1.

Platinum (Pt) - Platinum is a common choice for anode electrodes due to its high
stability and catalytic activity.
2. Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) - BDD is another type of anode electrode that is
known for its high oxidation potential and resistance to fouling and corrosion.
3. Stainless steel (SS) - Stainless steel is often used as cathode electrodes due to its
high conductivity and low cost.
4. Carbon-based materials - Carbon-based materials such as graphite, carbon fiber,
and activated carbon can be used as anode electrodes due to their low cost and
high surface area.
5. Conductive Diamond Electrodes (CDE) - CDE is a new type of electrode that
combines the advantages of BDD and carbon-based electrodes.
6. Titanium (Ti) - Titanium is another material that can be used for anode electrodes
due to its high resistance to corrosion.
7. Ruthenium oxide (RuO2) - Ruthenium oxide is a type of anode material that is
known for its high stability and electrocatalytic activity.

Licensors may use different combinations of these materials depending on the specific
application and performance requirements of the EO system.
Spent caustic wastewater treatment with electrooxidation (EO) method can face several
technical complications that can affect the performance of the system. Some of the main
technical complications include:

1. Fouling of electrodes - The presence of organic compounds in the wastewater

can cause fouling of the electrodes, reducing their efficiency and requiring more
frequent cleaning.
2. Scaling of electrodes - High salt content in spent caustic wastewater can lead to
scaling of the electrodes, reducing the efficiency of the EO process and requiring
more frequent maintenance.
3. Corrosion - Electrodes can corrode due to low pH and high conductivity of spent
caustic wastewater, which can reduce their performance and lifespan.
4. Energy consumption - EO systems require a significant amount of energy to
operate, especially at higher voltages or treatment rates.
5. Formation of undesirable byproducts - In some cases, EO treatment may produce
undesirable byproducts such as haloacetic acids or chlorinated compounds,
which can pose environmental and health risks.
6. Difficulties in removing certain contaminants - Some complex organic
compounds in spent caustic wastewater can be difficult to oxidize using EO
treatment, and may require longer treatment times or higher voltages.

To overcome these technical complications, EO systems for spent caustic wastewater

treatment may require pre-treatment steps such as pH adjustment or filtration to
remove solids, and may require the use of specialized electrodes and electrode materials
to improve performance and reduce fouling and corrosion. It is important to carefully
evaluate the specific characteristics of the wastewater and select the appropriate EO
system design and operation parameters to achieve effective treatment.

The choice of anode and cathode material for electrochemical oxidation (EO) of spent
caustic wastewater depends on several factors, including the composition of the
wastewater, the operating conditions of the process, and the specific requirements of
the treatment plant. Here are some of the common materials used for anodes and
cathodes in the EO process for spent caustic wastewater treatment:

1. Anode materials: The most commonly used anode materials for the EO process of
spent caustic wastewater are dimensionally stable anodes (DSA), which are
 typically made from titanium coated with a thin layer of platinum or other noble
metals. The platinum coating provides excellent resistance to corrosion and
oxidation, making it suitable for use in harsh wastewater environments. Other
materials that can be used as anodes for EO include graphite, lead dioxide-
coated titanium, and mixed metal oxide (MMO) anodes.
2. Cathode materials: The cathode in the EO process is typically made of a material
that is capable of reducing hydrogen ions, such as stainless steel, graphite, or
nickel. Stainless steel cathodes are commonly used in the EO process for spent
caustic wastewater treatment due to their good resistance to corrosion and high
current efficiency. Graphite and nickel cathodes are also used in some
applications where higher current densities are required.

It is important to note that the choice of anode and cathode material can have a
significant impact on the performance of the EO process. Factors such as the material's
resistance to corrosion, its ability to generate reactive species, and its cost must all be
considered when selecting the appropriate materials for a specific application.