Home Energy Management Systems: An Overview

Helia Zandi, Teja Kuruganti, Edward A Vineyard, David Fugate

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)

Abstract217
Home energy management systems (HEMS) are a growing sector in the modern era of the smart grid
and smart homes. DOE reports indicate that 41% of U.S. energy consumption is by the building sector
which indicates the importance of improving the energy consumption of buildings[1]. HEMS can
provide value to the homeowner and the utility by saving money and energy by providing a mixture of
control, scheduling, and user information. HEMS can monitor the energy consumption of the home
residents to help them adapt their energy usage behavior based on the feedback they receive from the
system. HEMS can also support utility demand-response (DR) programs and reduce peak demand.
The system can receive DR signals from the utility and create schedules based on the signals, the
system goals, and the homeowner’s priorities [2].

One of the requirements of HEMS is to improve the energy consumption in homes and buildings which
require specific capabilities. The system should be capable of communicating with the various home
devices for monitoring and control. The system should also be capable of external communication with
the local utility for receiving DR signals. The system needs some intelligence to be able to analyze
data such as energy consumption and provide feedbacks to homeowners. It also should create
schedules based on energy consumption behavior, system goals, users’ priorities, and utility DR
signals. Due to the nature of the HEMS capabilities and communications in a building or residence,
cybersecurity must also be a capability.

The integration of home devices with HEMS does present some challenges, and it requires
collaboration from homeowners, utilities, and industries. Homeowners need a better awareness of the
energy consumption and its effect on the environment. Utilities should provide necessary and useful
information to the homeowner. The commercial home devices must offer the proper communications
and functionality. Since each device supports specific communication protocol, HEMS should be able
to facilitate the communication between different devices. Smart grids can provide the energy
consumption in different time granularities, and the system will end up with a tremendous amount of
data that needs to be managed and analyzed. Smart and efficient machine learning based algorithms
need to be developed to understand the pattern of energy consumption of the homeowners and make
an adjustment to save energy and reduce peak demand.

In this paper, the required specifications of HEMS are described, and the challenges in this area are
discussed. Different open-source and proprietary HEMS available in the market are explained and
compared. In the end, open challenges and desired capabilities for HEMS are discussed.

HEMS Required Specifications

The main goal of HEMS is to improve energy efficiency in homes and buildings. Additional goals may
include electric utility benefits, such as controlling energy usage to reduce peak demand and support
load shifting. To achieve these goals, HEMS needs to support specific capabilities and features
explained below and illustrated in Figure 1.

217
This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the US
Department of Energy. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication,
acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or
reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. The
Department of Energy will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE
Public Access Plan (http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan). This material is based upon work supported by the
US Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Office.

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1. Device Monitoring and Control: HEMS need to be able to monitor and control different devices
and appliances in a home. Device information can be available to the user via either a web
interface or phone/tablet application. In its simplest form, device control should be available to the
user manually. If the management system supports smart scheduling, control can be automatic.
Moreover, control of devices can be remote or local.

2. Seamless Communication between Devices: HEMS provide communication between different

devices. Each device may operate on a different communication technology, such as Wi-Fi,
ZigBee, Z-Wave, CTA-2045 and others. The system should be capable of providing a way to
support communication between different devices regardless of their supporting communication
protocol.

3. Demand Response: The basic requirement of the system for supporting DR is the ability to
receive DR signals from a utility. For better DR support, information for multiple homes in a
community needs to be available, and the system needs to be able to use an optimization method
to intelligently respond to DR signals and allocate resources to the homes efficiently.

4. Intelligence: Most homeowners do not have any visibility or understanding of their energy usage,
so they may not be able to make appropriate decisions to reduce consumption. It would be
beneficial for the HEMS to provide feedback to the user and make some automatic adjustments if
allowed by the user. To achieve the energy-saving goal of HEMS, smart scheduling and
optimization algorithms need to be incorporated into the systems.

5. Data Management: In the smart grid era, information regarding energy usage can be provided at
different granularities from a wide variety of devices. HEMS should be capable of handling very
large amounts of data efficiently.

6. Security and Privacy: HEMS carry a lot of information regarding residents’ energy usage
patterns and daily schedules. All this information needs to be encrypted and secure, as does
communication between various devices and HEMS.

Figure 1 - HEMS Services Visualization

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Available HEMS
Much research has been conducted on HEMS, and many HEMS have been developed with different
capabilities [3][4][5][6][7]. This section compares and discusses some various types of HEMS and
some of the key feature each of them supports.

Open-Source HEMS

Many open-source HEMS are available, and in this section, some of them along with their key
supported features are discussed. Since these systems are open-source, they can be available to
many users at little or no cost. Also, different vendors can develop their interfaces so their devices can
be supported by the system. Other developers and researchers can also add different functionalities to
the HEMS. One drawback for open-source HEMS is that they could be difficult for a non-technical user
to deploy and use.

Building Energy Management Open-Source Software (BEMOSS) (http://www.bemoss.org/).

BEMOSS is an open-source building energy management (BEM) platform implemented in Python and
is built on top of VOLTTRON [8]. It aims to improve energy efficiency, to optimize electricity usage,
and to aid DR implementation in small-and-medium-size commercial buildings [9].

BEMOSS is a multi-agent system. The BEMOSS agents, which are developed in VOLTTRON, are
device discovery, control, sensor, and cloud. Device discovery detects devices; after detecting a new
device, it launches a control agent and a sensor agent. The former controls and monitors the devices
and the latter communicates with the sensors. The cloud agent communicates with the Internet
"cloud.” BEMOSS has been integrated with the cloud to receive signals via OpenADR. It is also
integrated with IFTTT (If This Then That)[10] to allow alarms and notifications [11].

WattDepot (http://wattdepot.org/) is an open-source service-oriented framework implemented in Java

for energy management systems [12].It provides energy data collection, storage, analysis, and
visualization and consists of sensors, servers, and clients. WattDepot sensors are small software
processes that query any energy device and send its data to a server using the RESTful WattDepot
API over HTTP. It is designed to collect data from a wide range of locations using the Internet.
WattDepot servers accept data from sensors and send them to clients. WattDepot clients request data
from the server and display or analyze them.

Home Assistant (https://home-assistant.io/) is an open-source home automation platform which can

monitor and control devices. It can also support some automation based on user preferences using
different sensors.

Honda’s Smart Home (http://www.hondasmarthome.com/) is an open-source HEMS that works in

dwellings that were built to be smart homes, rather than by adding gadgets to a conventional
residence. It can monitor, control, and optimize the electricity consumption and generation of the
house. Its energy management tools are integrated with the smart grid to respond properly to DR.

Neurio Home Energy Monitor (http://neur.io/iem/) is an open platform that can be used to monitor
both energy consumption and energy generation by solar panels. It can identify the “energy hogs” in a
house. It can also inform the user what devices are on/off.

Wink Hub 2 (http://www.wink.com/) is an open platform that can be used to monitor and control smart
devices. It also provides a secure RESTful API. Each request to the API needs to be authenticated
using a bearer token.

EmonCMS (https://emoncms.org/) is an open-source web application for logging, processing, and

visualizing energy usage and solar generation.

Open Energy Management (OGEMA) (http://www.ogema.org/) is an open-source platform which can

be used to monitor and control devices. It provides a web user interface for easy interaction with the
user. It can also provide visualization of energy consumption.

Open Energy Monitor (https://openenergymonitor.org/) is an open-source software system that

provides information and visualization about the energy consumption of the house and energy
generation by solar PV.

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The following are other open-source development platforms and technologies that can aid in designing
home automation systems:

Open remote (http://www.openremote.com/) is an open-source platform that helps to connect all

types of devices with different communication technologies. It can be used to develop different
interfaces for controlling devices remotely using smartphones or tablets.

OpenHAB (http://www.openhab.org/) is an open-source building automation software, which can run

on any device with a JVM (Java virtual machine). It helps to integrate different home automation
technologies. It can be used for monitoring and controlling different devices, and it provides a graph
for energy history. By using OpenHAB-designer, developers can design their user interfaces.

Freedomotic (http://freedomotic.com/) is an open-source development framework that can be used to

develop smart spaces and can be integrated with popular automation technologies.

Power Matcher Suit (http://flexiblepower.github.io/) is an open-source platform implemented in Java.

It contains two platforms: (1) Energy Flexibility Platform & Interface (http://flexible-energy.eu/), which is
an operating system that facilities communication between various smart appliances and the smart
grid [13]. (2) PowerMatcher, which is an energy coordination mechanism for the smart grid that
facilitates the implementation of scalable smart grids.

Proprietary HEMS

This section discusses other energy management systems that are available in the market or have
been introduced by researchers. First, the HEMS introduced by researchers and the key features
supported by them are discussed and then HEMS that are available in the market will be mentioned.

Pervasive Service-Oriented Networks (PERSON) is a low-cost, low-power energy management

system [14]. It uses ZigBee as the underlying communication protocol and ZigBee-enabled actors
such as power meters, power outlets, and sensors. The home gateway and control center is used to
handle data collection, storage, and transmission. It also supports monitoring, control, and smart
decision making.

PERSON has a three-layer structure. The heterogeneous network platform tries to build a
homogenous network for data flow. It provides a simple API to the upper layer for information
exchange. The underlying communication protocol and media are transparent to the upper layer.
Service-oriented network (SON) tries to abstract the functionalities provided by actors into services. It
has two kinds of services: a service provider, which creates services and decides what services to
offer, and a service customer, which discovers services available on the network and binds to the
service provider. A context-aware intelligent algorithm, by which the services provided by SON, is
used for control purposes and for optimizing the system performance.

EnergySniffer is a multi-sensing framework that can estimate the energy consumption of appliances
[15]. It uses the data from multiple sensors on a smartphone to create a unique fingerprint profile of
each appliance. To build this profile, a machine learning algorithm is used by which the acoustic
features of machines first are extracted. Then a model is generated for each of the machines, and
finally, each machine can be detected using the generated models. This framework requires no new
hardware, and the application updating feature on smartphones can be used to update it.

VirifiScope is a system that monitors energy consumption [16]. It estimates consumption in real-time
using sensors placed close to appliances and using a machine learning algorithm which learns and
estimates the energy consumption of the appliances and calibrates the sensors. There is no need for
external calibration of the sensors.

Handy Feedback: This system is a mobile phone application that can measure and monitor the
energy consumption of appliances using data collected by a smart meter [17]. The application can be
downloaded from the internet. It provides energy usage, historical usage, live visualization of energy
consumption, and measurements. The user can monitor energy remotely in almost real time. The
application is connected to a smart meter through an information gateway that retrieves data from the
smart meter and stores them in an SQL database. The gateway’s functionality is available through a
web server as well.

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NOBEL is a European project that is used for energy monitoring, billing, notifications, information
services, and the best deployment of renewable energy [18]. Since all these services are provided in
the cloud, it can be hosted on different servers and is accessible from anywhere using mobile devices.
The goal is to provide users the best possible services and predict their behavior based on the
information available on their smartphones. Moreover, simulations of what-if scenarios are available to
users to help them make decisions regarding their power usage. Another goal of NOBEL is active DR.

Adaptive Living Interface System (ALIS) is a distributed system of interfaces and visualization tools
that can make users aware of patterns of energy use [19]. It tries to address issues using visualization
tools to provide useful feedback and advice to users to help them make appropriate decisions
regarding their energy consumption and help them achieve their goals. It provides users with feedback
regarding home energy consumption, visualizations of energy consumption, comparisons of their
energy usage and energy conservation techniques with those of other users in the community, and
numerical financial data. It is also integrated with social networks to encourage competition. It was
developed to provide information regarding the energy consumption and production of net-zero solar-
powered homes.

The HEMS that are currently available in the market are Google Home
(https://madeby.google.com/home/), DreamWatts (http://www.makadenergy.com/), Apple HomeKit
(http://www.apple.com/ios/home/), Insteon HomeKit (http://www.insteon.com/insteon-hub-homekit, Iris
Home Smart Kit (https://www.irisbylowes.com/), TED Pro Home Energy Monitor
(https://www.theenergydetective.com/tedprohome.html), Rainforest EMU-r Energy Monitoring Unit
(https://rainforestautomation.com), Samsung’s SmartThings Hub (https://www.smartthings.com/how-it-
works), Amazon Echo and Control 4 ALEXA (https://www.control4.com/), Nest (https://nest.com/),
Wiser Air smart thermostats (https://www.wiserair.com/), and Savant (https://www.savant.com/).

All currently available HEMS are capable of monitoring and controlling compatible smart devices.
These HEMS usually provide a user- friendly application and are easy to deploy since the software is
already installed on the hardware. A few of these systems provide some home automation based on
user preferences. Some can learn about user’s energy consumption behavior and create schedules
based on this information. Some provide visualization for energy consumption and can provide
feedback and recommendation to the user. Some can be registered with a smart meter and can
monitor home energy usage and find energy hogs.

HEMS Comparison

Besides the HEMS described in previous sections, there are other energy management systems that
are not available in the United States, such as DigitalSTORM, e-GOTHAM, Energy Team,
SMARTHEMS, and The Energy Navigator [3]. A comparison of the open- source and propriety HEMS
that are currently available is found in Table 1.

Most available HEMS support monitoring and controlling only compatible and vendor-specific devices.
The compatible devices vary based on the selected home automation system. Each of these devices
supports specific communication protocol. The most popular communication technologies are Wi-Fi,
ZigBee, and Z-wave. Most of the available HEMS do not support any sophisticated cybersecurity
techniques. Also, among all HEMS discussed, a very few support DR and are capable of helping the
utility to reduce peak demand. Most of the available HEMS don’t support any home automation or
intelligence to adjust the energy consumption based on user preferences and system goal.

For the open-source HEMS, they are usually time-consuming and hard to deploy for a non-technical
user. Also, many of them require additional hardware piece such as a Raspberry Pi, which many users
are not familiar with. The advantage of open-source HEMS is that other vendors, researchers, and
developers can add support for new devices, for not supported communication protocols, for home
automation techniques, and for other missing capabilities.

For propriety HEMS, they are usually easy to deploy, provide a user- friendly application, and support
basic security. Very few of these systems support simple home automation, and most of them don't
support DR. These systems can be costly to deploy, and some may require extensive installation.
Also, the user can only use the vendor supported devices. For this category of HEMS, supporting new
features and new devices depends on the vendors’ decision.

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Table 46- HEMS Comparison

HEMS Open- Source HEMS Proprietary HEMS

Specification

Device monitoring  Support specific devices  Support specific devices

and control  Developers can add new  Supporting new devices
devices, but it wouldn’t be depends on the vendor
straightforward
Seamless  Supports specific communication  Supports specific communication
communication protocol protocol
between devices  Supporting new protocols is  Supporting new protocols is
possible but not straightforward depending on the vendor
Supporting Demand  Very few provide support for DR  Very few provide support for DR
Response(DR)  Researchers/developers can  Supporting DR depends on the
add the capability vendor
Intelligence  Some support simple home  Some support simple home
automation automation
 Most don’t support intelligence  Very few support intelligence
 Researchers/developers can  Supporting intelligence depends
add the capability on the vendor
Data Management  Doesn’t support this  Some work on it for consumer
 Researchers/developers can behavior
add the capability  Supporting this capability
depends on the vendor
Cyber Security  Some support basic security  Support basic security
 Researchers/developers can  Supporting additional security
add cybersecurity features to the depend on the vendor
system
Easy Deployment  Extremely hard for average user  Most are easy to deploy
 Some require extensive
installation
User- Friendly  Not user-friendly for an average  Provides user- friendly UI
user

HEMS Challenges
The main task of HEMS is to provide energy usage monitoring and control to their users. To do so,
HEMS should be able to provide seamless communication among different smart devices and sensors
that are running different communication technologies [20]. To design a robust and flexible networking
infrastructure, the characteristics and requirements of each of these technologies must be understood
[21].

For wired communication, IEEE802.3 [22] and HomePlug Green PHY [23] are the leading
communication standards. ZigBee [24], Z-Wave [25], and Wi-Fi are the leading technologies for
wireless communication [26]. ZigBee is a low-power, low-cost wireless mesh standard with a low data
rate. Z-Wave, the most popular home automation protocol, is another secure and reliable wireless
communication protocol. Wi-Fi HaLow [27] is a low-power, high-range, secure wireless communication
standard that can be used in devices that incorporate IEEE 802.11ah. Other new communication
technologies have been introduced for connected homes, such as Google Thread [28], which is a
simple, secure, and scalable mesh network developed for connecting devices in a home.

In HEMS, various smart devices, appliances, sensors, and smart grid services are connected to one
another and communicate large amounts of information. The information and the applications used by
these systems need to be protected and secured, and this leads to cybersecurity challenge of
developing HEMS.

Supporting DR is another challenge and requires a high level of coordination between utility
companies, HEMS vendors, and users. Applications on the customer side should be able to receive

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and send signals from the smart grid. Smart algorithms need to be developed to reduce peak demand,
to support load shifting, and to coordinate between energy use and consumption. Also, much
coordination and monitoring among different buildings in a community are required. These
requirements lead to the scalability challenges of HEMS. Smart grids can provide information
regarding energy consumption at different levels of time granularity. To be able to make smart
decisions and analyze the data for each house in the community, HEMS must be able to efficiently
manage the tremendous amounts of data provides by the smart grid and other entities in involve
HEMS.

Conclusion
The application of HEMS is growing in the era of smart grids and smart homes. Significant amounts of
energy are consumed by dwellings, showing the importance of improving energy efficiency in
residential buildings. HEMS are primarily intended to save energy by providing information to users
regarding energy consumption and helping them adapt their energy use behavior based on the
feedback they receive from the HEMS.

In this review, the desired capabilities and expected challenges for HEMS were identified and
discussed. HEMS need to be able to monitor and control devices regardless of their communication
protocols. They also need to support DR which requires significant coordination and collaboration
between HEMS vendors and utilities. These systems need to include some intelligence to provide
feedback to users and help them save money and energy by adapting their energy consumption
behavior. HEMS also should keep users' information secure. Because of the tremendous amount of
data communicated between devices, HEMS, and smart grid, these systems should be capable of
storing and retrieving this data efficiently.

Even though a variety of different energy management systems have been introduced to the market,
they are not being used by many homeowners. Open- source HEMS are hard to deploy for most users
and the cost associated with proprietary HEMS doesn’t justify the energy saving for most users
especially since most management systems do not support any intelligence. Available HEMS are
capable of monitoring and controlling certain devices. However, they can support only devices with
certain types of communication protocols, and they generally cannot use the information they receive
regarding users’ energy consumption to save energy. They also lack DR support and sophisticated
cyber security. Most available HEMS are not easy to deploy, and some even require extensive
installation by an expert.

In order to have HEMS largely be used by homeowners in the smart grid era, there is a need for an
open- source energy management system which is easy to deploy and use by any user with any level
of technical background. The system should provide support for a wide range of smart devices running
different communication protocols so users can communicate with any smart device of their choice.
The system should also be able to handle all the information being communicated in a secure fashion.
Moreover, to better support DR and reduce the energy cost while satisfying the user comfort level,
intelligence algorithms should be incorporated in the system Since the system is open- source, if there
is a need for supporting a new smart device, a new communication protocol, or a desired capabilities,
other developers and vendors can add support for that feature in the system.

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