ESSAY TEST

1. Explain the concept of semiconductor doping and its significance in the field of electronics.
Provide examples of commonly used semiconductor materials and their applications.

2. Discuss the principles behind the operation of a transistor. Explore how transistors are utilized
in electronic circuits for amplification and switching, and describe the differences between
NPN and PNP transistor configurations.

3. Explore the role of integrated circuits (ICs) in modern electronics. Discuss the advantages of
using ICs, different types of IC technologies, and their impact on the miniaturization and
functionality of electronic devices.

4. Describe the fundamental components of a digital logic gate and their logical operations.
Explain how combinations of these gates form the basis of digital circuits, and provide
examples of common digital logic applications.

5. Investigate the principles and applications of microcontrollers in electronic systems. Discuss

how microcontrollers differ from general-purpose microprocessors, and elaborate on their role
in embedded systems, automation, and the Internet of Things (IoT).