21st Century Literature

2nd semester | 3rd Quarter

MAIN TOPIC SUGGESTIVENESS
SUB TOPIC I - We didn’t settle on the surface level
SUB TOPIC II - Stirs our creative imagination, giving, and evoking
KEYWORDS visions above and beyond the plane of ordinary life
and experiences
- Relies onthe emotional power to convey nuances,
DEFINING LITERATURE
symbolism, implied meanings, and messages

Philippine Pre-Colonial Period Literature

L “Littera” (Latin word) and “belles-letters” (beautifully
written) - Ancient literature shows customs and traditions in
everyday life
I Ideas, thoughts, and emotions of man - Literature was addressed to the ears rather than the
eyes
T The story of a man - Words of mouth
- Explains how life and the world were created
E Everything that has ever been written (encompasses - Ancient literature was written on perishable materials
everything) - The first Filipino alphabet is Baybayin, not ALIBATA

R Reproduction of life
Folklore
- Reproduce another “you”
Expressive body of culture shared by a particular group of
A Art/appreciation of literary heritage people; it encompasses the traditions common to that culture,
subcultureu or group
T Timely and timeless
Uyayi - lullaby
U Understanding of human nature full and knowing a Kundiman - love song
notion Kumintang- war song

R Realization of limitations due to historical factors Folksong

- One of the oldest forms of Philippines literature
E Experience in which we should participate as we - Many have 12 syllables
read and test what we read through our own
Chant
experience
- Bulong
- Used of witchcraft or entertainment
STANDARDS OF GOOD LITERATURE
Folktales
PERMANENCE
- Stories made up about life, adventures, love, horror,
- Endures across time
and humor where one derive lesson in life
- Just as good or true now as what it was created
- deals with humorous or heroic about native culture
- Permanent: value, impact, and learnings
heroes, village idiots, tricksters, and other stock
characters
UNIVERSALITY
- Universal (for everyone) Literary Types
- Forever relevant in terms of its themes and conditions
- It must suit the taste of a range of people across Legend
different age groups, nationalities, cultures, etc. - Origin of a thing, place, location or name
- Forever relevant regardless of our differences Myth
- Early history of a people or explaining one natural or
SPIRITUAL VALUE social phenomenon
- It touches your soul
- Elevates the spirit by bringing out moral values Epic
- Has the capacity to inspires us - long narrative poem in which series of heroic
achievements or events, usually heroes, are dealt with
ARTISTRY at length
- How the author chooses words
- Appeals to our sense of beauty Proverbs
- Well-written and appeals to our creative sides - Served as laws and rules on good behavior by one
ancestor
INTELLECTUAL VALUE
- Feeds our brain and mind Salawikain/Sawikain
- Helps us to be wiser, knowledgeable, and to gain
knowledge Riddles
- Stimulates thoughts and enriches our mental life by - Used to stir thought-provoking questions r statement
making us realize fundamental truths about life - Involving references to one or two images that
symbolize the characteristics of an unknown object
that is to be guessed
bugtong/palaisipan - Tagalog) (patotdan/patuod - Bicol) ● Periodicals gained a religious tone
● Spanish language became the literary language
● Lend many of words to our language
Philippine Colonial Period
Recreational plays were performed by Filipinos

Ferdinand Magellan
Cenaculo
- Came to Homonhon island in March 17, 1521
- Dramatic performance to commemorate the passion
- Helped Raja Humabon fight Lapu-lapu
and death of Jesus Christ
- He saw the Philippines on - March 16, 1521; while he
landed in Homonhon on → March 17, 1521
Panunuluyan
- First stepped foot in the country in Homonhon (now
- Presented before 12:00 on Christmas eve (when Mary
Eastern Samar), where Raja Humabon welcomed him
and Joseph is finding for a place to stay)
and allowed him to spread Christianity to the place.
- They became allies through a blood pact or sandugan.
Salubong
- An easter play that dramatizes the meeting of the
March 17, 1521
Risen Christ and his Mother
- the Spanish fleet arrived in the vicinity of Homonhon
Island (Samar).
Komedya/Moro-Moro
- Raja Humabon openly welcomed Magellan
- Battle between Muslims and Christians
March 31, 1521
Zarzuela
- the Spaniards celebrated a mass on the island of
- Lyric-dramatic genre alternating spoken and sung
Limasawa, Leyte. The local chiefs, Rajah Kolambu and
scenes; a musical comedy
Rajah Siagu attended. The chiefs also made an alliance
- Severino Reyes - father of drama
with the Spaniards.

Carillo
April 7, 1521
- Shadow play; moonless nights or dark nights
- the fleet visited the port of Cebu.
- They also made an alliance with Rajah Humabon and
Awit/Songs
baptized the Rajah, his wife, and their followers.
- Ex. Florante at Laura
Magellan gave the statue of the Santo Nino to the
Queen of Cebu as a gift during the baptism.
Corrido/Kurido
- Ex. Ibong Adarna
April 27, 1521
- "Battle of Mactan" The Spaniards battled Lapu-Lapu,
Doctrina Christiana
on behalf of Humabon, in nearby Mactan island.
- First book printed in the Philippines in 1593
Magellan was killed.
- Battle of Mactan - a fierce clash fought in the
The Pasion/Pasyon
Philippines on 27 April 1521, where Magellan met his
- A book about the life and suffering of Jesus Christ
end

Ninay (by Pedro Paterno)

In 1522
- First novel in Spanish written by a Filipino
- the Spaniards withdrew and left Cebu and the
Philippines.
Urbana at Felisa
- Written by Modesto de Castro
April 27, 1565
- Letters between two sisters that have influenced
- another Spanish expedition led by Miguel Lopez de
greatly the behavior of people
Legazpi entered the port of Cebu.
- When the Cebuanos opposed their landing, they
Ang mga Dalit kay Maria/Psalms of Mary
cannonaded the kingdom. The Cebuanos retreated to
- Collection of songs praising the virgin
the hills. The Spaniards established the first Spanish
settlement in the port, but Cebuano harassed the
Why write the literature?
settlement
● No equality before the law
● Human rights denied to Filipinos
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
● Forced labor/Polo y Servicio (16-60)
- First Spanish governor of the Philippines
● Instability of colonial administration
- Spanish period (1565 - 1898)
● Racial discrimination
● Corrupt Spanish officials
Spanish Influences
● No Philippine representation in Spanish cortes (courts)
● Baybayin -> Roman Alphabet
● Frailocracy
● Doctrina Christiana, the basis of religious practices
● Guardia civil
● Conquistador destroyed literature in pre-colonial
● Filipinos adapted Spanish (and indigenous) surnames Period of Enlightenment
● Claveria decree 1894 GOMBURZA
● Replaced native tradition - Cavite Mutiny in 1872
● Religious and secular prose and poetry are introduced - killed using Garrote
Propaganda Movement 1872-1896
Reformist’s objectives:
● Equality for the Filipinos and the Spaniards under the
law
● Restoration of Filipino representation in the Spanish
cortes
● Filipinization of parishes and expulsion of friars
● Human rights for Filipinos, such as freedom of speech,
freedom to meet and the right to petition for redress of
grievance
● Philippines to be fully incorporated into Spain as a
Spanish Province

Propaganda Movement 1872-1896

Jose Rizal (Laonglaan or Dimas-alang)

- Noli me Tangere
- El Filibusterismo
- A La Joventud Filipino

Marcelo Del Pillar (“Plaridel, Pupdoh, Piping Dilat, Dolores

Manapat”)
- Ang Cadaquilaan ng Dios
- Dasalan at Tocsohan
- Caingat Kayo

Graciano Lopez Jaena (Diego Laura)

- La Hija Del Fraile
- Fray Botod
- Everything is Hambog

Pedro Paterno
- Ninay
- A Mi Madre (To my Mother)
- Sampaguitas y otras poesías varias

Jose Maria Panganiban (Jomapa/JMP)

- Ang Lupang Tinubuan

Antonio Luna (Tagailog)

- Noche Buena
- La Tertulia Filipina (A Filipino conference/feast)

Period of Active Revolution

Andres Bonifacio
- Huling Paalam
- Katungkulan gagawin ng mga anak ng bayan
(obligation of our countryman)

Emilio Jacinto (Pingkian)

- Kartilya ng Katipunan
- Liwanag ng dilim

Apolinario Mabini
- Er Verdadero Decalogo

Jose Palma (Ana-haw?/Gan Hantik)

- Hymno Nacional Filipino