Dr.

Khurram Saleem

PROPOSAL
REPORT 2021

NAME: SUPERVISER:
M.HASSAAN JAVED
SYED ALI HAIDER
MOHSAN ABBAS
 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION_________________________________________________3
Strategic Highlights_________________________________________________________3
Financial Highlights_________________________________________________________3
Operating Highlights________________________________________________________3
Looking Ahead_____________________________________________________________3

STATE OF THE ART______________________________________________4

DESIGN OF PROJECT____________________________________________2
Statement of Financial Position________________________________________________2
Statement of Comprehensive Income (Profits and Losses)__________________________2
Statement of Changes in Equity_______________________________________________2
Statement of Cash Flows_____________________________________________________2

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS_______________________________2

Accounts_________________________________________________________________2
Debt_____________________________________________________________________2
Debt_____________________________________________________________________2
Going Concern_____________________________________________________________2
Contingent Liabilities________________________________________________________2
Takeaways________________________________________________________________2

INDEPENDENT AUDITOR’S REPORT________________________________2

Auditor’s Report____________________________________________________________2
 3

INTRODUCTION
In today’s world, Smart homes are one of the most common ideas. A smart home is a well-designed
system with enough access to assets, communication, controls, data, and information technology to
improve the occupants’ comfort, convenience, cost savings, and enhanced connectedness [1].
The whole idea behind the smart home it to have everything talking to everything, so you stay informed
while your devices stay informed too.
The Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data are new technologies that can be used to better monitor energy
consumption in the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. IoT which includes RFID sensor
machinery, smart technology, nanotechnology, and other technological breakthroughs [2]. IoT is not a
single great technology rather, it circumvents significant complementary technical development by
providing capabilities that may be used in tandem to help bridge the virtual and physical worlds [3]. The
Home Energy Management System has been chosen as a possible solution for connecting devices,
sensors, and other devices through communication technologies and platforms. Innovative home
technologies are gradually being incorporated into our daily routines as well as our physical and
emotional interactions with our communities. Smart home saves time and effort by combining control of
several appliances into a single system. In a smart home, home automation devices can control various
electrical appliances, such as turning them on or off using a remote.
There are lots of research going on home automation involving IoT. S.H. Hussain et al. developed a
smart home system with high security and low implementation cost using IoT [6]. K. Mandula et al.
proposed an IoT-based home automation using low-cost Android phones in the Indian context [5]. zJ.J
Padmini developed a system using IoT for power utilization and conservation in smart homes. In this
system, they used an image processing system to recognize human activities [7]. N. David et al. designed
a home automation system that can control different household devices with the help of WiFi and GSM
technology [8]. Researchers and scientists are also concerned about predicting and optimizing electricity
use in residential structures in order to make IoT-based smart home systems viable . The popularity of
smart homes has risen dramatically in recent years. People like the convenience of being able to maintain
and change the performance of their appliances from anywhere in the world via remote access. It will
ultimately become a requirement for everyone. IOT can provide a ubiquitous computing platform for
sensing, monitoring, and controlling the energy use of household appliances on a big scale.
 4

STATE OF THE ART

The key challenges for a smart home energy management system is to create a balance by
maximizing user comfort and minimizing power using intelligent control systems.
In this regard, different optimization techniques were used. Kennedy and Eberhart initially
described the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm as a revolutionary modern heuristic
method in 1995 [44]. Rui Yang proposed this technique in his research. The PSO (particle swarm
optimization) algorithm is used to optimize the overall control system by adaptively tuning set
points during system operation. The parameters which it controls are temperature, lighting, and
ventilation [36].
In another study, Krishna Prakash N used fuzzy logic technique to optimize SHEMS. Fuzzy logic
algorithm is employed at two levels; one is for battery management system (BMS) and the other for
load management system (LMS). EMS developed in Simulink is integrated with the fuzzy models
of LMS and BMS [45].
Andries Du Plessis describes a smart grid power management system that consists of five single
steps: smart grid power system modelling, monitoring, database collection and management, grid
condition check and maintenance, and smart grid power system fault investigation. Smart power
management systems make use of engineering data and display it in a way that is useful in a smart
grid system [3]. In [11] demand-side management system is proposed, together with a hardware
solution for laboratory testing. The consumer's load is classified as very critical, critical, or non-
critical. The microcontroller, which is installed at home, is used to feed power to the loads. The
suggested system uses wifi (raspberry pi) technology to control the load from the substation, which
has an iPac 9302 single board computer and micro controller. Because the load is managed from the
substation based on optimum load management and critical situations, the suggested method does
not consider customer priorities.
To reduce electricity costs, a system is proposed by Baig, F, for scheduling home appliances using
mix integer linear programming to transfer load to off-peak times. Peak power consumption and
operational parameters of smart appliances are controlled by a power signal. The optimal design
reduces expense and usage [12]. In smart home control, a methodology for managing power load is
proposed by Wallace, K. M.M. For electrical load management, the given control technique has three
steps: the user must define the load type (load definition), control of standby loads, and use of an
informative panel [13].
To reduce cost on power, consumer appliances are configured a day ahead of variable peak pricing.
On the basis of load scheduling, a number of algorithms have been developed [14].
To balance the load and avoid peaks, Authors use algorithms with a threshold limit.
If consumer's load exceeds the utility's specified threshold limit, the consumer will be charged an
additional fee [13]. Efficient household load is categorized into flexible and essential load. A load
management system (LMS) is proposed using these two categories to decrease the cost and delay of
appliances. A centralized algorithm developed by the adaptive dynamic programming is used to
resolve the optimization problem [14]. Author proposed a Robust-Index Method (RIM) has been
developed to tackle the uncertainties associated with customer behavior. The improvement of user
comfort is a primary goal. For varying loads, robust indexes are computed, which are then used as
constraints in the appliance scheduling optimization problem. This integration has aided the
scheduling system in obtaining the best scheduled load feasible [15].
 A demand response (DR) program is proposed with mixed-integer non-linear programming. The
time of use ToU pricing structure and the Incentive-based demand response (IDR) program are
 5

employed by the authors. The cost of electricity is reduced by 25%, and most consumers utilize
electricity during low-price hours (off-peak hours) to receive utility incentives [16]. A Mixed Integer
Linear Programming (MILP) model is used to optimize load and electricity production in a smart
home. In order to reduce the electricity expenditure, the authors use a heuristic technique for
scheduling the household load. Three case studies are conducted using the Taguchi approach over
various time frames. [17]. Khalid,A , proposed a HEMS using a Hybrid Algorithm(HGB). GA and
BFA were used to develop this algorithm. The authors employ three alternative pricing regimes and
schedule the household appliances. Based on cost and waiting time, these pricing schemes are
assessed and compared to one another [18]. In Reference [19] Author proposed a technique using a
dynamic pricing structure, a photovoltaic module, and energy storage system, a real-time energy
management model is provided. The main goal of this project is to reduce the amount of electricity
used. For scheduling the appliances in the residential unit, a game theoretic technique is proposed by
Zhu,Z. The idea of locally generated Renewable Energy Sources is given to relieve stress on the
existing grid. The modelling findings show that GT effectively lowers the cost of electricity [20].
A decentralized approach to develop a home load management module is provided by Safdarian, A
in his research. This module is in responsible of lowering costs by talking with the utility server on a
regular basis about load patterns [23]. Zineb et al. proposed a HEMS for scheduling appliances in a
home with the goal of lowering the overall bill and the time spent waiting for the appliances. The
authors create a multi-objective problem and use Evolutionary Algorithm to solve it [24]. Johansson,
K.H. proposed MILP technique which is used to reduce total cost and CO2 emissions. The
comprehensive technique for appliance scheduling is the foundation of this system. To make the
appliances' schedule less vulnerable to their unexpected behavior, the authors incorporate the users'
behavior uncertainty into the suggested model [25].
A smart home's demand scheduling is done via a decentralized manner. The authors are concerned
with increasing comfort and lowering energy costs. Appliance-level data, such as consumption, user
preferences, and pattern, is gathered for this reason, and this data is used to schedule appliances. To
protect consumers' privacy, the authors execute the suggested approach locally, which means that
data is processed at the customers' homes and not shared with the utility [26].
A MILP based home load scheduling is considered along with different assets, that is, interruptible
appliances, non-interruptible appliances, and electric vehicles (EVs). Authors propose a model,
where different connections like Vehicle to Grid (V2G), Vehicle to Neighbors (V2N) and Vehicle to
Home (V2H) are possible. With this proposed model, consumers can make energy transactions, that
is, V2G, V2H and V2N. These transactions can help the consumers to decrease the electricity bills
[27]. A multi-residential system with multiple appliance classes (5 classes) is considered to schedule
each residence in a distributed manner using mixed integer non-linear programming. In the
distributed approach, scheduling is performed at each residence level, and it shares much less
information with the grid in order to protect the privacy of each residence. According to the authors,
the proposed model schedules the appliances optimally [28]. In order to maintain the quality of
consumers’ experience, a new smart home energy management system is proposed [29]. The authors
consider two scenarios: one with RESs and other without RESs. Cost saving through appliance
scheduling and renewable power source allocation; is implemented targeted to the cost minimization.
The results demonstrate that 22% cost is saved in non-RESs case and 30% cost is saved during the
RESs case.
Multiple smart homes supported by distributed generations are subjected to a two-level
optimization. The authors employ a local home energy management system for appliance scheduling
at the first level. The second step is the development of a worldwide home energy management
system for scheduling ESS and power exchange across smart houses [37]. HEMS based on RESs,
 6

ESSs, and PHEVs is presented for power cost reductions. For this aim an improved Genetic
Algorithm (GA) is presented by combining GA and multi-constraints integer programming. The
suggested technique is resilient and computationally efficient, according to simulation findings by
author [38]. An energy management controller that categorizes appliances based on their energy
usage patterns. In addition, the authors employ heuristic approaches and fuzzy logic to reduce
latency, minimize PAR, and save money. Users' preferences, on the other hand, aren't considered.
Through an optimization method, Muhammad et al. provide a system for achieving numerous
objectives. User cost, PAR, and peak load demand are all lowered, as well as user pain. To meet the
objectives, an optimal stopping rule is utilized. When the load is switched on, however, the user
cannot adjust the timetable [39].
Smart homes are evaluating peer-to-peer power trading. Furthermore, it is discovered that the use of
RESs is rapidly growing. Cost distribution that is not skewed is also minimized. However, because
each user has distinct limits, user comfort is compromised [40]. Moreover, a distributed technique
for effective power system management the main goal of this project is to lower the power cost.
However, consumer comfort is not considered. [41]. Similar work is also done in Reference [42]. In
short, one of the most significant challenges in determining the appliance schedule is the
unpredictable nature of human behavior. The user's comfort is paramount; moreover, the user has the
option to force start and stop an appliance outside of the schedule created. This may compromise the
primary purpose of load shifting. Furthermore, following a thorough assessment of the current
literature, the flaws must be remedied. As a result, there is a need to build an efficient SHEMS that
can reduce electricity expenses while simultaneously addressing user comfort and uncertainty.
The main problem with a home energy management controller (HEMC) is determining
the best pattern based on time and device usage in order to provide the maximum satisfaction to the
user Measurement units (MU) for each Distribution Network Bus.
In a smart house, a strong REM technique capable of monitoring and managing residential loads.
The approach is based on an enhanced binary grey wolf accretive satisfaction algorithm (GWASA),
which was created based on four assumptions that allow for the quantification of time-varying
preferences in terms of time and device-dependent variables. The GWASA can provide an optimal
energy consumption pattern that will provide the client with the highest level of satisfaction while
staying within the user's budget. REM was founded to assist residential energy customers in finding
the right provider for their needs. ZigBee, wireless M-Bus, threads, Wi-Fi, Z-Wave, and home plugs
are all segments of the residential energy management (REM) industry. REM market is divided into
gateways, demand response (DR) devices, ventilation, load control switches (LCS), and heating and
air-conditioning (HVAC) control devices based on hardware. Smart appliances, smart meters, smart
thermostats, in-house displays (IHD), and other smart devices are among the end user segments [34].
Input, process, and output are the three phases of the suggested energy management approach. In
home energy management systems, the demand-side management strategy handles the input
variables to calculate the total satisfactory desired day satisfaction values and provides the grey
wolf satisfaction algorithm with all the calculated input parameters to identify the optimum
scheduling pattern for the devices that provide the highest level of satisfaction, i.e., the output.
In comparison to its counterpart, GWASA is quicker in its optimization process, lowering the use
of computer resources, reducing computing time, and providing a better result. With premature
Convergence, BPSO and basic BGWO are caught in a local optimum. When compared to the
solutions provided through BGA, BGWO, and BPSO, GWASA provides the best level of
satisfaction. The BGA, BPSO, and BGWO, on the other hand, can determine the optimal
scheduling pattern [33].
 7

Problem Statement
In Pakistan, most of the devices like fans, lights, and other appliances in homes don’t have smart
control.
Furthermore, most of the homes don't have central electric control.

Therefore, additional circuits are required to connect these devices with SEHMS.

Objectives

In this project we are proposing a innovative idea in which

1) We will ensure the comfort of user while optimizing the power usage.
2) We will make an automated home system.
3) We will minimize the monthly electric bill by rescheduling the appliances during off peak
hours.
 8

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

We are implementing a Smart Home energy management system using a Wi-Fi module. In this design, a
Wi-Fi module is used for communication between input and output devices. By using a Wi-Fi module,
will reduce the complexity of connecting wires. The basic goal of using Wi-Fi in SHEMS is to create
low-bandwidth digital low-power communication systems.
Wi-Fi technology can enable SHEMS to collect energy data in real-time, allowing users to operate smart
home devices more intelligently and efficiently.
The proposed Energy Management System is divided into two sections:
 hardware section that describes the physical devices that make up the system, and a
 software section that describes the various packet exchanges between devices as well as the
protocol that is employed.

HOME ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (HEMS):

Aim of this work is to propose a model for EMS
(Energy Management System) and home appliances control. The home appliances control and
information (current, voltage) from different loads in home is sent using raspberry pi. The raspberry pi
makes life easier for appliances to talk each other and to send their data to EMS. Two appliances’
controls are provided: one is through remote and second by using EMS software interface.
The purpose of a load scheduler is to schedule appliances based on customer priorities and dynamic
pricing. The use of a home energy management system to regulate household energy use, resulting in
lower peak power and lower electricity bills. To execute energy management, the HEMS application is
equipped with data collecting, data processing, data representation, and the preparation of interactive
operations with the user. As a result, it can deliver feedback. in real-time, daily, weekly, or monthly.
Load shifting and efficient scheduling methods can be used to change the operating and duration time of
household appliances. Many HEM systems simply include grid power; however, a few integrate
renewables as a backup power source.

COMMUN
COMMUN
ICATION
ICATION
SYSTEM
SYSTEM

AUTOMATI
AUTOMATI
ENERGY
ENERGY ON
ON &
&
GRID
GRID CONTROL
CONTROL

HEMS
HEMS
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS

OPTIMIZA
OPTIMIZA SMART
SMART
TION
TION APPLIAN
APPLIAN
METHOD
METHOD CES
CES

SENSORS
SENSORS
&
& SMART
SMART
METERS
METERS

Figure 1: HEMC MODEL

 9

Households normally contains two kinds of appliances, one with inbuilt intelligence and other is
manually operated but this work focuses on how to minimize the electricity bill for the household by
optimally scheduling the operating times of all appliances so that list of the constraints is met.
Households mostly have two types of appliances, one with built-in intelligence and the other that is
manually operated. Household appliances, a Smart Meter (SM), and a Home Energy Management
Controller are all part of this system (HEMC). SM is in charge of contacting the utility to obtain the most
recent Real Time Pricing (RTP) rate information. HEMC schedules household appliances using the
suggested optimization approach, which is based on the suitable price tariffs., as displayed in Figure 1.
Three parts make up HEMC. The first portion is the Appliance Section (AS), which contains all
appliances and informs HEMC about their status (ON/OFF) and load demand. The Scheduling Phase
(SS) is the second section, in which the scheduling approach schedules the appliances with a cost-cutting
objective in mind. The third section is one of the most important sections of HEMC, that is,
Rescheduling Section (RS).
Appliance Classification:
In order to schedule the appliances, they are categorized in three groups :
Shiftable Appliances (SAs), Non-Shiftable Appliances (NSAs) and Normal Appliances (NAs). These
groups are defined by the user for the set of appliances. This classification of appliances helps in
scheduling the household load at their appropriate time slots. In this work, a smart home is considered,
comprising of fifteen appliances. Power ratings and operational time of each appliance is different, and it
is given in Table 1. Operational time is defined as the time, for which an appliance will be kept ON
during a day or the daily usage of an appliance and user sets the operational time of these appliances.

Table 1. The parameters of appliances in a home.

Group Appliance Name Operational Time (Hour)

Vacuum cleaner 2
Water heater 6
Water pump 2
Dish washer 3
SA
Iron 3

Refrigerator 20

Air conditioner 14

Washing machine
3
NSA
Cloth dryer 2

Oven 4
Blender 1.5
Light-01 12
Light-02 10
NA
Light-03 9

Light-04 8
 10

IMPLEMENTATION:
Electrical appliances in the house can be divided into two groups in according to
user preference. First group is the critical loads which are not shifted such as TV, PC, and
microwave. The second group is non-critical loads which can be shifted to any time such as electric
vehicle, washing machine, and dishwasher. These two types of loads are usually called deferrable
and non-deferrable loads. In order to monitor and manage the appliances, commercially available
smart plugs are utilized, which can communicate with central computer through rasbberry pi
protocol. These plugs have ability to measure the energy consumed by appliances and to turn on/off
their own outputs.
In SS, HEMC schedules the appliances for 24 h and it schedules each appliance to a specific time slot.
Each time slot is defined as one hour during the 24 h time intervals. There is total 24 time slots, which
are defined for the whole day. These time slots are scheduled as per the defined rates of the pricing
schemes for the peak and off-peak hours. If peak hours are found in the schedule, then appliances are
scheduled to the off-peak hours. Suppose an appliance is scheduled for a time slot of two hours;
however, user switches-OFF this appliance in one hour and ten minutes. Then, the remaining time (fifty
minutes) of that slot will be wasted. Instead of wasting the remaining time, rescheduling of an appliance
is implemented using coordination and GT. Here again, three variants of GT (ZS, NE and SV) are
compared to get optimum results. When user switches-OFF the status of an appliance before the
completion of its operational time, RS obtains an interrupt from AS and then RS performs coordination
among appliances. Initially, RS finds out the following information about appliances:

• Which appliance has completed its operational time?

• Which appliance(s) can be rescheduled?
• Which appliances are already running?
 11

Figure B: System model.[43]

The real-time electricity consumption data from in home appliances, including schedulable and non-
schedulable appliances, can also be collected by the main panel of smart HEMS to implement
optimal demand dispatch.

PROPOSED SYSTEM:
In this paper, we proposed a home automation system that could be accessed through internet or local network. When the
User is addressing a uniform resource locator (URL) of web server, the client will enter the system of HEMC
authentication system, called as Home Security. Before entering in the control page, client must enter an authenticated
Username and Password. Thus, if it is valid, the client might have access to the system. The system is going to be
working on decision basis so figure (A) and (B) which switches something whenever a movement is detected or button is
pressed and it represent the glimpse of the idea behind the working of the system.

Start

Start

Data Read
(PIR Sensor)
Data Read
(Temperature)

Is
There any motion or
Is Temperature > = Set No Button is Pressed ?
Yes
No Temperature or Button is Yes
Pressed?
Turn on
Turn On The Lights
Fan

Wait 1
minute

(A)
(B)
 12

Figure 2: Proposed smart home automation system processes.

Remote
Connectivity

Household Appliances Plant

Household Appliances
Remote Control
INFORMATION PROCESSING MODULE.
Inertial
Human Motion Sensing TELEVISION
Sensor Module
Device

Theft Detection RF Wireless Air

Unit Transceiver Conditioning

Home Safety

CO Sensors Exhaust Fans

Temperature
Sensors Alarms
 13

PID sensor

LCD Display
Buttons for manual control
Power Monitor
Smart Energy
Management
Infrared Sensor

Lights
LCD Display

Data Acquisition
Smart Energy Management

Home Safety

Automated Household
Appliances Control

PROJECT MANAGEMENT
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:
This section describes the conceptual framework and the methodology adopted for this work
including the systematically organized different stages of the research in conjunction with the
detailed implementation features of the proposed system:

START

MODELING HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM

DESIGN OF PROTOTYPE OF SMART HOME

USING PLYWOOD

IMPLEMENTATION OF HOME PROTOTYPE WITH APPLIANCES

WIRING AND HARDWARE CONNECTION OF

DISTRIBUTION box

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE BASED

IMPLEMENTATION RASPBERRY-PI BASED
AUTOMATION SYSTEM
 14

GUI LAYOUT DESIGN BASED ON VIRTUINO

APPLICATION
DESIGN ENCHANCEMENT AND OPTIMIZATION

VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION OF THE

PROTOTYPE OPERATION WITH AUTOMATION
NO
SYSTEM USING INTERNET AND ZIGBEE
YES

Is the
has
working
?

FINALIZING HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM

END

Figure C Flowchart of research activities

 15

IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
Our expected plan will for the complete project are as follow:

Months Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May.

Literature
View
Simulations

Purchasing
Component
s
Hardware
Design
Test and
Debugging
Finalizing
project

Role played by each group member

 Ali Haider will be working on the logic design and implementation of that logic in our IoT-
based smart home by using artificial intelligence and advanced mathematical models that are
specifically designed for appliances scheduling.
 Hassaan Javed is working on finding a solution to remotely control the smart home using smart
gadgets and to monitor power consumption and schedule the appliances to off-peak time with the
choice of shifting the critical load to the smart grid.
 Mohsin Abbas is working on the circuit design that is capable of handling both AC and solar
power (optional). Analysis of power consumption and data acquisition using software i.e
matlab\simulink, excel, and also creating a prototype of a smart home with build-in motion
detectors.
 16

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