenl
argear
eai
stobedi
vi
dedi
ntosubar
easf
orassi
gnmentt
oindi
vi
dual
sear
chfacil
i
ty

 Sear
chl
egsar
epar
all
elt
oeachot
her&t
othel
ongsi
desoft
hesubar
ea

 Canbeusedbymul
ti
plev
essel
s

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igat
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5)CONTOURSEARCH

 Usedaroundmount
ains&v
all
eyswher
eshar
pchangei
nel
evat
ionmakeot
herpat
ter
ns
notpr
acti
cal

 Sear
chi
sst
art
edf
rom t
hehi
ghestpoi
nt&goest
opt
obot
tom

 Sear
chal
ti
tudei
nter
val
s:150m –300m

 I
fthemount
aincannotbeci
rcl
ed,
successi
vesweepsar
emade

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igat
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6)CO-
ORDI
NATEDVESSEL-
AIRCRAFTSEARCH/CREEPI
NGLI
NESEARCH

 Normal
l
yusedwhenanonscenecoor di
nat
ori
spr
esentt
ogi
vedi
rect
ions&pr
ovi
de
communicat
ionswi
tht
hepar
ti
cipat
ingcraf
t

 Theaircr
aftdoesmostoft
hesearching,whi
let
heshipsteamsalongacour
seata
speeddirect
edbytheonscenecoordinat
orsothatai
rcr
aftcanusei
tasa
checkpoi
nt

 Gi
vesahi
gherpr
obabi
l
ityofdet
ect
ion

 Shi
pspeedv
ari
esaccor
dingt
othespeedoft
heai
rcr
aft&si
zeoft
hepat
ter
n

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WI
LLI
AMSONTURN
 Rudderhar er(
dov inan“
immedi
ateact
ion”si
tuat
ion,
onl
ytot
hesi
deofcasual
ty)

 Af
terdev
iat
ionf
rom t
heor
igi
nal
cour
seby60°
,rudderhar
dov
ert
otheopposi
tesi
de.

 Whenheadingi
s20°shortoftheopposi
tecour
se,
ruddert
omi
dshi
pposi
ti
onandshi
pto
bet
urnedtoopposi
tecourse.

Wi
l
li
amsonTur
n:

1)Makesgoodor
igi
nal
trackl
i
ne

2)Goodi
nreducedv
isi
bil
i
ty

3)Si
mpl
e

4)Takest
hev
essel
far
therawayf
rom spotofi
nci
dent

5)Sl
owpr
ocedur
e

ANDERSONTURN(
ONE/SI
NGLETURN)
 Si
ngl
etur
n(270°manoeuv
re)

 Rudderhar
dov
er(
inan“
immedi
ateact
ion”si
tuat
ion,
onl
ytot
hesi
deofcasual
ty)

 Af
terdev
iati
onf
rom t
hei ni
ti
alcour
seby250°
,ruddert
omi
dshi
pposi
ti
onandst
oppi
ng
manoeuvr
etobeini
ti
ated.

Ander
sonTur
n:

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1)Fast
estr
ecov
erymet
hod

2)Goodf
orv
essel
swi
tht
ightt
urni
ngchar
act
eri
sti
cs

3)Usedmostbyv
essel
swi
thconsi
der
abl
epower

4)Ver
ydi
ff
icul
tforasi
ngl
escr
ewv
essel

5)Di
ff
icul
tbecauseappr
oacht
oper
soni
snotst
rai
ght

SCHARNOVTURN
(
Nott
obeusedi
nan“
immedi
ateact
ion”si
tuat
ion)

 Rudderhar
dov
er

 Af
terdev
iat
ionf
rom t
heor
igi
nal
cour
seby240°
,rudderhar
dov
ert
oopposi
tesi
de

 Whenheadi
ng20°
shortofopposi
tecour
se,
ruddert
omi
dshi
pposi
ti
onsot
hatshi
pwi
l
l
t
urnt
oopposit
ecour
se

Schar
novt
urn:

1)Wi
l
ltakev
essel
backi
ntoherwake

2)Lessdi
stancei
scov
ered,
sav
ingt
ime

3)Cannotbecarri
edoutef
fect
ivel
yunl
esst
heti
meelapsedbet
weenoccur
renceof
i
ncidentandcommencementofmanoeuvrei
sknown.

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19)MERCHANTSHI
PSEARCHANDRESCUEMANUAL(
MERSAR)
 Thi
smanual
wasr
epl
acedbyI
AMSARmanual
.

 I
twaspubl
i
shedbyI
MO.

 I
twassodesi
gnedt
oai
dthemast
erofanyv
essel
whowascal
l
edupont
oconductSAR
oper
ati
on

Cont
ent
sofMERSAR:

Chap1 Co-
ordi
nat
ionofsear
ch&r
escueoper
ati
on

Chap2 Act
ionbyashi
pindi
str
ess

Chap3 Act
ionbyassi
sti
ngshi
ps

Chap4 Act
ionbySARai
rcr
aft

Chap5 Pl
anni
ng&conduct
ingt
hesear
ch

Chap6 Concl
usi
onofsear
ch

Chap7 Communi
cat
ions

Chap8 Ai
rcr
aftcasual
ti
esatsea

Annex1 St
andar
dfor
matf
orsear
ch&r
escuesi
tuat
ionr
epor
t(SI
TREP)

Annex2 Manov
erboar
dmanoeuv
res

Annex3 Regul
ati
onV/
10ofSOLAS‘
74

Di
ff
erencebet
weenI
AMSAR&MERSAR

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a)I
AMSARi
spubl
i
shedbyI
MO&I
CAOwher
easMERSARwaspubl
i
shedbyI
MO

b)I
AMSARcontai
nsaddedsear
chpat
ter
nswher
eincompar
edt
oMERSARwhi
chhad
l
i
mit
edsear
chpatter
ns

c) I
AMSARhas3v
olumeswher
eas,
MERSARhadonl
y1v
olume

I RES(
NSPI Indi
anShi
pPosi
ti
oni
ng&I
nfor
mat
ionRepor
ti
ngSy
stem)
 4t
ypesofmessagesar
erequi
red:

1) SAI
LINGPLAN:f
ewhour
sbef
ore&af
terdepar
tur
e

2) POSI
TIONREPORTI
NG:wi
thi
n24hr
sbef
oredepar
tur
e

3) DEVI
ATI
ONREPORT:i
fanychangei
nsai
l
ingpl
an

4) FI
NALREPORT:i
mmedi
atel
ypr
iorr
eachi
ngdest
inat
ion

AMVER(
Aut
omat
edMut
ualAssi
stanceVesselRepor
ti
ngSy
stem)
 I
tisawor
ldwi
der
epor
ti
ngsy
stem managedbyt
heUScoastguar
d

 Anyvesselof1000GT&abov
eoranyv
essel
wit
hvoy
ageof24hr
sormor
ecan
par
ti
cipat
einAMVER.

1) SAI
LINGPLAN:5day
soraweekbef
oresai
l
ing

2) DEPARTUREREPORT:
assoonaspossi
ble

3) POSI
TIONREPORT:wi
thi
n24&48hr
s

4) ARRI
VALREPORT:j
ustpr
iort
oar
ri
val
por
t

5) DEVI
ATI
ONREPORT:i
fanychangei
nsai
l
ingpl
an

MOSAR(
I IMOSear
ch&RescueManual
)
 I
tgiv
esguidel
inest
othegov
ernmenti
nimpl
ement
ingobj
ect
ivesofI
nter
nat
ional
Convent
ionofMari
ti
meSAR1979

 2par
tsar
e:

1)Par
t1–deal
swi
tht
heor
gani
sat
ionofexi
sti
ngser
vices

2)Par
t2–cont
ainsi
nfor
mat
iont
oassi
stal
lper
sonnel

20)BRI
DGEPROCEDUREGUI
DELI
NES(
BPG)

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 Thisisthebookt
hatprov
idesgui
deli
nes,
var
iouscheckl
i
stsf
orsaf
enav
igat
ionand
checkli
stsusedi
ncasesofemergenci
es

 Publ
i
shedby
:INTERNATI
ONALCHAMBEROFSHI
PPI
NG

 I
thas3sect
ions

Par
tA–Gui
dancef
orMast
ers&Wat
chkeepi
ngOf
fi
cer
s

1)Br
idgeor
gani
sat
ion

2)PassagePl
anni
ng

3)Dut
iesofOf
fi
ceronwat
ch

4)Oper
ati
on&mai
ntenanceofbr
idgeequi
pment
s

Annex1 Pi
l
otcar
d

Annex2 Wheel
housepost
er

Annex3 Gui
danceonst
eer
inggeart
estr
out
ine

Annex4 Not
iceont
hecor
rectuseofVHFchannel
s

Annex5 Requi
redboar
dingar
rangement
sforpi
l
ot

Par
tB–Br
idgeCheckl
i
sts

1)Fami
l
iar
isat
ionwi
thbr
idgeequi
pment

2) Dai
l
ytest
s&checks

3)Pr
epar
ati
onf
orsea

4)Embar
kat
ion/Di
sembar
kat
ionofpi
l
ot

5)Mast
er/pi
l
oti
nfor
mat
ionexchange

6)Nav
igat
ion–Deepsea

7)Nav
igat
ion–Coast
alwat
ers/t
raf
fi
csepar
ati
onschemes

8)Changi
ngov
ert
hewat
ch

9)Pr
epar
ati
onf
orar
ri
val
inpor
t

10)Anchor
ingandanchorwat
ch

11)Rest
ri
ctedv
isi
bil
i
ty

12)Nav
igat
ingi
nheav
yweat
herort
ropi
cal
stor
m ar
eas

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igat
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13)Nav
igat
ingi
nice

Par
tC–Emer
gencyCheckl
i
sts

1)Mai
nengi
nef
ail
ure

2)St
eer
ingf
ail
ure

3)Gy
rof
ail
ure/Compassf
ail
ure

4)Br
idgecont
rol
/Tel
egr
aphf
ail
ure

5)I
mmi
nentcol
l
isi
on/Col
l
isi
on

6)St
randi
ng

7)Fi
re

8)Fl
oodi
ng

9)Boat/l
i
fer
aftst
ati
ons

10)Manov
erboar
d

11)Sear
ch&Rescue

BRI
DGEEQUI
PMENTS

1)BRI
DGENAVI
GATI
ONALWATCHALARM SYSTEM (
BNWAS)
 Vessel
mor
ethan150GTshoul
dhav
eBNWASl
atestbyJul
y’2014.

 ThepurposeofBNWASi stomoni
torbr
idgeact
ivi
ty&det
ectoper
atordi
sabi
l
itywhi
ch
coul
dleadtomarineacci
dent
s.

 Syst
em monitorstheawarenessoft
heOOW &automati
cal
l
yalertst
hemasteror
anotherqual
i
fiedOOW iff
oranyreasont
heOOW becomesincapabl
eofper
formi
ngt
he
duti
es.

OPERATI
ONALSEQUENCEOFI
NDI
CATI
ONS&ALARMS

1)Onceoper
ati
onal
,theal
arm shoul
dremai
nDORMANTf
orper
iodbet
ween3-
12seconds

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igat
ionOr
alNot
es Page|
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2)Att
heendoft
hisper
iod,
thesy
stem shoul
dini
ti
ateaVI
SUALI
NDI
CATI
ONonbr
idge

3)I
fnotreset,t
hesyst
em shoul
dsoundanaudi
bleal
arm ont
hebr
idge15secaf
tert
he
v
isual
indicati
oni
sindi
cated.

4)I
fnotreset
,thesystem shoul
dsoundasecondaudi
blealar
mi nt
hebackupOOW’s
l
ocat
ionormast er
’slocati
on15secaf
tert
hefir
staudi
blealar
misini
ti
atedont
hebr
idge.

5)Ifst
il
lnotresett
heni
tshoul
dsoundanal
arm atl
ocat
ionoffur
thercr
ewmember
s
capableoftaki
ngact
ion90secaf
tert
hesecondaudi
bleal
arm.

2)GYROCOMPASS
 I
thasanel
ect
ri
cal
l
ydr
ivenGYROSCOPE.

 Aheav
ywel
lbal
ancedwheel
spi
nni
ngatmor
ethan20,
000r
pm.

 I
tdoesnotdependonEARTH’
SMAGNETI
SM.

 I
tisf
reef
rom v
ari
ati
on&dev
iat
ionofmagnet
icef
fect
.

 I
thasf
reedom ofmov
ementon3axes:

1)SPI
NAXI
S

2)HORI
ZONTALAXI
S

3)VERTI
CALAXI
S

 PRI
NCI
PLE:

I
tworksonthepri
nci
pleofGYROSCOPI CINERTI
A, wher
einafreel
ysuspendedmagnet
wi
ll
pointt
owardsN–Sdi rect
ioncont
inuousl
yunlessacteduponbyanexternal
for
ce.

 ERRORS:

1) SPEEDERROR:
Whent
hev
essel
ismov
ing,
thespeed&cour
seaf
fect
sthegy
ro

 Er
rormaxi
mum:
N–Sdi
rect
ion

 Er
rormi
nimum:
E–W di
rect
ion

 I
nnor
ther
lycour
seer
rori
sWESTandi
nsout
her
lycour
seer
rori
sEAST.

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igat
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2) LATI
TUDEERROR:Al
soknownasDAMPI
NGer
ror
.(Dampi
ngi
sthet
il
tint
heSPI
Naxi
s)

 Er
rori
spr
opor
ti
onal
tot
angentofl
ati
tudei
.e.i
tincr
easeswi
thl
ati
tude

 Hi
ghert
hel
ati
tude,
smal
l
ert
heEar
th’
srot
ati
onal
speed

3)FI
RSTROLLI
NGERROR

4)I
NTERCARDI
NALROLLI
NGERROR

5)BALLI
STI
CDEFLECTI
ON

6)BALLI
STI
CTI
LT

ADVANTAGES

1)I
tal
way
sshowsTRUENORTH

2)I
thasnumberofr
epeat
ers

3)Thei
nputcanbef
edt
oRADAR/
ARPA/
AUTOPI
LOTet
c.

4)Doesnotuseear
th’
smagnet
icf
iel
dasr
efer
ence

DI
SADVANTAGES

1)I
tisel
ect
roni
cequi
pment
.Ifpoweri
shi
nder
ed,
thegy
rost
ops.

2)I
ftheaxl
eisoutbysev
eral
degr
eest
heni
tmi
ghtt
akesomet
imet
oset
tl
edown.

PRECESSI
ON

Iti
stheangul
ardi
splacementofthespinaxi
swhenator
queisappl
i
edtothegyroscope.When
thi
storquei
sappl
iedtheresul
ti
ngmov ementwi
llbei
nadir
ecti
onatri
ghtangl
etothetorque
appli
ed.

TI
LT

I
tist
heangl
eofel
evat
ionordepr
essi
onoft
hespi
naxi
sabov
eorbel
owt
hehor
izont
al.

Rat
eoft
il
ti
ng=15(
deg)xSi
nAzi
mut
hxCosLat-
--
-permi
nut
eoft
ime

DRI
FT

I
tist
hemov
ementofspi
naxi
sint
hedi
rect
ionofazi
mut
h.

Rat
eofdr
if
t=15(
deg)xSi
nLat-
--
-permi
nut
eoft
ime

 Att
heequat
or,
onl
yti
l
t&nodr
if
t

Pul
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 Att
hepol
e,onl
ydr
if
t&not
il
t

HOW TOMAKEGYRONORTHSEEKI
NG?
 Ther equir
ementofgyr
oisthatitmustset
tl
edownandmaintainafixeddir
ecti
onwi t
h
respecttoeart
h.Thi
ssett
li
ngpositi
onshouldbesuchast
hatifthegy r
oisdist
urbed,i
t
mustr etur
nbacktothedi
recti
on.Tohavethi
swemustcontr
ol thegyroandmakei t
northseeking.

 I
ngeneral
,i
tisdonebycr
eat
ingat
orqueaboutt
hehori
zont
alEast-
Westaxi
s,whi
ch
pr
oducesaprecessi
oni
nAzi
muth,
andcausesthespi
naxistoseekthemer
idi
an.

 Thecont
rol
weight(Top/Bott
om HeavyEf
fect
)causesthespinaxi
stopr
ecessnor
th
endtowest
wardswhenthatendist
il
tedabovethehor
izont
alandnort
hendtoeast
ward
whenti
lt
edbel
owt hehor
izont
al.

Whathappenst
oGy
roi
fiti
sbr
oughtt
othepol
es?

a)I
fthegyroispl
acedatt
hepol
eswi
thi
tsaxi
spoi
nti
ngeast
war
ds,
itwi
l
lexper
ienceonl
y
dr
iftandnott
il
t.

b)I
fitisplacedonthepoleswi t
haxispoi
nti
ngnort
herly,
ther
ewil
lbenot
il
tordr
if
twit
hthe
rot
ationoftheeart
h,butitwil
lexhi
bitt
urnabl
eeffect(WANDERI
NG)wi
thit
saxis
poi
ntingtowardsthecelest
ialpol
e.

WhydoesGy
rof
ail
athi
gheral
ti
tude?

a)Thi
si ospeedanddampi
sduet ng/l
ater
ror

b)Whenshiptr
avel
sinanor
ther
lycour
set
hegy
roset
tl
est
oti
l
tinwestandf
orsout
her
ly
cour
setowardseast
.

c) I
naneast
erl
yorwest
erl
ycour
set
heer
rori
saddedorsubt
ract
ed.

3)MAGNETI
CCOMPASS
 I
ti hepr
st imar
ymeansofdi
rect
ioni
ndi
cat
ionoft
hev
essel
.

 I
tist
heshi STANDARDCOMPASS.
ps’

 I
tisf
it
tedabov
ethebr
idgeont
hemonkeyi
slandatt
hecent
rel
i
neoft
heshi
p.

TYPESOFMAGNETI
CCOMPASS

 DRYCARDCOMPASS

1)Madeofr
icepaper

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alNot
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2)Di
a–254mm

3)Cov
er–al
umi
nium r
ing

 WETCARDCOMPASS

1)Li
qui
d–mi
xtur
eofdi
sti
l
ledwat
er&pur
eet
hyl
alcohol

2)Madeofmi
ca

3)Di
a–15cm

4)Bowl
Dia–23cm

REMOVALOFBUBBLESI
NCOMPASS

1)Ti
l
tthebowl
togett
hef
il
terhol
eont
het
op

2)Unscr
ewt
hebowl

3)Topupwi
thmi
xtur
eofet
hyl
alcohol
anddi
sti
l
ledwat
er

4)Scr
ewt
henutback

4)GLOBALPOSI
TIONI
NGSYSTEM (
GPS)
tsasat
 I ell
i
tebasednav
igat
ionsy
stem

 Itper
mitsuserswit
hsui
tabl
erecei
ver
stoestabl
isht
hei
rposi
ti
on,speed&ti
meonl
and,
seaorinairatanyt
imeofthedayorni
ghtandinanyweat
hercondi
tion.

 I
tconsi
stsof24sat
ell
i
tesi
n6di
ff
erentor
bit
s.

 Mor
eaccur
atet
hananyot
herexi
sti
ngsy
stem,
wit
hwor
ldwi
decov
erage.

SEGMENTSOFGPS

1) GROUNDBASEDSEGMENT–5l
andbasedmoni
tor
ingst
ati
onst
hatmoni
tort
he
sat
ell
i
tes.

2) SPACESEGMENT–24sat
ell
i
tesi
n6di
ff
erentor
bit
s

3) RECEI
VERSEGMENT–r
ecei
veruni
twi
thbui
l
tincomput
er,
recei
vi
nguni
tant
enna&a
di
spl
ayuni
t.

ERRORSOFGPS

1) I
ONOSPHERI C&TROPOSPHERICDELAY–v el
ocit
yofwavesv
aryastheypasst
hrough
di
ff
erentl
ayer
soft
heatmospher
e,henceaf
fect
ingthet
imemeasur
ement&positi
onfi
x

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ki
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ion1–Nav
igat
ionOr
alNot
es Page|
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won’tbeaccurate.Eachsat
ell
i
tetr
ansmitsmessageon2fr equenci
es.Dualfrequency
recei
verrecei
vesboththefr
equenci
es,corr
ect
ioni
scalcul
at ed&compensat edand
recei
veri
ssodesi gnedastonotsel
ectasatel
li
tewhoseelev at
ioni
slessthan9.5
degrees.

2) USERSCLOCKERROR–i ftheuser
’scl
ocki
snotpr oper
lysy
nchr
onizedwithsatel
l
ite
cl
ock,
rangemeasurementwill
notbeaccur
ate.Rangemeasurementalongwithcl
ock
er
rori
scall
edpseudorange.

3) SATELLI
TECLOCKERROR–t
hisi
scausedduet
oer
rori
nsat
ell
i
tecl
ockwi
thr
espectt
o
GPStime.

4) GEOMETRI CDILUTI
ONOFPRECESSI ON( GDOP)–GDOPofasat ell
i
tedetermi
nest
he
angleofcut
,whichi
ntur
ngovernsthequali
tyofposit
ionobt
ained.Widert
heangul
ar
separat
ionbet
weenthesat
ell
i
tes,moretheaccuracyofthef
ix.

5) MULTIPATHERROR–i ti
scausedbysat
ell
i
t esi
gnal
sar
ri
vi
ngdi
rect
lyf
rom t
hesat
ell
i
te
andt
hosethatgetdef
lectedbyot
herobj
ects.

6) DEVIATI
ONOFSATELLITEFROM PREDICTEDPATH–sat
ell
i
tesar
emoni
tor
edandt
hei
r
pat
hsarepr
edi
ctedbygroundbasedsegment
s.

5)DI
FFERENTI
ALGPS(
DGPS)
 Thedi
ff
erent
ial
GPSsy
st susedt
em i oenhancet
heaccur
acyoft
henor
malGPSsy
stem.

 I
tisusedi
nsurvey
ing,dredgi
ng,
dri
l
li
ng,
oceanogr
aphyet
cwher
ehi
gheraccur
acyof
posi
ti
onfi
xisr
equired.

 Wi
thDGPsr
ecei
ver
s,t
heposi
ti
onaccur
acyi
senhancedgoi
ngf
rom 30met
erst
o10
met
ers.

 Thegroundst at
ionsusethei
rpreci
selocat
iontocalcul
ateanyer
rorf
rom t
hereceived
satel
l
itedataandproducelocal
correct
ionfact
ors.Thesecorr
ect
ionf
actor
scant henbe
tr
ansmi t
tedtoGPSr ecei
ver.

 Ther
ear
e2met
hods:

1)Cor
rect
ionsi
nter
msofcoor
dinat
esar
ebr
oadcast
edt
otheuser
s.

 Theaccur acydecr
easesasthedist
anceofuserf
rom t
her ef
erencestat
ionincr
eases.
Besidestherefer
encestat
ionandtheusermustsel
ectthesamesat el
li
tewhichisnot
possibl
east heuserdoesnothavetheopti
ontosel
ectsatel
li
tesmanually
.

2) I
nsecondmethod,bot
hthebasest
ati
onandt
heGPSequi
ppedv
ehi
cler
ecei
vedat
afr
om
t
hesamesatel
li
tes.

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alNot
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6)ECHOSOUNDER
 I
tisel
ect
roni
cequi chmeasur
pmentwhi est
hedept
hofseabed.

 Acoust
icpulsesofv
eryshor
tdur
ati
onar
etr
ansmi
tt
edv
ert
ical
l
yatt
her
ateof5–600
pul
ses/min.

 Pulsesstri
ketheseabed,ar
erecei
vedasechoes,
convert
edtoelect
ri
csignal
sbythe
transducer
,andarethensendtothest
yluswhi
chproducescor
respondi
ngmar ksont
he
recordi
ngpaper.

Dept
hmeasur
ement
:

D=vxt/2

 Mini
mum measur
abl
edept
h–i hePULSELENGTHandi
tdependsont stheor
eti
cal
l
yhal
f
t
hePL.

 Maxi
mum measurabledepth–itdependsonPULSEREPITITI
ONFREQUENCY.ThePRF
i
sautomat
ical
l
yselectedandchangesastherangescal
echanges.

RANGI
NG

 Inechosounderthestyl
usismovingwit
hcert
ainconstantspeedandtransmission
takespl
acewhent hestyl
uspassesthezer
omar k.Whenhigherrangei
sselectedthe
speedofstyl
usisreducedasstyl
ushasthepaperforl
ongerdurati
on.Thissystem i
s
caledr
l angi
ng.

PHASI
NG

 Inphasingthespeedofst yl
usmot orremainsconstant
.Inst
eadofchangi
ngthespeed
ofstyl
usthet r
ansmissionpointisadvanced.Thesensorsareposi
ti
onedaroundthe
sty
lusbelt.Themagnetgener atesthepulsewhenitpassesthesensorwhi
chinturn
acti
vatesthetransmi
tter.

ERRORS

1) Vel
ocityofpropagati
oninwater–thevel
ocit
yofwav eschangeswit
htemperat
ure,
sal
i
nityorpressurechange.I
fvel
ocit
yisnotcor
rect
,thedepthrecor
dedwi
llbe
i
naccurate.

2) St
ylusspeeder
ror–causedduet
ofl
uct
uat
ioni
nsuppl
yvol
tage.

3) Pythagoraser
ror–causedwhendi
ff
erentt
ransducer
sar
eusedf
ort
ransmi
ssi
onand
recepti
on.

4)Mul
ti
pleechoes

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ki
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igat
ionOr
alNot
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29

5)Ther
malanddensi
tyl
ayer
s

6)Aer
ati
oner
ror

7)Zer
oli
neadj
ust
menter
ror

7)DOPPLERLOG
 Iti
sbasedonthepri
nci
pleofDOPPLERSHI FTINFREQUENCYMEASUREMENTi .e.
appar
entchangei
nthefrequencyrecei
vedwhenthedist
ancebetweensourceand
obser
veri
schangi
ngduet ocontinuousmoti
onofeit
hersourceorobser
verorboth.

 Atransducerf i
tt
edatthebott
om oftheshipemitsaconti
nuousbeam ofsound
vi
brati
onsi nthewateratanangleof60degreestothekeelinforwar
ddi r
ecti
on.The
beam isbouncedof ft
heseabedorlayerofwaterandreceivedbackatthetransducer
.
Thedifferenceinfr
equencybetweenthetr
ansmittedandreceiv
edsignalsismeasured
andispr oport
ional
tothespeedoftheship.

GROUND/BOTTOM TRACK(
SPEEDOVERGROUND)

 Whenthesi
gnali
sbouncedofft
heseabedorbott
om,thespeedindi
cat
edwi
l
lbei
n
r
elat
iont
othefi
xedseabedandist
heref
or edgr
ecal
l oundtrack.

WATERTRACK(
SPEEDTHROUGHWATER)

 Indeepwater
swher
ethedepthismor
e,thesi
gnalisbouncedoffalay
erofwat
er,
the
speedindi
cat
edwi
ll
beinrel
ati
ontowaterl
ayerandisther
efor
etermedaswatert
rack.

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ki
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igat
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alNot
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30

JANNUSCONFI
GURATI
ON

 MostDoppl erlogshavetransducerstomeasurebothforeandaftspeedsaswellas
athwartshi
ptransducertomeasur espeedinat
hwartshipdi
rect
ion.Suchtr
ansducer
s
thatmeasurebot halongshi
paswel lasathwar
tshi
pspeedi scaled“
l JANNUS
CONFI GURATION” .I
tisaccurat
eofalllogs,
useful
forbothoceannav i
gat
ionand
berthi
ng.

ERRORS

1)Er
rori
ntr
ansduceror
ient
ati
on

2)Er
rori
nosci
l
lat
orf
requency

3)Er
rori
npr
opagat
ionv
eloci
tyofacoust
icwav
e

4)Er
rorduet
oshi
p’
smot
ion

5)Er
rorduet
oef
fectofr
oll
i
ngandpi
tchi
ng

6)Er
rorduet
oinaccur
acyi
nmeasur
ementofcompar
isonf
requency

7) Er
rorduet
osi
del
obe

8)ELECTRONI
CCHARTDI
SPLAY&I
NFORMATI
ONSYSTEM (
ECDI
S)
 Elect
roni
cchar
tbyi
tsel
fisani
mageofpaperchar
tdi
spl
ayedonacat
hoder
ayt
ube
(CRT).

PERFORMANCESTANDARDSOFECDI
S

1)Pr
imar
yfunct
ionshoul
dbesaf
etyofnav
igat
ion

2)Shoul
dhav
eal
lfaci
l
iti
esofBAchar
ts

3)Shoul
dcompl
ywi
thSOLAS

4)Shoul
dcompl
ywi
thGMDSSr
equi
rement
s

5)Easyandr
eli
abl
eupdat
esshoul
dbeav
ail
abl
e

6)Shouldhaveaudi
o/v
isualal
armi
ndi
cat
ionsf
orsaf
etyofnav
igat
ionandsy
stem
malfunct
ion

7)Theaut
hor
it
iespubl
i
shi
ngENC’
sshoul
dbegov
ernmentappr
oved

8) Musthav
eabackupsy
stem

LI
MITATI
ONSOFECDI
S

1)Rel
i
abi
l
ityonel
ect
ri
csuppl
y

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ki
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igat
ionOr
alNot
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31

2)Rel
i
abi
l
ityonf
eedf
rom ot
herequi
pment
s

3)El
ect
roni
cnav
igat
ional
char
ts(
ENC)ar
enotav
ail
abl
eforwor
ldwi
decov
erage

UPDATES

Updat
esar
epr
ovi
dedby
:

1)Mar
ineDat
aSer
vices(
MDS)

2)Admi
ral
tyI
nfor
mat
ionOv
erl
ay(
AIO)

CHARTUPDATI
NG

1) Corr
ecti
ononf
loppyorCD–suppli
edt
onavigat
oronl
yinpor
ts.I
ftheCDi
smi
spl
aced
thenextCDwi
l
lhaveall
thepr
evi
ousupdat
es.

2) E-
mai
l–l
atestcor
rect
ionsar
eal
sosentv
iae-
mai
l
.

3) Websit
e–chart
scanalsobeupdat
edonl
i
newher
eint
hemanuf
act
urercansuppl
y
cor
rect
ionsv
iahi
swebsit
e.

4) Broadcast–latestsyst
em ofupdati
ngchart
sisthatmanuf
act
urertr
ansmit
sthechar
t
updatesasbroadcast,i
nacodedf ormat
.Dedicat
edsoft
warei
sfit
tedint
heECDISwhich
recei
vesupdates,decodesthem andcor
rect
ionofchar
tscanbedone.

Di
ff
erencebet
weenRASTER&VECTORchar
ts

RASTERCHART VECTORCHART

1)I
nfor
mat
ioni
sst
oredassi
ngl
elay
er 1)i
nfor
mat
ioni
sst
oredi
nvar
iousl
ayer
s

2)Di
rectcopyofpaperchar
t 2)comput
ergener
atedchar
t

3)Char
tappear
scl
utt
ered 3)cl
utt
eri
ngofchar
tcanbeav
oided

4)Seaml
esschar
tsnotpossi
ble 4)seaml
esschar
tisaf
eat
ure

5)Di
spl
ayr
egener
ati
ont
akest
ime 5)di
spl
ayr
egener
ati
oni
sfast
er

6)Saf
etydept
hs,
etcal
armsnotpossi
ble 6)saf
etydept
h,et
cal
armsar
epossi
ble

7)Scal
eofchar
tcan’
tbechanged 7)v
iewi
ngondi
ff
erentscal
eisaf
eat
ure

8)Zoomi
ngf
aci
l
itynotpossi
ble 8)zoomi
ngf
aci
l
itypossi
ble

9)Cheapert
opr
oduce,
easi
l
yav
ail
abl
e 9)cost
ly&t
imeconsumi
ngt
opr
oduce

10)Wor
ldwi
decov
erage 10)nowor
ldwi
decov
erage

11)I
nfor
mat
ioncanonl
ybeadded 11)I
nfor
mat
ioncanbeadded&del
eted

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ki
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igat
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alNot
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9)AUTOMATI
CIDENTI
FICATI
ONSYSTEM (
AIS)
 AISisashipboar
dbroadcastt
ranspondersyst
em inwhi
chshipscont
inuousl
ytr
ansmi
t
t r“
hei STATIC”&“DYNAMIC”datatoothernearbyshi
psandshoreaut
horit
iesona
commonVHFr adi
ochannel.

 Vessel
smor
ethan300GTar
erequi
redt
ocar
ryAI
S.

 AI
Sisdesi
gnedt
ooper
atei
noneoft
hef
oll
owi
ngmodes:

1)Shi
ptoshi
pmodef
or“
Col
l
isi
onAv
oidance”

2)Asameansf
orcoast
alst
atest
oobt
aini
nfor
mat
ionaboutav
esselandi
tscar
go

3)Asatraf
fi
cmanagementt
oolwheni
ntegr
atedwi
th“
VesselTr
aff
icI
nfor
mat
ionSer
vices
(VTI
S)”

PRI
NCI
PLE

 I
nAI St
heprincipl
eusedt
otransmi
tdataonasingl
eVHFchannel
isobt
ainedbySTDMA
i
.e.Sel
f-
Organizi
ngTimeDiv
isi
onMult
ipl
eAccess

 UnderSTDMAeachmi
nuteofti
mei
sdi
vi
dedi
nto2250t
imesl
otsandi
susedbymul
ti
ple
vessel
sinsi
ngl
eti
meper
iod.

FREQUENCI
ESOFTRANSMI
SSI
ON

 AI 87B(
S1–channel 161.
975MHz)

 AI 88B(
S2–channel 162.
025MHz)

I
nfor
mat
ionpr
ovi
dedbyAI
S

1) STATICDATA–IMOnumber
,cal
lsi
gn,
name,
lengt
h,beam,
typeofshi
p,l
ocat
ionof
posi
ti
onfi
xi
ngant
enna

2) DYNAMICDATA–v
essel
’
sposi
ti
on,
time,
cour
se,
speed,
headi
ng,
nav
igat
ionalst
atus,
ROT,et
c

3) VOYAGERELATEDDATA–shi
p’
sdr
aft
,dest
inat
ion,
hazar
douscar
go,
way
poi
nts,
etc

4)SAFETYRELATEDMESSAGE–shor
tmessagesr
elat
edt
osaf
ety

St
aticandvoyagerel
ateddat
aistr
ansmi
tt
edev
ery6mi
nut
es.Saf
etydat
awhenev
erneeded.
Dynamicdataist
ransmitt
edasfol
l
ows:

 Atanchor–3mi
nut
es

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 0–14kt
s–12seconds,
changi
ngcour
se–4seconds

 14–23kt
s–6seconds,
changi
ngcour
se–2seconds

 23+kt
s–3seconds,
changi
ngcour
se–2seconds

SOLASREQUI
REMENT

 AI
Sisr
equi
redt
obecar
ri
edonboar
d:

1)FGshi
pmor
ethan300GRT

2)NonFGshi
pabov
e500GRT

3)Al
lpassengershi
psi
rr
espect
iveofsi
zeandt
rade

2TYPESOFAI
S

 AI
SA–broadcast
sinfor
mat
ionev
ery2–10secondswhenunder
wayandev
ery3
mi
nut
eswhenanchored

 AI
SB–r
epor
ti
ngt
imel
esst
hanAI
SA

Di
ff
erencebet
weenAI
SAandAI
SB

1)AI
SBcanonl
ybeusedt
oreadsaf
etymessagesandnott
ransmi
t

2)AI
SBdoesnotshownav
igat
ional
stat
us,
rat
eoft
urn,
ETAanddest
inat
ion,
IMOnumber

10)VOYAGEDATARECORDER
I
tismorecommonlyknownasBLACKBOXwhichi
sal
sousedi
nav
iat
ioni
ndust
ry.Vessel
s
moret
han20,000GTarerequi
redt
ocar
ryVDR.

PURPOSE-Mai npurposeofVDRistorecor
dandstoreshi
p’scr
it
ical
parameter
stofaci
l
itat
e
reconst
ruct
ionoft
heinci
dentfort
hepurposeofanal
ysi
s.Recor
dingfaci
l
ity–12hrs

ADVANTAGES

1)Acci
denti
nvest
igat
ion

2)Responseassessment

3)Tr
aini
ngsuppor
t

4)Pr
omot
ionofBESTpr
act
ices

5)Reduct
ioni
ninsur
ancecost
s

VDRmustbeincor
porat
edinabr i
ghtcol
oredpr
otecti
vecapsul
ewhi
chcanwit
hst
andhigh
pr
essur
e,heav
yimpactandfi
re.VDRmaybemount edonabuoyandpl
acedonopendeckar
ea

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sot
hati
tcanf
loatf
reei
nanyev
entofdi
sast
er.

11)AUTOPI
LOT
Autopi
loti
sbasi
cal
l
yusedwhenashi
phast
ost
eerasetcour
sef
oral
ongt
imewi
thout
al
terat
ion.

Vessel
sabov
e50,
000GTar
erequi
redt
ocar
ryaut
opi
l
ot.

CONTROLSOFAUTOPI
LOT

1) Cour
seSel
ect
orKnob–pr
imar
ycont
rol
,cour
set
obest
eer
edi
ssel
ect
edwi
tht
his.

2) Ruddercontr
ol–t hi
sdeter
minest
heamountofr
uddert
obeusedt
ocor
rectt
he
devi
ati
onfrom setcour
se

3) Counterrudder–i
tdeterminestheamountofcount
eract
ionbyr
uddert
ost
eadyt
he
vesselkeepi
ngtheovershoott
omi ni
mum

4) Yawcontr
ol–set
ti
ngdependsont
hewi
ndandweat
hercondi
ti
onandt
hei
ref
fecton
cour
sekeepi
ngabi
li
ty

5)Per
manenthel
m

6)Speed

7)Rudderl
i
mit

8)Of
fcour
seal
arm

9)Aut
o/Fol
l
owup/Nonf
oll
owup

10)Di
mmer

FOLLOW UPMODE

 Ther udderacti
oniscont
roll
edbythewheelposi
ti
oni
.e.i
fthehelmsmanputthewheel
toSTBD10t herudderwi
llmovetoSTBD10degreesandwi l
lremai
nther
euntil
and
unlessthewheel i
sputbacktoMIDSHIP.Assoonasthewheel i
sputtomidshi
pthe
rudderwillal
socomet omidshi
p.

NONFOLLOW UPMODE

 Therudderact
i sdi
oni rect
lycontr
oll
edbytheTI
LLERi.e.t
hesolenoi
dv al
veorst
eer
ing
gearcontr
olsy
stem ar
edirect
lyoperat
edbytur
ningt
heNFUst eeri
nglevert
oeit
herpor
t
orstbd.

 I
nthi
smodet hehel
msmanusest heti
ll
eronNFUpanel
andi fhetur
nsthel
evert
ostbd
t
herudderstart
scomingtostbdandthedegr
eesi
sindi
cat
edont heROTI(rat
eoftur
n
i
ndi
cator
).Therudderwil
lremai
ninthesameposi
ti
onunti
lthetil
l
erisr
otat
edto

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opposi
tesi
det
obr
ingt
her
udderbackt
omi
dshi
p.

12)LONGRANGEI
DENTI
FICATI
ONANDTRACKI
NG(
LRI
T)
 Longrangeidentif
icat
ionandtr
acki
ng( LRIT)ofshi
psisa“MARITIMESECURI
TY
INITI
ATIVE”thatall
owsSOLAScont r
actinggovernmentst
orequestandr
ecei
veposi
ti
on
repor
tsfrom vesselsoper
ati
ngundertheirfl
ag.

CARRI
AGEREQUI
REMENTS

1)Al
lpassengershi
psi
ncl
udi
nghi
ghspeedcr
aft
s

2)Car
goshi
psi
ncl
udi
nghi
ghspeedcr
aft
sof300GTandabov
e

3)Mobi
l
eof
fshor
edr
il
li
nguni
ts

I
NFORMATI
ONSENTVI
ALRI
T

1)Vessel
’
sident
it
y

2)Vessel
’
sposi
ti
on

3)Dat
e&t
imeofv
essel
’
sposi
ti
on

Di
f f
erencebetweenLRI
TandAISisthatLRI
Tinf
ormati
oni
spr
ov i
dedtoonl
yspeci
fi
edr
ecipi
ents
onrequesti.
e.fl
agstat
e,et
csaf
eguardi
ngthesecur
it
yoft
hevessel
,wher
easAISi
sabroadcast
system.Itdi
ff
ersinRANGEtoo.

13)RADAR(
RADI
ODETECTI
ONANDRANGI
NG)
 RADARwor ksont hepri
nci
pleofechoref
lecti
onwherei
nshortburst
sofradi
owav esar
e
sent,
theyareref
lect
edbackf r
om ari
gidobjectandar
ecol
lectedbackwherethey
appearasobject
sont hePPI.

RADARi
soft
wot
ypes:

1)X-
band:
9GHz,
Higherf
requency
,shor
trange,
3cm

2)S-
band:
3GHz,
longr
ange,
10cm

CARRI
AGEREQUI
REMENT

Vessel
sabov
e300GTar
erequi
redt
ocar
ry2oper
ati
onal
mar
ineRADAR

ARPA–10,
000GRTormor
e

ANGLOSPI
NT:phenomenonoft
hescannershowi
ngdi
ff
erentbear
ingt
hant
rueheadi
ng

CHARACTERI
STI
CS

1)Wav
elengt
h

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2)Pul
sel
engt
h

3)Ver
ti
cal
beamwi
dth

4)Hor
izont
albeamwi
dth

5)Fr
equency

LI
MITATI
ONS

1)Rangedi
scr
imi
nat
ion

2)Bear
ingdi
scr
imi
nat
ion

3)Mi
nimum r
ange

4)Max
imum r
ange

5)Rangeaccur
acy(
+/-1%)

6)Bear
ingaccur
acy(
+/-1%)

EFFI
CIENCYOFRADAR

 Eff
ici
encyofRADARhast obecheckedev er
ywatch.Forthi
san“ECHOBOX”i smounted
neartheplacewher
ethetr
ansmitt
ingsignalwi
ll
enterit
,chur
nwithi
nitandwil
lret
urnto
thescreenasanechowhereiti
sprint
edasa“ PLUME”shape.Lengthofthepl
ume
shoul
dbechecked,noteddownandcompar edwithprevi
ousval
ues.

Ef
fi
ciency=(
lengt
hofpl
ume/maxl
engt
hofpl
umei
npast
)x100%

 Ef
fi
ciencyshoul
dbemi
nimum 80%

SPOKI
NG

 Unwantedli
nesappear
ingont
hePPIduet
odi
rt
ycont
act
sorheav
yspar
kingofmot
oror
mechanical
equi
pmentinthev
ici
nit
y.

Spoki
ng

STARRI
NG

 Unwanteddottedli
neswhichappearont
hePPIduetoint
erf
erenceofanot
herRADARi
n
thevi
cini
tyoperat
ingonthesamebandwidt
h.Thedot
tedli
neschangethei
rposi
ti
on
aft
ereachscanoft heRADAR.

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St
arr
ing

14)SEXTANT
Themari
nesextanti
sapreci
sionbui
l
topti
cali
nstrumentusedonboar
dformeasur
ingal
ti
tudes
t
h
andangl
es.I
tissonamedbecauseit
sarcis1/
6 ofci r
cle–60°.

PRI
NCIPLE-Whenarayofli
ghtsuff
ersref
lect
ionbytwomir
ror
sinthesameplane,t
heangl
e
bet
weentheor
igi
nal
inci
dentrayandthefi
nalemergentr
ayi
stwicetheangl
ebetweent
he
mir
ror
s.

SEXTANTERRORS

1)Per
pendi
cul
ari
tyer
ror–adj
ust
abl
eonboar
d

2)Si
deer
ror–adj
ust
abl
eonboar
d

I
ndexer
ror–adj
ust
abl
eonboar
d

4)Col
l
imat
ioner
ror–adj
ust
abl
ebyl
abor
ator
y

5)Ver
nierer
ror–adj
ust
abl
ebyl
abor
ator
y

6)Cent
eri
nger
ror–nonadj
ust
abl
e

7)Gr
aduat
inger
ror–nonadj
ust
abl
e

8)Mi
cromet
erer
ror–nonadj
ust
abl
e

9)Shadeer
ror–nonadj
ust
abl
e

10)Pr
ismat
icer
ror–nonadj
ust
abl
e

USESOFSEXTANT

1)Tomeasur
eal
ti
tudeofsun,
star
s,moonandpl
anet
s

2)Hor
izont
alangl
ebet
weenpr
omi
nentt
err
est
ri
alobj
ect
sandt
ofi
xposi
ti
on

3)Ver
ti
cal
angl
eofsui
tabl
yhi
ght
err
est
ri
alobj
ect
stoobt
aindi
stanceof
f

4)Ver
ti
cal
angl
eofmast
sandhy
drogr
aphi
csur
vey
ing

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15)COMPANYUKCPOLI
CY(
UNDERKEELCLEARANCE)
 Thi
sdocumentgiv
estheinf
ormat
ionaboutt
heminimum underkeelcl
ear
ancet
obe
maint
ainedbyt
hevessel
whennavigat
ingi
ncoast
al/confi
nedwat er
sorwhenatpor
t.

 UKCisdeci
dedaf
terchecki
ngt
heamountofcar
go/bal
l
ast/st
oresandot
herwei
ght
s
tobel
oadedordi
scharged.

 Underkeel
clear
anceal
l
owanceof3.
5met
ersi
sforopenwat
ers.

 Whi
l
eappr
oachi
ngber
thoral
ongsi
def
oll
owi
ngshoul
dbet
hecase:

1)Summerdr
aft–l
esst
han10met
ers

 UKC–0.
5m +10%ofmaxdr
aft

2)Summerdr
aft–10met
ert
o17met
er

 UKC–0.
8m +10%ofmaxdr
aft

3)Summerdr
aft–mor
ethan17met
er

 UKC–1.
0m +10%maxdr
aft

16)WHEELOVERPOI
NT

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I
tist
hepointwherethewheeli
stur
nedov
erf
oranal
ter
ati
onofcour
se.I
tiscal
cul
atedi
n
Naut
ical
milesandisasfol
lows:

T=R(
1-cosθ)+F(
sinθ)

ROT=V/
R°/
minut
e

 R–Radi
usoft
urn

 (
θ)–angl
eofal
ter
ati
onofcour
se

 F–Di st
ancemovedbyt
hev
essel
aft
erwheel
hasbeent
urnedt
othet
imei
tst
art
s
al
ter
ingcourse

Fdependsont
hesi
zeoft
heshi
p:

 Forl
argev
essel
iti
s0.
15NM

 Forv
eryl
argev
essel
iti
s0.
20NM

CRASHSTOP
Dist
ancecov
er edbyt
hevessel
whent
hecommandi
sgi
venf
rom FULLAHEADt
oFULLASTERN
keepi
ngtheruddermi
dshi
p.

I
NERTI
ASTOP
Di
stancecov
eredbythev
essel
whent
hecommandi
sgi
venf
rom FULLAHEADt
oSTOPkeepi
ng
t
heruddermidshi
p.

17)SQUAT(
REDUCTI
ONI
NUKC)
Thebodil
ysi
nkagecausedduet
ot hereduct
ionofwat
erpr
essur
eundert
heshi
p,whenpassi
ng
overshal
l
owwaters,
mov i
ngatafair
lygoodspeedist
ermedsquat
.

OR

Thebodi
lysi
nkageofvessel
whi
chhappenswhenav
essel
makesheadwayt
hroughshal
l
ow
water
siscal
l
edsquat.

For
mul
a:

 Openwat
ers

CbxV2)/100
Squat=(

 Shal
l
owwat
ers

CbxV2)/50
Squat=(

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 Cb–bl
ockco-
eff
ici
ent

 V–Speedi
nkt
s

FACTORSI
NCREASI
NGSQUAT

1)Hi
ghspeed

2)Hi
ghpr
opel
l
erspeed

3)Deepdr
aught

4)Shal
l
owdept
hofwat
er

5)Hi
ghbl
ockco-
eff
ici
ent

6)Br
oadbeam

7)Nar
rowchannel

8)Tr
im oft
hev
essel

18)BENCHMARK
I
tisaper
manentpointofknownel
evat
ionwhi
chi
slocat
edont
hej
ett
ywal
l
stomar
kthewat
er
l
evel(
max.ormi
n.)attheport
.

19)GI
RDI
NGOFTUG
 I
nsi mplewor
dswhenthet
ugispulli
ngavessel
,whi
l
ecarr
yingouttheoperat
ioni
fthe
tugcomesparal
l
elt
othevessel
,thetowl
i
newouldbecomeperpendicul
art
othelengt
h
ofthetug.

 Gir
dingisatransver
seovert
urni
ngmoment .I
tcanheel
t hetuguptowat er
li
neormore.I
f
anyopeningislef
tunsecur
edont hedeck,
watermaystartent
eri
ngit
,leavi
ngthetugina
hel
plesssit
uati
onandpossiblycapsi
zi
ngher.

20)SMELLI
NGTHEGROUND
 Whenav essel
isnear
inganext r
emelyshal
lowdepthsuchasashoal,etcsheisli
kel
yto
takeasuddensheerf
irstt
owardstheshoalandthenvi
olent
lyaway
.Themov ementofa
sluggi
shshi
pmaysuddenl ybecomev er
yli
vel
y.Thisi
scall
edsmell
ingtheground.

21)BANKSUCTI
ON&BOW CUSHI
ONEFFECT
 Asthevessel
mov
est
hroughar
est
ri
ctedchannel
iti
spossi
blet
hatshemaybecl
oset
o
onebank.

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 Theremightbearest
ri
ctedfl
owofwaterononesi
de,
whichcausesanincr
easei
nthe
vel
ocit
yofwateronthatsi
deaccompani
edwithal
ossofpressur
ehead.

 Thelossinpressureheadcausesadropi
nwaterl
evel
att
henear
erbankandat
hrusti
s
setuptowardsit,morestr
onglyatt
heSTERN.

 Thester
npar
toft
hev
essel
mov
est
owar
dst
hebankandi
st medBANKSUCTI
er ON
EFFECT.

 Whereast
hebowt
endst
omov
eawayf
rom i
tandi
st medBOW CUSHI
er ONorCUSHI
ON
EFFECT.

I
NTERACTI
ONBETWEENSHI
PS
 When2ident
ical
vessel
sar
eproceedi
ngatanideal
speedonacour
se,
eachshi
phasher
st
reaml
i
neandwat erfl
owf
rom f
orwardt
oaft.

 Whentheseshipscomeclosetoeachot
herwi
tht
hei
rst
reaml
i
nesov
erl
appi
ng,
itcauses
r
educt
ioninpressur
eontheirquar
ter
s.

 Nowt
hese2pr
essur
ezonesar
edev
eloped:

1)Posi
ti
vepr
essur
ezoneFORWARD

2)Negat
ivepr
essur
ezonewi
thSHI
P’SHULL

 Thepressurei
mbalancecausesbowtorepeleachot
her,
mi dshi
par
eat
endt
ocl
oset
o
eachotherandst
ernsucceedsinget
ti
ngclosetoeachother.

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22)MAGNETI
CVARI
ATI
ON
 Magneticmeridi
ansar
ethelinesj
oini
ngt
hemagneti
cpolesofear
th.Si
ncethesepol
es
arenotinthesameposit
ionasthegeogr
aphi
cpol
es,ther
eisananglebet
weenthetwo.
Thisanglebet
weenthem isknownaVARIATI
ON.

 Vari
ati
onataplacei
snotconst
ant
.Vari
ati
onatal
lplacesonear
thunder
goesalong
peri
odi
cchange,ast
hemagneti
cpolesr
evolv
earoundthegeogr
aphi
cpoleoncein
about960year
s.

 Var
iat
ionchar
tindi
cat
estheMEANANNUALVALUEOFVARI
ATI
ONandar
epubl
i
shedby
admir
alyatabout5y
t ear
sint
erv
al.

 MAGNETOMETERi
susedt
omeasur
emagnet
icv
ari
ati
on.

23)TURNI
NGCI
RCLE
 Whenavesselal
ter
shercourseundert
hehel
mthr
ough360°
,shemov
esonaci
rcul
ar
pat
h(r
oughly
)caledat
l urni
ngcir
cle.

 Thr
oughoutt
heci
rcl
eherst
ernr
emai
nsl
i
ttl
etoout
sidewhi
l
ethebowr
emai
nssl
i
ght
ly
i
nsi
de.

 Wit
haRHP,thecir
clet
oPORTwill
besli
ght
lysmal
l
eri
ndi
amet
ert
hant
heci
rcl
etoSTBD,
duetot
heef
fectofTRANSVERSETHRUST.

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1) ADVANCE:
Thi
sist
hef
orwar
dmot
ionoft
heshi
pfr
om t
hemomentshest
art
sthet
urn.

2) DRIFTANGLE:Iti
stheangl
ebet
weent
heshi
p’
sfor
eandaf
tli
neandt
het
angentt
othe
t
urningci
rcl
e.

3) TACTICALDIAMETER:Thedist
ancetr
avel
ledbythecentr
eofgravi
tyofshi
pmeasur
ed
fr
om thet
racktothepoi
ntwherethev
esselhasalt
eredhercour
seby180°,when
al
ter
inghercour
seunderhel
mt hr
ough360°.

4) TRANSFER:Thedi
stancetrav
ell
edbyt hecentr
eofgravi
tyofv
esselmeasuredfrom t
he
tr
acktot
hepointwherethevesselhasalt
eredhercour
seby90°,whenalt
eringher
cour
seunderhel
mt hr
ough360° .

5) PIVOTPOI
NT:Aposit
ionaboar
dthevessel
aboutwhichtheshipr
otat
eswhent
urni
ngi
s
call
edt
hepi
votpoi
ntorthepoi
ntt
hattr
acesthetur
ningcir
cle.

6) HEADREACH:Dist
ancet
rav
ell
edbyv
essel
inf
orwar
ddi
rect
ionwhenmai
nengi
nehas
beenst
opped.

7) TRACKREACH: Di
stancetr
avell
edbyt hevessel
int
hef
orwar
ddi
rect
ionwhent
hemai
n
engi
nehasbeenreversedt
il
lthevesselisst
opped.

8) SIDEREACH:Distancefr
om t
heor
igi
nal
trackofv
essel
tot
hest
oppi
ngpoi
ntbyt
rack
reachi
scal
ledsidereach.

FACTORSAFFECTI
NGATURN

1)St
ruct
ural
desi
gnandl
engt
hofv
essel

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2)Dr
aftandt
ri
m oft
hev
essel

3)Di
str
ibut
ionandst
owageofcar
go

4)Amountofr
udderangl
erequi
redt
ocompl
etet
het
urn

5)Ev
enkeel
orcar
ryi
ngal
i
st

6)Ext
ernal
for
cesaf
fect
ingt
hedr
if
tangl
e

24)CONTENTSOFPI
LOTCARD
1)VESSEL’
SPARTICULARS:name,cal
lsi
gn,
displ
acement,DWT,
yearbui
l
t,br
eadt
h,l
engt
h,
dr
aughtF/A/
M,anchorport&st
bdno.ofl
engthofshackl
es

2)LOADED/BALLASTMANI
FOLD

3)AI
RDRAUGHT

4)ENGI manpower
NE: ,RPM /pi
tch,
loaded/bal
l
astspeed,
etc

5)STEERI r
NG:uddert
ype,
maxpr
opel
l
er,
thr
ust
ers,
bow/
ster
npower
,et
c

6) EQUIPMENTCHECKED: readyf
oruseanchor
,whi
stl
e,f
lags,
X-band/
S-bandRADAR,
speedl
og,echosounder
,etc

7)EQUI
PMENTOPERATI
ONALDEFECTS

8)OTHERI
MPORTANTDETAI
LS

9)MASTER’
SNAME&DATE

25)WHEELHOUSEPOSTER
1)Vessel
’
spar
ti
cul
ars

2)Dr
aft
:atwhi
cht
hemaneuv
eri
ngdat
awasobser
ved,
loaded/
bal
l
ast

3)St
eer
ingpar
ti
cul
ars

4)Pr
opul
sionpar
ti
cul
ars

5)Anchorchai
n

6)Thr
ustef
fectatt
ri
alcondi
ti
ons

7)Dr
afti
ncr
ease(
loaded)

8)Tur
ningci
rcl
es

9)Manov
erboar
drescuemanoeuv
res

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10)Dev
iat
ioncar
d

11)Must
erl
i
st

12)Ti
mezonechar
t

13)Loadl
i
nezone

14)MEcor
rect
ion

15)Cr
it
icalRPM /engi
nespeeds

26)MANAEUVERI
NGCHARACTERI
STI
CS:
RATEOFTURNI
NDI
CATOR
 I
ndi
cat
esi
nst
ant
aneousr
ateatwhi
chshi
pist
urni
ng

 Accor
dingt
oSOLAS,
newshi
psofabov
e50,
000GRTmusthav
eROTi
ndi
cat
or.

ADVANTAGES

1)Usef
uli
nnar
rowchannel
s

2)Usef
uli
nTSS

3)I
nar
easofshar
pbends,
etc

27)Whenwi
l
lyoucal
lMast
er?
1)I
fRest
ri
ctedVi
sibi
l
ityi
sencount
eredorexpect
ed

2)Tr
aff
iccondi
ti
onsort
hemov
ement
sofot
hershi
psar
ecausi
ngconcer
n

3)I
fdi
ff
icul
ti
esar
eex
per
iencedi
nmai
ntai
ningcour
se

4)Onf
ail
uret
osi
ghtl
andanav
igat
ionmar
korobt
ainsoundi
ngsbyt
heexpect
edt
ime

5)I
f,unexpect
edl
y,l
andoranav
igat
ionmar
kissi
ght
edorachangei
nsoundi
ngoccur
s

6)Onbreakdownoft
heengines,pr
opul
sionmachi neryremot
econt
rol
,st
eer
inggearorany
easyessent
ial
nav
igat
ionalequi
pment
, al
arm orindicat
or

7)I
fradi
oequi
pmentmal
funct
ions

8)I
nheav
yweat
her
,ifi
nanydoubtaboutt
hepossi
bil
i
tyofweat
herdamage.

9)I
fshi
pmeet
sanyhazar
dtonav
igat
ion,
suchasi
ceorader
eli
ct

10)I
nanyot
heremer
gencyori
nanydoubt
.

28)TRANSVERSETHRUST/WHEELI
NGEFFECT/STARTI
NGBI
AS

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 I
tist
hesidewardf
orceexer
tedont
heshi
p’
sst
ernwhent
hepr
opel
l
eri
sinmot
ion(
eit
her
f
orwardorast
ern)
.

 Onarighthandedf
ixedpropel
l
er,
whi
l
ethevesseli
smovi
ngforwar
d,thet
hrustexer
ted
onthester
nistowardsSTBDandbowswi
ngst owar
dsPORT,v
icever
sainaster
n
pr
opulsi
on.

29)PI
LOTLADDER
Phy
sicalchar
act
eri
sti
cs

a)Fr
om bot
tom 5thst
epshoul
dbeaspr
eader

b)Last4st
epsshoul
dbeofr
ubber

c) Max9st
epsbet
weent
wospr
eader
s

d)Manr
opeDi
a–28mm

e) Si
der
opeDi
a–18mm

f
) Hor
izont
algap–40cm

g)Ver
ti
cal
gapbet
weenst
eps–30t
o32cm

h)Spr
eaderdi
mensi
ons–l
engt
h(18cm)
,br
eadt
h(11.
5cm)
,thi
ckness(
2.5cm)

i
) Noknot
sorshackl
esbet
weent
her
opes

j
) Not
ri
ppi
ngl
i
neat
tached

k) St
epsshoul
dnotbepai
nted

REQUI
REMENTS

a)Pi
l
otl
addershoul
dbecl
eanandf
reef
rom sl
i
pper
ysubst
ance

b)Hei
ghtoft
hel
adderasperpi
l
ot

c) Noov
erboar
ddi
schar
gewher
ethel
adderi
spl
aced

d)I
fshi
p’sf
reeboar
dexceeds9m combi
nat
ionl
addert
ober
igged

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e) Combi
nat
ionl
addernott
ohav
eincl
i
nat
ionmor
ethan55°

f
) Manr
opeasperpi
l
ot

METEOROLOGY

1)ADI
ABATI
CLAPSERATE
1) DRYADIABATI
CLAPSERATE[DALR]:Temper
atur
eofadr
ypar
cel
ofai
rwhi
chi
smade
t
orisef
all
satast
eadyr
ateof10°
C/km.

2) STURATEDADI
ABATI
CLAPSERATE[SALR]
:Temper
atur
eofasat
urat
edpar
cel
ofai
r
whichi
smadet
ori
sefal
l
satast
eadyrat
eof5°C/
km.

2)FOHNWI
NDEFFECT
Iti
saneff
ecti
nwhi
chtheleewardsideoft
hemountainrangeremai
nsdrierandwar
meras
compar
edt ot
hewi
ndwardside.I
tisthedi
rectr
esul
tofdif
fer
encebetweenDALRandSALRof
air
.

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alNot
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3)DEFI
NITI
ONS
A)DEW:Whenwat ervapourcondensesi
ntodr
opl
etsofwat
erandgetdeposi
tedonexposed
sur
facesonornearthegrounditi
scall
eddew.

B)HOARFROST:Iti
sthenamegi
vent
o“I
CECRYSTALS”deposi
tedonexposedsurf
acesonor
neart
hegroundwhenthegr
oundt
emper
atur
eismuchl
owerthanthefr
eezi
ngpoint.

C)GLAZEDFROST:I
tisathin,t
ranspar
ent
,smoothl
ayeroficefor
medwhenrai
nordri
zzl
efal
l
s
onasurf
acewhosetemperatur
eisbelowfr
eezi
ngpoint
.Glazedfr
osti
sal
socal
l BLACKI
ed“ CE”.

D)RIME:Ift
hetemper
atur
eofwaterdr
opl
etinafogi
sbelow0° C,theyaresai
dtobesuper
cooleddr
oplet
sofwat
er.Whent
hesedropl
etscomeincontactwithverycol
dsoli
dobj
ectst
hey
fr
eezealmostimmedi
atel
yandr
emainstr
uckinthef
orm ofice.Thiswhit
edeposi
tofi
ceis
cal
ledri
me.

E)MIST&FOG:Mi sti
ssaidt oexi
stwhenvisi
bil
i
tyisr
educedbywaterparti
clest
hathave
condensedondustpar
ti
cles,etcbutar
esosmal lt
hatt
heyremainsuspendedinair
.Ift
hemi
st
becomesdenseandthevisibil
i
tyisr
educedto1km orless,
iti
scal
ledfog.

F)HAZE:Ift
hev
isibi
li
tyisr
educedbysol
i
dpar
ti
clessuchassand,
dust
,et
cwhi
chr
emai
ns
suspendedi
nai
r,hazeissai
dtoexist
.

G)RADI
ATI
ONFOG

 I
tisal
socal
l LANDFOG”becausei
ed“ tfor
msonl
yov
erl
andnotov
ersea.

 Dur
ingcl
earni
ght
slandgivesof
fheatv
eryqui
ckl
yandt heai
rnearl
andget
scool
edand
i
fcool
edbelowdewpoint
,lar
geamountofdewisdeposit
ed.

 Ifsl
i
ghtbreezei
sfl
owing,
thi
scolddewf
rom l
andsurfacecomesi
ncont
actwi
thai
r
coupleofmeter
sabov
eandgr oundf
ogt
akesplace.

 I
treachesmaximum abouthal
fhouraf
tersunri
sebecauseairt
emper
atur
eisati
ts
l
owestanddissi
pat
esaf t
ersunhasshownf orsomehours.

Condi
ti
onsf
avor
abl
eforr
adi
ati
onf
ogar
e:

1)Lar
gemoi
stur
econt
enti
nthel
owerl
ayerofai
r

2)Li
tt
leornocl
oudatni
ght

3)Li
ghtbr
eezeatt
hesur
face

4)Col
dwetsur
faceofl
and

H)ADVETI
ONFOG

 I
tisal ed“
socal
l SEAFOG”becausei
tismost
lyf
ormedov
ersea.

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 I
tcanf
orm ov
erl
andal
so.

 I
tisf
ormedwhenmoi
stai
rfl
owsov
eracol
dsur
faceofl
andorsea.

 Whenthemoistai
riscool
edbelowi
tsdewpoint,theexcesswat
ervapourcondenses
i
ntosmall
dropl
etsofwateronsmal
lpar
ti
clesresult
inginadv
ect
ionfog.

I)SMOG:Iti
sradi
ati
onfogmixedwit
hi ndust
ri
alsmoke.I
tisathi
ckblack,
oppr
essi
vebl
anket
whichnotonl
ywetstheexposedsur
facesbutalsomakesthem bl
ackduetocar
bonpar
ti
clesi
n
smoke.

J)DEW POINT:I
tisthet
emper
atur
eatwhi
chapar
celofai
rbecomes100%saturat
ed.The
rel
ati
vehumidi
tyanddewpoi
ntcanbef
oundbyhy
grometer
,baromet
erandpsychr
ometer
.

K)SEA(WAVES)
:Itisthenamegiv
entowav esontheseasur
face,cr
eatedbywi
ndt
hati
s
pr
esent
lybl
owi
ng( hei
ghtofseadi
stur
bancecreat
edduetobl
owi ngwind)
.

L)SWELL:Itisthenamegi v
entowavesontheseasur
facefor
medbywindthathas
subsequentl
ystoppedblowingori
sbl
owingatsomeotherpl
acequi
tef
araway.Iti
susual
l
ythe
fi
rsti
ndicat
ionofapproachi
ngTRS.

M)GUST:Agustofwi
ndi
sthesuddeni
ncr
easeofwi
ndspeedf
orashor
tper
iodoft
ime.

N)SQUALL:Asuddenincr
easeofwi
ndspeedbyatleast3st
agesofBeauf
ortscal
e,r
eachi
ng
upt
oatleastf
orce6,
andlasti
ngatl
east1mi
nute.

O)VEERI
NG:Acl
ockwi
sechangei
nthedi
rect
ionf
rom whi
chwi
ndi
sbl
owi
ng.

P)BACKI
NG:Anant
icl
ockwi
sechangei
nthedi
rect
ionf
rom whi
chwi
ndi
sbl
owi
ng.

4)VARI
OUSTYPEOFCLOUDS
A)HI
GH:
basesbet
ween6km abov
eseal
evel
andt
ropopause.

1)Ci
rr
us(
Ci)

2)Ci
rr
ost
rat
us(
Cs)

3)Ci
rr
ocumul
us(
Cc)

B)MEDI
UM:
basesbet
ween2km and6km abov
eseal
evel

1)Al
tost
rat
us(
As)

2)Al
tocumul
us(
Ac)

C)LOW:
basesbet
weenseal
evel
and2km abov
eseal
evel

1)St
rat
us(
St)

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2)St
rat
ocumul
us(
Sc)

3)Ni
mbost
rat
us(
Ns)

D)SPECI
AL:
basesatl
owcl
oudl
evel
butt
opsmayex
tendwel
li
ntohi
ghcl
oudl
evel

1)Cumul
us(
Cu)

2)Cumul
oni
mbus(
Cb)–ANVI
LSHAPEDCLOUD

(
ANVI
Lmeansf
lat
tensur
faceofcl
oudsonorneart
ropopause)

Cl
oudsar
eof4t
ypes:

1)CI si
RRUS: l
ver
ycl
oud,
for
m off
eat
herorf
iberseenhi
ghupi
nsky

whi
2)CUMULUS: tecl
oud,
caul
i
flowershape,
highcl
ouds

3) STRATUS:gr
eycol
our
,ev
enl
ayer
,nor
ain

4)NI gr
MBOSTRATUS: eycol
our
,ev
enl
ayer
,gi
vesr
ain

FORMATI
ONOFCLOUDS

1) TURBULENCE: str
ongwi ndsblowingoverunevenlandstri
keagainstvar
ious
obst
ructi
onsandt heairgetsdefl
ectedupwards.Thiscausesthoroughmixi
ngoftheai
r
andasairri
sesitcoolsadiabati
call
y.I
fduri
ngthisprocessitcool
sdownbel owi
tsdew
poi
nt,cl
oudsareformed.

2) OROGRAPHICLIFTING:whenawar m,moistairblowsagai
nstamountainrange,
it
begi
nst
ocli
mbupanddur i
ngthisascent
;itcoolsadi
abati
cal
lyandaf
tercooli
ngbelow
i
tsdewpoi
ntorographi
ccloudsareformed.

3) CONVECTION:whenapar celofai
rgetsheat
edduetoanyl ocalcause,i
texpands,
becomeslessdensethanthesurr
oundingai
randri
ses.Duringtheascentthi
saircools
adi
abat
ical
lyandwhencool edbel
owitsdewpoint
,condensationtakespl
aceresult
ingin
for
mati
onofconv ect
ioncl
ouds.

4) FRONTALLIFTI
NG:whenwarm andcol
dairmassesar
eincont
actthei
rseparati
online
atsealev
eli
scal
ledaFRONT.Theboundarybet
weent
hem i
snotverti
calandisincl
ined
towar
dscoldai
rmass,asi
tbei
ngdenser,
actsli
keawedgeandl
if
tsthewar merair.

5)I
SOBARS
Anisobari
sal
inedrawnontheweathermapjoi
ningal
lpl
aceshav
i hesameATMOSPHERI
ngt C
PRESSUREatt
hetimeforwhicht
hatweathermapwasdrawn.

6)PRESSUREGRADI
ENT
 I
tist
hef
all
ofpr
essur
ewi
thdi
stanceasshownonaweat
hermap.

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 I
fthedi
stancebet
weenconsecut
ivei
sobarsi
sSMALL,
pressur
egr
adi
enti
ssai
dtobe
HI
GHandst rongwi
ndsar
eexpectedtoblow.

 I
fthedi
stancebet
weenisobar
sisLARGE,
pressur
egr
adi
enti
ssai
dtobeLOW,
and
wi
ndsoflowerspeedcanbeexpect
ed.

7)BUYSBALLOT’
SLAW (
tof
indt
hecent
erorEYEoft
hest
orm)
 Facet
hetr
uewind,l
owpr essur
ear
eawi
l
lbeony
ourRI
GHTi
nnor
ther
nhemi
spher
eand
LEFTi
nsouther
nhemisphere.

 I
tshoul
dnotbeappl
i
edwi
thi
naf
ewdegr
eesofequat
orasi
tisnegl
i
gibl
eatt
heequat
or.

 I
tshoul
dnotbeappl
i
edi
nthev
ici
nit
yofl
andaswi
ndwi
l
lbeobst
ruct
ed.

8)CORI
OLI
S/GEOSTROPHI
CFORCE
 Whi
l
ebl
owi
ngf
rom HPt
oLPar
eas,
thewi
ndi
sdef
lect
edbyCor
iol
i
sfor
ce.

 Cor
iol
i
sfor
ceiscausedbyther
otat
ionoft
heear
th,
iti
smini
mum att
heequat
orand
i
ncr
easeswi
thlat
it
udesandhencei
smaximum att
hepol
es.

 I
tal
way
sact
satr
ightangl
est
othedi
rect
ioni
nwhi
chwi
ndi
sbl
owi
ng.

 I
tdef
lect
swindt
othei
rRI
GHTi
nnor
ther
nhemi
spher
eandt
othei
rlef
tint
hesout
her
n
hemi
sphere.

 Windsblowspi
ral
l
yinwardt
owardsadepressi
on(
LPar
easurr
oundedbyHP)
ANTICLOCKWISEinnor
ther
nhemispher
eandCLOCKWISEi
nsouther
nhemispher
e.

 Windsbl
owspi
ral
l
youtwar
dfrom t
hecent
erofant
icy
clone(
HPareasur
roundedbyLP)
CLOCKWISEi
nnort
her
nhemispher
eandANTICLOCKWI SEi
nsout
her
nhemi spher
e.

9)7I
SOBARI
CPATTERNS
1)STRAI
GHTI
SOBARS

 Theyar
esai
dtoexi
stwhent
hei
sobar
srunst
rai
ghtandnear
lypar
all
elf
ora100mi
l
es

 Pr
essur
egr
adi
enti
susual
l
ylow,
resul
ti
ngi
nlowwi
ndspeeds.

2)CYCLONEorLOW

 Cy
cloneorl
owi
sanar
eaofl
owpr
essur
esur
roundedbyar
easofhi
ghpr
essur
e

 Thewindblowsspir
all
yinwar
ds,
ant
icl
ockwi
sei
nnor
ther
nhemi
spher
eandcl
ockwi
sei
n
sout
hernhemispher
e

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52

 Pr
essur
egr
adi
enti
susual
l
yhi
gh,
resul
ti
ngi
nst
rongwi
nds.

3)SECONDARYCYCLONEorSECONDARYLOW

 Somet
imesal
owi
scl
osel
yfol
l
owedbyanot
her
,wi
thi
nit
spat
ter
nofi
sobar
s.

 Fi
rstonei
scal
l
edPRI
MARYandsecondonei
scal
l
edSECONDARY.

4)ANTI
CYCLONEorHI
GH

 I
tisanar
eaofhi
ghpr
essur
esur
roundedbyar
easofl
owpr
essur
e.

 Thewi
ndsblowspiral
l
youtwar
ds,
clockwi
sei
nnor
ther
nhemi
spher
eandant
icl
ockwi
se
i
nsout
hernhemisphere.

 Pr
essur
egr
adi
enti
susual
l
ylow,
resul
ti
ngi
nlowwi
ndspeeds.

5)COL

 ACol
isanar
eabet
ween2hi
ghsandl
owssi
tuat
edal
ter
nat
ely
.

 Li
ghtv
ari
abl
ewi
ndsar
eexper
iencedbutnotf
orl
ong.

 Suddenchangeofweat
heri
sli
kel
y.

6)RI
DGEorWEDGE

 I
tisanar
eaofhi
ghpr
essur
ejut
ti
ngi
ntoar
eaofl
owpr
essur
e.

 I
sobar
sar
ecur
ved,
wit
hhi
ghpr
essur
einsi
deandar
egener
all
yfarapar
t.

7)TROUGH

 I
tisanar
eaofl
owpr
essur
ejut
ti
ngi
ntoar
easofhi
ghpr
essur
e.

10)KATABATI
CWI
NDS
 Onclearni
ghts,landsurf
acer
adi
atesoutheatouti
nspacev
eryqui
ckl
yresul
ti
ngi
na
col
dlayerofairnearthel
andsur
face.

 I
fthel
andsur
facei
ssl
opi
ng,
thi
scol
dai
rst
art
ssl
i
dingduet
ogr
avi
tat
ional
for
ceandi
s

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alNot
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cal
l
edkat
abat
icwi
nd.(
DOWNMOVI
NGWI
ND)

11)ANABATI
CWI
ND
 Dur
ingday
timel
andsur
faceget
sheat
edqui
ckl
y,r
esul
ti
ngi
nwar
m ai
rnearl
andsur
face.

 Thecoldai
rabovet
hatsubsi
desdownandt
hewar
m ai
rri
sesupt
hev
all
eyt
huscal
l
ingi
t
anabat
icwi
nd.(UPMOVINGWI ND)

12)TROPI
CALREVOLVI
NGSTORMS(
TRS)
Atropi
calrev
olv
ingstor
misasmallareaofv
erylowpressur
earoundwhi
chwindsofgal
ef or
ce
ofmoreblowspiral
l
yinwar
ds,
ant
iclockwi
seinnort
her
nhemi spher
eandcl
ockwisei
nsouthern
hemispher
e.

ORI
GIN

 TRSori
ginat
esi
nlat
it
udesbet
ween5°and20°andtr
avelbet
weenW &WNW innor
ther
n
hemi
sphereandW &WSW insout
her
nhemispher
eatspeedofabout12kt
s.

 Curv
eawayf rom equat
or–cur
vet
oNORTHandt henre-
cur
vet
oNEinnort
hern
hemispher
e,cur
vet oSOUTHandt
henr
e-cur
vet
oSEi nsout
her
nhemi
sphere.

STRUCTURE

1) EYEORVORTEX:
cal
m cent
ral
areaofl
owpr
essur
e,di
amet
er–4t
o30mi
l
es,
aver
age–
10mil
es

2) EYEWALL:
ani
nnerr
ingofhur
ri
canef
orce,
diamet
er–4t
o30mi
l
es

3) OUTERSTORM AREA:ar
easur
roundi
ngt
heey
ewal
l
,di
amet
er–50t
o800mi
l
es,
aver
age–500miles

TRACK:
rout
eov
erwhi
chst
orm cent
erhasal
readypassed.

PATH:
predi
ctedr
out
eov
erwhi
chst
orm cent
eri
sli
kel
ytot
rav
el.

VERTEX/
COD:
west
ernmostl
ongi
tuder
eachedbyt
hest
orm cent
erwhenr
e-cur
vingt
akespl
ace.

DANGEROUSSEMI
CIRCLE:
righthandsemi
cir
clei
nNH,
lef
thandsemi
cir
clei
nSH.

NAVI
GABLESEMI
CIRCLE:
LHSCi
nNH,
RHSCi
nSH.

WARNI
NGSI
GNSOFAPPROACHI
NGTRS
1) SWELL: swel
lcanbeexper
iencedasmuchas1000milesaway.Swel
lappr
oachesf
rom
thedi
recti
onofstor
m cent
er.Iti
sthef
ir
sti
ndi
cat
ionofapproachi
ngTRS.

2) ATMOSPHERICPRESSURE:Fal
l
ssteadi
l
y.ThepresenceofTRSi
sconfi
rmedi
fthe
vessel
isi
nar
eawhereTRSgeneral
l
yori
ginat
e,ori
tistheti
meofthey
earwit
hint
he

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sorbar
seasonwhenTRSoccur omet
ri
cpr
essur
eis5mbBELOW NORMAL.

Apr
NOTE: essur
edr
opof20mbi
ssuf
fi
cientt
ocauseawel
ldev
elopedTRS.

3)WEATHER

4)STORM WARNI
NGS

ACTI
ONWHENTRSI
SCONFI
RMED
 Obt
aint
hebeari
ngofthest
orm cent
er,
facethewindandaccordi
ngtoBuy
sBal
l
ot’
sLaw
t
hestor
m cent
erwi
lll
ay8–12poi nt
sony ourr
ighti
nNHandl efti
nSH.

 I
fpressur
ehasf
all
en5mbbelownormalall
ow12poi
nts,
thev
essel
isi
nout
erf
ri
ngesof
TRSornewTRSisfor
mingi
nthevi
cini
ty.

 I
fpr
essurehasfal
len20mbormor
ebel
ownor
mal
all
ow8poi
ntsasi
tmeanst
hev
essel
i
sneart
heey eofTRS.

 Foranobser
veri
fthewindVEERS,
vessel
isi
nRHSCandi
fbacks,
LHSC.Thi
shol
ds
goodforbot
hhemispheres.

 Takeav
oidi
ngact
ion.

I
DEALCONDI
TIONSFORFORMATI
ONOFTRS
1)Hi
ghr
elat
ivehumi
dit
y(opensea)

2)Hi
ght
emper
atur
e(t
ropi
cal
area)

3)LPar
easur
roundedbyar
eaofHP(
day
timeov
erl
argei
slands)

4)Conv
ect
ioncur
rent

5)Fai
ramountofCor
iol
i
sfor
ce(
lat
it
udemor
ethan5°
N/S)

6)Weakpr
evai
l
ingwi
nds(
dur
ingchangeofseason)

I
SOGONI
CLI
NES:
thel
i
nej
oini
ngt
hear
eashav
ingequal
v ueofmagnet
al icv
ari
ati
on.

I
SOBATHI
CLI
NES:t
hel
i
nej
oini
ngar
eashav
i dept
ngequal h

I
SOBARI
CLI
NES:t
hel
i
nej
oini
ngt
hear
eashav
i pr
ngequal essur
e

I
SALLOBAR:l
i
nej
oini
ngt
hear
eashav
i changei
ngequal npr
essur
e

AI
RMASS:
Anai
rmassmaybedef
inedasaquant
it
yofai
rwi
thdi
mensi
onsofabout500NM
orso,
wit
hli
tt
leornohor
izont
alv
ari
ati
onofanyofi
tspr
oper
ti
es,
especi
all
ytemper
atur
e.

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Ai
rmassesar
eof2t
ypes:

1)POLAR(
COLD)

 Pol
arcont
inent
al(
col
danddr
y)

 Pol
armar
it
ime(
col
dandmoi
st)

2)TROPI
CAL(
WARM)

 Tr
opi
calcont
inent
al(
war
m anddr
y)

 Tr
opi
calmar
it
ime(
war
m andmoi
st)

FRONT
 Theboundarybetweentwoadj
acentai
rmassesi
swel
ldef
inedbyt
hei
rdi
ff
erent
char
acter
ist
icsandiscal
ledaf
ront.

 Thetr
opicalai
riswar
merandhencel
essdenset
hanpol
arai
r,i
twi
l
lcl
i
mbov
ert
hepol
ar
ai
ratthefront
.

 Thef
rontwi
l
lther
efor
enotbev
ert
ical
buti
ncl
i
nedt
owar
dscol
derai
rmass.

Onaweat
hermapt
het
woar
emar
kedasf
oll
owed:

3)WARM FRONT–REDLI
NE

4)COLDFRONT–BLUELI
NE

FRONTOGENESI
S
 Thef
ormat
ionofaf
ront
aldepr
essi
oni
scal
l
edf
ront
ogenesi
s.

 Thewarm ai
rshouldbetrav
elli
ngfast
ert
hanthecol
dai
rort
heyshoul
dbet
rav
ell
i
ngi
n
opposi
tedi
rect
ionsforf
rontogenesi
stooccur
.

OCCLUSI
ON
Thecoldairi
nfr
ontofandbehindt
hewarm sect
orofafront
aldepr
ession,soonmanagest
o
under
cutthewarm ai
randl
if
titcompl
etel
yabovesealev
el.Thedepressi
onisthensai
dtobe
occl
uded.

FASCI
MILERECORDER
I
tisaninstr
umentthatrepr
oducesonboar
dthev
essel
anexactcopyoft
heweat
hermapdr
awn
bymeteorol
ogi
stashore.

WEATHERANALYSI
SCHARTS

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alNot
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Thesechar
tsgi
v heweat
et hersi
tuat
ionatt
hepr
esentsy
nopt
ichourov
ert
heent
ir
ear
ea.

WEATHERPROGNOSI
SCHARTS
Thesechartsareal
socaledPREBARATI
l Cchar
tsandcontai
nsamet
ypeofinf
ormati
onas
weatheranaly
sischar
tsbutpr
edi
ctedf
oraspecif
iedf
utur
etimewhi
chcanbe12,24,48hour
s
orso.

DI
FFERENCEBETWEENTRSANDTLD
TRS TLD

TROPI
CALREVOLVI
NGSTORM TEMPERATELATI
TUDEDEPRESSI
ONS

1)Di
ameterbet
ween50&800mi
l
es,
usual
l
y 1)Di
amet
er1000t
o2000mi
l
es.
l
essthan500miles.

2)Onl
y1si
ngl
eai
rmassi
nvol
ved. 2)2di
ff
erentai
rmassesar
einv
olv
ed.

3)Wi
ndspeed130kt
stogust
supt
o150kt
s. 3)Wi
ndspeedr
arel
yexceeds55kt
s.

4)Windspeedmaximum atl
owerl
evel
, 4)Wi
ndspeedi
ncr
easeswi
thhei
ght
.
decr
easeswit
hheight
.

5)Tr
aveleastt
owestbef
orer
e-cur
ving. 5)Al
way
str
avelwestt
oeast
.

6)Noappr
eci
abl
echangei
nai
rtemper
atur
e. 6)Dr
ast
icchangei
nai
rtemper
atur
e.

7)Forminar
easofconst
antwi
nds(
tradewi
nd 7)For
minanar
eaofdi
ff
erentwi
nddi
rect
ions.
areas)

8)Simil
arpat
ter
nsofi
sobar
sexi
stt
hroughout 8)Pat
ter
nsofi
sobar
svar
yandchange.
thestor
m.

I
NSTRUMENTS

1)MERCURYBAROMETER
 Iti
saninst
rumentusedf ormeasuri
ngatmospher
icpr
essure.Mer
cur
ybarometer
consi
stsofglasstubeabout1m l
ong,cl
osedatoneendfi
ll
edwithmercur
yandinver
ted
i
ntoabowl contai
ningmercury
.

2)MARI
NEBAROMETER
 I
tisal edKEW –PATTERNmar
socal
l inebar
omet
er.Thebaseoft
het
ubei
snar
rowf
or
mostofi
tsl
engt
hbuti
sbr
oaderatt
hetop.

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WHYMERCURYI
SUSEDI
NBAROMETER?

1)Mer
cur
yhasahi
ghr
elat
ivedensi
ty

2)Mer
cur
ydoesnotwett
hegl
asssur
faceasot
herl
i
qui
dswoul
d.

3)Mer
cur
yiseasi
l
yvi
sibl
e.

4)Mercuryhasaunif
orm coef
fi
cientofexpansi
onsot
emper
atur
ecor
rect
ioncaneasi
l
ybe
appl
iedaccur
atel
y.

5)I
tcannotescapeeasi
lyt
hrought
hel
eat
herwasheront
opofci
ster
ndur
ing
t
ranspor
tati
onofbarometer
.

6)I
thasal
owf
reezi
ngpoi
nt(
about-
39°
C)andv
eryhi
ghboi
l
ingpoi
nt(
over350°
C).

CORRECTI
ONOFBAROMETRI
CREADI
NGS

Al
lbar
omet
ri
creadi
ngsshoul
dbecor
rect
edf
or:

1)Hei
ght

2)Lat
it
ude

3)Temper
atur
e

4)I
ndexer
ror

1)REASONFORHEI
GHTCORRECTI
ON

 At
mospher
icpr
essur
edecr
easesashei
ghti
ncr
eases.

 Ther
efor
eforact
ual
readi
ngwehav
eto“
ADD”acor
rect
ionf
orhei
ghti
.e.1mbf
orev
ery
10m.

 Ex:i
fhei
ghtofbr
idgeabov
eseal
evel
is20m,
forev
ery10m –1mb,
sof
or20m –2mb
shoul
dbeadded.

2)REASONFORLATI
TUDECORRECTI
ON

 Thepolarradi
usofearthis13mi
lesl
essthantheequat
ori
alr
adi
us,
thust
he
grav
itat
ionalf
orceatpolesi
sGREATERthanthatatt
heequat
or.

 1ccofHgwei
ghsmor
eatt
hepol
est
hanatt
heequat
or.

 I
fthepressur
eatpoles,
equat
orandgiv
enlat
it
ude(say45°
)issameatagi
veni
nst
ance,
t
heheightofmercur
ycolumnwouldnotbesame.

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 Ther
ef ef
or orpolesaPLUScor
recti
onandatequatoraMINUScor
rect
iont
obeappl
i
ed,
tobr
ingtheheightofcol
umntothatofcor
rectr
eading.

 Ther
ateofchangei
sabout1mbf
orev
ery12°ofl
ati
tude.

3)REASONFORTEMPERATURECORRECTI
ON

 I
fthetemper
atur
eofbaromet
eri
sdiff
erentf
rom i
tsst
andardtemperat
ure,
thepr
essur
e
i
ndicat
edhastobecor
rect
edatappr
oximater eof1mbf
at or6°di
ff
erence.

4)I
NDEXERROR

 Thediff
erencebet
weencorrectedbar
omet
ri
cpr
essur
eandt
heact
ual
atmospher
ic
pressur
eiscall
edindexer
ror.

 I
fcorr
ectedbar
ometr
icpr
essur
eisless,
indexer
rori
swi
th“
+”si
gn,
andi
fbar
omet
ri
c
pr
essureismor
e,i
ndexer
rori
swith“–“sign.

 I
tshoul
dbecheckedev
ery3mont
hs.

ERRORSI
NBAROMETRI
CREADI
NGS
1)CAPI
LLARI
TY

 Sur
facet
ensioncausessur
faceofmer
cur
yint ubetoform aCONVEXmeniscus,a
col
umnofwat erwi
llhav
eaCONCAVEmeni scus.Readingshoul
dbetakenatthecent
er
oft
hemeniscus.

2)CAPACI
TY

 Hei
ghtofmer
cur
ycol
umnshoul
dbemeasur
edf
rom l
evel
ofmer
cur
yint
heci
ster
n.

 I
fthepressur
eri
ses,
themer
cur
yint
hecol
umnr
isesbutl
evel
inci
ster
nfal
l
sandv
ice-
v
ersa.

 Thismeanszer
oofscal
echangeswi
thpr
essur
ewher
easgr
aduat
edpar
tofscal
eis
fi
xedatthet
op.

3)PUMPI
NG

 Iti
stheosci
ll
ati
onorupanddownmov
ementoft
het
opoft
hemer
cur
ycol
umnt
hat
causesi
naccuraci
es.

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 Tominimizet
heerror
,3set
sofmaxi
mum &mi ni
mum r
eadi
ngsshoul
dbet
aken
accur
atel
yandthenameanofal
l6readi
ngs.

4)ERRORDUETOPARALLAX

 I
tisal
socal
l
edobser
vat
ioner
ror
.

 I
tiscausedi
ftheobser
ver
’sey
eishi
gherorl
owert
hant
hel
evel
ofmer
cur
y.

3)GOLDSLI
DE
Gol
dsli
deisaninst
rumentusedfort
hequi
ckcomputat
ionoft
otal
cor
rect
ion(duetoi
ndexer
ror
,
hei
ght
,lat
it
udeandtemperat
ure)whi
chi
stobeappl
iedtother
eadi
ngofbarometer
.

4)ANEROI
DBAROMETER
 Aner
oidmeanswi
thoutl
i
qui
d.

 Aseal
edchambermadeofv
erythi
nmetal
,havi
ngpart
ialvaccum i
nsidei
tisconnect
ed
byt
hesyst
em ofl
ever
sandspr
ingstoapoi
nterf
it
tedoveracircul
ar,
graduat
edscale.

ERRORS

1)I
NDEXERROR

2) CORRECTI
ONOFHEI
GHT

ADVANTAGES

1)Robustandcompacti
nst
rument

2)Changeofpr
essur
eiseasi
l
ydet
ect
abl
e

3)Av
oidser
rorofpar
all
ax

5)BAROGRAPH
 Iti
sananeroi
dbarometerthatgiv
esacont
inuousr
ecor
dofpr
essur
eonpaperchar
t.A
chartwi
thcont
inuoust
raceoni ti
scal
l
edaBAROGRAM.

 I
tissoadj
ust
edt
oal
l
owi
ndexer
rorandal
soer
rorduet
ohei
ghtabov
eseal
evel
.

6)HYGROMETER
 I
tisani
nst
rumentf
orobt
aini
ngr
elat
ivehumi
dit
yanddewpoi
ntt
emper
atur
eofai
r.

 Thety
peusedonboar
dshi
psi
sMASON’
SHYGROMETERorwetanddr
ybul
bhy
gromet
er
orpsy
chr
ometer
.

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igat
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alNot
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7)STEVENSONSCREEN
I
tisawoodenboxspeci
all
yconst
ruct
edt
ohouseahy
gromet
er.

PRI
NCI
PLESOFNAVI
GATI
ON
1)DEFI
NITI
ONS
1)AXI
S:Theaxi
soft
heear
thi
sthedi
amet
eraboutwhi
chi
trot
ates.

2)POLES:t
hegeogr
aphi
cpol
esoft
heear
thar
ethet
wopoi
ntswher
etheaxi
smeet
sthe
ear
thsur
face.

3)GREATCIRCLE:i
tisaci
rcl
eonthesur
faceofaspher
e,t
hepl
aneofwhi
chpasses
t
hrought
hecenteroft
hespher
e.

4)SMALLCIRCLE:i
tisacir
cleonthesur
faceofaspher
e,t
hepl
aneofwhi
chdoesnotpass
thr
ought
hecenteroft
hesphere.

5)PARALLELSOFLATI
TUDE:smallci
rcl
esont
heear
th’
ssur
facet
hepl
anesofwhi
char
e
par
all
elt
othepl
aneofequat
or.

6)MERI
DIANS:semigr
eatci
rcl
esont
heear
th,
joi
ningt
het
wopol
es.

7)PRI
MEMERIDI
AN:i
tist
hemer
idi
anwhi
chpassest
hroughGr
eenwi
ch.Val
ue–000°
l
ongi
tude

8)GEOCENTRICLATITUDE:ar
cofamer i
dianortheangl
eatthecenteroftheearth
cont
ainedbet
weentheequatorandt
heparal
lelofl
ati
tudet
hroughthatplace.Measur
ed
0°-90°NorS

9)GEOGRAPHICLATI TUDE:angl
ebetweentheplaneofequatorandthevert
ical
atthat
pl
ace.Usedforthepur
poseofnavi
gation.I
tdi
ffer
sf r
om geocent
ri
clat
itudeastheeart
h
i
snotat r
uesphere.Di
ff
erencebet
weent hem i
snilattheequat
orandpoles,max
di
ff
erence11.6’
at45°Nand45°S.

10)LONGITUDE:arcoft
heequatorort
heangleatthepol
escont
ainedbet
weent
hepr
ime
meri
dianandthemeri
diant
hroughthatpl
ace.Measur
ed0°-180°EorW

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11)DIFFERENCEINLATI
TUDES(D’LAT)
:arcofamer i
dianorangl
eatthecent
eroft
heear
th
contai
nedbet
weenthepar
all
elsofl
ati
tudet
hrought he2pl
aces.

12)DIFFERENCEINLONGITUDE(D’LONG):
arcoftheequat
orortheangl
eatt
hepol
es
contai
nedbet
weenthemeri
dianspassi
ngthr
oughthat2places.

13)MEANLATI TUDE(M’LAT)
:iti
sthepar
all
elofl
ati
tudet
hatl
i
esmi
dwaybet
weent
he
par
all
elsofl
ati
tudeof2pl
aces.

14)NAUTICALMILE/SEAMILE:l
engthofaminuteofl
ati
tudeorar
cofmer
idi
ansubt
endi
ng
anangleof1minut
eatt
hecentr
eofcurv
ature.

1NM =1.
852km =1852m

Lengt
hofnaut
icalmi
l
e=1852.
3–9.
4Cos(
2xl
at)met
ers

15)GEOGRAPHICALMILE:i
tist
hel
engt
hoft
heequat
orsubt
endi
nganangl
eof1’
att
he
cent
eroft
heeart
h.

 1M =1855.
3met
ers

16)RHUMBLI
NE:i
tisal
i
neont
heear
th’
ssur
facecr
ossi
ngal
lmer
idi
ansatt
hesameangl
e.

17)DEPARTURE:depar
tur
ebet
ween2pl
acesi
stheeast
-westdi
stancebet
weent
hem i
nNM.

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18)CELESTI
ALSPHERE:i
tisaspher
eofi
nfi
nit
eradi
uswi
thcent
erofear
thasi
tscent
re.

19)CELESTI
ALPOLES:ar
ethe2poi
ntsont
hecel
est
ial
spher
ewher
etheaxi
soft
heear
th
pr
oducedwoul
dmeetit.

20)CELESTI
ALEQUATOR:isagr
eatci
rcl
eont
hecel
est
ial
spher
eint
hesamepl
aneast
he
pl
aneofear
th’
sequat
or.

21)PARALLELSOFDECLINATI
ON:ar
esmallci
rcl
esonthecelest
ial
sphere,t
hepl
aneof
whi
chareparal
l
elt
othatoft
heequi
noct
ial
.Thesecor
respondtoparal
lel
sofl
ati
tudeon
ear
th’
ssurf
ace.

22)CELESTIALMERIDIANS:ar
esemi greatcir
clesonthecel
esti
alspher
e, t
heplaneof
whichpassest
hroughthecel
est
ialpoles.Thesecorr
espondtomer i
diansontheear
th.

23)ECLIPTI
C:isagreatci
rcl
eonthecel
est
ial
sphereint
hesamepl aneast
hepl
aneoft
he
ear
th’sor
bitar
oundthesun.I
tist
heapparentpat
hofthesun.

24)OBLIQUITYOFECLIPTI
C:i
tistheangl
ebet
weent
hepl
aneofequi
noct
ial
andt
hatoft
he
ecl
i
ptic.I
tsval
uei
sapprox23½°.

25)EQUINOCTIALPOINTS:the2pointsonthecelest
ial
spher
ewher
etheecl
i
pti
cint
ersect
s
theequi
nocti
alar
ecall
edtheequinoct
ialpoi
nts.

26)FIRSTPOI NTOFARI ES:on21stMar

ch,
atvernalequi
noxthesunappearst
ocrossthe
equinoct
ialf
rom southtonor
th.Thi
spoi
ntisknownasf i
rstpoi
ntofAri
esandisdenot
ed
bythesymbol γ.

27)FIRSTPOINTOFLIBRA:on23rdSept
ember
,ataut
umnalequi
noxt
hesunappear
sto
crosst
heequinoct
ial
from nor
tht
osout
h.Thi
spointi
sknownasthef
ir
stpoi
ntofLi
bra
andisdenot
edbythesy mbolΩ.

28)OBSERVER’
SZENI
TH:poi
ntont
hecel
est
ial
spher
ever
ti
cal
l
yabov
etheobser
ver
.

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29)OBSERVER’
SNADI
R:poi
ntont
hecel
est
ial
spher
ever
ti
cal
l
yopposi
tehi
szeni
th.

30)VERTICALCIRCLES:gr
eatci
rcl
esont
hecel
est
ial
spher
epassi
ngt
hrought
heobser
ver
’s
zeni
thandnadir
.

31)PRIMEVERTICAL:v
ert
ical
cir
clepassi
ngt
hrought
heeastandwestpoi
ntsofobser
ver
’s
rat
ional
hor
izon.

32)DECLINATION:ar
cofacel est
ial
meri
dianorangleatthecenteroftheeart
hcontained
betweentheequi
noct
ial
andt hepar
all
elofdecl
inat
ionthroughthatbody.Measured
fr
om 0°-90°N/Sofequinocti
al

33)SIDEREALHOURANGLE( SHA) :
arcoftheequi
nocti
alort
heangl
eatthecelest
ial
pole
contai
nedbet
weenthecelest
ialmer
idi
anoffir
stpoi
ntofAri
esandt
hatthroughthebody
,
measuredwestwar
dfrom Ari
es.

34)RIGHTASCENSI ON(RA):arcoftheequinoct
ialort
heangl
eatthecelest
ialpol
es
contai
nedbetweenthecelesti
almeri
dianoffir
stpoi
ntofAr
iesandthatthr
oughthebody
measuredeastwar
df r
om Ar i
es.

35)GREENWICHHOURANGLE( GHA) :arcoft

heequi
nocti
alort
heangleatthecel
est
ial
pol
escontai
nedbet
weenthecelesti
almer
idi
anofGreenwi
chandthatofthebody
,
measur
edwestwardfr
om Greenwich.

36)LOCALHOURANGLE( LHA)
:arcoft
heequinoct
ialort
heangl
eatthecel
esti
alpol
es
contai
nedbet
weentheobser
ver’
scel
esti
almeri
dianandthecel
est
ial
meridi
anthr
ough
thatbody
,measur
edwestwardfr
om theobser
ver.

37)EASTERLYHOURANGLE(EHA)
:angl
eorar
cmeasur
edeast
war
doft
heobser
veri
s
knownEHAandnotLHA.

38)VI
SIBLEHORI
ZON:i
tisasmal
lci
rcl
eont
heear
th’
ssur
faceboundi
ngt
heobser
ver
’sf
iel
d

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ofv
isi
on.

39)SENSIBLEHORIZON:small
cir
cleonthecelest
ial
spheret
heplaneofwhi
chpasses
thr
oughtheobser
ver
’seyeandparal
l
eltotherati
onalhor
izon.

40)RATI
ONALHORI ZON:gr
eatci
rcl
eont
hecel
est
ial
spher
e,ev
erypoi
ntonwhi
chi
s90°
awayfr
om hi
szenit
h.

41)ZENITHDISTANCE:ar
cofthevert
icalci
rcl
ethr
oughthebodycontai
nedbetweent
he
observ
er’
szeni
thandthecent
erofthebody.Zeni
thdi
stance=90°-alt
it
ude.

42)AZI
MUTH:ar
coftheobser
ver’
srat
ionalhori
zonortheangleathiszeni
thcontained
bet
weent
heobser
ver
scelest
ialmeri
dianandthevert
ical
circl
ethroughthatbody.

43)AMPLITUDE:arcoftheobser
ver’
srat
ional
hor i
zonort heangleathi
szenithcont
ained
betweent
heobserverspri
mev er
ti
calandt
hev erti
calcir
clethr
oughthatbody,whenthe
bodyisontheobserver
’sr
ati
onalhor
izoni
.e.attheor
et i
calr
isi
ngorsett
ing.

44)LOCALMEANTIME( LMT)ORSHI P’
SMEANTI ME( SMT):wester
lyhourangleoft
he
meansunmeasuredfr
om t
heobserver
’si
nfer
iormeri
dian.Observ
er’
sinfer
iormeri
dian
orant
i-
mer
idi
anisthemeri
dian180°awayfr
om hisownmer i
dian.

45)GREENWI CHMEANTIME(GMT):west
erl
yhourangl
eoft
hemeansunmeasur
edf
rom
t
heinfer
iormer
idi
anofGr
eenwi
ch.

46)LOCALAPPARENTTI ME( LAT)

:west
erl
yhourangl
eoft
het
ruesunmeasur
edf
rom t
he
obser
ver
’si
nfer
iormeri
dian.

47)GREENWICHAPPARENTTIME( GAT):west
erl
yhourangl
eoft
het
ruesunmeasur
ed
fr
om i
nfer
iormer
idi
anofGr
eenwich.

48)LOCALSI
DEREALTI
ME(
LST)
:west
erl
yhourangl
eoft
hef
ir
stpoi
ntofAr
iesmeasur
ed

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f
rom obser
ver
’smer
idi
an.

49)GREENWICHSI
DEREALTIME(
GST) :
west
erl
yhourangl
eoft
hef
ir
stpoi
ntofAr
ies
measur
edfr
om Gr
eenwi
chmeri
dian.

50)MERCATORSAI LI
NG:i
tisusedtofi
ndRhumbli
necour
seanddist
ancebetween2
posit
ions,
latandl
ongofwhichareknownandwhendi
stancei
smorethan600mil
es
D’Long/DMP=TanCo.

51)MIDDLE/MEANLATSAI LING:sail
i
ngfrom oneposi
ti
ont
oanot
her
,D’
LatandD’
Longar
e
i
nvol
ved.Par
all
elandpl
anesail
ingcan’
tbeused.

 Canbeusedf
or:

a)Fi
ndi
ngt
hecour
seanddi
stancebet
ween2gi
venposi
ti
on.

b) Todet
ermi
net
hear
ri
valposi
ti
on,
giv
ent
hedepar
tur
eposi
ti
on,
cour
seanddi
stance.

52)CONJUNCTI
ON:aplanetormooni
ssai
dtobeinconj
unct
ionwit
hthesunwhenas
vi
ewedfr
om t
heear
th,iti
sint
hesamedi
rect
ionast
hesun(i.
e.t
hei
rcel
est
ial
longi
tudes
ar
ethesame)
.

53)OPPOSI
TION:aplanetorthemoonissai
dt obei
nopposi
ti
onwiththesunwhenas
vi
ewedfr
om theeart
h,iti
sopposi
teindi
recti
ont
othesun(i
.e.t
hei
rcelest
ial
longi
tudes
ar
e180°apar
t).

54)QUADRATURE:apl
anetormooni
ssai
dtobei
nquadr
atur
ewheni
tsel
ongat
ioni
s
exact
ly90°EorW.

55)SI
DEREALPERI
ODOFTHEMOON:i
stheper
iodoft
imet
akenbyt
hemoont
ocompl
ete

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oner
evol
uti
onof360°ar
oundt
heear
th.I
tisofconst
antdur
ati
onequal
to27.
3day
s.

56)SYNODI
CPERI
ODOFTHEMOON:i ti
stheperi
odofti
mebetweentwoconsecut
ivenew
moonsort
woconsecut
iveful
lmoons.Synodi
cper
iodhasanaver
agel
engthof29days
12hour
s44mi
ns.Theperiodisal
socall
edLunarmonthorSy
nodi
cmonth.

57)WAXING:fr
om newmoontoful
lmoon,si
ncet
hevi
sibl
ear
eaoft
hemoon’
sil
l
umi
nat
ed
sur
facei
sincr
easi
ng,
themoonissai
dtobewaxi
ng.

58)WANING:fr
om f ull
moontonewmoon,
thev
isi
blear
eaoft
hei
l
lumi
nat
edsur
faceoft
he
moonisdecreasing,t
hemooni
ssai
dtobewani
ng.

59)BARYCENTER:ear
thandmoonrev
olv
eabouteachotheraroundthecommoncent
erof
gr
avi
tyoft
heearthmoonsyst
em.Thi
spoi
ntiscal
ledbarycenter
.

60)NODES:t heor
bitoft
hemoonisi
ncl
inedatanaverageofabout5°08’
tot
heplaneof
ecl
ipt
ic.Thepoint
satwhi
chthemoon’sor
biti
nter
sectst
heeclipt
icar
ecal
ledmoon’
s
nodes.

2)MERCATORCHARTS

ADVANTAGES

1)Rhumbl
i
necour
sesar
eeasi
l
ylai
dof
fasst
rai
ghtl
i
nes.

2)Di
stancesar
eeasi
l
ymeasur
edasscal
eofdi
stance=scal
eofl
ati
tude

3)Shapesofl
andmassesi
nthenei
ghbor
hoodofapoi
ntar
ecor
rect
lyshown.

4)Angl
esbet
weenRhumbl
i
nesar
eunal
ter
edbet
weent
heear
thandt
hechar
t.

5)Di
rect
ionsr
emai
ncor
rectt
houghdi
stor
ti
onsofar
easoccur
.

6)Di
rect
ionsandposi
ti
onl
i
nescanbet
ransf
err
edcor
rect
lyf
rom onepar
toft
hechar
tto

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anot
heraspar
all
ell
i
nes.

DI
SADVANTAGES

1)Gr
eatci
rcl
ecour
sescan’
tbel
aidof
feasi
l
yast
heywoul
dappearcur
ved.

2)Pol
arRegi
onscan’
tber
epr
esent
edduet
olar
gedi
stor
ti
ons.

3)Thescal
eofdi
stancewhi
chi
sthescal
eofl
ati
tudei
sav
ary
inguni
t.

4)Ar
eascan’
tbecompar
edduet
ovar
yingdi
stor
ti
ons.

3)GNOMONI
CCHARTS
ADVANTAGES

1)All
thear
easofthewor
ldi
ncl
udi
ngt
hePol
arRegi
onscanber
epr
esent
edont
he
gnomoni
cchart
s.

2)Gr
eatci
rcl
ecour
sesar
eeasi
l
ylai
dof
fasst
rai
ghtl
i
nes.

DI
SADVANTAGES

1)Rhumbl
i
necour
sesandbear
ingscan’
tbel
aidof
feasi
l
yast
heywoul
dappearcur
ved.

2)Bear
ingsandposi
tionli
nescannotbetr
ansfer
redfr
om onepar
toft
hechar
ttoanot
her
asparal
lel
li
nesbecausethemeridi
ansareconver
gent
.

3)Measur
ementofcour
sesanddi
stancesi
sdi
ff
icul
t.

4)KEPLER’
SLAWS

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1) KEPLER’
SFIRSTLAW:stat
esthatal
lpl
anetsr
evolv
earoundt
hesuni
nel
l
ipt
ical
orbi
ts
wit
hthesunsit
uat
edatoneofthefoci
oftheell
i
pse.

2) KEPLER’
SSECONDLAW:statesthatt
heradiusvect
orofaplanet(ali
nej
oini
ngthe
cent
eroft
hesunt
othecenterofthepl
anet)sweepsoutequalareasi
nequalper
iods.

 Apl
aneti
ssai
dtobei
naphel
i
onwheni
nit
sor
bit
,iti
sfar
thestawayf
rom t
hesun.

 Apl
aneti
ssai
dtobei
nper
ihel
i
onwheni
nit
sor
bit
,iti
snear
estt
othesun.

3) KEPLER’
STHIRDLAW:giv
esther
elati
onshi
pbetweenthedi
stanceofapl
anetf
rom t
he
sunandthet
imei
ttakest
ocompleteonerevol
uti
onar
oundthesun.

5)DAYANDNI
GHT/SEASONSONEARTH
On21stJune,whentheNort
hPoleisti
lt
edtowar
dsthesun,
thesunat t
ainsi
tsmaxi
mum
decl
i
nationNORTHandt hesunraysf
allver
ti
cal
l
yovertr
opi
cofcancer.Thesunissai
dtobeat
SUMMERSOLSTI CE.Al
lpl
acesinnor
thernhemi
spher
ehavelongestday&short
estni
ght
sand
vi
ceversainsouther
nhemispher
e.

On23rdSept
ember,t
hetil
tofear
th’
saxisi
sinadirect
ionatr
ightangl
est
odi
rect
ionfr
om ear
th
tosun.Sunr
aysfal
lver
ti
call
yovert
heequatorandt sdecl
hesun’ i
nati
oni
s0°
.Allpl
aceson
eart
hhaveequal
durati
onofdayandnight
.SunisnowsaidtobeatAUTUMNALEQUI NOX.

On22ndDecember,whentheSouthPoleisti
lt
edt owardsthesun,thesunatt
ainsi
tsmaximum
decl
i
nationSOUTHandsunr ay
sf al
lvert
ical
l
yov ertr
opicofCapricor
n.Thesunissai
dtobeat
WINTERSOLSTICE.Allpl
acesi
nsout her
nhemi spherehavelongestdaysandshor
testni
ght
s
andvicever
sainnort
hernhemispher
e.

On21stMarch,t
heeart
h’saxi
sisinadir
ecti
onatri
ghtanglest
othedi
recti
onfr
om ear
tht
osun.
Sunraysfal
lver
ti
cal
l
yov ert
heequatorandsun’
sdecl
inat
ionis0°
.All
placesonear
thhav
e
equaldur
ati
onofdayandnight.Suni
snowsaidtobeatVERNALEQUI NOX.

REFERENCE:NORTHERNHEMI
SPHERE

a)Fr
om v ernal
equi
nox,t
osummersol
sticei.
e.t
heperiodwhenthesun’sdecl
inat
ioni
s
i
ncreasingfr
om 0°t
o23½°N,t
henorthernhemispherei
ssai
dt ohaveSPRINGSEASON.

b)From summersol
sti
cetoaut
umnal equi
nox
,whent
hesun’
sdecl
i
nat
iondecr
easesf
rom
23½°Nt o0°t
henorther
nhemispherei
ssai
dt eSUMMERSEASON.
ohav

c) From aut
umnalequi
noxt
owint
ersol
sti
ce,whenthesun’
sdecl
i
nat
ioni
ncr
easesf
rom 0°
to23½°S, t
henor
ther
nhemi
spher
eissaidt eAUTUMNSEASON.
ohav

d)Fr
om wint
ersol
sti
cet
overnalequinoxwhent
hesun’
sdecl
inat
iondecr
easesf
rom 23½°
Sto0°
,thenort
her
nhemisphereissaidt
ohaveWINTERSEASON.

6)VENUSASAMORNI
NGANDEVENI
NGSTAR

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 WhenVenusi
sinconjunct
ionwiththesun,
theywoul
dappeart
ori
se,
cul
minat
eandset
t
oget
hertoanobser
veront heeart
h.

 From i
nfer
iorconjuncti
ontosuperi
orconjunct
ion,
Venushasawester
lyel
ongati
on,and
i
samor ningstar.Iti
svisi
bleonlyi
nthemor ni
ngsbefor
esunr
iseandcannotbeseen
oncethesunhasr isenduetoitsbri
ll
i
ance.

 Fr
om superi
orconj
uncti
ontoinferi
orconj
unct
ion,
Venushasaneast
erl
yel
ongat
ion,
and
i
saneveningstar
.Iti
svisi
bleonlyi
ntheeveni
ngsaft
ersunset
.

7)AGEOFTHEMOON:i
tist
heper
iodoft
imeel
apsed,
sincet
hel
astNewMoon.

HARVESTMOON:t
hef
ull
moonwhi
choccur
snear
estt
heaut
umnal
equi
noxi
scal
l
edt
he
har
vestmoon.Thef
oll
owi
ngf
ull
mooni edHUNTER’
scal
l SMOON.

8)SOLARECLI
PSE
Asolarecl
i
pseoccurswhenthemoongetsbetweenearthandthesun,andt
hemooncastsa
shadowoverear
th.Asol
arecli
psecanonl
ytakeplaceatthephaseofnewmoon,whenthe
moonpassesdir
ectl
ybetweenthesunandtheear
thandi t
sshadowfall
suponear
th’
ssurf
ace.

1)TOTALSOLARECLI PSE:wi
thi
ntheumbr aregion,ar
eaontheear
thwi
l
l hav
ecompl ete
darknessbecausethemooncoverstheentir
ef aceoft
hesunandnol
ightreachesthat
area.Thi
ssolarecl
i
pseiscall
edtot
al sol
arecli
pse.

2)PARTIALSOLARECLIPSE:apar
ti
alecli
pseoccur
swhent hesunandmoonar enot
exactl
yinl
i
neandthemoononlypart
ial
lyobscur
esthesun.Thisphenomenoncan
usuall
ybeseenf
rom al
argepar
toftheearthout
sideoft
hetrackofanannularort
otal
ecl
ipse.

3)ANNULARSOLARECLI PSE:itoccurswhent hesunandmoonar eexact

lyi
nli
nebutt
he
apparentsi
zeofthemooni ssmallerthanthatofthesun.Hencet
hesunappear
sasa
bri
ghtringorannul
ussurr
oundingt hedarkdiskofmoon.

Condi
ti
onsf
ort
otalsol
arecl
i
pse

1)GHAorSHAoft
hesunandmoonshoul
dbeequal
.

2)Decl
i
nat
ionofsunandmoonshoul
dbeequal
andoft
hesamename.

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9)LUNARECLI
PSE
Alunarecl
ipseoccurswhenthemoonpassesdirect
lybehindtheearthintoit
sumbr a( shadow).
Thiscanoccuronlywhenthesun,ear
thandmoonar eali
gnedexactlyorv er
ycloselysowi tht
he
eart
hinbetween.Hencelunarecl
i
psecanoccuronlythenightofafullmoon.Lunarecl ipse
occurswhentheearth’
sshadowblocksthesun’
sli
ght,whi
chot her
wiser efl
ect
sof fthemoon.

1) TOTALLUNARECLI PSE:whenthemooni senti

rel
ywithi
ntheumbraoftheear
th,noli
ght
fr
om t
hesunreachesanypartofthemoon.Theent i
remoonthenbecomesinvi
sibl
e.
Suchanoccur
renceister
medast otal
lunarecl
i
pse.

2) PENUMBRALLUNARECLI PSE:whent hemoonisent

irel
ywithi
nthepenumbraoft
he
eart
h,apartoft
hesun’
srayfall
ov ert
heenti
reill
umi
natedhemispher
eofthemoon.We
thenseetheful
lmoonbutwithgreatl
ydimi
nishedbr
il
li
ance.

3) PARTIALLUNARECLI PSE:whenthemoonispart
lywit
hintheumbraandpar
tl
ywithi
n
thepenumbraoftheeart
h,t
hatpartoft
hemoonwi t
hintheumbrabecomesi
nvisi
ble
whil
ethatpar
tofthemoonwi thi
nthepenumbr
awi l
lbevisi
blewi
thver
ymuch
dimi
nishedbr
il
li
ance.

Condi
ti
onsf
orl
unarecl
i
pse:

1)GHAorSHAoft
hesunandmoonshoul
ddi
ff
erby180°

2)Decl
i
nat
ionofsunandmoonshoul
dbeequal
andoft
heopposi
tename.

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10)OCCULTATI
ON
 Occul
tat
ioni
ssomewhatsi
mil
art
osol
arecl
i
pse.

 Themooninit
sapparentmot
ionpassesov
erst
arsandpl
anet
s.Thest
arorpl
aneti
s
thensai
dtobeoccul
ted.

 Foroccul
tati
ontooccur,t
heSHAorGHAofmoonandtheoccul
tedbodyshoul
dbe
equalandthei
rdecl
inat
ionequal
andofsamename.

11)SI
DEREALDAY
 I
tisthei
nterval
int
imebet
ween2successi
vemer
idi
anpassagesoft
hef
ir
stpoi
ntof
Ar
iesoverthesamemeri
dian.

 Iti
sthetr
uerot
ati
onalperi
odoft
heear
th.I
thasdur
ati
onof23hour
s,56mi
nut
es,
04
secondsofmeansolart
ime.

APPARENTSOLARDAY
I
tist
hei
nter
val
int
imebet
weent
wosuccessi
vemer
idi
anpassagesoft
ruesun.

MEANSOLARDAY
I
tist
hei
nter
val
int
imebet
weent
wosuccessi
vemer
idi
anpassagesofmeansun.

LOWERMERI
DIANPASSAGE
LMPoft
hebodyoccur
swhenbodyi
sonobser
ver
’si
nfer
iormer
idi
an.

UPPERMERI
DIANPASSAGE
UMPoft
hebodyoccur
swhent
hebodyi
soncel
est
ial
mer
idi
anoft
heobser
ver
.

12)EQUATI
ONOFTI
ME

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I
tist
hediffer
encebetweent
hemeant
imeandt
heappar
entt
imemeasur
edf
rom t
hesame
meri
dianatanyinst
ant.

Equat
ionoft
ime=Meant
ime–Appar
entt
ime

I
ncomponentt
omeasur
eti
me

 E1=pr
oducedduet
oeccent
ri
cit
yoft
heear
thor
bit

 E2=pr
oducedduet
otheobl
i
qui
tyoft
heecl
i
pti
c

 RA=Ri
ghtAscensi
on

 MS=MeanSun

 TS=Tr
ueSun

RA(
TS)–RA(
MS)=E1+E2

Equat
ionoft
imecanbecal
cul
atedby
:

 GHA(
MS)–GHA(
TS)

 LHA(
MS)–LHA(
TS)

 SHA(
MS)–SHA(
TS)

 RA(
TS)–RA(
MS)

RA(
TS)–RA(
DMS)=E1

RA(
DMS)–RA(
MS)=E2

RA(
TS)–RA(
MS)=Equat
ionoft
ime

(
DMS)=Dy
nami
cMeanSun

13)PRECESSI
ONOFEQUI
NOX
Thelowwestwardmotionofequi
noctialpoi
nt(1stpointofAr
iesand1stpoi
ntofLi
bra)al
ongt
he
ecl
i
pticbyabout50.
2’ofar
ceachy eariscal
ledpr ecessi
onofequinox.

EFFECTS

1)RAoff
ixedbodi
esl
i
kest
arsi
ncr
easesbycor
respondi
ngamount

2)Tr
opi
cal
yeari
s20mi
nshor
tert
hanasi
der
eal
year
.

14)SI
DEREALYEAR:i
tist
het
imet
akenbyear
tht
ocompl
eteoner
otat
ionof360°ar
ound
t
hesun365¼day
s.

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TROPI
CALYEAR:i
tist
hei
nter
val
int
imebet
weent
het
wosuccessi
vecoi
nci
dencesoft
rue
suncent
erwi
th1stpoi
ntofAr
ies365day
s5hr48mi
n.

15)NUTATI
ON
Thenoddingofearth’
saxisasitmovesaroundthepol
eofecli
pti
cisknownasnutati
on.The
axi
sofearththeref
oretr
acesawaycur v
ei nst
eadofdescr
ibi
ngacircl
e.Thi
scausestheear
th’
s
rat
eofprecessiontoi
ncreaseordecr
easei nan18.
6yearcycl
e.

EFFECTS

1)I
ncr
easeofRAofst
arsduet
ounev
enpr
ecessi
on

2)I
tpr
oducesv
erysmal
lvar
iat
ioni
nobl
i
qui
tyofecl
i
pti
canddecl
i
nat
ionofst
ars.

16)TWI
LIGHT
Iti
stheli
ghtr
ecei
vedf
rom t
hesunwhent
hesuni
sbel
owt
hehor
izoni
.e.bef
oresunr
iseand
sunset
.

Ty
pes:

1) CI
VIL:6°bel
owt
hehor
izon

2) NAUTI
CAL:12°bel
owt
hehor
izon

3) ASTRONOMI
CAL:18°bel
owt
hehor
izon

 Forcont
inuoust
wil
i
ghtt
hroughoutt
heni
ghtobser
ver
’sl
ati
tudeandsun’
sdecl
i
nat
ion
mustbeofsamename.

LAT(
O)+DEC(
S)<90°sunwi
l
lset

LAT(
O)+DEC(
S)+18°>90°sunwi
l
lnotgobel
owt
het
wil
i
ghtbel
t

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17)CI
RCUMPOLARBODI
ES
Bodi
eswhi
chnev
ersetorr
iseandr
emai
nabov
ethehor
izonar
eknownasci
rcumpol
arbodi
es.

Condi
ti
on:
lat
it
udeanddecl
i
nat
ionmustbeoft
hesamenameLAT+DEC>or=90°

18)NAUTCALALMANACSYMBOLS
-Sunandmooncont
inuousl
yst
ayabov
ethehor
izon

-Sunandmoondoesnotr
ise

/
///-f
/ ullni
ghtt
wil
i
ght

19)AUGMENTATI
ON
Theaugmentat
ionofthemoon’sSDistheincr
easeintheobservedSDofthemooncauseddue
toit
sdi
stancet
ot heobserverr
educi
ngwit
hincreasei
nitsal
ti
tude.Augmentat
ioni
sni
lwhen
themoonisonthehorizon.

20)SEMI
DIAMETER
 St
arsandpl
anet
sappearaspoi
ntobj
ect
sint
heskysonochangei
nal
ti
tude.

 Butsunandmoonar
emuchcl
oserhenceal
ti
tudeshoul
dbet
akenf
rom t
hei
rcent
er.

 Duetothi
sasemidiameterisusedwhi
chi
saddedi
ftakenupperl
i
mbt
ogett
heexact
al
ti
tudefr
om t
hecenterofthebody.

21)STARSI
GHT
1)Sel
ectat
least3st
arst
ofi
ndshi
p’
saccur
ateposi
ti
on

2)Sel
ectt
hest
arswhoseal
ti
tudei
s>30°

3)Angul
arsepar
ati
onbet
weent
hest
arsshoul
dbemor
e

4)Magni
tudeshoul
dbel
esssot
hatt
hest
ari
sbr
ight
lyv
isi
ble

5)Usest
arf
inder(
NP323)orst
arr
educt
iont
abl
eforf
indi
ngt
hei
rappr
oxazi
mut
h.

6)St
arsi
ghtt
obet
akendur
ingnaut
ical
twi
l
ight

7)Takesext
antandcal
cul
atei
ndexer
ror

8)Int
erceptmet
hodshoul
dbepref
err
ed(aswegetobser
vedlati
nint
erceptmet
hodasi
n
caseoflongbychr
onmethodwegetl
atandobser
vedlong)

9)Cal
cul
atet
hesePLandpl
ot

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10)Wher
ethe3PL’
sint
ersecti
stheshi
p’
sposi
ti
on

22)WHYI
SPLALWAYSPERPENDI
CULARTOAZI
MUTH?
Si
ncet
hezeni
thdi
stanceoft
hebodyi
sver
ylar
geandt
hesmal
lar
cofposi
ti
onci
rcl
ewi
l
lappear
asast
rai
ghtl
i
ne.

23)NOONPOSI
TIONWI
THOUTPLOTTI
NG
1)I
nit
ial
l
yweobt
ainbyl
ongbychr
onmet
hoddur
ingmor
ningsi
ghtaDRLatandobser
ved
l
ong

2)Atthet
imeofmerpasst
aket
hemer
idi
anal
ti
tudesi
ghtandcal
cul
atet
het
ruenoonl
at
andPLisal
waysE-W

3)Aswecal
cul
atet
henoonl
at,
longcanbecal
cul
atedbynor
mal
day
swor
k

4)Butt
heaccur
acyofthelongi
tudedependsontheaccuracyoft
hemorningsi
ghtDRLat
.
Sotocompensat
ethiserr
orwecancor r
ectt
helongi
tudebylongcor
recti
onf
ormula

Longcor
rect
ion=(
DRnoonLat~obsnoonLat
)xC

“
C”i
sobt
ainedf
rom t
hemor
ningsi
ghtbyABCt
abl
es

5)D’
LongEorW canbef
rom 1stPL(
ofmor
ningsi
ght
)

24)“
V”CORRECTI
ON
1)Iti
stheexcesscor
rect
ionwhi
chhast
obeappl
i
edaf
tert
hei
ncr
ementt
oGHAofpl
anet
s
andmoon.

2)I
ncr
ementt
abl
eintheal
manacar
emadeont
heassumpt
iont
hatt
hehour
lyi
ncr
easei
n
t
heGHAisasf
oll
ows

SUN:15°
00.
0’

ARI
ES:15°
02.
46’

MOON:14°
19.
0’

3)Vcor
rect
ionsar
etabul
ated3day
sforpl
anet
sandhour
lyf
ormoon

4)Venusmaysomet
imest
akenegat
ivev
alueduet
oit
scl
osepr
oxi
mit
y

5)Vcor
rect
ionf
orsunandAr
iesi
snott
abul
atedbecausei
ncr
ementr
arel
ydi
ff
ers.

25)“
D”CORRECTI
ON
1)Thehourl
ychangei
nthedecl
i
nati
onoft
hesun,moonandpl
anet
swhi
chi
ncr
easeor
decr
easebyanyamounti
stermedasDcor
rect
ion

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2)Thisi
ncreaseordecr
easecanbef
oundoutbyt
hei
nspect
ionoft
hedecl
i
nat
ionoft
he
nexthour.

26)PRECAUTI
ONWHENTRANSFERRI
NGPOSI
TIONFROM GPSTOCHART

1)Knowhowt
hedat
um oft
heGPSi
srel
atedt
oyourchar
t

2)Al
way
srememberGPSusesWGSdat
um

3)I
fthechar
tisonsomeot
herdat
um t
hanadat
um cor
rect
ionhast
obeappl
i
ed

4)Whi
l
etr
ansf
err
ingt
heposi
ti
onnev
eruset
hel
ongi
tudescal
efordi
stancemeasur
ement

5)Recheckt
hedat
um cor
rect
ionappl
i
edt
oav
oidanycl
eri
cal
err
or

ABORTPOI
NTANDPOI
NTOFNORETURN
Whenapproachi
ngconstr
ainedwaters,
theshipmaybei
naposi
ti
on,
bey
ondwhi
chi
twi
l
lnotbe
possi
blet
odoany t
hingel
se,othert
hanproceed.

TermedthePOI NTOFNORETURN, i
twil
lbetheposit
ionwher
etheshi
penterswatersonarr
ow
thatt
hereisnoroom t
oret
urnorwherei
tisnotpossi
blet
oret
racet
hetrackduetoaf al
l
ingt
ide
andinsuf
fi
cientUKC.

Aposit
ionneedst
obedrawnonthechar
tshowi
ngt
hel
astpoi
ntatwhi
cht
hepassagecanbe
abor
tedandtheshi
pnotcommit
shersel
f.

CONTI
NGENCYANCHORAGE
Ananchorageareamarkedaf
tert
heabortpoi
ntandpointofnor
eturnwher
e,theshipcan
anchori
nthecaseofanemergencyi
ftheeventsdonotgoasplannedandthevesselhast
o
takeemergencyact
ion.

GEOGRAPHI
CALRANGE
I
tist
hemaxdist
anceatwhicht
heli
ghtcanreachtheobserv
erasdeter
minedbyt
hehei
ghtof
t
heobser
ver(
h),
heightoft
hest
ruct
ure(H)andthecurvat
ureofear
th.

GR=2.
095(
√H+√h)

LUMI
NOUSRANGE
I
tisthemaximum dist
anceatwhichali
ghtmaybeseenundert
heexi
sti
ngmet
eor
ologi
cal
v
isibi
li
tycondi
ti
ons.I
tdependsonlyont
heint
ensi
tyofl
i
ghtit
sel
f.

NOMI
NALRANGE
I
tisthemaxi
mum distanceali
ghtcanbeseeni
ncl
earweat
her(
met
eor
ologi
cal
visi
bil
i
tyof10
NM).Ital
sodependsontheint
ensi
tyofl
ight
.

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PI
GEONHOLES:t
hepl
acewher
ethef
lagsar
ekepti
scal
l
edpi
geonhol
e.

 Rat
iooff
lag–3:
2

 Cl
i
pused:
Ingl
efi
eldcl
i
p

 Cl
oseup:
flagf
ull
yhoi
sted

LEADI
NGLI
GHTS
Leadingli
ghtsareapai
rofl
i
ghtbeaconsusedinnavi
gat
iont
oindi
cat
easaf
epassagef
or
vesselsent
eringashal
l
owordangerouschannel
and,mayal
sobeusedf
orPOSI
TIONFI
XING.

Thebeaconsconsistof2li
ghtst
hataresepar
atedi
ndist
anceandel
evat
ionsothatwhenthey
areali
gnedwit
honeabov etheothert
heyprov
ideabeari
ng.I
tmayal
sohelpthenavi
gatori
n
fi
ndingthecompasserror
.

METHODSOFOBTAI
NINGAPOSI
TIONLI
NE
1)Vi
sual
bear
ingofat
err
est
ri
alobj
ect

2)Tr
ansi
tbear
ing

3)Bear
ingorr
angesobt
ainedf
rom r
adar

4)Posi
ti
onci
rcl
eobt
ainedf
rom v
ert
ical
sext
antangl
e

5)Posi
ti
onobt
ainedf
rom hor
izont
alsext
antangl
e

6)Cel
est
ial
bodyobser
vat
ion

DEADRECKONI
NG(
D.R.
)POSI
TION
Thisi
stheposi
tionfoundbyall
owingforthecoursesst
eer
edandthedi
stancesteamedt
hrough
thewaterf
rom afi
xedposit
ion.I
tisobtai
nedwithoutal
l
owingl
eewayandcurrent
.

ESTI
MATEDPOSI
TION
Iti
sthecal
culat
edposit
ion,whi
chashipisexpect
edt
oreach,
aft
eral
l
owi
ngf
orhercour
seand
speedandtheesti
matedleewayandcurr
ent.

OBSERVEDPOSI
TION
I
tistheact
ualposi
ti
onoft heship,
whichmaybeascer
tai
nedbyanymeanssuchast
err
est
ri
al
bear
ing,
astr
onomicalobservat
ionorusi
ngel
ect
roni
cnavi
gati
onalai
ds.

CONTROLTEST
Thecont
rol
testi
sper
for
medbef
oresai
l
ingoutandbef
orear
ri
val
att
hepor
t.I
tismai
nlydone

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t
oconfi
rmthesafeoper
ati
onoftheshi
pandtoensur
ethatal
lthecont
rol
syst
emsnecessar
y
f
orsai
l
ingarecor
rect
lyf
uncti
oni
nginasat
isf
act
orymanner.

Thecont
rolt
est
sar
e:

1)Tel
egr
aphchecks

2)St
eer
inggearchecks

3)Mai
nengi
net
ryouti
naheadandast
erndi
rect
ionsonf
uel

4)Communi
cat
ionst
est
s

5)Whi
stl
etest
s

STEERI
NGGEAR
I
tpr
ovi
desmov
ementoft
her
udderi
nresponset
othesi
gnal
from t
hebr
idge.

Ty
pesofst
eer
ingsy
stem

1)Ram t
ypesy
stem (
2ram or4r
am)

2)Vanet
ypesy
stem

Hunt
ingGear

I
tisaf
eedbackmechanism ofst
eer
inggearwhi
chr
eposi
ti
onst
hef
loat
ingl
everofhy
draul
i
c
pumpastheti
l
lermovestothedesi
redposi
ti
on.

RAMARK
 Ramar
kisar
adi
obeacon

 I
ttr
ansmi
tssi
gnal
cont
inuousl
ywhet
heranyshi
pisnear
byornot

 I
ttr
ansmi
tssi
gnal
inal
ldi
rect
ionscov
eri
ngt
heent
ir
emar
iner
adarband

 I
tgi
vesonl
ythebear
ingoft
hebeaconandnott
her
ange

 I
tisder
ivedf
rom t
hewor
dsRADARandMARKER

RACON
 Raconi
sar
adart
ransponderbeacon

 I
tisderi
vedf
rom t
hewordsRADARandBEACON( itisafi
xedandart
if
ici
alnav
igat
ion
mark,nor
mal
lyer
ectedoverwat
erusi
ngpi
l
larconcretest
ruct
ure)

 Whent
heshi
p’
spul
sear
ri
vesatr
acon,
itampl
i
fiesandr
etur
nst
hepul
set
othescanner

Pul
ki
tNanda
Funct
ion1–Nav
igat
ionOr
alNot
es Page|
79

asaf
air
lyst
rongsi
gnal
.

 I
tgi
vesbear
ingaswel
last
her
ange.

TAKI
NGOVERNAVI
GATI
ONALWATCH
1)Got
othechar
troom 15mi
nut
esear
li
er

2)I
nspectthechart
,cour
sesteer
ed,CMG,setandr
ateofcurr
ent,cour
set
obest
eer
ed
dur
ingthewatch,anyal
ter
ati
onsofcour
se,TSSi
nlocal
it
y,etc

3)Read,
under
standandsi
gnmast
er’
sst
andi
ngor
der
s

4)I
nspectcompasser
rorbook

5)Got
othewheel
house5mi
nut
esbef
oreandsett
heey
est
odar
kness

6)I
nspectengi
nespeed

7)Inspectnavi
gat
ional
watch,
ifanyalt
erat
ionisgoi
ngontakeovert
hewat
chaf
tert
hat
alter
ati
oniscomplet
edandtheshipissett
ledonthenewcour
se

8)Checkt
heVHF

9)Checkt
hest
eer
ingsy
stem,
whet
heronhandoraut
o

10)Under
standt
hemov
ementoft
raf
fi
cint
hev
ici
nit
y

11)I
fanydoubtcal
lthemast
er

AFTERTAKI
NGOVERTHENAVI
GATI
ONALWATCH
1)Compar
ecompasses

2)Checksy
nchr
oni
zat
ionofgy
ror
epeat
ersat
leastonceawat
ch

3)Fi
xtheposi
ti
onofshi
patr
egul
ari
nter
val
s

4)Checkt
hecompasser
roronceawat
ch

5)Keepashar
plookout

6)Di
scusswi
tht
heout
goi
ngof
fi
cerr
egar
dinganyunusual
eventdur
ingt
hewat
ch

7)Askhi
m aboutanyv
erbal
orderbymast
erorC/
O

8)Compl
ywi
thi
nst
ruct
ionsi
nmast
eror
derbook

9)Keepey
eonweat
hercondi
ti
ons

10)Readt
hel
ogent
ri
esmadebef
orey
ourwat
ch

Pul
ki
tNanda
Funct
ion1–Nav
igat
ionOr
alNot
es Page|
80

11)Checkt
heof
fcour
seal
arm

12)Nev
erl
eav
ethebr
idgeunat
tendedwhi
l
eonwat
ch

FACTORSAFFECTI
NGMANOEUVERI
NGCHARACTERI
STI
CS
1) TheShip’
sDeadwei
ght
:thel
argert
heshi
p,gr
eat
ert
hei
ner
ti
a.Lar
gershi
pwi
l
lbemor
e
di
ff
icul
ttost
op.

2) Dr
aughtandTr
im:shal
l
owwat
eref
fect
stur
ningabi
l
ity
.

3) SpeedandRudderAngle:sl
owspeedrequi
reslar
gerrudderangl
estoi
niti
atethet
urn
andtooincreaseROT.Morespeedmorewateract
ingontheruddert
herefor
esensit
ive
torudderangles.

4) Di
rect
ionalSt
abi
l
ity
:vessel
’
sabi
l
ityt
ohol
dcour
seagai
nstext
ernal
inf
luences.

5)TheEf
fectoft
heWi
nd

6)Ef
fectofCur
rent

RESPONDTOEMERGENCI
ES

COLLI
SION
1)Soundt
hegener
alemer
gencyal
arm

2)I
nfor
mthemast
erandengi
ner
oom

3)Manoeuv
ret
heshi
ptomi
nimi
zet
heef
fectofcol
l
isi
on

4)Mar
ktheposi
ti
onbypr
essi
ngt
heMOBbut
tonont
heGPSandont
hechar
t

5)Swi
tchonARPA/
RADAR(
ifnotal
readyon)

6)Swi
tchont
hedeckl
i
ght
s(i
finni
ght
)

7)Swi
tchVHFt
oCH16andCH13

8)Assesst
hedamagear
ea

9)Est
abl
i
sht
hecommuni
cat
ion

10)Must
ert
hecr
ewandpr
epar
eforDamageCont
rol
Par
ty

11)Askt
heot
herv
essel
s’i
fyouneedanyassi
stance

12)Takesoundi
ngofal
ltanks,
cof
fer
dam andWBT

13)Mi
nimi
zet
hei
ngr
essofwat
erbyusi
ngt
hebi
l
gepump/ot
herpump

Pul
ki
tNanda
Funct
ion1–Nav
igat
ionOr
alNot
es Page|
81

14)Anyoi
ll
eakaget
obemi
nimi
zed

15)Keepr
ecor
dofal
lev
ent
s

16)Gi
vef
ir
stai
dtoi
njur
edper
son

17)Br
oadcastur
gencymessageordi
str
essmessage(
ifi
nimmi
nentorgr
avedanger
)

FI
RE
1)Shoutfi
re,f
ir
e,f
ir
eloudl
yandift
hefir
eisi
nasmallar
eat
ryt
ofi
ghtt
hef
ir
eby
appropr
iat
eexti
ngui
shertost
opitf
rom i
ncr
easi
ng

2)Rai
set
hef
ir
eal
arm

3)Sl
owdownorst
opt
hev
essel

4)Announcet
hel
ocat
ionoff
ir
ethr
ought
hePAsy
stem

5)I
nfor
m mast
erandt
heengi
ner
oom

6)I
nfor
m por
tcont
rol
andcompanyagent(
ifv
essel
inpor
t)

7)Must
ert
hecr
ew

8)Checkt
hei
njur
edormi
ssi
ngcr
ewmember

9)Assesst
hef
ir
eanddet
ermi
net
hecl
assoff
ir
e,appr
opr
iat
eext
ingui
sherandf
ir
efi
ght
ing
method

10)Cl
osedownal
lthev
ent
il
ati
on,
fir
eandwat
ert
ightdoor
sandskyl
i
ght

11)Boundar
ycool
i
ng

12)Senddi
str
essmessagei
fini
mmi
nentdangerorot
her
wiseur
gencymessage

13)Keepar
ecor
dofal
ltheev
ent
s

FI
REI
NTHEGALLEY
1)Shoutfi
re,f
ir
e,f
ir
eloudl
yandift
hefir
eisi
nasmallar
eat
ryt
ofi
ghtt
hef
ir
eby
appropr
iat
eexti
ngui
shertost
opitf
rom i
ncr
easi
ng

2)Rai
set
hef
ir
eal
arm

3)Sl
owdownorst
opt
hev
essel

4)Announcet
hel
ocat
ionoff
ir
ethr
ought
hePAsy
stem

5)I
nfor
m mast
erandt
heengi
ner
oom

Pul
ki
tNanda
Funct
ion1–Nav
igat
ionOr
alNot
es Page|
82

6)I
nfor
m por
tcont
rol
andcompanyagent(
ifv
essel
inpor
t)

7)Must
ert
hecr
ew

8)Checkt
hei
njur
edormi
ssi
ngcr
ewmember

9)I
fiti
sel
ect
ri
cshor
tci
rcui
tthenact
ionshoul
dbe:

a)Swi
tchof
fpowersuppl
yoft
heent
ir
egal
l
ey

b)UseCO2orDCP

10)I
fiti
soi
lfi
ret
henusef
oam ext
ingui
sher

11)I
ffi
recannotbeef
fect
ivel
ytackl
ed:

a)Shutdownexhaustbl
ower
s

b)Cl
oseal
lpor
thol
esandent
rancedoor
s

c) Usewat
erspr
ayt
hroughpor
thol
esorf
rom ent
rancedoor
s

d)Boundar
ycool
i
ng

12)Senddi
str
esssi
gnal
ifi
nimmi
nentdangerorot
her
wiseur
gencymessage

13)Keepar
ecor
dofal
ltheev
ent
s

MANOVERBOARD
1)I
mmedi
atel
ywheel
har
dov
ert
ocasual
tysi
de

2)Rel
easeMOBmar
ker

3)Pr
essMOBont
heGPS

4)Rai
segener
alemer
gencyal
arm

5)I
nfor
m mast
erandt
heengi
ner
oom

6)Changeaut
otohandst
eer
ing

7)Fol
l
owt
heWi
l
li
amsonpat
ter
n

8)SoundOSCAR(
--
-)

9)Hoi
stf
lagO

10)Postext
ral
ookout

11)Not
eshi
pposi
ti
on,
windspeed,
dir
ect
ionandt
ime

Pul
ki
tNanda
Funct
ion1–Nav
igat
ionOr
alNot
es Page|
83

12)Must
ert
her
escueboatcr
ew

13)Pr
epar
erescueboatl
aunchi
ng

14)Sendur
gencymessage

15)Ri
gpi
l
otl
adder
/nett
oassi
gnt
her
ecov
ery

16)Recov
ert
hecasual
tyf
rom wi
ndwar
dsi
de

17)Gi
vef
ir
stai
dtot
heper
son

18)Pi
ckupt
hemar
ker

19)Oncer
escuei
ssuccessf
ul,
cancel
theur
gencymessage

20)Keept
her
ecor
dofal
lev
ent
s

FLOODI
NG
1)Soundgener
alemer
gencyal
arm

2)Cl
oseal
lwat
ert
ightdoor
s

3)Soundbi
l
gesandt
anks

4)Car
ryoutdamagest
abi
l
itycal
cul
ati
on

5)I
dent
if
ylocat
ionofi
ncomi
ngwat
er

6)Cutof
fal
lel
ect
ri
cal
poweront
hatar
ea

7)Checkbi
l
gepumpandauxi
l
iar
ypump

8)Br
oadcastemer
gencymessagef
ori
mmedi
ateassi
stance

9)I
fshi
pisi
nimmi
nentdangert
henbr
oadcastdi
str
essal
ert

STRANDI
NG/GROUNDI
NG
1)St
opt
heengi
ne

2)I
nfor
mthemast
erandengi
ner
oom

3)Soundt
hegener
alemer
gencyal
arm

4)2al
lroundr
edl
i
ght
sandanchorl
i
ghtatni
ght

5)Swi
tchondeckl
i
ght
satni
ght

6)Checkhul
lfort
hedamages

Pul
ki
tNanda
Funct
ion1–Nav
igat
ionOr
alNot
es Page|
84

7)Takesoundi
ngofbi
l
gesandt
anks

8)Takesoundi
ngar
oundt
heshi
panddet
ermi
newhi
chsi
dei
sdeeper

9)Checkt
henat
ureofseabed

10)Checknexthi
ghestr
iseandf
all
int
ide

11)Reducet
hedr
aftoft
heshi
p

12)Br
oadcastemer
gencymessage

13)Keepr
ecor
dofal
ltheev
ent
s

14)Cl
osewat
ert
ightdoor
siff
it
ted

15)Mai
ntai
nwat
chonVHFCH16

16)Sav
eVDRorSVDR

STEERI
NGGEARFAI
LURE
1)I
nfor
m mast
erandengi
ner
oom

2)Pr
epar
eforanchor
ingi
finshal
l
owwat
er

3)Exhi
bitNUCl
i
ght
sandshapes

4)Commencesoundsi
gnal
i
ng

5)KeepVHFwat
ch

6)Moni
torv
essel
posi
ti
onandr
ateofdr
if
t

7)Checkf
oranynav
igat
ional
hazar
ds

8)Changeov
eraut
otohand

9)Checkf
ori
mmedi
ateweat
hercondi
ti
on

10)Br
oadcastur
gencymessage

ABANDONI
NGSHI
P
1)Br
oadcastdi
str
essal
ertont
heaut
hor
it
yofmast
er

2)I
nst
ructcr
ewmember
stoputonl
i
fej
acket
sandwearadequat
ewar
m cl
othi
ng

3)I
nst
ructcr
ewmembert
oputoni
mmer
sionsui
tifwat
ert
empi
sbel
ow16°

4)Or
dercr
ewmember
stogot
oli
feboatst
ati
ons

Pul
ki
tNanda
Funct
ion1–Nav
igat
ionOr
alNot
es Page|
85

5)Pr
epar
etol
auncht
hel
i
feboat/l
i
fer
aft

6)Ensur
ethepai
nteri
sat
tachedt
otheshi
p

7)Ensur
eal
lcr
ewmember
sembar
kthel
i
feboat/l
i
fer
aftandt
henl
aunch

8)Ensur
et hel
if
eboat/l
i
fer
aftr
emai
nsi
nsaf
epr
oxi
mit
ytot
heshi
pandi
ncont
actwi
th
eachother

APPROACHI
NGRESTRI
CTEDVI
SIBI
LITY(
RV)
I
nfor
m mast
erandt
heengi
ner
oom

1)Obser
vev
isual
l
yandmakenot
eofal
ltr
aff
ici
nsi
ght

2)Swi
tchonnav
igat
ional
li
ght
s

3)Changeov
ert
ohandst
eer
ing

4)Swi
tchonechosounderi
nshal
l
owwat
er

5)Swi
tchonot
herst
eer
ingmot
oral
so

6)Postdoubl
elookout

7)Tr
youtf
ogsi
gnal
i
ngappar
atus

8)Keepthewheelhousedooropenandst
opal
lthenoi
seoft
hedecksot
haty
oucanhear
thef
ogsignalofotherv
essel

9)Commencesoundi
ngf
ogsi
gnal
bef
oreent
eri
ngf
og

10)Cl
oseal
lwat
ert
ightdoor
s

11)Keepr
ecor
dofal
lthehappeni
ngs

12)Swi
tchonVHF

VARI
OUSQUESTI
ONS
Q)Whyi
sther
eaf
il
eforASDcor
rect
ion&notf
orot
her
s?

1)Sincethenewedi t
ionf
orASDcomesaf t
eralongperi
odofti
me,
ifwecut&pastethe
correct
ionsinthebooki
tsel
fthebookmightbecomeheav
yandtoavoi
dthatwekeepa
separatefi
le.

Q)Whati
sthepur
poseofASD?
1)General
lyr
equiredforcoastalpassage.
2)Usedinconjuncti
onwi thchar
ts.
3)Theyampli
fychar tdetai
landcontaininf
oneededf
orsaf
enav
igat
ionwhi
chi
snot
av
ail
abl
efr
om char t.

Pul
ki
tNanda
Funct
ion1–Nav
igat
ionOr
alNot
es Page|
86

Q)Fiv
eBri
ghtestSt
ars?
1)Si
ri
us
2)Canopus
3)Vega
4)Capel
la
5)Spi
ca

Q)Fiv
ebri
ght estpl
anet
s?
1)Mer cury
2)Venus
3)Mar s
4)Jupiter
5)Saturn

Q)Act
iononseei
ngr
ocketpar
achut
efl
are?

1)Checkownv
essel
posi
ti
onandest
imat
edposi
ti
onoff
lar
es

2)I
nfor
m mast
erandCRS(
coastr
adi
ost
ati
on)

3)Doubl
elookout
s

4)Swi
tchonX-
bandr
adar&ensur
ebot
hradarar
emanned

5)Pr
epar
ethesear
chpat
ter
n

6)Puthel
msmanont
hewheel
andal
tercour
seaccor
dingl
y

7)Recor
dtobemade:
Timeofal
ter
ati
oni
nthel
ogbook

Q)Var
iousmet
hodst
ofi
ndoutcompasser
ror
?

1)Tr
ansi
tbear
ing

2)Hor
izont
alsext
antangl
e

3)Ver
ti
cal
sext
antangl
e

4)Azi
mut
h

5)Ampl
i
tude

6)Leadi
ngl
i
ght

7)Obscur
edsect
orofl
i
ght

Q)Howwi
l
lyoucomet
oknowt
her
eisi
ceber
gint
hev
ici
nit
y?

1)Reduct
ioni
nseawat
ert
emp.

2)Reduct
ioni
nai
rtemp.

Pul
ki
tNanda
Funct
ion1–Nav
igat
ionOr
alNot
es Page|
87

3)I
cebr
eaki
ngnoi
sewi
l
lbehear
d

4)Bl
i
nki
ce

5)I
nfogi
twi
l
llookl
i
keal
umi
nousobj
ect

6)I
ncl
earskyi
twi
l
llooky
ell
owi
shl
umi
nousobj
ect

7)Thoughr
adarwi
l
lnotgi
vegoodechoesf
ori
ce,
butst
il
lmai
ntai
nal
ookoutonr
ange
scal
e6mile

Q)Wher
ecanwef
indNav
texst
ati
on,
Nav
.War
ning&MetWar
ning?

1)ALRSVOLUME5

2)ALRSVOLUME3

3)LI
STOFRADI
ODETERMI
NATI
ONANDSPECI
ALSERVI
CESSTATI
ON

Q)Wher
ecanwef
indi
nfor
mat
ionr
egar
dingMedi
cal
Adv
ice?

1)ALRSVOLUME1

2)LI
STOFRADI
ODETERMI
NATI
ONANDSPECI
ALSERVI
CESSTATI
ON

Q)Whatallpubl
i
cat
ionsarement
ionedf
orcor
rect
ionunderWNM Sect
ionVI
Ii.
e.updat
est
o
miscel
l
aneouspubl
icat
ions?

1)NP100:
TheMar
inerhandbook

2)NP133A:
Paperchar
tmai
ntenancer
ecor
d

3)NP231:
Admi
ral
tygui
det
opr
act
ical
useofENCs

4)NP294:
Howt
okeepy
ouradmi
ral
typr
oduct
sup-
to-
dat
e

5)NP136:
Oceanpassageoft
hewor
ld

6)NP350:
Admi
ral
tydi
stancet
abl
e

7)NP735:
IALAMar
it
imebuoy
agesy
stem

8)NP5011:
Symbol
andabbr
evi
ati
onsusedonadmi
ral
typaperchar
ts

9)NP5012:
Admi
ral
tygui
det
oENCsy
mbol
susedi
nECDI
S

10)Al
lTi
dal
Publ
i
cat
ion

11)Naut
ical
publ
i
cat
ioni
ncl
udi
ngsi
ghtr
educt
iont
abl
es

Q)Wher
ewi
l
lyouf
indmeani
ngsofsy
mbol
sthatar
eusedi
nECDI
S?

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A)Themeani
ngofsymbol
susedi
nENCs’
coul
dbef
oundouti
nNP5012:
Admi
ral
tygui
det
o
ENCsymbol
susedi
nECDIS

Q)Whati
sthest
andar
dpr
ocedur
eofcor
rect
ingachar
t?

1)OnreceiptofWNM, seet
heindexofchar
tsaf
fectedthati
sgiveninSect
ion2ofWNM
andenterthenot
icenumberoftheaff
ect
edchartincorr
ecti
onlog.

2)Turntot
heendofsecti
on2,toseei
fanyT&Pnot i
ceshav
ebeenpubli
shedorcancel
l
ed
outandmakethecor
respondi
ngent
ryaboutt
hesameincorr
ect
ionl
og

3)Cor
rectt
hev
oyagechar
tsf
ir
standt
her
eaf
teral
lot
herr
emai
ningchar
ts

4)Takeoutthechart
,checkf
oranyprevi
ouscor
rect
iont
hathasbeendoneandsee
whethert
henoticenumberofpr
esentcor
rect
ioni
sinconj
unct
iontothepr
evi
ousupdat
e.

5)I
fthecharti
scorr
ecteduptothepr
evi
ousupdat
e,cont
inuewi
tht
hel
atestupdat
eand
markthepermanentchangewit
hapen

6)Ent
ert
her
elev
antnot
icenumberi
nthebot
tom l
efthandcor
nerofchar
twi
thapen

7)St
ri
ket
hatnot
icenumberi
nchar
tcor
rect
ionl
og

8)Nowusi
ngT&Pf
il
eorsect
ion2ofWNM,
cor
rectt
hechar
tforT&Pbutusi
ngapenci
l

9)Ent
ryshal
lbemadebel
owl
i
neofnot
icesi
nthebot
tom l
efthandcor
nerwi
thpenci
l

10)St
ri
kei
nchar
tcor
rect
ionl
og

11)Usi
ngnav
igat
ional
war
ningf
il
ecor
rectt
hev
oyagechar
ts

Q)Whati
sthepr
ocedur
etocor
rectchar
tst
hathav
enotbeencor
rect
edsi
ncepast2or3y
ear
s?

1)Checkt
hecur
rentedi
ti
onofchar
t

2)I
flat
estedi
ti
oni
snotav
ail
abl
eonboar
d,t
henr
equestf
ornewedi
ti
on

3)I
flatestedi
ti
oni
sav
ail
abl
eonboar
d,checkf
orl
astupdat
emadeonchar
tint
hebot
tom
l
efthandcorner

4)Nowfr
om cumulat
ivenot
icestomari
ners,
notedownal
lper
manentnot
icenumbert
hat
hav
eaff
ectedt
hechartaf
terthel
astupdate

5)Alsor
efersubsequentWNM t
ofi
ndi
fanyupdat
ehasbeeni
ssuedsi
ncepubl
i
cat
ionof
cumulat
ivenoti
cetomari
ner

6)Takeoutal
lWNM f
orwhi
chnot
icenumberi
sent
eredi
ncor
rect
ionl
og

7)St
artcor
rect
ingchar
tlastt
olat
est

8)Appl
ytheupdat
esonchar
ts,
makeent
ryi
nbot
tom l
efthandcor
ner

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ion1–Nav
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alNot
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9)St
ri
kei
nchar
tcor
rect
ionl
og

10)Takeoutannualnot
icest
omari
nerpar
t1tocor
rectchar
tforT&PNoti
ces,al
soref
er
WNM subsequenttoANTM f
orT&Pnoti
cesorref
erT&Pf i
l
emaint
ainedonboar
d

11)Usenav
igat
ional
war
ningf
il
eforcor
rect
ingNAVWARNI
NG

12)NOTE:I
ftheWNM forl
ast2/
3yearsisnotavai
l
ableonboar
d,t
hent
hesamecanbe
downl
oadedfr
om UKHOwebsit
e.Ift
hereisnonetaccesst
henwecanr
equestt
he
companytomail
thesameonship’
sID.

Q)Whati
slar
gecor
rect
ionandsmal
lcor
rect
ion?

1) LARGECORRECTI
ON-Rev
isi
onoft
hepar
tofchar
tinl
atestpubl
i
cat
ion

2) SMALLCORRECTI
ON-Cor
rect
ionofchar
tinweekl
ynot
icest
omar
iner

Q)Whatar
econt
ent
sofCSWPMS(
Codeofsaf
ewor
kingpr
act
icei
nmer
chantseaman)
?

1)Saf
etyResponsi
bil
i
ty/
Shi
pboar
dManagement

2)Per
sonal
Heal
thandSaf
ety
,Fi
repr
ecaut
ion,
Emer
gencyPr
ocedur
es

3)Wor
kAct
ivi
ti
es

4)Speci
ali
stShi
ps

5)Appendi
ces

Whati
sgener
alemer
gencyal
arm?

 7ormor
eshor
tbl
ast
sfol
l
owedby1l
ongbl
ast

 Cont
inuousr
ingi
ngofbel
lunt
ilheadcount
scompl
eted.

Whati
scont
ingencyPl
an?

 I
tcont
ainsact
ionplananddut
iesofev
erypossi
bleemer
gencyonboar
d.I
thas5t
eams
f
orhandli
ngemergenci
es

1)Br
idget
eam

2)Engi
ner
oom t
eam

3)At
tackt
eam

4)Backupt
eam

5)Fi
rstAi
dteam

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