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neyGener
al3WALR(
1958)(
No.1) 170
Lar
danvAt
tor
neyGener
al3WALR(
1958)(
No.2) 170
SECTI
ON17-RI
GHTSANDDUTI
ESOFPERSONS/
CITI
ZENSUNDERTHECONSTI
TUTI
ON 171
RI
GHTS&CATEGORI
ES 171
Dext
erEddi
eJohnsonvt
heRepubl
i
c(2011)2SCGLR601 172
Mar
ti
nKpebuvAG[
2016]J1/
13/
2015 173
Mar
ti
nKpebuvAG18t
hDecember2019J1/
22/
2016 174
Ay
ehvt
heSt
ate2G&G.
88(
2d) 175
Gl
i
gah&At
siavTheRepubl
i
c(2011)SCGLR601 175
Nii
Boy eJohn,
Nii
Kor
met
tehOkangandNi
iKpewi
eSowahvNi
iBoy
eKumahAnd5Ot
her
s27t
hMar
ch,
2019BFA
20/2012 175
Cent
erf
orJuv
eni
l
eDel
i
nquencyvGhanaRev
enueAut
hor
it
yandt
heAt
tor
neyGener
al30t
hJul
y,2019J1/
61/
2018
176
Edusei
vAt
tor
neyGener
alandAnot
her[
1997-
1998]2GLR1 177
Angl
ogol
dAshant
iLi
mit
edvChar
lesFosu&2Ot
her
s26t
hFebr
uar
y,2018H1/
02/
2018 178
TheRepubli
cvs.GhanaNat
ionalGasCompanyLtdExPart
e:KingsCi
tyDev
elopmentCompany[
Land
Commission-I
nter
est
edParty
]13thJanuar
y,2020GJ/
1535/2019 179
Wanky
iwaav
.Wer
eduwaaAndAnot
her[
1963]1GLR332 179
DUTI
ES&HOW THEYARECATEGORI
SED 180
Republ
i
cvMensa-
BonsuAndOt
her
s;ExPar
teAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al[
1995-
96]1GLR377 180
Awuni
vWestAf
ri
canExami
nat
ionsCounci
l[2001-
2002]1GLR25 182
Aboagy
evGhanaCommer
cial
Bank[
28/
11/
01]CA10/
2000 182
Feder
ati
onofYout
hAssoci
ati
onOfGhana(
Fedy
ag)vPubl
i
cUni
ver
sit
iesOfGhana3Or
s[3/
2/2010]J1/
5/09 183
A-
GvOt
uAndKwapong,
(1969)2G&G416 184
Mensi
mavAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alandOt
her
s[1997-
98]1GLR159 184
NewPat
ri
oti
cPar
tyvAt
tor
neyGener
al[
1993-
94]2GLR(
31stDecemberCase) 185
MayorAgbl
eze&2Ot
her
svt
heAt
tor
neyGener
alAndEl
ect
oral
Commi
ssi
on28t
hNov
ember
,2018J1/
28/
2018
186
AbuRamadanandEvansNimakovs.El
ect
oral
Commissi
onandTheAtt
orneyGener
alI
nRe:1.TheOwneroft
he
Stat
ion–Monti
eFm 2.Sal
i
fuMaase@ Mugabe3.Al
i
stai
rNel
son4.GodwinAkoGunn5thJul
y,2016
J8/108/
2016 187
AkoAdj
eiandWi
l
li
am Samuel
Johnson(
Appel
l
ant
)vt
heKi
ng(
Respondent
)2G&G.236(
2D) 188
Nat
ional
Medi
aCommi
ssi
onvAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al[
1999-
2000]2GLR577 188
Nkr
umah&Anot
herv
.Manu[
1971]1GLR176 189
WuakuVAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alandAnot
her[
1993-
94]2GLR393 189
NewPat
ri
oti
cPar
tyvGhanaBr
oadcast
ingCor
por
ati
on[
1993-
94]2GLR 190
NATURALvARTI
FICI
ALPERSON 192
NewPat
ri
oti
cPar
tyvAt
tor
neyGener
al(
CIBACase)(
1996-
97)SCGLR729 193
Adj
ei-
Ampof
ovAccr
aMet
ropol
i
tanAssembl
y(No1)Andt
heAG[
2007-
2008]SCGLR611 194
GENERALPROVI
SIONS 195
GhanaLot
toOper
ator
sAssoci
ati
onVNat
ional
Lot
ter
yAut
hor
it
y[2007-
2008]SCGLR1088 195
SECTI
ON18-ELECTORALPROCESS 197
 Tehn-
AddyvEl
ect
oral
Commi
ssi
onandAnot
her[
1996-
97]SCGLR589 197
Cent
reforhumanri
ghtsandci
vill
ibert
iesvtheAt
tor
neyGener
alandAnot
herandAhumay
-OckanseyvEl
ect
oral
Commission(
consol
idat
edcases)[2010]SCGLR573 197
Mi
chael
YeboahvJosephHenr
yMensah1998-
99]SCGLR492 197
Republ
i
cvHi
ghCour
tKof
ori
dua,
expar
teKof
iAsar
e[2009]SCGLR460 197
Par
li
ament
aryel
ect
ionf
orWul
ensi
Const
it
uency(
2003-
2004)1SCGLR 198
YeboahvJ.H.Mensah(
199899)SCGLR492 198
AbuRamadan&Anot
hervEl
ect
oral
Commi
ssi
on&Anot
her(
No2)2016DLSC2836 198
Mor
nahvAt
tor
neyGener
alWRI
TNo.J1/
7/2013 198
Sumai
l
aBi
ebi
elv
s.AdamuDr
amani
(2011)1SCGLR132 199
Agbl
eze&Or
s.v
.At
tor
ney
-Gener
al 199
ExPar
teDr
.PapaKwesi
Nduom 199
SECTI
ON19–COMMI
SSI
ONOFI
NQUI
RIES 200
Akai
nyahvt
heRepubl
i
c(1968)2G&G1019(
2d) 200
RvAsaf
u-Adj
aye2G&G.
1033(
2d) 200
FawkesvAccr
aBr
ewer
y(1981)G.
L.R.489 200
Dar
kwavt
heRepubl
i
c(1981)G.
L.R.
D.241 200
Quay
sonvAt
tor
neyGener
al(
1981)G.
L.R.
D.295 200
I
nkumsahvTheRepubl
i
c[1967]GLR776 200
Ot
uandKwapongvTheAt
tor
neyGener
al 201
TheRepubl
i
cvs.Char
lesWer
eko-Br
obbeyandKwadwoOky
ereMpi
ani
[Hi
ghCour
t(FastTr
ackDi
vi
sion)
,Accr
a]
CASENO.ACC39/2010 201
SECTI
ON20–RELI
GIONANDTHESTATE 201
Rel
i
gionandt
heSecul
arSt
atei
nGhana–Kof
iQuashi
gah 201
I
.SOCI
ALCONTEXT 201
I
I.THEORETI
CALANDSCHOLARLYCONTEXT 202
V.THESTATEANDRELI
GIOUSAUTONOMY 205
VI
.RELI
GIONANDTHEAUTONOMYOFTHESTATE 207
VI
I.LEGALREGULATI
ONOFRELI
GIONASASOCI
ALPHENOMENON 207
I
X.CI
VILLEGALEFFECTSOFRELI
GIOUSACTS 208
X.RELI
GIOUSEDUCATI
ONOFTHEYOUTH 208
XI
.RELI
GIOUSSYMBOLSI
NPUBLI
CPLACES 208
XI
I.FREEDOM OFEXPRESSI
ONANDOFFENSESAGAI
NSTRELI
GION 209
XI
II
.RESPECTFORTHERI
GHTSOFOTHERSBYOTHERCI
TIZENS 210
XI
V.CONCLUSI
ON 211
Rel
i
gionandt
her
epubl
i
canst
atei
nAf
ri
ca:
Theneedf
oradi
stancedr
elat
ionshi
p 212
Summar
y 212
I
ntr
oduct
ion:
Asecul
ari
stpr
oposal 212
Rel
i
gionandhumanr
ight
s 214
Rel
ati
onshi
pbet
weenr
eli
gionandt
hest
ate 215
Supr
emacyofr
eli
gionov
ert
hest
ate 217
Consequencesofi
nter
mingl
i
ngofst
ateandr
eli
gion 218
Lessonsf
rom SudanandRwanda 222
Concl
usi
on:
TheAf
ri
cansecul
arr
epubl
i
c 223
TheSepar
ati
onofChur
chandSt
ateunderGhana’
sFour
thRepubl
i
c,Jour
nal
ofPol
i
ticsandLaw;
Vol
.8,
No.4;
2015
I
SSN1913-9047 224
Abst
ract 224
1.I
ntr
oduct
ion 224
2.TheSecul
ari
sm-
Plur
ali
sm Di
chot
omy 226
3.Whati
stheGhanai
anPosi
ti
on?Secul
ari
sm orPl
ural
i
sm? 229
4.Deal
i
ngwi
thSpeci
fi
cCasesofCont
rov
ersy 230
5.Concl
usi
on 236
COMPARESEPARATI
ONOFSTATEBYNYI
NIVIABOVETOTHECASEOFTHEUNI
TEDSTATEBELOW 238
Separ
ati
onofchur
chandst
atei
ntheUni
tedSt
ates 238
Ear
lyhi
stor
y 240
For
merst
atechur
chesi
nBr
it
ishNor
thAmer
ica 240
Col
oni
alv
iewsonest
abl
i
shment
,accommodat
ioni
sm,
andsepar
ati
oni
sm 243
Jef
fer
son,
Madi
son,
andt
he"
wal
lofsepar
ati
on" 244
Pat
ri
ckHenr
y,Massachuset
ts,
andConnect
icut 246
Testact
s 247
TheU.
S.Const
it
uti
on 248
Ar
ti
cle6 248
TheFi
rstAmendment 248
The14t
hAmendment 250
Supr
emeCour
tcases 251
Ear
lyt
reat
iesandcour
tdeci
sions 255
TheTr
eat
yofPar
is 255
TheTr
eat
yofTr
ipol
i 255
Chur
choft
heHol
yTr
ini
tyv
.Uni
tedSt
ates 255
I
nter
pret
ivecont
rov
ersi
es 256
Pol
i
ticsandr
eli
gioni
ntheUni
tedSt
ates 258
Seeal
so 260
Ref
erences 260
Bi
bli
ogr
aphy 264
Ext
ernal
li
nks 266
Amer
icancour
tbat
tl
esov
ersepar
ati
on 266
Ot
her 266
Chr
ist
iani
ty 269
Sy
ncr
eti
crel
i
gion 271
I
slam 271
Tr
adi
ti
onal
rel
i
gion 272
Rast
afar
ianr
eli
gion 273
 Hi
ndui
sm 274
Af
ri
kani
aMi
ssi
on 274
Buddhi
sm 274
I
rr
eli
gion 275
Fr
eedom ofr
eli
gion 275
Seeal
so 275
Ref
erences 275
Wor
ksci
ted 277
Fur
therr
eadi
ng 277
SECTI
ON21–PROCEEDI
NGSI
NVOLVI
NGTHESTATE 281
Tuf
fourv
.At
tor
neyGener
al.
1980G.
L.R637 283
NewPat
ri
oti
cPar
tyvRawl
i
ngsandAnot
her[
1993-
1994]2GLR 284
Ohenev
.Pr
inci
pal
Secr
etar
y,Mi
nist
erofFi
nance[
1971]1GLR102-
104 286
Buobuhv
.Mi
nist
erofI
nter
iorandAnot
her[
1973]2GLR304 287
Peopl
e’
sPopul
arPar
tyv
.At
tor
ney
-Gener
al[
1971]1GLR138 288
Moul
dv.Dev
ine[
1962]1GLR533-
535 289
Akuf
o-AddoandOt
her
sv.Quar
shi
eIdunandOt
her
s[1968] 289
Lev
andoskyvAt
tor
neyGener
alNO.
2[1971]GLR49-
51 290
Ot
herSect
ions 290
Kwaky
ev.At
tor
ney
-Gener
al[
1981]GLR9-
15 291
Ni
ssanvAt
tor
neyGener
al-[
1967]2Al
lER1238 292
Amonv
.Kat
z[1967]624-
637 293
SECTI
ON22-I
NDEPENDENTCONSTI
TUTI
ONALI
NSTI
TUTI
ONS 294
I
NTRODUCTI
ON 294
TheCommi
ssi
ononHumanRi
ght
sandAdmi
nist
rat
iveJust
ice(
CHRAJ) 294
TheCommi
ssi
ononHumanRi
ght
sandAdmi
nist
rat
iveJust
icev
.At
tor
ney
-Gener
al[
23/
06/
99]Wr
itno.3/
96 294
Republ
i
cvHi
ghCour
t(FastTr
ackDi
vi
sion)
,Accr
a;Expar
teCHRAJ(
Anane,
Int
erest
edPar
ty)[
2007-2008]SCGLR
213 295
CHRAJv
.At
tor
neyGener
alandOt
her
s(J1/
3/2010)[
2011]GHASC19 296
Ampof
ovCHRAJ[
2005-
2006]SCGLR227 297
NPPvRawl
i
ngs 298
CHRAJvDr
.Ri
char
dAnane(
MP)andMi
nist
erf
orRoadTr
anspor
t(Sept15"
,2006)byMr
s.AnnaBossman 300
TheEl
ect
oral
Commi
ssi
on(
EC) 301
Tehn-
AddyvEl
ect
oral
Commi
ssi
on&Anot
her[
1996-
97]SCGLR589 301
Yeboahv
.J.
HMensah[
1998-
99]SCGLR492 303
Apal
oovEl
ect
oral
Commi
ssi
onofGhana[
2001-
2002]2SCGLR1 305
Ami
duvEl
ect
oral
Commi
ssi
on&Assembl
yPr
ess[
2001-
2002]SCGLR595 306
I
nRePar
li
ament
aryEl
ect
ionf
orWul
ensi
Const
it
uency
;Zakar
iavNy
imakan[
2003-
2004]1SCGLR1 308
Republi
cvHighCourt(FastTrackDi
vi
sion)Accr
a;ExPar
teEl
ect
oral
Commi
ssi
on(
Met
tl
e-Nunoo&Ot
her
s
I
nterest
edPart
ies)[
2005-2006]SCGLR514 310
Met
tl
e-Nunoo&Ot
her
svEl
ect
oral
Commi
ssi
on[
2007-
2008]2SCGLR1250 315
 Republ
i
cvHi
ghCour
t,Suny
ani
;ExPar
teCol
l
insDauda(
Boaky
e-Boat
engI
nter
est
edPar
ty)[
2009]SCGLR447 318
Republ
i
cvHi
ghCour
t,Kof
ori
dua;
ExPar
teAsar
e(BabaJamal
&Ot
her
sInt
erest
edPar
ti
es)[
2009]SCGLR460 319
Ahumah-OcanseyvEl
ect
oralCommi
ssion;Centr
eForHumanRi
ght
s&Ci
vi
lLi
ber
ti
es(
Chur
cil
)vAt
tor
ney
-General
&Elect
oralCommissi
on(Consol
i
dat
ed)[2010]SCGLR575 323

SECTI
ON1–WHATI
SCONSTI
TUTI
ONALLAW?
Accor
dingt
oHoodetal
(const
it
uti
onal
andadmi
nist
rat
ivel
aw,
5thedi
ti
on)
,const
it
uti
onal
lawi
sthel
aw
r
elat
ingt
otheconst
it
uti
onoft
hest
ate.

Whati
saconst
it
uti
on?
Aconst
it
uti
oncanbedef
inedi
nthebr
oadsenseort
henar
rowsense.

Aconst
it
uti
oni
nthenar
rowsensei
sadocumentoraser
iesofdocument
sthatcont
aint
her
ulesr
elat
ingt
o
asy
stem ofgov
ernmentofapeopl
e.Thi
sdef
ini
ti
onpl
acesemphasi
sont
hef
ormt
heconst
it
uti
ont
akes.An
exampl
eofsuchadef
ini
ti
oni
sfoundi
nWadeandPhi
l
ips,
“Const
it
uti
onal
Law”(
8ed.
)whi
chsay
s,“
A
const
it
uti
oni
sadocumenthav
ingaspeci
all
egalsanct
it
ywhi
chset
soutt
hef
ramewor
kandt
hepr
inci
pal
f
unct
ionsoft
heor
gansofgov
ernmentofast
ateanddecl
arest
hepr
inci
plesgov
erni
ngt
heoper
ati
onof
t
hoseor
gans.
”

Aconst
it
uti
oni
nthebr
oadsensei
sal
sodef
inedi
nWhear
e,“
Moder
nConst
it
uti
ons”whi
cht "
hus:Thewor
d
Const
it
uti
oni
scommonl
yusedt
odescr
ibet
hewhol
esy
stem ofgov
ernmentofacount
ry,
thecol
l
ect
ionof
r
uleswhi
chest
abl
i
shandr
egul
ateorgov
ernt
hegov
ernment
."Thi
sdef
ini
ti
oni
smor
econcer
nedwi
tht
he
nat
ureoft
heconst
it
uti
on.

Tuf
fourv
.Att
orneyGeneral
(1980)GLR637)
Wit
hthecomingint
oforceofthenew1979const
it
uti
on,
theapexcour
tbecamet
heSupr
emeCour
twi
tht
he
Cour
tofAppeal
,pr
evi
ousl
ythehi
ghestcour
tint
hecount
rybecomi
ngsubor
dinat
etot
heSupr
emeCour
t.
Just
iceApal
oo,
whowasChi
efJust
icebef
oret
hecomi
ngi
ntof
orceoft
henewconst
it
uti
onwasnomi
nat
ed
byt
hepr
esi
dentandv
ett
edbypar
li
amentandsubsequent
lyr
eject
edbypar
li
ament
.Thepl
aint
if
fbr
oughtan
act
ioni
nthesupr
emecour
t,seeki
ngadecl
arat
iont
hatt
henomi
nat
ion,
vet
ti
ngandsubsequentr
eject
ionof
Apal
oobyPar
li
amentwasnotv
ali
dandt
hatApal
oo,
ast
heChi
efJust
icei
nthepr
evi
ousr
egi
mewas
r
ight
ful
l
ytheChi
efJust
icei
nthecur
rentr
egi
me.Thecour
tuphel
dthepl
aint
if
f'
scl
aim.I
nthecase,
Just
ice
Sowahdef
inedaconst
it
uti
onasf
oll
ows;

"
Awr
it
tenConst
it
uti
onsuchasour
sisnotanor
dinar
yActofPar
li
ament
.Itembodi
est
hewi
l
lofa
peopl
e.I
tal
somi
rr
orst
hei
rhi
stor
y.Account
,ther
efor
e,needst
obet
akenofi
tasal
andmar
kinapeopl
e’
s
sear
chf
orpr
ogr
ess.I
tcont
ainswi
thi
nitt
hei
raspi
rat
ionsandt
hei
rhopesf
orabet
terandf
ull
erl
i
fe.The
Const
it
uti
onhasi
tsl
ett
eroft
hel
aw.Equal
l
y,t
heConst
it
uti
onhasi
tsspi
ri
t.I
tist
hef
ount
ain-
headf
ort
he
aut
hor
it
ywhi
cheachoft
het
hreear
msofgov
ernmentpossessesandexer
cises.I
tisasour
ceofst
rengt
h.I
t
i
sasour
ceofpower
.Theexecut
ive,
thel
egi
slat
ureandt
hej
udi
ciar
yar
ecr
eat
edbyt
heConst
it
uti
on.Thei
r
aut
hor
it
yisder
ivedf
rom t
heConst
it
uti
on.Thei
rsust
enancei
sder
ivedf
rom t
heConst
it
uti
on.I
tsmet
hodsof
al
ter
ati
onar
especi
fi
ed.I
nourpecul
i
arci
rcumst
ances,
thesemet
hodsr
equi
ret
hei
nvol
vementoft
hewhol
e
bodypol
i
ticofGhana.I
tsl
anguage,
ther
efor
e,mustbeconsi
der
edasi
fitwer
eal
i
vingor
gani
sm capabl
eof
gr
owt
handdev
elopmentI
ndeed,
iti
sal
i
vingor
gani
sm capabl
eofgr
owt
handdev
elopment
,ast
hebody
pol
i
ticofGhanai
tsel
fiscapabl
eofgr
owt
handdev
elopment
.Abr
oadandl
i
ber
alspi
ri
tisr
equi
redf
ori
ts
i
nter
pret
ati
on.I
tdoesnotadmi
tofanar
rowi
nter
pret
ati
on.
"

Sowah'
sdef
ini
ti
onofaconst
it
uti
oni
sal
soabr
oadoneasi
tdescr
ibest
henat
ureoft
heconst
it
uti
on
ofGhana.

Feat
uresofaConst
it
uti
on
1.Aconst
it
uti
oncont
ainst
hei
deas,
aspi
rat
ionsandv
aluesoft
hesoci
ety
.Exampl
eAr
ti
cle35(
1)oft
he
1992const
it
uti
onofGhanawhi
chsay
sthatGhanashal
lbeademocr
ati
cst
atededi
cat
edt
othe
r
eal
i
zat
ionoff
reedom andj
ust
ice.

2.I
test
abl
i
shest
hest
ateandi
tssy
stem ofgov
ernment
.

3.Theconst
it
uti
oni
shef
undament
all
awoft
hel
and.Exampl
eAr
ti
cle1(
2)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
onof
Ghana

4.Theconst
it
uti
onl
aysdownpr
ocedur
est
obef
oll
owed.Exampl
eAr
ti
cle106oft
he1992Const
it
uti
on
ofGhana

5.Theconst
it
uti
onest
abl
i
shest
hest
ruct
uresofgov
ernment
.Exampl
e,Chapt
ers8,
10and11oft
he
1992Const
it
uti
onofGhanaest
abl
i
shest
hear
msofgov
ernment
.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionsofConst
it
uti
ons
1.Ri
gidandf
lexi
bleconst
it
uti
ons;
Thi
sisbasedonhowt
heconst
it
uti
oncanbeammended.Fl
exi
ble
const
it
uti
onscanbeammendedeasi
l
ywhi
l
eri
gidconst
it
uti
onsr
equi
reel
abor
atepr
ocedur
efort
hei
r
ammendment
.The1992const
it
uti
oni
sar
igi
donepert
hepr
ocesspr
ovi
dedi
nChapt
er25

2.Monar
chi
cal
andr
epubl
i
canconst
it
uti
ons;
Thi
scl
assi
fi
cat
ioni
sbasedonhowt
heheadofst
ate
comest
opower
.Monar
chi
cal
stat
esar
eheadedbyaki
ngoraqueen.I
naconst
it
uti
onal
monar
chy
,
t
hemonar
chper
for
msl
argel
ycer
emoni
alf
unct
ionsal
ongsi
deaPr
imeMi
nist
er.Anexampl
eisBr
it
ain.
Asol
utemonar
chi
essuchasSwazi
l
andhav
ethemonar
chast
heonl
yheadofst
ate.Underr
epubl
i
can
const
it
uti
ons,
theheadofst
atei
scal
l
edt
hepr
esi
dentandi
sel
ect
edbyt
hepeopl
eint
opower
.An
exampl
eist
heRepubl
i
cofGhana.

3.Uni
tar
yandf
eder
alconst
it
uti
ons;
Thi
scl
assi
fi
cat
ioni
sbasedont
hedi
str
ibut
ionofexecut
ivepower
s.
Undert
heuni
tar
ysy
stem,
poweri
sconcent
rat
edi
nthehandsofacent
ral
gov
ernment
.Undert
he
f
eder
alconst
it
uti
on,
poweri
sshar
edbet
weent
hecent
ral
gov
ernmentandsemi
-aut
onomous
componentuni
tshav
ingpar
all
elpower
stot
hecent
ral
gov
ernment
.Ghana'
sconst
it
uti
oni
sauni
tar
y
one,
whi
l
eNi
ger
ia'
sisaf
eder
alone.

4.Wr
it
tenandunwr
it
tenconst
it
uti
ons;
Thi
scl
assi
fi
cat
ioni
sbasedont
hef
ormt
heconst
it
uti
ont
akes.A
wr
it
tenconst
it
uti
oni
sfor
medt
hrought
heconsci
ousef
for
toft
hepeopl
etocr
eat
eabodyofl
awsf
or
t
hemsel
vesandi
sfoundi
nasi
ngl
edocument
.Wr
it
tenconst
it
uti
onsar
echar
act
eri
sti
cfor
mer
col
oni
esorcount
ri
esj
ustoutofmi
l
itar
yrul
e.Exmpl
e,t
he1960Fi
rstRepubl
i
canConst
it
uti
onofGhana
i
sawr
it
tenconst
it
uti
on.The1992Four
thRepubl
i
canConst
it
uti
onofGhanai
sal
soawr
it
ten
Const
it
uti
on.Anunwr
it
tenconst
it
uti
onont
heot
herhandcannotbef
oundi
nonesi
ngl
edocument
.An
exampl
eist
heBr
it
ishconst
it
uti
onwhi
chi
sfoundi
nsev
eral
document
ssuchast
heMagnaCar
ter
,the
 Pet
it
ionofRi
ght
s,t
heBi
l
lofRi
ght
sandsomanyot
her
s.

J.
HMensahv
.A-
G[1997-
98]1GLR 227
Af
tert
heswear
ingi
non7t
hJanuar
y1997,
J.J.Rawl
i
ngsdeci
dedt
oret
ainsomeofhi
smi
nist
erssi
ncet
hey
hadbeenal
readyappr
ovedbyt
hepr
evi
ousPar
li
ament
.Themi
nor
it
ygr
oupl
eaderi
nPar
li
amentopposedt
his
i
deaandJ.
H.Mensahf
il
edani
nst
antact
ionbef
oreKwamePr
epr
ah,
FinanceMi
nist
er,
coul
dpr
esentt
he
nat
ion’
sbudgetf
oradecl
arat
iont
hatonat
rueandpr
operi
nter
pret
ati
onoft
heConst
it
uti
on1992,
noper
son
canactasMi
nist
erwi
thoutpr
iorappr
oval
ofpar
li
ament(
vet
ti
ngofeachnomi
nee)
.Thecour
thel
dthatj
ust
asmember
sofpar
li
amenthav
etoel
ect
edandswor
ninev
eryf
oury
ear
s,sodomi
nist
ershav
etogot
hrough
v
ett
ingandappr
oval
ever
yfoury
ear
sasperAr
ti
cles78(
1)and79(
1)oft
he1992const
it
uti
onofGhana.

ReAkot
oand7Ot
her
s[1961]GLR523
Theappl
i
cant
swer
ear
rest
edundert
hePr
event
iveDet
ent
ionAct
.Theappl
i
cant
s,af
tert
heyhadbeen
r
efusedanor
derf
orhabeascor
pusf
rom t
heHi
ghCour
t,appl
i
edf
oranappeal
int
heSupr
emeCour
t.They
cont
endedi
nteral
i
athatt
hePDAwasi
nconsi
stentwi
tht
heConst
it
uti
on1960par
ti
cul
arl
yar
ti
cle13(
1),
capt
ioned‘
Decl
arat
ionofFundament
alPr
inci
ples’
.Thi
sdecl
arat
ionwasr
eadbyt
hepr
esi
dentonhi
s
assumpt
ionofof
fi
ce.I
ndi
smi
ssi
ngt
heappeal
,theSupr
emeCour
thel
dthatt
hedecl
arat
ionbyt
hePr
esi
dent
ont
heassumpt
ionofof
fi
ce,
wassi
mil
art
otheCor
onat
ionOat
hoft
heQueenofEngl
andandt
hatsucha
decl
arat
iondi
dnotconst
it
uteabi
l
lofr
ight
s,cr
eat
ingl
egal
obl
i
gat
ionsenf
orceabl
einacour
tofl
aw.

Mar
bur
yv.Madi
son5U.
S.137(
Cranch)
Pr
esi
dentJohnAdamsnamedf
ort
y-t
woj
ust
icesoft
hepeaceandsi
xteennewci
rcui
tcour
tjust
icesf
ort
he
Di
str
ictofCol
umbi
aundert
heOr
gani
cAct
.Thecommi
ssi
onswer
esi
gnedbyPr
esi
dentAdamsandseal
ed
byact
ingSecr
etar
yofSt
ateJohnMar
shal
l
,butt
heywer
enotdel
i
ver
edbef
oret
heexpi
rat
ionofAdams’
s
t
erm aspr
esi
dent
.ThomasJef
fer
son,
thenewpr
esi
dent
,ref
usedt
ohonort
hecommi
ssi
ons,
clai
mingt
hat
t
heywer
einv
ali
dbecauset
heyhadnotbeendel
i
ver
edbyt
heendofAdams’
ster
m.Wi
l
li
am Mar
bur
y(P)was
ani
ntendedr
eci
pientofanappoi
ntmentasj
ust
iceoft
hepeace.Mar
bur
yappl
i
eddi
rect
lyt
otheSupr
eme
Cour
toft
heUni
tedSt
atesf
orawr
itofmandamust
ocompel
Jef
fer
son’
sSecr
etar
yofSt
ate,
JamesMadi
son
(
D),
todel
i
vert
hecommi
ssi
ons.TheJudi
ciar
yActof1789hadgr
ant
edt
heSupr
emeCour
tor
igi
nal
j
uri
sdi
cti
ont
oissuewr
it
sofmandamus“
…toanycour
tsappoi
nted,
orper
sonshol
dingof
fi
ce,
undert
he
aut
hor
it
yoft
heUni
tedSt
ates.
”Thecour
thel
dthatappl
i
canthadar
ightt
othecommi
ssi
on,
thatt
hel
awdi
d
gr
antMar
bur
yar
emedyandt
hatt
heconst
it
uti
ondi
dal
l
owt
hej
udi
ciar
ytor
evi
ewact
sofcongr
esst
o
det
ermi
newhet
hert
heywer
econst
it
uti
onal
ornot
,howev
er,
theconst
it
uti
ondi
dnotgi
vet
heSupr
emecour
t
t
hepowert
oissuewr
it
sofmandamus.TheSupr
emeCour
tcoul
dnott
her
efor
egr
antt
hewr
itsoughtf
orby
Mar
bur
y.

NPPv
.At
tor
neyGener
al[
1993-
94]2GLR35
Af
terami
l
itar
yrul
ehadendedandt
hecount
ryhadent
eredi
ntoademocr
acy
,thegov
ernmentoft
heday
dev
idedt
ocont
inuecel
ebr
ati
onst
ocommemor
atet
het
hedayt
hecoupl
eadi
ngt
othemi
l
itar
yregi
mewas
made.Thepl
aint
if
fbr
oughtanact
ioni
ntheSupr
emeCour
tthatt
henat
ional
cel
ebr
ati
onoft
hecoupoutof
publ
i
cfundswasunconst
it
uti
onal
andi
ncont
rav
ent
ionwi
tht
hel
ett
erandspi
ri
rtoft
heconst
it
uti
onandt
hat
anor
derbemadecompel
l
inggov
ernmentt
ocancel
thecel
ebr
ati
ons.Thecouthel
dthatt
her
ewasnol
ogi
cal
r
easonf
ort
hecel
ebr
ati
onoft
hehol
i
dayandt
hus,
anyexpendi
tur
eofpubl
i
cfundsi
nthatr
egar
dwoul
dbea
mi
suseandwast
eofpubl
i
cfunds.

SECTI
ON2–SUPREMACY
Par
li
ament
arySupr
emacy
.
I
ncer
tai
ncount
ri
es,
thepar
li
amenti
ssov
erei
gn.I
tisi
ndependentofot
heror
gansofgov
ernmentandt
he
cour
tdoesnothav
ejur
isdi
cti
onpar
li
ament
arymat
ter
s.Thi
stheor
yisst
atedbyA.VDi
ceyassov
erei
gnt
yof
par
li
ament
.Oneofsuchcount
ri
eswhi
chenj
oyspar
li
ament
arysupr
emacyi
sUni
tedKi
ngdom.I
nA.W
Br
adl
ey’
sbook,
supr
emacyofpar
li
amentmeanst
hatt
her
ear
enol
i
mit
ati
onsonpar
li
amentt
olegi
slat
e.I
t
gov
ernst
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
hel
egi
slat
ureandt
hecour
tinasenset
hatt
hecour
tcannotdecl
arean
actofpar
li
amentunconst
it
uti
onal
.TheActofpar
li
amenti
ssupr
eme.

Bl
ackbur
nv.At
tor
neyGener
al[
1971]2Al
lER1380

Fact
s:Thecr
ownappl
i
edt
othecommonmar
ketandagr
eedt
osi
gnt
het
reat
yofRome.Hebr
oughtt
wo
appl
i
cat
ionsagai
nstt
heat
tor
neygener
alt
otheef
fectt
hati
fthecr
ownsi
gnedt
reat
ythati
twasgoi
ngt
o
sur
renderpar
tofi
tssov
erei
gnt
yint
hepar
li
ament.
Accor
dingt
oBl
ackbur
n,t
hesov
erei
gnt
ywi
l
lnotsol
elybe
wi
tht
hepeopl
ebutwi
l
lnowbeshar
ed.
Thedeci
sionsmadebyt
heEur
opeancommuni
tywi
l
laut
omat
ical
l
y
bebi
ndi
ngandt
hecour
tswi
l
lhav
etogobyi
t.

Hel
d:Theappeal
shoul
dbedi
smi
ssedbecauset
her
ewasnocauseofact
ion.

PerLor
dDenni
ng:
“…ButIdor
ulehi
m outont
hegr
oundst
hatt
hiscour
twi
l
lnoti
mpugnt
het
reat
y-maki
ng
powerofhermaj
est
yandont
hegr
oundt
hati
nsof
arast
hepar
li
amentenact
sal
egi
slat
ion,
wewi
l
ldeal
wit
h
t
hatl
egi
slat
ionwhent
heneedar
ises.
”

PerLor
dSal
mon:
“……norhav
ethecour
tsanypowert
oint
erf
erewi
tht
het
reat
ymaki
ngpoweroft
he
sov
erei
gn…”

Lor
dSt
amp:
“….Buti
tisnof
unct
ionordut
yoft
hecour
ttomakedecl
arat
ionsi
ngener
alt
ermsr
egar
dingt
he
power
sofpar
li
ament
.Mor
epar
ti
cul
arl
yinci
rcumst
ancesi
nwhi
cht
hecour
tsar
easkedt
oint
erv
enear
e
pur
elyhy
pot
het
ical
…”

Const
it
uti
onal
Supr
emacy
Const
it
uti
onal
supr
emacymeanst
heconst
it
uti
oni
sthesupr
emel
awofal
andanyot
herl
awwhi
chi
s
i
nconsi
stentwi
thi
twi
l
lbedecl
arednul
landv
oid.Mostoft
hest
ateswhi
chpr
act
iceconst
it
uti
onal
supr
emacyhav
ewr
it
tenconst
it
uti
ons.Wi
thacount
rywhi
choper
atest
hedoct
ri
neofconst
it
uti
onal
supr
emacy
,sov
erei
gnt
yresi
desi
nthepeopl
eandsuchpower
sthatar
etobeexer
cisedar
eputi
nthe
const
it
uti
on.

Supr
emacyoft
heconst
it
uti
oni
nGhana
Bef
oreGhanaswi
tchedf
rom t
hePar
li
ament
arysy
stem,
thepar
li
amentofGhanasoughtofenj
oyedpower
s
l
i
kenedt
othatoft
heUKpar
li
amentev
enaf
tergai
ningi
ndependence.So,
thi
swast
heper
iodbet
ween1960
and1964.TheGov
ernorGener
al,
thenl
atert
hePr
esi
dent
,waspar
toft
hepar
li
amentandt
hecour
tscoul
d
notquest
iont
hepar
li
amentonl
awswhi
chwer
emade.

ReAkot
oand7ot
her
s(1961)2G&G579-
595
Fact
s:I
nthi
scase,
Baf
fourOsei
Akot
oandsev
enot
herpeopl
esentanappl
i
cat
iont
ocour
tforawr
itof
habeascor
pusandsubj
i
ciendum t
osendt
hem outofcour
se.Theappel
l
ant
swer
ear
rest
edunderanor
der
madebyt
hegov
ernorgener
alandsi
gnedonbehal
foft
hemi
nist
erofi
nter
iorbyv
irt
ueofsect
ion2oft
he
Pr
event
ivedet
ent
ionAct1958oract
ingi
namannerwhi
chwaspr
ejudi
cial
tot
hesecur
it
yoft
hest
ate.Thei
r
appl
i
cat
ionwasr
efusedatt
hehi
ghcour
t.Pert
heat
tor
neygener
al’
ssubmi
ssi
on,
thecour
thadno
j
uri
sdi
cti
ont
ost
ri
kedownt
hepr
event
ivedet
ent
ionactasanunconst
it
uti
onal
becauset
hepr
esi
dent
ial
decl
arat
ion,
aff
ir
mingcer
tai
nfundament
alr
ight
sandf
reedomsundert
he1960const
it
uti
onwer
eno
j
ust
ici
abl
e.Par
li
amentwassov
erei
gnandt
heonl
ypr
ohi
bit
ionwasagai
nstr
epeal
i
ngent
renchedpr
ovi
sions.
Byv
irt
ueofar
ti
cl
e20oft
heconst
it
uti
on,
thepar
li
amenthadl
egi
slat
ivesupr
emacy
,itwascont
endedbyJ.
B
Danquaht
hathowpar
li
amentest
abl
i
shedbyaconst
it
uti
oncanhav
epowert
hanwhatest
abl
i
shesi
t.I
tcoul
d
onl
ybesoi
fnocl
auseswer
eent
renchedl
i
ket
hatoft
heUni
tedKi
ngdom.Hef
urt
heronst
atedt
hatt
he
Uni
tedKi
ngdom Par
li
amenthadnor
est
ri
cti
onsbutGhana’
spar
li
amenthadsev
eral
rest
ri
cti
ons.

Hol
ding:
Theappeal
shoul
dbedi
smi
ssed.

PerKor
sahC.
J:“
..
.Theef
fectofar
ti
cle20oft
heconst
it
uti
oni
sthat
,par
li
amenti
ssov
erei
gnandi
ts
l
egi
slat
ivepower
sar
equal
i
fiedonl
ywi
thr
espectt
otheent
renchedar
ti
clest
her
eof…”

Tuf
fourv
.At
tor
neyGener
al.
1980G.
L.R637
Fact
s:Thepl
aint
if
fsuedt
hespeakerofpar
li
amentandat
tor
neygener
ali
nthecour
tofappeal
sit
ti
ngast
he
Supr
emeCour
t,t
hatundersect
ion3oft
hef
ir
stschedul
e1979const
it
uti
on,
thatbyv
irt
ueofar
ti
cl
e127(
1)
Just
iceApal
ooshal
lbedeemedt
obet
hechi
efj
ust
iceoft
hesupr
emecour
tofGhana.i
i
)Thepr
ocedur
efor
hi
spur
por
tedv
ett
ingandr
eject
ionwer
einconsi
stentt
otheconst
it
uti
oni
i
i)Apal
ooi
schi
efj
ust
iceandt
he
pr
esi
dentoft
hesupr
emecour
t.TheAt
tor
neyGener
almadeapr
oposi
ti
ont
hatt
hev
ett
ingandappr
oval
was
doneaccor
dingt
othepr
ocedur
ewhi
chwasmandat
edi
nar
ti
cle127oft
heconst
it
uti
on.Heal
sopr
oposed
t
hatt
hepl
aint
if
fhadnoi
nter
esti
nthecase

Hol
dings:

1.The1969const
it
uti
onwasusedbef
oret
hemi
l
itar
yregi
met
ookov
er.Whent
heyt
ookov
er,
they
abol
i
shedt
hewhol
econst
it
uti
onbutl
eftt
heJudi
ciar
yint
act
.Thechi
efj
ust
icewasnotpr
esi
dentov
er
al
lthesecour
tsj
ustbyr
easonofdi
rectappoi
ntmentbutbyv
irt
ueofhi
sst
atusasheadoft
he
Super
iorCour
t.

2.Theconst
it
uti
onhadgi
venev
eryci
ti
zent
her
ightunderar
ti
cle1(
3)t
opr
otectt
heconst
it
uti
onand
makesur
etheconst
it
uti
oni
snotabol
i
shed.Oneofsuchway
saper
soncandot
hisi
swasbuyt
aki
ng
amat
tert
ocour
tfori
nter
pret
ati
oni
fhef
elti
twasi
nconsi
stentwi
tht
heconst
it
uti
on.

PerJust
iceSowah:
“..
.Awr
it
tenConst
it
uti
onsuchasour
sisnotanor
dinar
yActofPar
li
ament
.Itembodi
es
t
hewi
l
lofapeopl
e.I
tal
somi
rr
orst
hei
rhi
stor
y.Account
,ther
efor
e,needst
obet
akenofi
tasal
andmar
kina
peopl
e'
ssear
chf
orpr
ogr
ess.I
tcont
ainswi
thi
nitt
hei
raspi
rat
ionsandt
hei
rhopesf
orabet
terandf
ull
erl
i
fe.

TheConst
it
uti
onhasi
tsl
ett
eroft
hel
aw.Equal
l
y,t
heConst
it
uti
onhasi
tsspi
ri
t.I
tist
hef
ount
ain-
headf
ort
he
aut
hor
it
ywhi
cheachoft
het
hreear
msofgov
ernmentpossessesandexer
cises.I
tisasour
ceofst
rengt
h.I
t
i
sasour
ceofpower
.Theexecut
ive,
thel
egi
slat
ureandt
hej
udi
ciar
yar
ecr
eat
edbyt
heConst
it
uti
on.Thei
r
aut
hor
it
yisder
ivedf
rom t
heConst
it
uti
on.Thei
rsust
enancei
sder
ivedf
rom t
heConst
it
uti
on.I
tsmet
hodsof
al
ter
ati
onar
especi
fi
ed.I
nourpecul
i
arci
rcumst
ances,
thesemet
hodsr
equi
ret
hei
nvol
vementoft
hewhol
e
bodypol
i
ticofGhana.Awr
it
tenConst
it
uti
onsuchasour
sisnotanor
dinar
yActofPar
li
ament
.Itembodi
es
t
hewi
l
lofapeopl
e.I
tal
somi
rr
orst
hei
rhi
stor
y.Account
,ther
efor
e,needst
obet
akenofi
tasal
andmar
kina
peopl
e'
ssear
chf
orpr
ogr
ess.I
tcont
ainswi
thi
nitt
hei
raspi
rat
ionsandt
hei
rhopesf
orabet
terandf
ull
erl
i
fe.
”

Comi
ngdownt
othe1992const
it
uti
on,
thear
ti
cles1(
2)cl
ear
lyemphasi
zest
hesupr
emacyoft
he
Const
it
uti
on.Ar
ti
cl
e2(
1)gi
vest
heci
ti
zent
her
ightt
oseekf
orenf
orcementoft
heconst
it
uti
on.

NewPat
ri
oti
cPar
tyv
.At
tor
neyGener
al(
1993-
1994)2GLR35S.
C
Fact
s:Af
tert
heov
ert
hrowoft
hegov
ernmenti
n1981est
abl
i
shedundert
he1979const
it
uti
onThePNDC
r
egi
medecl
ared31stDecemberapubl
i
chol
i
dayandt
hecel
ebr
ati
onwasdoneoutofpubl
i
cfundsTher
ewer
e
mi
l
itar
ypar
ades,
rout
emar
chesaswel
lascar
niv
als.Thepl
aint
if
fwasar
egi
ster
edpol
i
tical
par
tywhi
ch
br
oughtacl
aimt
hatt
hecel
ebr
ati
onwasunconst
it
uti
onal
broughtanact
ionunderar
ti
cle2(
1)oft
he
Const
it
uti
on1992agai
nstt
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alf
oradecl
arat
iont
hatt
hepubl
i
ccel
ebr
ati
onoft
hecoup
d’
étatof31Decemberoutofpubl
i
cfundswasi
nconsi
stentwi
thori
ncont
rav
ent
ionwi
tht
heconst
it
uti
on.

Hel
d:Al
thoughPar
li
amenthadt
her
ightt
olegi
slat
e,suchl
egi
slat
ionshadt
obewi
thi
nthepar
amet
ersoft
he
power
sconf
err
edont
hel
egi
slat
urebyt
he1992Const
it
uti
on,
becauseunderar
ti
cle1(
2)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
anyl
awf
oundt
obei
nconsi
stentwi
thanypr
ovi
si
onoft
heConst
it
uti
onshoul
dbev
oid.AndonceanActwas
nul
landv
oid,
thePr
esi
dentort
heexecut
ivecoul
dber
est
rai
nedf
rom enf
orci
ngorobey
ingi
t.I
nthei
nst
ant
case,
itwasi
mmat
eri
alt
hatt
hepl
aint
if
fdi
dnotspeci
fi
cal
l
ypl
eadt
heunconst
it
uti
onal
i
tyoft
hePubl
i
c
Hol
i
day
sLaw,
1989(
PNDCL220)
.Thecl
aim wasr
efer
abl
etosect
ion1(
1)andt
heSchedul
etoPNDCL220
whi
chdecl
ared31Decemberapubl
i
chol
i
dayandsect
ion5whi
chi
mposedpenal
ti
es,
incl
udi
ngf
inesand
i
mpr
isonmentont
hosewhoacti
nbr
eachoft
heLaw.Si
ncet
hosepr
ovi
sionswer
einconsi
stentwi
tht
he
l
ett
erandspi
ri
tofar
ti
cl
es3,
35(
1)and41(
b)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
theywoul
dbyv
irt
ueofar
ti
cle1(
2)oft
he
Const
it
uti
on,
1992bedecl
arednul
landv
oid.

NewPat
ri
oti
cPar
tyvRawl
i
ngsandAnot
her[
1993-
1994]2GLR
Fact
s:I
twasdeci
dedi
ncaseofNewPat
ri
oti
cPar
tyv
.theEl
ect
oral
commi
ssi
ont
hatDi
str
ictChi
ef
Execut
ivesel
ect
ionsunderar
ti
cle243oft
he1992const
it
uti
oncoul
dnotbeappoi
ntedbyt
hepr
esi
dent
.
Af
ter
,itanannouncementwasmadet
hatt
hesamenomi
neef
ort
hedi
str
ictchi
efexecut
iveshadbeen
appoi
nted.1992wer
eunconst
it
uti
onal
fort
her
easont
hatt
hedi
str
ictassembl
i
essetupundersect
ion3(
1)
oft
heLocal
Gov
ernmentLaw,
1988(
PNDCL207)hadnopowert
ogi
vesuchappr
oval
.Thepl
aint
if
fapol
i
tical
par
ty,
broughtadecl
arat
iont
otheSupr
emeCour
tthatI
)thepur
por
tedappoi
ntmentwasi
nconsi
stentt
o
ar
ti
cles242,
243,
and246,
247oft
he1992const
it
uti
on.i
i
)Anor
derset
ti
ngasi
det
heappoi
ntmentandan
or
derr
est
ri
cti
ngt
heappoi
ntment
.
Hol
dings:
Byv
irt
ueofsect
ion21oft
het
ransi
ti
onal
prov
isi
onsoft
he1992const
it
uti
on,
unt
ilt
henew
par
li
amenthadenact
edanewl
aw.Thesect
ion23(
1)oft
heLocal
Gov
ernanceActwi
l
lst
il
lbei
nfor
ceand
wasnoti
nconsi
stentwi
tht
heconst
it
uti
on.

PerJust
iceAi
ki
ns:
Thel
anguageofsect
ion23(
1)oft
het
ransi
ti
onal
prov
isi
onsoft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992i
s
cl
earandunambi
guous.
..Thesubsect
ionst
andsoutwi
thoutanyqual
i
ficat
ionwhat
soev
er.I
tisnotmade
subj
ectt
oanypr
ovi
si
onoft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992unl
i
kear
ti
cle11(
6)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992andsect
ions
31(
1)and36(
2)oft
het
ransi
ti
onal
prov
isi
onsoft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992wher
ewef
indr
epeat
edusei
nthe
sect
ionsoft
heexpr
essi
ons"
wit
hsuchmodi
fi
cat
ions,
adapt
ions,
qual
i
ficat
ionsandexcept
ionsasmaybe
necessar
ytobr
ingi
t(i
ethel
aw)[
p.195]i
ntoconf
ormi
tywi
tht
heConst
it
uti
onandi
nsof
arasi
tisnot
i
nconsi
stentwi
tht
heConst
it
uti
on.
"Theseexpr
essi
onsar
egener
alpr
ovi
sionsasagai
nstt
hespeci
fi
c
pr
ovi
si
onofsect
ion23(
1)whi
chappear
stohav
ebeenputi
nfort
ransi
ti
onal
arr
angement
s,andwhi
ch,
inmy
v
iew,
didnotceaset
ohav
eef
fectont
hecomi
ngi
ntof
orceoft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.

PerJust
iceBamf
ordAddo:
“..
.Thepl
aint
if
fhowev
erar
guedt
hatsi
ncet
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992hassuper
seded
PNDCL207andt
het
woenact
ment
sar
einconf
li
ct,
theycannotbyv
irt
ueofar
ti
cle1oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992st
andt
oget
herandar
ti
cle243mustpr
evai
lov
ersect
ion21(
1)ofPNDCL207despi
tet
hepr
ovi
sionsof
sect
ion23(
1)oft
het
ransi
ti
onal
prov
isi
onsoft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992andar
ti
cle299t
her
eof
.Iam unabl
eto
agr
eewi
tht
hest
andoft
hepl
aint
if
f.Ar
ti
cle299oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992st
atest
hatt
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
he
t
ransi
ti
onal
prov
isi
onsshal
lhav
eef
fectnot
wit
hst
andi
ngany
thi
ngt
othecont
rar
yint
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992,
sot
hatev
eni
fther
eisaconf
li
ctbet
weenar
ti
cle243(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992andsect
ion21(
1)of
PNDCL207,
sect
ion23(
1)oft
het
ransi
ti
onal
prov
isi
onsoft
heConst
it
uti
ons,
1992pr
event
sPNDCL207
bei
ngdecl
arednul
landv
oidori
nconsi
stentwi
tht
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992t
il
lPar
li
amentmakesnewl
aws.
Fur
ther
,ifPNDCL207i
snott
obehel
dinconsi
stentwi
tht
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992,
par
ti
cul
arl
yar
ti
cle243(
1),
t
henbyv
irt
ueoft
hepr
ovi
sionsofsect
ion36(
2)oft
het
ransi
ti
onal
prov
isi
onsoft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992t
her
e
i
stheaut
hor
it
yfort
hecont
inuedoper
ati
onofPNDCL207i
ncl
udi
ngsect
ion21(
1)t
her
eof
..
.Ther
efor
ePNDCL
207cont
inuest
oremai
nthel
awr
egul
ati
ngt
heoper
ati
onsoft
heexi
sti
ngdi
str
ictassembl
i
esandsect
ion
21(
1)t
her
eofbei
ngpar
tofPNDCL207canbei
nvokedt
oappoi
ntdi
str
ictsecr
etar
ies.I
fitwer
enotsot
he
exi
sti
ngdi
str
ictassembl
i
escannotf
unct
ionoroper
ate,
sincei
tist
hedi
str
ictsecr
etar
ieswhoundersect
ion
21(
2)ofPNDCL207.
..
arer
esponsi
blef
ort
hesuper
visi
onoft
heday
-to-
dayf
unct
ioni
ngoft
heseassembl
i
es.
”

PerAmua-
Seky
iJSC:
Alt
hought
hePr
esi
denti
sthef
ir
stci
ti
zen,
hei
snotabov
ethel
aw.Themedi
eval
fict
ion
t
hatt
he"
Kingcandonowr
ong"
,whi
cht
hesophi
sti
nter
pret
edt
omeant
hati
ftheact
ionwaswr
ongt
heni
t
wasnotoft
heKi
ng,
hasnopl
acei
nar
epubl
i
canset
ti
ngwhi
chpr
idesi
tsel
fonal
lci
ti
zensbei
ngequal
under
t
hel
awandt
her
efor
eobl
i
gedt
oacti
nconf
ormi
tywi
thi
t.Wer
ecogni
set
hatanexecut
ivePr
esi
dentbei
ngt
he
mostpower
ful
per
soni
nthest
atei
stheonewhohast
hegr
eat
estcapaci
tyf
orwr
ong-
doi
ng.Wedonotneed
apet
it
ionofr
ightoranot
ional
def
endantl
i
ket
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
albef
orewecanexer
ciseourdemocr
ati
c
r
ightofcal
l
inganer
ri
ngPr
esi
dentt
oor
derunderar
ti
cle2oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992whi
chonl
ycommands
hi
mtoobeyanyor
derordi
rect
iont
hiscour
tmaygi
ve,
butal
somakeshi
sfai
l
uret
oobeyanyor
deror
di
rect
ionagr
oundf
orhi
sremov
alf
rom of
fi
ce.

J.
HMensahv
.At
tor
neyGener
al[
1997-
1998]1GLR227-
281
Fact
s:Af
tert
heendoft
enur
eofPr
esi
dentJer
ryJohnRawl
i
ngs,
hewasswor
nint
opowert
hesecondt
ime,
on7thJanuar
y1997.Hedeci
dedt
oret
ainsomeofhi
smi
nist
ers.Thepl
aint
if
fwast
hemi
nor
it
yleaderi
n
par
li
ament
.Themi
nist
eroff
inance,
KwamePr
epr
ahwhowasamongstt
hepeopl
ewhohadbeenr
etai
ned
wasschedul
edt
ohav
ereadt
hebudgett
opar
li
ament
.Themi
nor
it
ysentt
hef
il
edf
orani
nter
pret
ati
ont
othe
Supr
emeCour
tbasedoncer
tai
nar
ti
cleandt
hatt
her
ewasnopr
iorappr
oval
ofmi
nist
ersbef
oret
heywer
e
accept
ed.

Hel
d:Al
thought
heexpr
essi
on"
pri
orappr
oval
"wasnotdef
inedi
ntheConst
it
uti
on1992,
itcoul
dnothav
e
beent
hei
ntent
ionoft
hef
ramer
soft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992t
hati
tshoul
d·necessar
il
yimpl
yconsi
der
ati
on
andv
ett
ingwhenev
eri
thadbeenusedi
nanypr
ovi
sionoft
heConst
it
uti
onbecauseoft
hev
ari
etyof
def
ini
ti
onst
hewor
ld"
appr
ove"hadbeengi
veni
ntheConsul
tat
iveAssembl
yandf
urt
her
mor
e,t
hat
i
nter
pret
ati
oncoul
dnotbeconsi
stent
lyappl
i
edi
nal
lthepr
ovi
sionsoft
heConst
it
uti
onwher
etheexpr
essi
on
"
pri
orappr
oval
"wasused.Thus,
thet
erm"
pri
orappr
oval
"wasnotat
erm ofar
t.Thecommonsense
i
mpl
i
cat
ionoft
heexpr
essi
onwast
oobt
ainaconsentoft
her
elev
antaut
hor
it
y.Wher
ethataut
hor
it
ywas
'
Par
li
ament
,ar
ti
cl
e110(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
onempower
edi
tbyst
andi
ngor
der
stor
egul
atei
tsownpr
ocedur
e
pr
ovi
dedt
heydi
dnoti
nfr
ingeapr
ovi
sionoft
heConst
it
uti
on.Thus,
thecour
tcoul
dnotunderar
ti
cl
e2and
130(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
ondi
rectPar
li
amentonhowt
oconducti
tspr
oceedi
ngswhengr
ant
ing"
pri
or
appr
oval
"underar
ti
cl
e78(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.

6)Thecumul
ati
veef
fectofar
ti
cle2(
2)-
empower
ingt
heSupr
emeCour
ttomakeor
der
sorgi
vedi
rect
ionst
o
secur
etheenf
orcementoft
hedecl
arat
ionsmadei
nar
ti
cle2(
1)-
thatanenact
mentorany
thi
ngdoneunderi
t,
oranyactoromi
ssi
onofaper
sonwasi
nconsi
stentwi
thori
ncont
rav
ent
ionofaconst
it
uti
onal
prov
isi
on;
ar
ti
cle2(
3)-
(5)deal
i
ngwi
thobey
ingandsanct
ionsf
ordi
sobey
ingsuchor
der
s

anddi
rect
ions;
art
icl
e130(
1)gi
vi
ngt
heSupr
emeCour
tor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
oni
ntheassi
gnment
sspeci
fi
edi
n
ar
ti
cle2,
andi
nquest
ionsi
nvol
vi
ngt
heconst
it
uti
onal
i
tyofanyl
awandar
ti
cle295(
8)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992empower
ingt
hecour
tst
oinqui
rei
ntowhet
herconst
it
uti
onal
aut
hor
it
iesnotsubj
ectt
othedi
rect
ionor
cont
rol
ofanybodyhadexer
cisedt
hei
rfunct
ionsi
naccor
dancewi
tht
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992wast
oinv
esti
n
t
heSupr
emeCour
tanor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
ont
oent
ert
ainal
lcasesr
elat
ingt
otheenf
orcementand
i
nter
pret
ati
onofanypr
ovi
sionoft
heConst
it
uti
on,
andal
lquest
ionsr
elat
ingt
otheconst
it
uti
onal
i
tyofany
enact
mentoranyactoromi
ssi
onbyanyper
son.Accor
dingl
y,t
heSupr
emeCour
tcoul
dnotr
elyonany
j
udi
cial
sel
f-
rest
rai
ntdoct
ri
nesuchast
he"
pol
i
tical
quest
iondoct
ri
ne"t
oref
rai
nfr
om deci
dingcases
i
nvol
vi
ngt
heconst
it
uti
onal
i
tyorot
her
wiseofal
aworact
ionoromi
ssi
onofanyaut
hor
it
yundert
he
Const
it
uti
on,
1992.

NewPat
ri
oti
cPar
tyvI
nspect
or-
Gener
alOfPol
i
ce[
1993-
94]2GLR459—509
Fact
s:Themi
nist
erofI
nter
iorpersect
ion7oft
hePubl
i
cOr
der
sDecr
ee,
1972(
NRCD68)decr
eehadt
he
powert
opr
ohi
bitpubl
i
cgat
her
ingsandassoci
ati
ons.Aper
mitwasneededbyt
hepol
i
cebef
oreany
gat
her
ing.Sect
ion12oft
hedecr
eegav
ethesuper
iorofpol
i
cet
hepowert
ost
opanddi
sper
sesuch
meet
ingsandsect
ion13cr
eat
edt
heof
fenceofhol
dingmeet
ingswi
thoutper
mit
.Thepl
aint
if
fapol
i
tical
par
tywasgr
ant
edaper
miton16thFebr
uar
ybyt
heI
nspect
orGener
alofPol
i
cet
oembar
konapeacef
ul
demonst
rat
ionagai
nstt
hegov
ernmentbudget
.Thedemonst
rat
orswer
ear
rest
edandchar
gedwi
th
demonst
rat
ingwi
thoutper
mit
.thepl
aint
if
fsubmi
tt
edt
hat(
a)sect
ions7and8ofNRCD68der
ogat
edf
rom
t
hef
undament
alhumanr
ight
sandf
reedoms,
especi
all
yther
ightder
ogat
edf
rom t
hef
undament
alhuman
r
ight
sandf
reedoms,
especi
all
yther
ightofci
ti
zenst
ofr
eedom ofassembl
y,i
ncl
udi
ngf
reedom t
otakepar
t
i
npr
ocessi
onsanddemonst
rat
ionsaspr
ovi
dedunderar
ti
cle21(
1)(
d)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992;
and(
b)any
pr
ovi
si
onofast
atut
ethatsoughtt
ogi
vepowert
oaper
sont
oref
usear
all
ybei
nghel
dinder
ogat
ionoft
he
r
ightoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
grant
edbyt
he[
p.461]Const
it
uti
on,
1992wasunconst
it
uti
onal
sinceanyr
est
ri
cti
on
cont
ainedi
nar
ti
cl
e21(
4)(
c)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992shoul
dnotbet
akenasgi
vi
ngar
ightt
oanyaut
hor
it
yor
per
sont
oref
usesuchar
all
y.

Hel
d:Sect
ions7,
8,12(
a)and13(
a)oft
hePubl
i
cOr
derDecr
ee,
1972(
NRCD68)wer
einconsi
stentwi
th
ar
ti
cle21(
1)(
d)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992andwer
ether
efor
eunconst
it
uti
onal
,voi
dandunenf
orceabl
e
becauset
hef
reedom ofassembl
ygr
ant
edt
heci
ti
zenunderar
ti
cle21(
1)(
d)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992
encompassedt
her
ightoft
heci
ti
zenst
ocomet
oget
hert
opet
it
ionf
orr
edr
essoft
hei
rgr
iev
ancesort
ake
par
tinpr
ocessi
onsanddemonst
rat
ionsi
nsuppor
tofori
nopposi
ti
ont
oacause,
pol
i
cyorev
entSi
nce,
the
gener
ali
tyofNRCD68wast
ocr
eat
eapr
iorr
est
rai
ntandacl
ogont
her
ight
soft
heci
ti
zenunderar
ti
cle
21(
1)(
d)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992andt
her
ebydeni
edhi
mthosef
reedomst
owhi
chhewasent
it
led,
itwas
i
nconsi
stentwi
tht
hel
ett
erandspi
ri
tofar
ti
cle21(
1)(
d)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992andaccor
dingl
y
unconst
it
uti
onal
.

PerChar
lesHay
fron-
Benj
ami
nJSC:
Inconst
rui
ngar
ti
cle21(
1)(
d)and(
4)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992,
ther
efor
e,
i
tiscl
eart
hat(
1)t
heconceptofconsentorper
mitaspr
erequi
sit
esf
ort
heenj
oymentoft
hef
undament
al
humanr
ightt
oassembl
e,pr
ocessordemonst
rat
eisout
sidet
hei
rpur
view.Sect
ion7and8ofNRCD68ar
e
consequent
lypat
ent
lyi
nconsi
stentwi
tht
hel
ett
erandspi
ri
toft
hepr
ovi
sionsofar
ti
cle21(
d)oft
he
Const
it
uti
on,
1992andar
eunconst
it
uti
onal
,voi
dandunenf
orceabl
e;(
2)somer
est
ri
cti
onsasar
epr
ovi
ded
f
orbyar
ti
cle21(
4)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992maybenecessar
yfr
om t
imet
oti
meanduponpr
operoccasi
on.

NewPat
ri
oti
cPar
tyv
.GhanaBr
oadcast
ingCor
por
ati
on[
1993-
94]2GLR354—393
Fact
s:Thepl
aint
if
fwasar
egi
ster
edpol
i
tical
par
tywhi
l
ethedef
endanti
sast
atut
orycor
por
ati
onest
abl
i
shed
byt
heGhanaBr
oadcast
ingCor
por
ati
onDecr
ee,
1968(
NLCD226)wi
tht
hemandat
etoeducat
e,i
nfor
m and
ent
ert
aint
heci
ti
zensoft
hecount
ry.Af
tert
hepr
esent
ati
onoft
hebudgetbyt
hegov
ernment
,sev
eral
per
sons
cr
it
ici
sedi
tli
kewi
set
hepl
aint
if
f.Themi
nist
eroff
inancewasgi
vent
woday
stoi
nresponset
othecr
it
ici
sms
onar
adi
ost
ati
on.Thepl
aint
if
fswant
edt
hesameoppor
tuni
tybutwasdeni
edbyt
hedef
endant
s.
Consequent
ly,
thepl
aint
if
fbr
oughtanact
ionagai
nstt
hedef
endantf
or(
a)adecl
arat
iont
hatunderar
ti
cles
55(
11)and163oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992t
hedef
endant
,ast
ate-
ownedmedi
a,hadadut
ytoaf
for
dthe
pl
aint
if
ffai
roppor
tuni
ti
esandf
aci
l
iti
est
opr
esenti
tsv
iewsont
hebudgetespeci
all
yast
hosev
iewsdi
ver
ged
f
rom t
hoseoft
hegov
ernment
.

Hel
d:Thest
ate-
ownedmedi
ahadnodi
scr
eti
oni
nthemat
tersi
ncet
hatwoul
dconst
it
utet
heexer
ciseofa
censor
shi
pwhi
chcoul
dbl
ockav
enuesoft
houghtandf
orecl
oset
heci
ti
zens,
rightofchoi
cecont
rar
yto
ar
ti
cle162(
2)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.Accor
dingl
y,si
ncet
hedef
endantgav
etheNat
ional
Democr
ati
c
Congr
esst
wohour
stoai
rit
svi
ewsont
hebudget
,thedef
endantwasr
equi
redbyar
ti
cles55(
11)and163of
t
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992t
ogr
antt
hepl
aint
if
fequal
timeonr
adi
oandt
elev
isi
ont
osetf
ort
hit
sdi
ver
gentv
iews.
PerHay
fronBenj
ami
nJSC:
“…Ther
eisaconst
it
uti
onal
dut
yimposedupont
hedef
endant
,whi
chi
sast
ate
monopol
y,t
osoor
derandar
rangei
tspr
ogr
ammet
imeast
oensur
ecompl
i
ancewi
thi
tsl
ett
erandspi
ri
t.
Ther
emustbeequal
i
tyofaccessandequal
timef
ort
hear
ti
cul
ati
onofdi
ver
gentordi
ssent
ingv
iewpoi
nts…”

SECTI
ON3-THERELATI
ONSHI
PBETWEENMUNI
CIPALLAW AND
I
NTERNATI
ONALLAW
Muni
cipal
lawi
sthel
awwhi
chgov
ernst
heoper
ati
onswi
thast
ateandi
tsci
ti
zensmeanwhi
l
e,i
nter
nat
ional
l
awdeal
swi
tht
hei
nter
act
ionamongstst
ates,
int
ernat
ional
organi
sat
ionsandev
eni
ndi
vi
dual
s.Muni
cipal
l
awandi
nter
nat
ional
lawoper
atewi
thi
ntwot
heor
ies,
theDual
i
stTheor
yandt
heMoni
stTheor
y.

Moni
stTheor
y
Themoni
stt
heor
yisauni
tar
ycoher
entsy
stem andi
nter
nat
ional
lawi
satt
heapexanddomest
icl
awi
s
bel
owandassuchwhent
her
eisaconf
li
ctbet
weent
het
wo,
int
ernat
ional
lawwi
l
lpr
evai
l
.Ther
efor
e,whena
count
ryhassi
gnedandr
ati
fi
edt
het
reat
yitbecomesaut
omat
ical
l
yappl
i
cabl
ewi
thoutgoi
ngt
hroughany
pr
ocesses.Wi
tht
hissy
stem,
onceani
nter
nat
ional
treat
yissi
gned,
iti
simmedi
atel
yincor
por
atedwi
thi
nthe
muni
cipal
lawwi
thoutanyr
ati
fi
cat
ionpr
ocess.I
nter
nat
ional
lawt
her
efor
ebecomesbi
ndi
ngont
heci
ti
zens
oft
hecount
ryandi
fther
eisanyconf
li
ctbet
weent
hei
nter
nat
ional
lawandt
hemuni
cipal
law,
themuni
cipal
l
awpr
evai
l
s.Anexampl
eofsuchast
atei
sBr
it
ain.

Blackburnv.At
tor
neyGener
al[
1971]2Al
lER1380
Facts:Thecrownappl
i
edtothecommonmar ketandagr
eedt
osi
gnt
het
reat
yofRome.Hebr
oughtt
wo
appl
i
cat
ionsagai
nstt
heat
tor
neygener
alt
otheef
fectt
hati
fthecr
ownsi
gnedt
reat
ythati
twasgoi
ngt
o
sur
renderpar
tofi
tssov
erei
gnt
yint
hepar
li
ament.
Accor
dingt
oBl
ackbur
n,t
hesov
erei
gnt
ywi
l
lnotsol
elybe
wi
tht
hepeopl
ebutwi
l
lnowbeshar
ed.
Thedeci
sionsmadebyt
heEur
opeancommuni
tywi
l
laut
omat
ical
l
y
bebi
ndi
ngandt
hecour
tswi
l
lhav
etogobyi
t.Si
nceUKadopt
edt
hemoni
stappr
oach,
oncei
tsi
gnedt
he
t
reat
yofRomet
hent
heci
ti
zenshadt
obeboundbyi
taut
omat
ical
l
y.

Hel
d:Ev
ent
houghaccor
dingt
olegal
theor
ynopar
li
amentcoul
dbi
ndi
tssuccessor
,thequest
ionast
o
whet
herpar
li
amentcoul
drev
erset
heTr
eat
yofRomewhi
chwhensi
gnedwasi
rr
evocabl
ecoul
dnotbe
pr
onouncedunt
ilt
hedeedwasdone.

Dual
i
stTheor
y
Wi
tht
hisappr
oach,
int
ernat
ional
lawanddomest
icl
awar
etwosepar
atedi
sti
nctl
egal
order
sandst
andon
t
hei
rown.Ther
ear
edi
ff
erencesi
nsubj
ectsour
cesandcont
entbet
weeni
nter
nat
ional
anddomest
icl
aw.
Theydonotnecessar
il
yconsi
deri
ndi
vi
dual
saspar
tofi
nter
nat
ional
law.Bef
oreani
nter
nat
ional
lawi
s
accept
edi
ntosuchacount
ry,
ithast
ogot
hrought
hepr
ocessofr
ati
fi
cat
ioni
nPar
li
ament
.InGhanaf
or
i
nst
ance,
bef
oreal
awi
spassedi
nGhana,
ithast
ogot
hrought
hepr
ocessofr
ati
fi
cat
ionunderar
ti
cle75of
t
he1992const
it
uti
onbef
orei
tisaccept
edasl
aw.Exampl
eist
heDi
plomat
icI
mmuni
ti
esACT1962

Amonv.Kat
z[1967]624-
637
Aminor
,whi
lstbei
ngdriv
enanot
hermi
nori
nacar
,sust
ainedser
iousi
njur
iesi
nanacci
dentcausedbyt
he
mi
nordr
iver
’snegl
i
gence.Thedr
iver
’sf
athergav
etheaddr
essoft
hei
rinsur
ers,
butt
hei
nsur
ersr
epudi
ated
l
i
abi
l
ity
.Pl
aint
if
f’
smot
hert
her
efor
einst
it
uted,
thr
oughhernextf
ri
end,
anact
ionf
ordamagesf
ori
njur
iesand
l
ossessuf
fer
edasar
esul
toft
heacci
dentagai
nstt
hedef
endantandhi
sfat
herbecauset
heywer
ebot
h
mi
nor
s.Thedef
endant
sent
eredcondi
ti
onal
appear
anceandsubsequent
lyappl
i
edt
osetasi
det
hewr
it
sfor
wantofj
uri
sdi
cti
on.I
ntheaf
fi
dav
iti
nsuppor
toft
heappl
i
cat
ion,
thepl
aint
if
f’
smot
her
,ashi
snex
tfr
iend,
deposedt
hatt
hedef
endant
’sf
atherwast
heFi
rstSecr
etar
yoft
heEmbassyofI
srael
inAccr
aandt
hateach
oft
hedef
endant
swasi
npossessi
onof"
GhanaGov
ernmentdi
plomat
ici
dent
it
ycar
d"si
gnedbyt
hePr
inci
pal
Secr
etar
y,Mi
nist
ryofFor
eignAf
fai
rsandt
heywer
ethusent
it
ledt
othei
mmuni
ti
esandpr
ivi
l
egesaccor
ded
di
plomat
sinGhanabyt
heVi
ennaConv
ent
ionschedul
edt
oAct148andwer
econsequent
lyi
mmunef
rom
t
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hecour
ts.I
nthecour
seoft
hepr
oceedi
ngsal
ett
erf
rom t
hePr
inci
pal
Secr
etar
y,Mi
nist
ry
ofFor
eignAf
fai
rst
otheJudi
cial
Secr
etar
ywasmadeav
ail
abl
etot
hecour
tinpur
por
tedpr
oofoft
he
def
endant
'sdi
plomat
icst
atus.

Hel
d:TheDi
plomat
icI
mmuni
ti
esAct
,1962,
art
icl
e41par
agr
aph1i
mposedasacor
rel
ati
vet
othei
r
i
mmuni
ti
esandpr
ivi
l
eges,
adut
yondi
plomat
stor
espectt
hel
awsandr
egul
ati
onsoft
her
ecei
vi
ngst
ate.
Thi
sdut
ymi
ghtt
akeanact
ivef
orm,
doi
nganov
ertacti
ncompl
i
ancewi
tht
hel
aws,
orapassi
vef
orm,
a
passi
veactoromi
ssi
oni
ncompl
i
ancewi
tht
hel
aws.Toef
fectapol
i
cyofi
nsur
ancepur
suantt
osect
ion3(
1)
ofAct42of1958wasanov
ertacti
ncompl
i
ancewi
tht
hel
aws.

FaroeAtl
ant
icCo.Lt
dv.TheAtt
orneyGener
al[
26/01/2005]CANO.J4/22/2004.
Facts:
Thegover
nmentofGhanasignedapowerpurchaseagr
eementwiththeFaroeAt
lant
iccompany
.By
anev
idencepr
oducedbyt
hebankofGhana,
thebankt
houghtt
hatt
heagr
eementwasonewhi
chwast
ogo
t
hrought
her
ati
fi
cat
ionagr
eementsubj
ectt
oar
ti
cl
e181(
5)oft
he1992const
it
uti
on.Thef
inancemi
nist
er
t
houghtot
her
wiseanddi
dnotseekt
heappr
oval
ofpar
li
amentandaccor
dingl
y,wr
otet
othebankofGhana,
demandi
ngf
oraguar
ant
ee.I
nthecour
tofAppeal
,theappel
l
antr
osef
ort
hef
ir
stt
imet
hei
ssuewi
thr
espect
t
opar
li
ament
aryappr
oval
.

Hel
d:ThePowerPur
chaseAgr
eementwasal
oanagr
eementunderar
ti
cle181(
5).Si
ncei
tdi
dnotpass
t
hrought
het
esti
ntheconst
it
uti
on,
thent
heagr
eementwi
l
lbenul
landv
oid.

PerJust
iceSophi
aAkuf
fo:
“…I
tismyr
espect
ful
viewt
hatt
hemanneri
nwhi
cht
hel
ear
nedJust
icesatt
he
Cour
tofAppeal
deal
twi
thsuchani
mpor
tanti
ssuel
eftal
ott
obedesi
red.TheConst
it
uti
oni
sthesupr
eme
l
awoft
hel
andandar
ti
cl
e1(
1)makesi
tcl
eart
hat'
…thepower
sofgov
ernmentar
etobeexer
cisedi
nthe
mannerandwi
thi
nthel
i
mit
slai
ddowni
nthi
sConst
it
uti
on.
'Ast
hesupr
emel
awoft
hel
and,
theConst
it
uti
on
i
sappl
i
cabl
eatal
lti
mesandal
lact
sandt
hings,
par
ti
cul
arl
ythosedonef
orandonbehal
foft
heRepubl
i
cof
Ghana,
mustal
way
sbet
est
edagai
nsti
tspr
ovi
sions.I
nthecour
seofj
udi
cial
proceedi
ngs,
iti
sincumbent
uponev
eryJudget
okeepi
tspr
ovi
sionsi
nmi
ndt
oassur
ecompl
i
ance,
notonl
ybyt
hepar
ti
esbef
orei
t,but
al
sobyt
hecour
tit
sel
f…Ar
ti
cle181(
5)speci
fi
cal
l
ydeal
swi
thi
nter
nat
ional
busi
nessoreconomi
c
t
ransact
ions,
rat
hert
hanl
oans.Whenonecont
ract
ingpar
tyagr
eest
osuppl
yandt
heot
herpar
tyagr
eest
o
pur
chaseandpayf
ort
het
hingsuppl
i
ed,
ist
her
enotabusi
nesst
ransact
ion?Ibel
i
evet
her
eis.Andi
fthe
suppl
i
eri
sanon-
Ghanai
anent
it
yandt
hepar
tyoft
heot
herpar
tist
heGov
ernmentofGhana,
iti
san
i
nter
nat
ional
busi
nesst
ransact
ion.Thepr
ovi
siont
henbecomesappl
i
cabl
e,r
egar
dlessofwhet
heri
nthev
iew
oft
heMi
nist
ryofFi
nance,
oranyot
herper
sonori
nst
it
uti
on,
itdoesnot
.Theappl
i
cabi
l
ityofconst
it
uti
onal
pr
ovi
si
onsi
snotopt
ional
andi
snotpr
edi
cat
edonanyper
son'
sopi
nionsi
nthatr
egar
d.”

BalkanEner
gyv .At
tor
neyGeneral
(J6/1/
2012),
[2012]GHASC35(16MAY2012)
Facts:Thet
hir
ddefendant
,Mr.Phil
li
pDavidEl
ders,
abusinessmanwhowasresi
denti
nTexasi
dent
if
ieda
busi
nessoppor
tuni
tyi
nGhanaandper
suadedt
heowneroft
heseconddef
endantt
oinv
esti
nit
.The
gov
ernmentofGhananeededt
ogener
ateel
ect
ri
ci
tyf
orm apowerbar
gei
nthewest
ernr
egi
onandsot
hati
s
howcomeheent
eredi
ntoanagr
eementwi
tht
het
hir
ddef
endantandseconddef
endant
.Amemor
andum of
under
standi
ngwast
hensi
gnedandt
heseconddef
endanti
ncor
por
atedi
tsbusi
nessi
nGhanat
obepar
tof
t
hePowerPur
chaseagr
eement
.Adi
sput
ear
osef
rom anal
l
egedmi
srepr
esent
ati
oni
nthePPA.Thef
ir
st
def
endant
ssentt
hei
ssuet
othePer
manentCour
tofAr
bit
rat
ionatt
heHague.Ther
eGhanar
aisedapoi
nt
t
hatt
hePPAneededpar
li
ament
aryappr
oval
underar
ti
cle181(
5)oft
he1992const
it
uti
onandsi
ncet
hishad
notbesought
,theagr
eementwoul
dbei
nval
i
d.Thej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heSupr
emecour
twasi
nvokedt
o
i
nter
pretar
ti
cle181oft
heconst
it
uti
onaf
terar
efer
encewasmadef
rom t
heHi
ghCour
tconcer
ningapower
pur
chaseagr
eementsi
gnedbet
weent
heGov
ernmentofGhanaandBal
kanEner
gyLi
mit
ed

Hel
d:I
nter
nat
ional
busi
nesst
owhi
cht
hegov
ernmenti
sapar
tywi
l
lnotonl
ymeanagr
eement
sbet
ween
ent
it
yresi
dent
sabr
oadandt
heGhanagov
ernment
.Abusi
nesswhi
chi
sint
ernat
ional
hasasi
gni
fi
cant
f
orei
gnel
ementort
hepar
ti
est
othet
ransact
ions(
othert
hant
hegov
ernment
)hav
eaf
orei
gnnat
ional
i
tyor
r
esi
dei
ndi
ff
erentcount
ri
esori
nthecaseofcompani
es,
thepl
aceoft
hei
rcent
ral
managementi
sout
side
Ghana.
Ther
efor
ewher
eat
ransact
ioni
scommer
cial
innat
ure,
orper
tai
nst
oori
mpact
sont
heweal
thand
r
esour
cesoft
hecount
ry,
itwoul
dbeabusi
nessoreconomi
ctr
ansact
ionandasubj
ectofi
nter
esti
nany
exami
nat
ionofar
ti
cle181(
5).
ThePPAbet
weent
hegov
ernmentandt
hef
ir
stdef
endantwasasar
esul
tof
negot
iat
ionsbet
weenanf
orei
gni
nvest
or.Secondl
y,he1stdef
t endanti
sat
houghaGhanai
ancompanyi
s
f
ull
yownedbyaf
orei
gnent
it
y.Thi
rdl
ythemanagi
ngdi
rect
ori
saf
orei
gner
.Al
so,
thePPAcont
ainsacl
ause
whi
chpr
ovi
dest
hatwher
ether
eisadi
sput
eitwi
l
lbesubj
ectt
oint
ernat
ional
commer
cial
arbi
tr
ati
onand
l
ast
lyi
sassoci
atedwi
thf
orei
gni
nvest
mentt
ransact
ionssuchast
hewai
verofi
mmuni
ty.Thi
sleadst
othe
concl
usi
ont
hatt
het
ransact
ioni
sani
nter
nat
ional
busi
ness.I
nrel
ati
ont
oint
ernat
ional
busi
nesses,
the
agr
eementhadt
obesentt
opar
li
amentf
orappr
oval
orel
secoul
dbedecl
aredanul
l
ity
.

Argenti
nav.Ghana‘Ar
aLibert
ad’
ICGJ454( I
TLOS2012)
Facts:
Thiscaserosefr
om thear
restanddetent
ionofanAr
gent
ini
anwarshi
pint
heGhanai
anpor
tofTema,
af
teraHi
ghcour
tor
deri
nGhanat
odet
aint
hewar
shi
p.

Hel
d:I
naccor
dancewi
thar
ti
cle29oft
heUNCLOS,
war
shi
pmeansashi
pbel
ongi
ngt
othear
medf
orcesofa
st
atebear
ingt
heext
ernal
mar
ksdi
sti
ngui
shi
ngsuchshi
psofi
tsnat
ional
i
tyundert
hecommandofanar
my
of
fi
cer
,commi
ssi
onedbyt
hegov
ernoroft
hest
ate.Awar
shi
pisanexpr
essi
onoft
hesov
erei
gnt
yoft
he
st
atewhosef
lagi
tfl
i
es.Accor
dingt
oint
ernat
ional
law,
awar
shi
penj
oysi
mmuni
ty,
thesei
zur
eoft
heshi
p
Ghanai
anaut
hor
it
iesi
scont
rar
ytot
her
ulesofi
nter
nat
ional
law.I
twasal
sohel
dthatacount
rycoul
dnot
r
elyoni
tsdomest
icl
awt
obr
eacht
her
ulesofi
nter
nat
ional
law
SECTI
ON4-THECONSTI
TUTI
ONALEFFECTSOFCOUPD’
ETAT/
REVOLUTI
ON
I
NTRODUCTI
ON/
BACKGROUND
Whati
saconst
it
uti
on,
andi
sanest
abl
i
shmentpr
ocl
amat
ionaconst
it
uti
on?

Yes.“
Aconst
it
uti
on,
heconsi
der
edhadt
obepr
edi
ctabl
e,butt
hePr
ocl
amat
ionhadt
hequal
i
tyof
unpr
edi
ctabi
l
itybecauset
heexecut
iveandl
egi
slat
ivepower
soft
heNLCwer
eli
mit
less.Wi
thr
espect
,iti
s
t
houghtt
hatt
hisi
sar
atherst
rangeconcept
ionofwhatmaybeconsi
der
edaconst
it
uti
on.ThePr
ocl
amat
ion
wascl
ear
lyaconst
it
uti
onal
document
.Itdi
dnotembodyal
ltheconst
it
uti
onal
rul
esi
nfor
cedur
ingt
heNLC
i
nter
regnum,
butt
henhar
dlyanyconst
it
uti
onal
inst
rumentev
ercont
ainsal
ltheconst
it
uti
onal
lawofa
count
ry.ThePr
ocl
amat
ion'
wast
hebasi
cconst
it
uti
onal
inst
rumentofNLCGhanabecauset
hel
egal
val
i
dit
y
oft
heNLCsact
sandDecr
eesst
emmedf
rom i
t.
”[S.K.Dat
e-Bah,
Jur
ispr
udence'
sDayi
nCour
tinGhana,
The
I
nter
nat
ional
andCompar
ati
veLawQuar
ter
ly,
Vol
.20,
No.2(
Apr
.,1971)
,pp.315-
323comment
ingont
he
j
udgmentofAr
cherJA,
inSal
l
ahvAG[
1970]CC]

Whati
sacoupd’
état
/rev
olut
ion?

Bl
ack’
sLawDi
cti
onar
y[8t
hedi
ti
on]def
inescoupd’
étatas“
asuddenv
iol
entchangeofgov
ernmentt
hrough
t
hesei
zur
eofpower
”.I
tal
sodef
inesr
evol
uti
onas“
anov
ert
hrowofagov
ernmentusual
l
yresul
ti
ngi
na
f
undament
alpol
i
tical
change”
.

HansKel
seni
nhi TheGener
sbook, alTheor
yofLaw,
def
inedr
evol
uti
onas“
thatwhi
choccur
swhenal
egal
or
derofacommuni
tyi
snul
l
ifi
edandr
epl
acedbyanewor
deri
nawayt
hatwasnotdescr
ibedbyt
hef
ir
st
or
der
”.

Thet
heor
eti
cal
argument
ssur
roundi
ngt
heconceptofr
evol
uti
onsandcoupd’
état
sisbasedont
het
heor
yof
cont
inui
tyanddi
scont
inui
ty.Thear
gument
sar
epr
opoundedont
hef
actt
hati
nthecaseofar
evol
uti
onora
coupwhi
choccuri
nacount
ry,
doest
henewl
egal
ordert
endt
obeabol
i
shedcompl
etel
yorcont
inuei
n
exi
stence.Thef
oll
owi
ngdi
scussest
heset
heor
eti
cal
argument
s.

 Kel
senandCoupd'
Etat

HansKel
sen'
stheor
yofr
evol
uti
onar
ylegal
i
tyseekst
oanswerwhenandunderwhatci
rcumst
ancesone
l
egal
syst
em ceasest
oexi
standanewonei
scr
eat
edi
nit
spl
ace.Kel
sen'
sresponsei
sthatt
he"
Stat
eand
i
tsl
egal
orderr
emai
nthesameonl
yasl
ongast
heconst
it
uti
oni
sint
actorchangedaccor
dingt
oit
sown
pr
ovi
si
ons.
"[Kel
sen1961:
368-
9]Kel
senhol
dst
hatt
his"
pri
nci
pleofl
egi
ti
macy...f
ail
stohol
dint
hecaseof
ar
evol
uti
on,
"because"
iti
snev
ert
heconst
it
uti
onmer
elybutal
way
stheent
ir
elegal
ordert
hati
schangedby
ar
evol
uti
on,
"wi
tht
her
esul
tthatal
lnor
msoft
heol
dor
derar
e"depr
ivedoft
hei
rval
i
dit
ybyr
evol
uti
onandnot
accor
dingt
othepr
inci
pleofl
egi
ti
macy
."[
Id.
:117-
8]I
nthewakeofacoupd’
état
,"ev
eryj
uri
stwi
l
lpr
esume
t
hatt
heol
dor
der
--
towhi
chnopol
i
tical
real
i
tyanyl
ongercor
responds-
-hasceasedt
obev
ali
d…"[
Id.
:118]I
f
t
her
evol
uti
onar
ies"
succeed,
ift
heol
dor
derceases,
andt
henewor
derbegi
nst
obeef
fi
caci
ous,
becauset
he
i
ndi
vi
dual
swhosebehav
iort
henewor
derr
egul
atesact
ual
l
ybehav
e,byandl
arge,
inconf
ormi
tywi
tht
henew
or
der
,thent
hisor
deri
sconsi
der
edasav
ali
dor
der
."[
Id.
]Inhi
s"at
temptt
omakeexpl
i
citt
hepr
esupposi
ti
on
onwhi
cht
hesej
uri
sti
cconsi
der
ati
onsr
est
,"Kel
senf
indst
hat“
thenor
msoft
heol
dor
derar
eregar
dedas
dev
oidofv
ali
dit
ybecauset
heol
dconst
it
uti
onand,
ther
efor
e,t
hel
egal
nor
msbasedont
hisconst
it
uti
on,
the
ol
dlegal
orderasawhol
e,hasl
osti
tsef
fi
cacy
;becauset
heact
ual
behav
iorofmendoesnol
ongerconf
orm
t
othi
sol
dlegal
order
....Thepr
inci
pleofl
egi
ti
macyi
srest
ri
ctedbyt
hepr
inci
pleofef
fect
iveness.
”[I
d.:
118-
9]

Kel
sen'
stheor
yassumest
hei
dent
if
icat
ionoft
hest
atewi
tht
hel
egal
order
,wi
tht
hei
rfoundat
ionsr
oot
edi
n
t
heconst
it
uti
on.Ashi
stheor
yrest
supont
he"
oper
ati
vepr
emi
se...t
hatt
heposi
ti
veanddel
i
ber
ate
dest
ruct
ionoft
hef
oundat
ionoft
hel
egal
orderpr
esumest
hei
ntent
iont
ofoundanewst
ate,
anew
sov
erei
gnt
y,"[
McI
ntosh:
5]i
tpr
ecl
udesanydi
sti
nct
ionbet
weenar
evol
uti
onandacoupd'
etat
.Whi
l
ehe
r
ecogni
zest
hatcoupsd'
etatdonotr
esul
tinact
ual
repl
acementoft
hel
egal
syst
em,
and"
onl
ythe
const
it
uti
onandcer
tai
nlawsofpar
amountpol
i
tical
signi
fi
cance"ar
esuppr
essed,
whi
l
e"[
a]gr
eatpar
toft
he
ol
dlegal
order'
remai
ns'
val
i
d,"
(Kel
sen1961:
368)hei
sconst
rai
nedt
otr
eatt
hei
rlegal
impl
i
cat
ionasbei
ng
t
hesameast
hoseofar
evol
uti
on.Thi
spl
aceshi
stheor
youtofst
epwi
tht
her
eal
i
tyofcoupsi
npost
-col
oni
al
soci
eti
est
hatdonotai
m atdest
ruct
ionoft
heent
ir
elegal
order
,butonl
yatusur
pat
ionofpol
i
tical
off
ices.

 Fi
nni
sandCoupd'
Etat

Fi
nni
s,f
orhi
spar
t,hasdoubt
edt
hev
eraci
tyoft
hisso-
cal
l
edt
heor
yofl
egal
discont
inui
ty.Hesay
sthatf
ora
r
evol
uti
ont
oreal
l
yoccurandr
esul
tinachangei
nthel
egal
order
,cer
tai
nsal
i
entr
ulesmusthav
ebeen
af
fect
ed.Hesay
sthatt
her
ulesofsuccessi
ont
oof
fi
ce,
rul
esofcompet
enceandt
her
ulesofsuccessi
onof
r
uleswhi
chi
ncl
udesal
lrul
eswhi
chconst
it
utet
heamendmentandsuspensi
onofnewr
ulesmustal
lbe
af
fect
ed.Fi
nni
sisoft
heopi
niont
hatf
ort
her
etobeasuccessf
ulr
evol
uti
oni
nacount
ryal
lthet
hree
cat
egor
iesofr
ulesmustal
lbeaf
fect
ed.A.
W.BSi
mpson’
sexposi
ti
onasf
eat
uredi
ntheOxf
ordEssay
son
Jur
ispr
udenceandent
it
ledJ.
M.Fi
nni
s,Rev
olut
ionsandCont
inui
tyofLaw,
expoundshi
svi
ewt
hatt
oFi
nni
s
ev
eni
nthesi
mpl
estmonar
chy
,ther
ulesofsuccessi
ont
oof
fi
cemaybel
i
abl
etol
awf
ulal
ter
ati
onorchange
r
egar
dingt
het
aki
ngupofaposi
ti
onbyt
hecr
ownandt
hisal
ter
ati
onwi
l
lber
egul
atedbyar
uleof
successi
ont
orul
eswhi
chhappent
ocoi
nci
dewi
tht
hesi
mpl
erul
eofcompet
encewhi
chgov
ernst
he
l
egi
slat
iveaut
hor
it
y.I
nef
fectnor
evol
uti
oncanef
fect
ivel
ytakepl
acewi
thoutaf
fect
ingt
hechangei
nthe
cat
egor
iesofr
ulesment
ionedear
li
er.

Fi
nni
sar
guesagai
nstt
henot
iont
hatev
eryi
l
legal
orunconst
it
uti
onal
actwhi
chi
snor
mal
l
ycal
l
edacoup
amount
stoachangei
ntheconst
it
uti
onandassuchachangei
nthei
dent
it
yoft
hel
egal
order
.Inessence,
if
t
hev
icePr
esi
dentassassi
nat
est
hePr
esi
dentofacount
ryandt
heconst
it
uti
oni
nthatt
erm pr
ovi
dest
hatt
he
v
icePr
esi
dentbemadePr
esi
dentwhent
heexi
sti
ngPr
esi
dentdi
esori
snol
ongeri
nof
fi
ceamountwi
l
lit
amountt
oar
evol
uti
on?Fi
nni
sar
guest
hati
twi
l
lnot
.Inhi
svi
ew,
suchasi
tuat
ionwi
l
lnotbedeemedt
obea
r
evol
uti
onbecauset
her
ehasbeennov
iol
ati
onoft
heconst
it
uti
onev
ent
hought
her
ehasev
ident
lybeenan
i
l
legal
changeofpower
.Yet
,Kel
senar
guest
hroughhi
stheor
yofdi
scont
inui
tyt
hathei
ncl
udescoupd’
état
s
asr
evol
uti
onsast
heyaf
fectt
hel
egal
syst
em oft
hecount
ry.Fi
nni
sar
guest
hatunconst
it
uti
onal
act
sinv
olv
e
l
i
ttl
emodi
fi
cat
ionoft
hel
awwi
thoutbr
ingi
ngt
obi
rt
hanewl
egal
syst
em ast
heseact
sdonotaf
fectt
he
supr
emesour
ceoft
hecount
ry.

Hi
stor
yofcoupd’
étati
nGhana
On24Febr
uar
y1966t
hiscount
rywi
tnessedt
hef
ir
stcoupd'
etati
nherpol
i
tical
hist
ory
.Thegov
ernmentof
t
heFi
rstRepubl
i
cwasov
ert
hrownbyt
heGhanaAr
medFor
cesi
ncol
l
abor
ati
onwi
tht
heGhanaPol
i
ceFor
ce.
APr
ocl
amat
ionwasi
ssuedconf
err
ingbot
hthel
egi
slat
iveandexecut
ivepower
soft
heSt
ateonaNat
ional
Li
ber
ati
onCounci
l
.Thej
udi
ciar
yremai
nedunscat
hedaf
tert
hePr
ocl
amat
ionwhi
chsuspendedt
he
Const
it
uti
on,
1960oft
heFi
rst
.Republ
i
cwhi
chcamei
ntof
orceon1Jul
y1960.

On22August1969t
heSecondRepubl
i
canConst
it
uti
oncamei
ntof
orceandt
heConst
it
uti
on,
1960was
abr
ogat
ed.Par
tIVoft
het
ransi
ti
onal
prov
isi
onsi
ntheConst
it
uti
on,
1969gr
ant
edi
ndemni
tyt
othosewho
st
agedt
heCoupon24Febr
uar
y1966.Chapt
er9oft
he(
Page44)Const
it
uti
on,
1969v
est
edt
hej
udi
cial
powerofGhanai
nthej
udi
ciar
y.Ar
ti
cle102(
3)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1969guar
ant
eedt
hei
ndependencet
he
j
udi
ciar
y.Fort
hef
ir
stt
imei
nthel
egal
hist
oryoft
hiscount
ry,
theAmer
icanconceptoft
hedoct
ri
neof
separ
ati
onofpower
scoul
dbedi
scer
nedt
hroughoutt
hatdocument
,namel
ythepower
soft
hel
egi
slat
ure,
t
heexecut
iveandt
hej
udi
ciar
y.

On13Januar
y1972t
her
ewasy
etanot
hercoupd'
etatandt
heConst
it
uti
on,
1969wassuspendedbya
Pr
ocl
amat
ionwhi
chest
abl
i
shaNat
ional
Redempt
ionCounci
l(NRC)t
obesucceededf
orabr
iefper
iodbya
Supr
emeMi
l
itar
yCounci
l(SMC)unt
il4June1979whent
heAr
medFor
cesRev
olut
ionar
yCounci
l
.(AFRC)
t
ookov
erf
rom Supr
emeMi
l
itar
yCounci
l
.

On24Sept
ember1979t
heThi
rdRepubl
i
canConst
it
uti
on,
1979camei
ntof
orce.Att
hisst
age,
itmustbe
poi
ntedoutt
hatt
hedoct
ri
neofsepar
ati
onofpower
sst
il
lper
vadedt
heSecondandThi
rdRepubl
i
can
Const
it
uti
onsandi
nsubst
ancet
her
ewasnotmuchdi
ff
erencei
nthesubst
anceandwor
dingoft
het
wo
Const
it
uti
onsexceptt
hati
ntheSecondRepubl
i
canConst
it
uti
ont
her
ewasapr
ovi
sionf
oracer
emoni
al
Pr
esi
dentandaPr
imeMi
nist
erwher
east
heThi
rdRepubl
i
canConst
it
uti
onr
eint
roducedt
hepr
esi
dent
ial
sy
stem ofgov
ernment
.

On31December1981t
her
ewasanot
hercoupd'
etatandbyaPr
ocl
amat
ion,
thePr
ovi
sional
Nat
ional
Def
enceCounci
l(PNDC)wasest
abl
i
shedandi
tgov
ernedt
hiscount
ryunt
il7Januar
y1993whenFour
th
Republ
i
canConst
it
uti
on,
1992camei
ntof
orceandt
hepr
esentgov
ernmentknownast
heNat
ional
Democr
ati
cCongr
esswi
tht
woot
herpar
ti
es,
theNat
ional
Conv
ent
ionPar
tyandt
heEagl
ePar
ty,
for
med
al
l
ianceandassumedt
her
einsofgov
ernment
.Underanexi
sti
ngl
aw,
namel
ythePubl
i
cHol
i
day
sLaw,
1989
(
PNDCL220)
,thepr
esentgov
ernmentnot
if
iedt
hepubl
i
cofi
tspr
ogr
ammet
ocel
ebr
ateanni
ver
sar
yoft
he31
December1981r
evol
uti
onwhi
chhasbeenspeci
fi
edi
ntheSchedul
etoPNDCL220.
”[PerAr
cherCJi
nNew
Pat
ri
oti
cPar
tyvAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al(
1994)JELR66360(
SC)
]

CASES
Ghana
Sal
l
ahvAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al[
2G&G493]
Fact
s:Thepl
aint
if
f,Mr
.Sal
l
ah,
wasempl
oyedasamanageroft
heGhanaNat
ional
Tradi
ngCor
por
ati
on
(
GNPC)
,acor
por
ati
onest
abl
i
shedundert
heSt
atut
oryCor
por
ati
onsActof1961underE.
I.203andwhen
t
hatl
awwasr
epeal
ed,
itwas“
cont
inuedi
nexi
stence”byLINo.395whi
chwaspassedundert
heaut
hor
it
yof
t
henewSt
atut
oryCor
por
ati
onsAct
,1964,
inOct
ober1967undert
heNat
ional
Liber
ati
onCounci
l(NLC)
.In
Febr
uar
y1970,
6mont
hsaf
tert
hecomi
ngi
ntof
orceoft
he1969const
it
uti
on,
hisappoi
ntmentwas
t
ermi
nat
edbyt
heBusi
aGov
ernmentaccor
dingt
oSect
ion9(
1)oft
heTr
ansi
ti
onal
Prov
isi
onscont
ainedt
he
Schedul
e1t
othe1969Const
it
uti
on.Sect
ion9(
1)st
atest
otheef
fectt
hat“
anyper
sonact
ingi
nanyof
fi
ce
est
abl
i
shedbyt
heNLCf
ort
headmi
nist
rat
ionofGhana,
inpur
suanceofadecr
eeorbyt
heaut
hor
it
yoft
he
NLC,
shal
lbedeemedt
ohav
ebeenappoi
ntedasf
rom t
hecomi
ngi
ntof
orceoft
he1969const
it
uti
ont
ohol
d
oracti
nof
fi
cef
oraper
iodofsi
xmont
hs”
.

Thepl
aint
if
ffi
l
edanappl
i
cat
ionbef
oret
heCour
tofAppeal
sit
ti
ngasSupr
emeCour
tseeki
ngadecl
arat
ion
t
hathi
sof
fi
cewasnotbr
oughti
ntoexi
stencebyt
hel
awt
hatwasov
ert
hrowni
nther
evol
uti
on(
LINo395)
,
r
ather
,itwascont
inuedi
nfor
cebyt
hatl
aw,
andt
her
efor
etheNLCcoul
dnotcl
aimt
hatt
heyhadcr
eat
edt
hat
of
fi
ce.Hear
guedt
hathi
sof
fi
cewascr
eat
edbyE.
I203andwasonl
ycont
inuedi
nfor
cebyL.
I395andas
such,
thenewor
dercr
eat
edbyt
heNLCPr
ocl
amat
iondi
dnotaf
fecthi
sof
fi
cet
obecaughtbySect
ion9(
1)
t
ransi
ti
onal
prov
isi
onsoft
he1969Const
it
uti
on.TheAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al’
sar
gument
swer
ebasedont
he
Kel
seni
anposi
ti
ont
hati
nar
evol
uti
onpr
oper
lyso-
cal
l
ed,
theol
dlegal
orderwasabol
i
shedandanewone,
wi
thi
tsownGr
ündnor
m wasest
abl
i
shed.Thusi
n1966,
theol
dor
der(
the1960Const
it
uti
on)di
sappear
ed,
andt
henewonewasest
abl
i
shed,
wit
hit
snewGr
ündnor
m,whi
cht
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
ali
dent
if
iedast
he
Pr
ocl
amat
ion.Hear
guedt
hat“
est
abl
i
sh”mustbei
nter
pret
edas“
der
ivi
ngl
egal
val
i
dit
yfr
om”
.Si
mpl
yput
,the
At
tor
ney
-Gener
alwasusi
ngKel
sen’
stheor
yofdi
scont
inui
ty,
andappl
i
edt
hus,
itmeantt
hatt
heLI395was
v
ali
dbyv
irt
ueoft
heSt
ateCor
por
ati
onsAct
,1964,
whi
chi
ntur
nwasv
ali
dat
edbyar
ti
cle40oft
he1960
Const
it
uti
on,
andsi
ncet
heNLChadabr
ogat
edt
hatconst
it
uti
on,
theol
dsour
ceofv
ali
dit
yoft
heGNTCwas
gone,
andt
hecor
por
ati
onwasr
e-bor
nbyt
heNLCPr
ocl
amat
ion,
andt
her
efor
ethepl
aint
if
fwassquar
ely
caughtbyt
hepr
ovi
si
ons.

Hel
d:Oft
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al'
sKel
seni
tear
gument
s,Akpal
ooJ.
Asai
d:“
Ibel
i
evemember
soft
he
Const
it
uentAssembl
yappr
oachedandper
for
medt
hei
rtaskaspr
act
ical
menofbusi
nessgui
dedbyt
he
exper
ienceofourr
ecentpastandi
nfor
medbyanunder
standi
ngofor
dinar
yEngl
i
shwor
ds.Icannotaccept
t
hati
nusi
ngt
hewor
d“est
abl
i
sh”i
nsect
ion9(
1)t
heyhadi
nmi
ndanyj
uri
sti
ctheor
iesont
hepr
inci
pleof
l
egi
ti
macy
.Ift
hatber
ighti
twoul
dbesubv
ersi
veoft
hei
rint
ent
iont
oint
erpr
ett
hei
rdecl
aredwi
l
lbyr
efer
ence
t
oanysucht
heor
y.”Headded:
“Thi
scont
ent
ionseemst
omehi
ghl
yar
ti
fi
cial
andIcannotbel
i
evet
hatwi
th
t
heknownpr
agmat
ism t
hati
nfor
msj
udi
cial
att
it
udet
owar
dsquest
ionsofl
egi
slat
ivei
nter
pret
ati
on,
the
At
tor
neyGener
alcanhav
ethoughtanar
gumentsuchast
hiswasl
i
kel
ytocar
ryseasonedj
udi
cial
minds.We
shoul
dfai
li
nourdut
ytoef
fect
uat
ethewi
l
loft
heConst
it
uentAssembl
yifwei
nter
pret
edt
heConst
it
uti
on
noti
naccor
dancewi
thi
tsl
ett
erandspi
ri
tbuti
naccor
dancewi
thsomedoct
ri
nai
rej
uri
sti
ctheor
y”.

Si
mil
arl
y,SowahJ.
A.ar
guedasf
oll
ows:
“Itseemst
omeaf
ar-
fet
chedi
nter
pret
ati
ont
osayt
hatbyt
hese
wor
ds,
theNat
ional
Liber
ati
onCounci
lwasr
e-est
abl
i
shi
ngorcr
eat
inganewal
lthel
awsofGhanai
ncl
udi
ng
t
hecommonl
awandcust
omar
ylaw.Thet
ruei
nter
pret
ati
oni
sthatt
hosel
awsi
nexi
stenceshoul
dcont
inue
subj
ect
,ofcour
se,
tosubsequentdecr
eest
hatmi
ghtbepr
omul
gat
ed”
.Heat
tempt
edt
oexpr
essr
easonsf
or
t
hinki
ngt
heKel
seni
teanal
ysi
sincor
rectbysay
ing:
“Onei
sent
it
ledt
oaskwhet
hert
heor
iespr
opoundedby
t
hegr
eatj
uri
stsr
angi
ngf
rom t
het
imeofPl
ato,
Mar
xandt
oHansKel
senar
eimmut
abl
eandofgener
al
appl
i
cat
ionandwhet
hert
hoset
heor
iesmustnecessar
il
yfi
tint
othel
egal
schemeofev
erycount
ryandev
ery
age?Idonott
hinkso”
.

PerAr
cherJ.
Aaf
fi
rmi
ngposi
ti
onofAkpal
ooJ.
AandSowahJ.
A:“
…Itseemst
omet
hatwhenKel
senspeaks
ofhi
sNor
msandBasi
cNor
m,t
her
eadermustappr
eci
atewhathemeans.
..Hi
s‘nor
m’i
snott
heequi
val
ent
oft
heEngl
i
shwor
d‘st
andar
d’butaccor
dingt
ohi
m nor
misr
efer
abl
etot
heconceptofl
awasan‘
ought
’.
TheBasi
cNor
m hedescr
ibesi
nGer
manas‘
Grundnor
m,’
thati
sthehi
ghestnor
mfr
om whi
chal
lnor
ms
der
ivet
hei
rval
i
dit
y.I
ncount
ri
eswi
thwr
it
tenConst
it
uti
ons,
Kel
senwi
l
lident
if
ythewr
it
tenConst
it
uti
onas
t
heBasi
cNor
m.Wher
ether
eisnowr
it
tenConst
it
uti
on,
iti
snoteasyt
osaywher
etheBasi
cNor
mis.He
adv
ocat
est
hatt
hebasi
cnor
m shoul
dber
egar
dedasan‘
I
nit
ial
Hypot
hesi
s’whi
chi
nal
att
ercommenthe
r
egar
dsasa‘
Fi
cti
on.
’InGhana,
thecour
tsofl
awdonotr
elyonf
ict
ionsi
nconst
ruct
ingst
atut
esnordot
hey
appl
yfi
cti
onsi
nresol
vi
ngdi
sput
esbet
weenpar
ti
es.Supposeweappl
ythi
sjur
ist
icr
easoni
ngt
othepr
esent
case,
itf
oll
owst
hatwhent
hePr
ocl
amat
ionsuspendedt
he1960Const
it
uti
on,
theol
dBasi
cNor
m
di
sappear
ed.Whatwast
henewBasi
cNor
m?Wasi
tthePr
ocl
amat
ion?I
twasnotbecausei
twasnota
Const
it
uti
on.Howt
hendowet
racet
heBasi
cNor
m?I
stheBasi
cNor
mthepeopl
eofGhanawhosuppor
ted
t
heAr
medFor
cesandt
hePol
i
ceori
stheBasi
cNor
mtobedet
ect
edf
rom t
hear
mor
edcar
satBur
maCamp?
.
..Kel
seni
soft
hev
iewt
hatt
hebasi
cnor
m cannotbeaDi
vi
neGodbuti
tseemst
hati
nGhana,
underour
newConst
it
uti
on,
wehav
emadei
tqui
tecl
eari
nthePr
eambl
e,t
hatt
heconst
it
uti
onhasbeenenact
edi
nthe
namei
fAl
might
yGodf
rom whom al
laut
hor
it
yisder
ived.It
hinkKel
sen’
sdoct
ri
nei
sopposedt
owhatt
he
peopl
eofGhanahav
eenact
ed.Weshoul
dnotal
sof
orgett
hatKel
senor
igi
nal
l
ywr
otehi
s‘Pur
eTheor
yof
Law’
wit
hci
vi
ll
awcount
ri
esi
nmi
ndandont
hecont
inentofEur
opewher
eideol
ogywasi
ntheascendancy
andmonar
chi
eshadbeenr
epl
acedper
manent
lybyRepubl
i
cs.Whathappenedher
einGhanaon24Febr
uar
y
1966wasj
ustt
hebegi
nni
ngofar
evol
uti
onwhi
chcul
minat
edi
nthepr
omul
gat
ionoft
he1969Const
it
uti
on
whi
channul
l
edorr
evokedt
he1960Const
it
uti
on.Idonott
her
efor
ethi
nkt
hatKel
sen’
sGener
alTheor
yof
LawandSt
atecanhel
pusi
nascer
tai
ningwhet
herornott
hePr
ocl
amat
ionof24Febr
uar
y1966wasournew
‘
Grundnor
m’f
orl
awsexi
sti
ngbef
oret
hatdat
e…”

PerAni
nJ.
A.di
ssent
ing:
“Si
ncet
he1966r
evol
uti
onandt
hePr
ocl
amat
ionbr
oughtt
heol
dlegal
ordert
oan
endr
ecr
eat
edanewl
egal
order
,newl
aws,
newpubl
i
cser
vicesandof
fi
ces,
all
per
sonshol
dingpubl
i
cof
fi
ces
undert
heN.
L.Con22August1969wer
ecaughtbysect
ion9(
1).Asanof
fi
ceroft
heG.
C.T.
C.,
ast
atut
ory
cor
por
ati
onundert
heN.
L.C.t
hepl
aint
if
ffel
lwi
thi
nthepur
viewofsect
ion9(
1)andassucht
heGov
ernment
wasempower
edt
oter
minat
ehi
sappoi
ntment
”.

Dr
.Busi
a’
sRadi
oBr
oadcast
/Comment
sonSal
l
ahvAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al[
2G&G493]

"
..
.t
hecoupwasar
evol
uti
onandacompl
etebr
eakwi
tht
heol
dregi
me.

Dur
ingt
heper
iodoft
heNat
ional
Liber
ati
onCounci
l
,nopubl
i
cof
fi
cerder
ivedhi
sposi
ti
onf
rom anysour
ce
ot
hert
hanf
rom t
heNat
ional
Liber
ati
onCounci
l
.

I
tmakesabsol
utenonsenseoft
hecoupt
omai
ntai
nthatt
hosewhohel
dof
fi
cesi
ntheNkr
umahr
egi
me
bef
oret
hecoup,
someofwhom commi
ssi
onsofEnqui
ryappoi
ntedbyt
heN.
L.C.conf
ir
medt
obecor
rupt
,
shoul
dbeout
sidet
hepur
viewoft
heexer
cise,
whi
l
stt
hoseappoi
ntedbyt
heN.
L.C.t
ohel
pthem car
ryont
he
r
econst
ruct
ionar
etheonewi
thi
nthepur
viewoft
hesect
ion.

Lawsdonotoper
atei
nav
acuum,
butwi
thi
nsoci
alandhi
stor
ical
cont
ext
s,and.noonecanf
ail
toseet
hat
t
heef
fectoft
hecoupofFebr
uar
y24,
1966,
andt
hepr
ocl
amat
ionandsubsequentdecr
eeswast
omake
cl
eart
hatal
lpubl
i
cof
fi
cer
swer
ehel
dasar
esul
toft
heActoft
heNat
ional
Liber
ati
onCounci
l
."

Ekwam vPi
ani
m[1996-
7]SCGLR120
Fact
s:Pl
aint
if
fsuesf
oradecl
arat
iont
hatdef
endanti
snotqual
i
fiedt
ocont
estasNPPf
lagbear
er.The
def
endanthadbeenconv
ict
edofat
tempt
ingt
oov
ert
hrowt
hePNDCgov
ernmenti
n1982.Hehowev
er
i
nvokesar
ti
cl
e1(
3)of1979const
it
uti
onasadef
ence,
andsuggestt
hatev
eni
fiti
str
ue,
hehaddonesoi
n
t
hespi
ri
toft
hatar
ti
cl
e.

Hel
d:I
twashel
dthatar
ti
cle1(
3)oft
he1979const
it
uti
onwasnol
ongeri
nfor
ceatt
het
imehehadt
ri
edt
o
i
nvokei
t.Theconst
it
uti
onwassuspendedbyt
hePNDC(
Est
)Pr
ocl
amat
ion1981.

PerAt
uguba,
JSC:
“Pl
ainl
y,t
hev
erypr
ovi
sionr
eli
edonr
eal
i
sti
cal
l
yst
opsshor
tofwhati
stohappenwhent
he
per
sonsseeki
ngt
oabol
i
shi
tinf
actsucceedi
ndoi
ngso.I
tknowst
hatt
hatwi
l
lbei
tsend.Yett
hedef
endant
i
ser
ect
ingadef
enseoni
tsdeadbody
”.

Ni
ger
ia

CfLakanmi
vAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al(
West
ernSt
ate)19711Uni
ver
sit
yofI
feLawRepor
ts
Fact
s:Af
tert
hesev
eranceoft
iesbet
weenNi
ger
iaandt
heBr
it
ishCol
oni
alGov
ernment
,the1963
Const
it
uti
onwaspr
omul
gat
ed.Thi
sconst
it
uti
onwasdeemedt
obet
hesupr
emel
awoft
heFeder
ati
on
(
Grundnor
m).Ther
ewasami
l
itar
ytakeov
eron15t
hJanuar
y1966,
inwhi
cht
hemi
l
itar
yannouncedt
hat
cer
tai
npr
ovi
si
onsoft
he1963Const
it
uti
onwer
esuspended.Al
sosuspendedwer
etheof
fi
cesoft
he
Pr
esi
dent
,Pr
imeMi
nist
er,
andPar
li
amentt
oo.TheJudi
ciar
y,Publ
i
cSer
vices,
theAr
medFor
cesandt
he
Pol
i
ceSer
vicewer
esav
ed.Adecr
ee,
Const
it
uti
on(
Suspensi
onandModi
fi
cat
ion)Decr
eeNo.11966,
was
passedt
ogi
veef
fectoft
heabov
esuspensi
onsandr
etai
nment
sundert
he1963Const
it
uti
on.Decr
eeNo.1
f
urt
hergav
ethemi
l
itar
ythepowert
omakel
awswi
thoutanyr
est
ri
cti
ons.Thedecr
eeal
sopr
ovi
dedt
hat
whi
l
stt
he1963Const
it
uti
onshal
lhav
ethef
orceofl
awi
nNi
ger
ia,
itshal
lnotpr
evai
lov
eradecr
eepassed
andnot
hingi
nitshal
lrenderadecr
eev
oid.On29t
hJul
y,1967anot
hercoupt
ookpl
ace,
underwhi
chNi
ger
ia
wasconv
ert
edf
rom auni
tar
yst
atet
oaf
eder
aloneoft
wel
vest
ates.Decr
eeNo.1r
emai
nedi
nfor
ce.

TheChi
efJust
ice,
aschai
rmanoft
heTr
ibunal
ofI
nqui
ryi
ssuedanor
derf
reezi
ngt
heasset
sofpubl
i
c
of
fi
cer
soft
hewest
ernst
ateunderanedi
ctoft
hemi
l
itar
ygov
ernmenti
naccor
dancewi
thsect
ion13(
1)of
Edi
ctNo.5of1967,
theI
nvest
igat
ionofAsset
s(Publ
i
cOf
fi
cer
snot
herPer
sonsDecr
ee)whi
chpr
ohi
bit
ed
t
hepl
aint
if
fsort
hei
ragent
sandot
herper
sonsf
rom di
sposi
ngofanyoft
hepr
oper
ti
esoft
hepl
aint
if
fsunt
il
t
heMi
l
itar
yGov
ernoroft
heWest
ernst
atehaddi
rect
edt
hem t
o.Thepl
aint
if
fswer
enott
ooper
atet
hei
rbank
account
sbymeansofwi
thdr
awal
andt
henewl
awssai
dther
ecoul
dbenochal
l
enget
otheChai
rmanof
Tr
ibunal
.Ot
herl
aws,
i.
e.Decr
eeNos.37,
43and45,
wer
epr
omul
gat
edt
opr
ohi
bitt
hej
udi
cial
rev
iewof
any
thi
ngdoneundert
hel
aws.

Thei
ssuebef
oret
heSupr
emeCour
twaswhet
hert
heev
ent
sof15t
hJanuar
y1966amount
edt
oar
evol
uti
on?
Al
so,
whet
herDecr
ee45coul
dval
i
dlyoustt
hecour
t’
sjur
isdi
cti
ont
olooki
ntot
heor
deroft
heTr
ibunal
.

Hel
d:TheSupr
emeCour
thel
dthatt
heev
ent
sofJanuar
y15,
1966di
dnotamountt
oar
evol
uti
onbutamer
e
of
ferofi
nvi
tat
iont
otheAr
medFor
cest
ofor
m ani
nter
im Mi
l
itar
yGov
ernment
,maki
ngi
tcl
eart
hatonl
y
cer
tai
npr
ovi
si
onsoft
he1963Const
it
uti
onwer
etobesuspendedandt
heof
ferwasdul
yaccept
edbyt
he
Ar
medFor
ces.Thecour
trecogni
zedKel
sen’
stheor
yofr
evol
uti
onar
ylegal
i
tyasar
guedbyt
heAGbuti
tdr
ew
adi
sti
nct
ionbet
weent
hatandt
hepr
esentcase.Thecour
tbasedi
tsr
easoni
ngont
hedoct
ri
neofnecessi
ty
andhel
dthatnecessi
tydi
ctat
edanagr
eedpar
ti
alsuspensi
onoft
he1963Const
it
uti
onandt
hef
ormat
ionof
t
hei
nter
im gov
ernmentwhi
chef
fect
edt
het
ransf
erofpowerf
rom t
heol
dtot
henewor
der
.

Thecour
tal
sohel
dthatt
heFeder
alMi
l
itar
yGov
ernmentassumedt
hecont
inuedexi
stenceoft
he1963
Const
it
uti
onandi
nit
sDecr
eeNo.1i
mpl
i
edl
ypr
ovi
dedf
orasepar
ati
onofpower
sbet
weent
hel
egi
slat
ures,
t
heexecut
iveandt
hej
udi
ciar
yasdi
dtheRepubl
i
canConst
it
uti
on.BecauseDecr
eeNo.45of1968,
whi
ch
soughtt
oval
i
dat
etheor
dermadebyt
het
ri
bunal
wasal
egi
slat
iveactwhi
chi
mpi
ngedupont
hespher
eof
t
hej
udi
ciar
y,i
twasanunnecessar
yint
rusi
oni
ntot
hespher
eoft
hej
udi
ciar
yandi
tist
her
efor
evoi
d.

Rhodesi
a(nowZi
mbabwe)

Madzi
mbamut
ov.Lar
dner
-Bur
ke(
1978)3WLR1229
Fact
s:TheBr
it
ishGov
ernmenthadgr
ant
edt
he1961Const
it
uti
onofSout
her
nRhodesi
atot
heCol
ony
.On11
Nov
ember1965,
Mr.Smi
tht
hePr
imeMi
nist
erandhi
smi
nist
eri
alcol
l
eagues,
issuedaUni
l
ater
alDecl
arat
ion
ofI
ndependence(
UDI
)tot
heef
fectt
hatSout
her
nRhodesi
awasnol
ongeraCr
owncol
onybutwasan
i
ndependentsov
erei
gnSt
ate.Theyal
sopr
omul
gat
edanewConst
it
uti
on,
1965.Ont
hesameday
,the
gov
ernori
ssuedast
atementt
otheef
fectt
hatt
hePr
imeMi
nist
erandt
heot
herper
sonshol
dingof
fi
ceas
Mi
nist
ersoft
hegov
ernmentofSout
her
nRhodesi
aorasDeput
yMi
nist
ersceasedt
ohol
dof
fi
ce.The
Par
li
amentoft
heUni
tedKi
ngdom al
sopassedt
heSout
her
nRhodesi
aAct1965,
decl
ari
ngt
hatSout
her
n
Rhodesi
awasst
il
lpar
toft
hedomi
nionsoft
heUni
tedKi
ngdom,
andGov
ernmentandPar
li
amentofUni
ted
Ki
ngdom st
il
lhadr
esponsi
bil
i
tyandj
uri
sdi
cti
on.Mr
.Smi
thandhi
scol
l
eaguesdi
sregar
dedt
hei
rdi
smi
ssal
f
rom of
fi
ce,
andt
hemember
soft
hel
egi
slat
ureadopt
edt
henew1965Const
it
uti
onandt
her
eaf
tert
heyand
MrSmi
thandhi
scol
l
eaguesdecl
aredt
hatt
he1965Const
it
uti
onhadsuper
sededt
he1961Const
it
uti
on.

Bef
oret
heUDIt
ookpl
acehowev
er,
ast
ateofemer
gencyhadbeendecl
aredbyt
heGov
ernor
,andt
he
appel
l
ant
’shusbandhadbeendet
ainedbyt
hef
ir
str
espondentasMi
nist
erofJust
ice.Ont
heex
pir
ati
onof
t
hest
ateofemer
gencyi
nFebr
uar
y1966,
thegov
ernmentcont
inuedt
hei
rdet
ent
ionunderRegul
ati
on47(
3),
whi
chder
ivedi
tsaut
hor
it
yfr
om t
he1965Const
it
uti
on.Thedet
aineeschal
l
engedt
hel
egal
i
tyoft
hei
r
det
ent
ionandbyi
mpl
i
cat
ion,
thatoft
heUDIandt
he1965Const
it
uti
on.

Hel
d:
PerLor
dRei
d:“
Iti
sanhi
stor
ical
factt
hati
nmanycount
ri
esandi
ndeedi
nmanycount
ri
eswhi
char
eorhav
e
beenunderBr
it
ishsov
erei
gnt
y–t
her
ear
enowr
egi
meswhi
char
euni
ver
sal
l
yrecogni
zedasl
awf
ulbutwhi
ch
der
ivet
hei
ror
igi
nsf
rom r
evol
uti
onsorcoupd’
état
s.Thel
awmustt
akeaccountoft
hatf
act
.So,
ther
emay
beaquest
ionhoworatwhatst
aget
henewr
egi
mebecamel
awf
ul.Thei
ssuei
nthepr
esentcasei
swhet
her
Emer
gencyPower
sRegul
ati
onsmadeundert
he1965Const
it
uti
oncanber
egar
dedashav
inganyl
egal
v
ali
dit
y,f
orceoref
fect
.Thei
rLor
dshi
pswi
l
lther
efor
ehumbl
yadv
iseHerMaj
est
ythati
tshoul
dbedecl
ared
t
hatt
hedet
ermi
nat
ionoft
heHi
ghCour
tofSout
her
nRhodesi
awi
thr
egar
dtot
hev
ali
dit
yofEPRmadei
n
Sout
her
nRhodesi
asi
nceNov
ember111965,
iser
roneous,
andt
hatsuchr
egul
ati
onshav
enol
egal
val
i
dit
y,
f
orceoref
fect
.”Headded:
“Ift
hel
egi
ti
mat
eGov
ernmenthadbeendr
ivenoutbutwast
ryi
ngt
oregai
ncont
rol
i
twoul
dbei
mpossi
blet
ohol
dthatt
heusur
perwhoi
sincont
rol
ist
hel
awf
ulr
uler
,becauset
hatwoul
dmean
t
hatbyst
ri
vi
ngt
oasser
tit
slawf
ulr
ightt
heoust
edl
egi
ti
mat
eGov
ernmentwasopposi
ngt
hel
awf
ulr
uler
.In
t
hei
rLor
dshi
ps'
judgmentt
hati
sthepr
esentposi
ti
oni
nSout
her
nRhodesi
a.TheBr
it
ishGov
ernmentact
ing
f
ort
hel
awf
ulSov
erei
gni
staki
ngst
epst
oregai
ncont
rol
andi
tisi
mpossi
blet
opr
edi
ctwi
thcer
tai
ntywhet
her
ornoti
twi
l
lsucceed.Bot
hthej
udgesi
ntheGener
alDi
vi
sionandt
hemaj
ori
tyi
ntheAppel
l
ateDi
vi
sionr
ight
ly
st
il
lregar
dthe"
rev
olut
ion"asi
l
legal
andconsi
dert
hemsel
vessi
tt
ingascour
tsoft
hel
awf
ulsov
erei
gn,
and
notundert
her
evol
uti
onar
yconst
it
uti
onof1965.Thei
rLor
dshi
psar
ether
efor
eofopi
niont
hatt
heusur
ping
Gov
ernmentnowi
ncont
rol
ofSout
her
nRhodesi
acannotber
egar
dedasal
awf
ulGov
ernment
.”

Uganda

UgandaV.Commi
ssi
onerofPr
isons,
ExPar
teMat
ovu(
1966)EA514
Fact
s:Af
terUganda’
sfi
rstpost
-i
ndependenceel
ect
ionsi
nApr
il1962,
twopar
ti
es,
theUgandaPeopl
e’
s
Congr
essl
edbyMi
l
tonObot
eandt
heKabakaYekkal
edbyDaubi
Ocheng,
for
medacoal
i
tiongov
ernment
,
butt
hisr
emai
nedunst
abl
e.OnFebr
uar
y26,
1966,
thePr
imeMi
nist
er,
Obot
e,wi
tht
hesuppor
toft
hemi
l
itar
y
assumedf
ull
power
sofgov
ernment
,suspendedt
heNat
ional
Assembl
yandabr
ogat
edt
he1962Const
it
uti
on.
Hel
aterconv
enedt
heAssembl
yinApr
il1966,
whi
chappr
ovedanewconst
it
uti
on,
1966t
hatpr
ovi
dedf
oran
execut
ivepr
esi
dencyandauni
tar
yst
ate.

I
nAugust1966,
Mat
ovu,
aBugandacount
ychi
efwasser
vedwi
thadet
ent
ionor
derunderpr
ovi
sionsof
Ar
ti
cle31(
I)oft
he1966Const
it
uti
on.Mat
ovuf
il
edahabeascor
pusappl
i
cat
ion,
argui
ngt
hatt
hedet
ent
ion
or
derv
iol
atedt
hef
undament
alr
ight
spr
ovi
sionsoft
he1962Const
it
uti
on,
whi
chr
emai
nedt
hesupr
emel
aw
ofUganda.

Hel
d:

Si
rUdoUdomaCJ,
Supr
emeCour
t,Uganda:
“Wehol
d,t
hatt
heser
iesofev
ent
s,whi
cht
ookpl
acei
nUganda
f
rom Febr
uar
y22t
oApr
il1966,
whent
he1962Const
it
uti
onwasabol
i
shedi
ntheNat
ional
Assembl
yandt
he
1966Const
it
uti
onadopt
edi
nit
spl
aceasar
esul
tofwhi
cht
het
henPr
imeMi
nist
erwasi
nst
all
edas
Execut
ivePr
esi
dent……coul
donl
yappr
opr
iat
elybedescr
ibedi
nlawasar
evol
uti
on.Thesechangeshad
occur
rednoti
naccor
dancewi
tht
hepr
inci
pleofl
egi
ti
macy
.Butdel
i
ber
atel
ycont
rar
ytoi
t.Ther
ewer
eno
pr
etent
ionsont
hepar
toft
hePr
imeMi
nist
ert
ofol
l
owt
hepr
ocedur
epr
escr
ibedi
nthe1962Const
it
uti
oni
n
par
ti
cul
arf
ort
her
emov
aloft
hePr
esi
dentandVi
cePr
esi
dentf
rom of
fi
ce.Powerwassei
zedbyf
orcef
rom
bot
hthePr
esi
dentandt
heVi
cePr
esi
dent….
ourdel
i
ber
ateandconsi
der
edv
iewi
sthatt
he1966Const
it
uti
on
i
sal
egal
l
yval
i
dconst
it
uti
onandt
hesupr
emel
awofUganda;
andt
hatt
he1962Const
it
uti
onhav
ingbeen
abol
i
shedasar
esul
tofav
ict
ori
ousr
evol
uti
on,
inl
awnol
ongerexi
stnordoesi
tnowf
orm par
toft
hel
awsof
Uganda,
ithav
ingbeendepr
ivedofi
tsdef
act
oanddej
urev
ali
dit
y”.

SECTI
ON5-CONSTI
TUTI
ONALI
SM
Prof
.Kumadodef i
nesconst
it
uti
onal
i
sm ast
heactofpr
ovi
dingasy
stem wi
thef
fect
iver
est
rai
ntsont
he
exer
ciseofgov
ernment
alpower.

Whear e al
so def
ines const
it
uti
onal
ism as “
Gover
nmentaccordi
ng torul
es as opposed t
o arbi
tr
ary
government:i
tmeansgov ernmentli
mitedi
ntheter
msofconsti
tut
ionnotgover
nmentli
mitedonl
ybyt he
desi
resandcapabili
ti
esofthosewhoexerci
sepower
.”

For
msofl
i
mit
ati
on

1.Insti
tut
ionall
i
mi tati
on:Eg.Ar
ti
cle78(1)whichpl
acessomel imit
ationonthepowerofthepresi
dentto
appointmi ni
sters.Thismani f
ested i
tsel
fInt he case ofJ.H.Mensah vAt t
orneyGeneralina
unanimousdeci sion,t
heSupremeCour theldthatforanymi ni
stertobeappointed,whet
hernew or
retai
ned,heorshemustnecessar i
lygot hr
oughparl
iamentaryvet
tingapprov
al.
2.Pr
ocedurall
imitati
on:Eg.Art
icl
e106andarti
cle11(7)specif
ytheprocedur
etobefol
lowedi
npassing
l
egisl
ati
on.Althoughparli
amentisvestedwiththel egi
slat
ivepowert omakelaws,itmustfoll
ow
pr
oceduralr
ulesestabli
shedunderar
ti
cle106.OkanevElectoral
Commi ssi
onandAttor
neyGeneral
3.Substant
ivel
imi
tati
on:Eg.Art
icl
e3(
1)pr
ohi
bit
spar
li
amentf
rom maki
ngal
awt
oest
abl
i
shaone-
par
ty
st
ate.Art
icl
es78(2)
,58(1),
92(2)
El
ement
sofconst
it
uti
onal
i
sm

 Gov
ernmentaccor
dingt
otheconst
it
uti
on.
 Separ
ati
onofpower
s
 Popularsover
eigntyanddemocr at
icgov ernmentArti
cle1(1)I
nRansfor
dFrancev.At
torneyGeneral
,
Atuguba JSC explained that“Thi
spr ov isi
on meanst hatal
larmsofgov ernment
,theJudi ci
ary
i
nclusiv
e,mustex ercisetheirpowerssol elywi
ththev i
ew toachi
evi
ngthewelfar
eofthesoverei
gn
peopleofGhanawi thregardtoanymat ter.”
 Judici
alr
evi
ew.InAmiduv.Presi
dentKufuor
,theSupremeCourthel
dthatnoinst
it
uti
onest
abl
i
shed
bytheconst
it
uti
onofanyotherl
awisbeyondthejudi
cial
rev
iewpowersoftheSupr
emeCourt
.
 I
ndi
vi
dual
judi
ci
ary
.Ar
ti
cle127
 I
ndi
vi
dual
right
s.NPPv
.IGP,
Awuni
v.WAEC
Theor
iest
hatgot
osecur
econst
it
uti
onal
i
sm.

1. Separ
ati
onofpower
s
 2. Judi
ci
alr
evi
ew
3. Supr
emacyoft
heConst
it
uti
on.
4. Rul
eofl
aw
For
cesagai
nstconst
it
uti
onal
i
sm

1.War
2.St
ateofemer
gency
3.Absol
uti
sm
Shalabi v .Att
orney-
General[
1972]1GLR259
Facts:Thepl ainti
ff
swer eformerlyBrit
ishciti
zenswhoseparentswereLebanese.Theywer eowner sofa
transpor tcompanybutduet otheenactmentoft heNLCD333,theywerenotablet
oruntheirbusiness.They
thereforef il
edawr itf
oradecl ar
ati
ont hattheywereGhanai
anciti
zensundertheNLCD191, 1967[ andalso
perAr ticle5oft he1969const i
tuti
on,‘’anypersonwhoisaci ti
zenbeforethecomingintof orceoft hi
s
constitutionshallconti
nuetobeaci t
izenofGhana’’]whi
chwaspassedbef or
eNLCD333( whichsoughtt o
amendt heNLCD191) .PertheNLC, t
heNLCD33woul dt
akeeffectf
rom thesamedaythatNLCD191t ook
effect.

I
ssue:Whet
herornottheNLCD 191coul
dbeamendedbyt
heNLCD 333andt
her
ebydepr
ivet
het
wo
br
other
soft
hei
rci
ti
zenshi
p?

Held:I twasimpossibleforN. L.
C.D.191tohav ebeenamendedbyN. L.C.D.333unlessN.L.C.
D.191wasi n
existencebef or
eN. L.
C.D.333.Noonecansubst i
tut
eonet hingf orat hingwhichhasnev erexi
sted.The
plainti
ffsther
eforeacquir
edci ti
zenshi
punderN. L.
C.D.191andN. L.C.D.333didnotspecif
icall
ydiv
estthose
whohadsoacqui r
edcitizenshipoftheirri
ghts.Byt heConst i
tution,1969,ar t
icl
es5and6t hepl ai
nti
ff
s
remai nedGhanaianciti
zens, andthenewdefini
tionofcitizenintheGhanaNat ional
it
yAct,1971(Act361),i
s
voidandofnoef fecti
nsof arasitseekstorestri
ctcit
izenshipwi thinnar r
owerlimit
sthanthoseprescri
bed
i
nt heConst it
uti
on.

Gbedemahv .Awoonor -
Wi l
li
ams( 1969)2G&G442
Facts:Theplaint i
ffandthedef endantbot hst oodf orelecti
onseachv yi
ngtobet heMemberoft heNati
onal
Assembl yofthesamear ea.Howev er,t
hepl aintif
flosttheelect
ionsandf il
edawr ittotheSupremeCourtfor
adeclarati
ont hatperapar t
icul
arpr ovisi
oni nt heconst i
tuti
onthedef endantdidnotqualif
ytobeelect
edand
healsosoughtani nj
unct i
ont opr eventthedef endantf r
om takinghisseati nthenationalassembl
y.Inthe
constit
uti
ont herewasapr ov i
siont hatelect i
onpet it
ioncasesshoul dbet r
iedbyt hehighcourtandthere
wasal soapr ovisi
ont hatconstituti
onal pr
ov isionsshoul dbeinterpr
etedandenf orcedbytheSupremeCour t
.

Hel
d:

1.Whet
herornott
hepl
aint
if
fcoul
dinv
oket
heor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
onoft
heSupr
emeCour
tbyt
hei
rwr
it
?
Theor i
ginalj
uri
sdict
ionoft heSupremeCourtcanbeinvokedbyawr i
tonlyi
fthewr i
thast odowit
h
i
nterpr
etati
onoft hepr ov
isi
onsoftheconst
it
uti
onorenforcementoftheconst
it
uti
onalprov
isionsort
he
questi
onofwhet hert heenact
mentwasmadeul tr
avir
esbypar li
amentoranyotherauthor
ityundert
he
consti
tut
ion.

2.Whetherornotthecour
tcanapplyt
herul
esandpr
esumpt
ionsofconst
ruct
ionwher
ethepr
ovi
sions
oft
heconstit
uti
onarecl
earandunambi
guous?
Unlessthewor dofast atuteisimpr eci
seandunambi guous,i
tisnottheprovinceofacourttoscant heir
wisdom orpolicybyapplyingtheruleandpr esumpt i
onsofconstruct
ion.Thecontent
ionthatthepl ai
ntiff
’s
acti
onraisedani ssueofinter
pret
at i
onoftheAr t
icleunderwhichthedefendantwasunquali
fi
edf orelecti
on
wasuntenablebecauset hepr ovi
sionsofthatArticl
ewer eplai
nandwer etobeexpoundedi ntheirordinary
andnaturalsense.
 3.Whetherornott
hesubmi
ssi
ont
hatt
hepl
aint
if
f’
sact
ionf
ellwi
thi
ntheambi
tofAr
ti
cle2was
sust
ainabl
e?
I
twasnotsust
ainabl
ebecausetheNLCD225underwhichtheel
ect
ionswer
ehel
dfor
medpar
toft
heexi
sti
ng
l
awsofthenat
ionandtheywerenoti
ncont
ravent
iontotheconst
it
uti
on.

4.Whet
herornotAr t
icl
e106oft
heconst
it
uti
oni
nhi
bit
edt
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heSCi
nenf
orci
ngt
he
pr
ovi
sionsofAr
ti
cle28?
Theori
ginaljuri
sdi
ctionoftheSCistoseetotheenfor
cementoft
heconsti
tut
ionalprov
isions,
however,
that
doesnotprev entthem f
rom prev
enti
ngactsthatwoul
dsubvertt
heconst
itut
ionandsoi twast hei
rdutyto
goint
otheal l
egat
ionsbroughtbytheplai
nti
ffandi
fitwasfoundtoi
nfri
nget heconsti
tuti
onthenitwould
havet
opr eventthat.

5.Whet
herornott
hedef
endant’
sclai
mthatt
hecasehadt
odowi
thi
ssuesofel
ect
ionandhencehadt
o
bet
ri
edattheHi
ghcourtwaswrong?
El
ecti
onpeti
ti
onissuesar
et obetri
edbyt heHighCourt
,however,Art
icl
e106didnotgi
veal i
mittothe
j
uri
sdict
ionoftheSCinenforci
ngtheprovisi
onsoftheconst
it
uti
onandhencet heri
ghttoapplyforan
el
ecti
onpeti
ti
onattheHi
ghCourtandforenfor
cementoft
heconsti
tut
ionarenotmut
ual
l
yexclusi
ve.

War ev .Ofori
-At t
ah&Or s.( 1959)2G&G132
Fact s:Theplai nti
ffwast heGy asiheneofEj i
su.Theor derwhi chgav erisetot hisactionwasmadebyt he
Mi nist
erofLocalGov er nmentunderEj i
suSt oolPr oper t
yOr dermadeunderSt atuteLaw,Act1957.The
plainti
ffaverredt hatt heActwaspassedcont rar
yt ot heGhanaConst i
tuti
onalOr der
-i
n-Counci lwhichlaid
downpr ocedur esbefor eabi llcouldbedecl aredt ohav ebeenpassedbySpeakeroft heHouseofAssembl y
.
TheOr der
-in-
Counci lpr ov i
dedt hatwher ethebillaffectedt het
radi t
ionalf
unctionsorpr ivi
legesofachi ef
,the
Speakerwasr equiredt or eferittot heHouseofChi efsoft heRegi onbefor
et hesecondr eadingoft hebil
l
coul dbemov edi ntheHouseofAssembl yatl eastt hreemont hsafter.Thiswasnotf ollowedandt he
Gov ernorgavehi sr oyal assentt oit.Ei
ghtmont hslater,themini st
erofLocal gover nmentaut horizedanother
tot akepossessi onoft hest oolpr opertypert
ainingt oEj i
sustool .Theplaint
iffclaimedt hatt heSt at
uteLaw
(Amendment )( No.2)Act1957wasi nvali
dasi tcont r
av enedtheOr derinCounci l
.

Held:ThecourtperMurphyJheldt
hattheactdi
rect
lyaf
fect sthetr
adi
ti
onalf
unct
ionsofaChiefandthatt
he
procedur
elaiddowni nsect
ion35oftheConstit
uti
onalOr derinCounci
lmandati
ngi tt
ober ef
err
edtothe
houseofchiefoughttohavebeenfol
l
owed.Sincetheprocedur ewasnotf
oll
owed, t
heActwasinval
idandit
fol
lowsther
eforethatt
heOrderwhi
chwasmadebyt heMi nist
erundert
heActisalsoinv
ali
d.

Expar teBanner man( 1967)2G&G293

Facts:Theappl icantBanner manwast hedi st
ri
but i
onmar keti
ngmanageroft heStat eFishingCor porati
on.
Undert heaut hor i
tyoft heCommi ssionofEnqui ryAct,t heNLCaut hori
sedacommi ssionofenqui r
ytol ook
i
ntot heaf f
airsoft heSt ateFishingCor porati
on.Whi ledoi ngtheirworkasacommi ssionofenqui ry
,an
al
legat i
onofl arcenywasbr oughtagainstBanner manandoneot herman.Actingont hisrevelat
ion,thechai r
ofthecommi ssionwr otealett
ersuspendi ngtheappl i
cantandal sosentacopyt otheNLCwher eitwasal so
endor sed.Theappl i
cantinstit
uted proceedingsf oror dersforcerti
orarito quash t hedeci sion oft he
commi ssion ofi nquiryand prohibiti
on to preventt hechai rman oft hecommi ssion from suspendi ng,
di
smi ssing,interdicti
ngori nanymanneri nt
erf
eringwi tht heappl
icantintheperformanceofhi sdutiesas
di
stributionmar ketingmanageroft heStateFishingCor porati
onont hefoll
owinggrounds.

Hel
d:I
nvi
ew oft
hewor
ds"
ift
heNat
ionalLi
ber
ati
onCounci
lissat
isf
ied,
"Iam pr
epar
edt
ohol
dthat
conditi
onswhi ch mayexi stt o enablet heCounci lt ot akeov erthecont r
oland managementoft he
corporationrestentir
elywithintheabsolut ediscreti
onoft heCounci landthegroundsofthei rsati
sfacti
on
arenotopent oquestionbyt hecour t
s.Butbef oretheCounci lwil
lbecapabl eofappoint
ing,transferr
ing,
suspendi ngordismissinganyoft heemploy eesoft hecor porationtheremustbeev i
dencet hattheCounci l
has,inf act,
inexerci
singit
spowerunderPar tXIVofL. I
.397, takenov erthecontr
olandmanagementoft he
corporation.TheNLCgov er nmentwasr estri
ctedf rom dismi ssingappell
antbecauseitdidnothav ethe
powert odososi ncetodismi ss,suspendori nterf
erewitht heappoi ntment,t
heremustbeanev i
denceofa
take-
ov erbyt hegovernment, whi
chwasabsent .(procedural)

TheTwoSal
if
aCases[
1968]2G&G374and378
ExPar
teSal
i
fa

Fact s:Sali
fa,aschoolboy ,thenagedf i
ft
eeny ear swassentt oGui neabyhi sfatheri n1965t ocont inuehi s
educat ion.In1967her anawayf r
om hi sguar dianwhowasal legedlymal t
reatinghi m.Hewentt oSi erra
Leonewher eheaskedt heGhanaHi ghCommi ssionertohel phimt oreturntohispar entsinGhana.Onhi s
arrivali
nAccr a,inJune1967, hewasi mmedi atelyarrestedbyt hepol i
ceanddet ai nedinUssherFor tPrison.
On25June1968,Sal i
fa'sfatherf i
l
edanexpar t
eappl icationf oranor derofhabeascor pusont hegr ound
thathi sson'sdet entionwasunl awful.Uponanot i
ceofmot ionfiledon29June1968,f orhearingon2Jul y
1968,t heDi rectorofPr i
sonsmadear et
urnt heretobyanaf fi
dav itannexingther et
oaPhot ostatcopyofa
document ,exhi bi
tA,pur port
ingt obeaDecr eesi gnedbyt heChai r
manoft heNat i
onalLiberati
onCounci l
aut hori
singthear r
estanddet entionofSal if
a.Thedocumentwasnotnumber edandnei therwasi tpubl i
shed
i
nt heGazet t easr equiredbyt hePr ocl
amat ionest ablishingt heNat i
onalLiber ati
onCounci l.Inapr ess
releasedat ed24Apr i
l1968i ssuedbyt heMi nistr
yofI nformat ion,itwasst atedt herei
nt hatal lpersons
placedi nprot ecti
vecust odysi nce24Febr uary1966andt he17Apr i
l1967abor ti
vecouphadbeenr eleased.

Held:Ev ent hought hedateofthecomi ngintof orceofaDecr eecoul dbesost atedinthebodyoft heDecree
ast omaket hedat eofpubl i
cationnott hedat eofi t
scomi ngi nt
of orce,
nev erthel
ess,publi
cationofi tinthe
Gazet t
e,number i
ngt her
eofinaccor dancewi t
ht heor derinwhi chDecr eeswer epublished,pr inti
ngand
publicationther eofbyt heGov ernmentPr inter,togetherwithitsconsequent ialpurportt
hati twassi gnedby
the Chai r
manoft heNat i
onalLi berationCounci l
,couldnotber espectivelylegall
ydispensedwi t
hi nthe
maki ngandi ssuingofaDecr eehav i
ngt hef orceofl aw.SinceexhibitAwasnei thernumber ednorpubl i
shed
i
nt heGazet teitcoul dbeclassifiedasadecr ee.Proceduralli
mi t
ati
on-Foradecr eetobeef fecti
v e,i
tshould
benumber edandex hibi
tedint heGazet te.Thuswi t
houtthis,itisv oi
d.Thecont enti
ont hatt heNat ional
LiberationCounci lhadanunl imi tedpowerwaspi t
chedt oohigh-i tundermi nedorundef inedt hepur poses
forwhi chbyt hePr oclamati
ont heNat i
onal Liberati
onCounci lwasest abl
ished.

2ndSal
i
facase

Facts:Sali
fa,whohadbeendet ainedunderaNat ionalLiberati
onCounci lDecree,hadappear edinhabeas
corpusproceedingsbeforeAnterkyiJwhohador deredhisreleaseont hegr ounds, i
nteral
ia,thatt
heDecr ee,
beingunnumber edandunpubl ished,wasinvali
d.I mmedi atel
yaf terhi sr el
ease,Salif
awasr e-arr
ested
withoutwar rantand detained forsuspect
ed subv ersi
on underanot herunnumber ed and unpubl i
shed
NationalLiberat
ionCouncilDecree.Sal
if
a'sfat
herf i
ledanotherappl icationf orawr itofhabeascor pusf or
theimmedi atereleaseofhissonont hegrounds,interali
a,thatther e-arrestwi t
houtwar rantwasunlawf ul
andf ur
therthatthesubsequentunnumberedandunpubl i
shedDecr eewasal soinval
id.

Hel
d:TheNLChassomanypower
sinthesenset
hateventhoughi
tprocl
aimedprocedurall
i
mi t
ati
onsi
nits
maki
ngofDecr
ees,i
tal
sogavei
tspowertoamend,r
epealormakelaws.Also,adecreecouldbeinef
fect
event houghi twasn’tknownt othepubl i
cbecausei twasnotpubl i
shedi ntheGazette.Inint
erpreti
nganAct
ofPar li
amentoraDecr ee,t
heActorDecr eeshoul dber eadasawhol e.Thecumul ati
veeffectofpar agraphs
3( 6)and( 7)oft hePr ocl
amation1966,wast hataDecr eecoul dcomei ntoforceandbeoper at
edor
admi nist
eredev enthoughi thadnotbeenpubl ishedi ntheGazet te.Andt heword"issue"appeari
ngi npar a.3
(1)oft hePr ocl
amat ion,wouldi
nt hecont extoft hepr esentcir
cumst ancesappeart omeant heoper ati
onof
theDecr eeev enthoughi twasunpubl ished.Fur t
hermor e,aDecr eecoul dcomei ntoforceinsomeot herway
ormodeofpubl i
cationorev enonsomeot herdayt hanbypubl icati
oni ntheGazette.Thus,aretr
ospect iveor
prospectivedatecoul dbeputi naDecr eeandsuchaDecr eecoul dnotbesai dtohav ebeenpublishedi nthe
Gazet teont hedateofi tscomingi nt
ooper at
ion.Int heinstantcaset heDecr eeauthori
singthedet enti
onof
theappl icantwast ooper ateretr
ospect i
v el
y,consequent lyitcoul dnotbeconsi deredt obei noper ati
ve
mer elybecausei thadnotbeenpubl i
shedi ntheGazet t
eandanumberassi gnedtoit
.

ReAkot o(1961)2G&G160
Facts:Theappellantswer
earrest
edanddetainedunderanorderbytheGover
norGener
alandsi
gnedonhis
behalfbyt heMi nist
erofInt
eri
orunderthePr ev
enti
veDetenti
onAct.Theyappli
edforawr i
tofhabeas
corpusatt heHi ghCourtbutwer er
efused.Theyappealedagainstaref
usalofappl
icat
ionforgr
antof
habeascor pus.

Held:Wi thr espectt oAr ticl

e13( 1)oft heconst i
tut
ion,thePDAi sinexcessoft hepower sconf er
redon
parl
iamentbyt heconst it
utionofGhanaandi scont r
ar ytothesol emndeclarati
onoff undament alpri
nciples
madebyt hepr esidentonassumpt ionofof f
ice.Ar ti
cle13( 1)byt heuseof‘ shoul d’creat
esamor al
obli
gationont hepr esidentandnotal egalobli
gationenf orceablebyt hecourt.Thus,i tissimil
art ot he
coronat i
onoat hoft heQueenofEngl and.ThePDAnothav i
ngbeenpasseduponadecl arati
onofemer gency
i
si nv iolat
ionoft heconst i
tuti
onofGhana.Theef fectofAr ti
cle20oft heconst i
tutionofGhanai st hat
parl
iamenti ssov ereignandi tslegi
slativ
epower sar equalifi
edonl ywithrespecttotheEnt renchedAr t
icles
thereof;thePDAi st hereforenotcont rarytotheconst it
uti
onandpar l
iamentiscompet enttopasssuchan
actev eni npeacef ulti
mes.Ther ewasnoconst it
utionali
sm int hi
scasebecausegov er
nmentwasgi ven
excesspowerwi thnol i
mi tati
ons.

Statev.G.OG.TheGhanaAr my ,ExPar teBr ai

mah[ 1967]GLR192
Facts:Ther espondent ,aNi ger i
annat ionalinGhanawasar rest
edbyt hearmyaut horit
iesonsuspi ci
onof
havingcommi t
tedt heof fencesofst eali
ng.Thear myaut hori
ti
esact edinpursuanceoft heprovisi
onsofa
decreewhi chinv estedi nthear myt hesamepower sofar restast hepoliceundert hecr i
minalpr ocedure
code.TheAt torney-Gener althengav ehi sconsenti nwr i
ti
ngforhis( r
espondent)detenti
onf oraper i
odof28
days.Afterthe28day sexpi r ed,theAt torney-Generalgaveanot herconsentinwr it
ingforhisar restfor28
nd
days.Af ewday sintothe2 det enti
on,t her espondentthroughhi snephew( Braimah)appl i
edf orawr itof
habeascor pusf orther eleaseoft her espondentongr oundsthattheAt tor
ney-
Gener alhadnopowert ogive
st
consentoncet her espondenthadcompl etedt he1 28day s.Thecasewasf irstruledinther espondent’s
favourbuttherewasanappl icati
onf orappeal f
rom theappellant
.

Held:Consti
tut
ionali
sm ispract
isedhereinthesensethatevent houghhi
sdetainmentofanextra28days
wasl awf
ul,i
twasl awfulonl
yont hebasisthatt
hereweresuf f
ici
entfact
stokeephim detai
ned.Theobj
ect
i
nthiscaseistokeephi m awayf r
om publ
icduri
nginv
estigat
ions.Thiswasbecauseinv
esti
gati
onswerest
il
l
ongoing.
Mar bur yv.Madi
son( 1803)1Cr anch137
Facts:Bef orePresi
dentAdamsl eftof
f i
ce,heappointedsomepeopl easj usti
cesofpeace.Wi l
li
am Marbury
happenedt obeoneoft hechosenj usticesofpeace.Bef orehecouldr eceiv
ehi scommi ssi
on,another
presidentbynameJef fersonhadcomei ntooffi
ceandor der
edthesecretaryofstate,Madisonnott oi
ssue
ther emai ni
ngcommi ssionstot heappr opriat
epeople.Accordi
ngtothelaws,onebecomesaj ust
icewhen
thepr esidentsi
gnshi sappointmentletterandt hesecret
aryofstat
eplaceshi ssealonit.Allthi
swasdone
toMar bury’
sappoint
mentl ett
erbuthest i
llhadnotrecei
vedhiscommission.

I
ssues:

(
a)Whet
herornotMar
bur
yhasar
ightt
othecommi
ssi
onheseeks?
(
b)Whet
herornott
hel
awspr
ovi
dear
emedyf
orMar
bur
yifhi
sri
ghthasbeenv
iol
ated?
(
c)Whet
herornott
hecour
thasj
uri
sdi
cti
onov
ert
hecase?
(
d)
Hel
d:

(
a)Thecour
thel
dthatMar
bur
yhasar
ightt
othecommi
ssi
onheseeks.
(
b)I
twashel
dthatt
hel
awspr
ovi
dear
emedyf
orMar
bur
yifhi
sri
ghthasbeenv
iol
ated.
(
c)Itwashel dt hatt hecour thasjurisdictionov erthecase.Perthef ederalconst i
tuti
on,theSupr eme
Courthasor i
gi naljur
isdict
ionoverappel l
ateissuesandalsocasest hathav etodowi thambassador s
andmi nist
ersofst at
eexcl udi
ngthepowert oissueawritofmandamus.Ev ent hought hejudi
ciaryact
gavet heSupr emecour tthepowert oi ssueawr itofmandamus,i twascont r
aryt otheconstituti
on.
Hence, Marshal lCJsaidt otheeffectt hattheconstit
uti
onframersint endedtheconst i
tuti
ontobet he
fundament alandpar amountl aw oft hest ateandsoal aw contrarytot heconst itut
ionshallbe
consideredvoid.
Consti
tut
ional
ism waspract
icedinthi
scasebecauseparli
amentwasli
mitednott
omakelawsthatwer
e
i
ncontraventi
onwi t
htheconstit
uti
on.Also,thepr
ocessbywhichajust
iceofthepeacei
sappoi
ntedi
s
enunci
atedinthecase.
..t
hus,si
gnif
y i
ngprocedur
all
imit
ati
onofthepr
esi
dent.

NewPat ri
oti
cPar t
yv.InspectorGeneral ofPolice[1993-94]2GLR459
Facts:Thepl ai
ntif
fssoughtadecl ar
ationt hatsect i
ons7, 8,12(c)and13oft hePubl i
cOr derDecr ee,1972
(NRCD68)wer eunconst it
uti
onal.Thesesect ionsofNRCD68r equi r
edpriorpoli
cepermi tbefor
ehol dingany
publicmeet i
ngandi twasanof f
encet ohol dsuchmeet ingswi thoutpolicepermissi
on.I nthefaceoft his,
thepl ai
nti
ffcontendedt hatt
hesect i
onsi nquest i
onwer einconsistentwiththeconstit
ut i
onali
tyguar anteed
ri
ghtofassembl yanddemonst rati
on.Accor di
ngt ot hepl ai
ntiff
,theseSect ionsinvestedanunf ettered
discreti
oninthepol i
cethattheConst it
ut i
ondoesnotcont emplate.Toacceptt hem aslawwoul drendert he
freedom ofassembl yil
lusory
.Thedef endantcount eredthatthesai dprovisi
onswer eareasonabl eli
mi t
ation
ont herightofassemblyasenv isagedbyAr ti
cle21(4)oft he1992Const i
tuti
on.

Held:TheSupr emeCour t,composedofsev enjusti

cesr eachedtheunanimousconcl usionthatsecti
ons7, 8,
12and13oft hePubl i
cOr derDecr eewereincontr
av enti
onofAr ticl
e21(1)(d)ofthe1992Const it
uti
onand
werethereforeunenforceable.Itwastheexpressedv iewoft heCour tt
hat,havi
ngr egar dt
ot hespiri
tofthe
Constit
ution,whichcouldbegl eanedfrom theDirectiv
ePr inci
plesofSt at
ePol i
cy ,especial
lythepoli
ti
cal
obj
ectives,and,t
akingcogni zancealsooftheemergingt rendont heint
ernati
onalscene, onewoul dfr
ownat
anysuggest i
onthataper mitisrequir
edtoassemble, goonpr ocessionordemonst rati
on.
FattalvMi nisterofInteri
or[ 1981]GLR104
Facts:Thet wopl ainti
ff
s,Lebanesebybi r
th,acquiredGhanaiancit
izenshi
pbynat uralizati
onundert het hen
GhanaNat i
onalityActof1971,Act361i n1973and1976.I nAugust1978t heSupr emeMi l
itaryCounci l
(SMC)passed t he Ghana Nat i
onali
ty(Amendment )Decr ee,SMCD 172,whi ch rev oked the acquired
cit
izenshipoft hepl ai
ntiff
s.Depor tati
onor derswer ethenissuedforthetwobyt heMi nist
erf orInternal
Affair
s. I n1980t hepl ainti
ffsinvokedtheor i
ginaljur
isdi
cti
onoft heSupr emeCour tundert he1969
constit
ut i
on( arti
cle2( 1),seekinginteral
iat hatSMCD172pur port
ingtorevoket heirciti
zenshipwi t
houta
courtor derwasul trav i
rest hepower softheSMCasbei ngcont
rarytotheNat ionalRedempt i
onCounci l
(Establ
ishment )proclamat i
onandt he1979const itut
ionanditsconti
nuedoper at
ionwasi nconsistentwi t
h
orincont raventionofchapt er s5,9and12.

Held:Thecour ti namaj ori

tydeci siondi smi ssedt heact ionandhel di nteral i
at hatsince1966,mi li
tary
gov ernment sinGhanahadal way sr eservedt othemsel v
est hel egislati
vepowert oei t
herenhanceorcur tai
l
thej udicialpowerv estedinthecour ts.Int heabsenceofawr it
tenconst itut
iont hatdelimitedthepower sof
thev ariousor gansofst ate,ami li
tarygov er nmentwasatl iber tytodowhati tlikesbyDecr eewhichhadt he
for
ceofl aw. I nt heabsenceofconst r
aint ,restri
ctionsorl i
mi tationsont hel egisl
ati
vepower ,t hel aws
enact edbyt hel egislat
ure,shouldbeenf or cedbyt hecour ts.TheNRCbyi tsPr oclamation1972,madet he
j
udici alpowerguar ant
eedbyt he1969const it
uti
on,andi ndeedal lotherexi stingenact ment ssubj ectt o
Decr eespassedbyt hecounci l
. TheCour tfur t
herst atedt hatal thoughSMCD172mi ghtappearunj ust,
unreasonabl eandev enautocrati
c,y etitwasnotwi t
hint hepr ovinceoft heSupr emeCour ttostri
kei tdown
mer elybecausei twasanunj ustorunr easonabl elaw.Theday swhencour tsofl awcoul dembar konsuch
anexer cisewer eov er
. WhenSMCD172wasenact ed,t her ewasnoconst i
tutionholdingt helegi sl
ative
poweri nl eashandnocour tcouldhav edecl aredSMCD172i nv ali
d, nullandv oi
d.TheSupr emeCour tcoul d
null
ifyanex isti
ngl aw onlyifatt het imei twaspassedi twasi nv ali
dori tscont inuedexistenceconf l
i
cted
witht heconst ituti
on.Thecour twassupr emeonl ywi thi
ntheboundsoft heconst it
uti
on.Thecour thasnot
withini tsenv i
ronmentnuancesofsupr emacy ,sov ereigntyoromni potence.I tcoul dnotr edr
essinj usti
ces
perpet r
at edbymi l
i
taryregimesi nthepastunderDecr eesr egul ar l
yenact edbyt hem.

J.HMensahvAt t
orneyGener al[1997-98]1GLR 227-281
Fact s:Thef irstt erm ofof ficeofPr esi dentRawl i
ngscamet oanendon6Januar y1997.Howev er,hav ing
beenel ect edf orasecondt erm hewasswor nintoof f
iceon7Januar y1997.I twast henannouncedt hatt he
Presi denthaddeci dedt or et aini nofficesomeofhi spr eviousmi nistersanddeput ymi ni
stersofst at eand
sincet heywer eappr ov edbyt hepr eviousPar l
iamentoft hef i
rstterm oft heFour thRepubl i
c,t heywoul dnot
bepr esent edt ot henew Par l
iamentf ort heirappr oval.Themi nor i
t ygroupi nPar li
amentopposedt he
deci sionont hegr oundt hatundert heConst i
tut i
on,1992noonecoul dbeappoi ntedoractasami nisteror
deput ymi nisterofst atedur ingt hesecondt er m oftheFour thRepubl icwi thoutbei ngv ett
edbyt henew
Par li
amentsi ncet het enur eoft hemi ni stersendedwi tht hedi ssolutionoft heol dpar l
i
ament .Oneofsuch
retainedMi nist ers,theFi nancemi ni
ster( KwamePepr ah)pur por t
edt opr esentt henewbudgett opar liament .
The par liament arymi nor i
tyl eader ,the pl aintif
f,broughtan act i
on agai nstt he At t
orney-Gener alf ora
decl arationt hat :(a)onat rueandpr operi nterpretati
onofar ti
cles57( 3),58( 1)and( 3),66(1)76( 1)and( 2)
78( 1),79( 1),80,81,97( 1) ,100( 1)and113( 1)and( 3)oft heConst ituti
on,1992,noper soncoul daf ter6
Januar y1997actasami nisterordeput ymi ni
sterofst atewi t
houtt hepr iorappr ovaloft heSecond
Par li
amentoft heFour thRepubl icofhi sappoi ntmentandt hatt hi
spr i
orappr ovali ncludeconsi derationand
vettingofeachnomi neef ormi ni st
eri
alappoi ntmentbyt heSecondPar li
amentoft heFour thRepubl ic.The
AGar guedt hatunderar t
icle81oft heConst i
tut i
on,1992t het enur eofami nisterordeput ymi nist
erdi dnot
comet oanendont hedi ssol utionoft hePar liamentwhi chgav epr iorappr ov alt ot heappoi ntmentoft hat
mi nisterordeput ymi nister.Thus,unl esssomeoft heev ent sspeci fi
edi nar ticle81occur red,ami nisteror
deput ymi nist er·woul dcont inuet obei nof f
ice.
Held:Arti
cles78and79( I)oftheConstit
uti
on,1992whi
chprovi
dedthatt
hePresi
dentshouldappoi
nthis
minist
ersanddeput ymi ni
sterswiththepri
orapprov
alofParl
i
amentdidnotdraw adist
inct
ionbetween
fr
eshr eappoint
edcandidates.Consequent
ly,bot
hanew orr
eappoi
ntedcandi
dat
eshouldobtainthepri
or
approvalofParl
iament
.

OkanevEl ectoral Commi ssi

onandAt t
orneyGener al(2011)
Fact s:TheLedzekuku- KroworDi str
ictAssembl ywasmadeupoft woconst it
uenci esofLedzekukuf or
Teshi eandKr oworf orNungua.Theel ector
alar easf ort het woconst i
tuencieswer etwel vef orLedzekuku
andt welvef orKr owor ,thusmaki ngat otaloft went y-four .TheLocalGov ernment( Creat ionofNewDi stri
ct
Elector alAr easand Desi gnation ofUni ts)Inst rument s,2010 ( LI1983)waspr epared and l aid before
Par li
ament .WhenLI1983wasf irstlaidbeforePar l
i
ament ,i
thadt wenty-f
ourelector alar eas.Asr equir
edby
the1992Const ituti
on,ar t11(7) ,suchaLegi slativeI nstrumenthadt obepubl i
shedi nt heGazet teandl aid
bef orePar liamentf ort wenty-
oneday sf r
om t hedayofbei ngpubl i
shedi ntheGazet t
e.Wheni twasl aid
bef orePar li
ament ,Parliamentr eferredi ttoitsCommi t
teeonSubsi diar
yLegi sl
ation,i naccor dancewi thits
Standi ngOr ders.Ther uleisthataf t
er21day s,t heLIaut omat i
cal
lycamei ntof orce.I nt hei nstantcase,by
thet imet heLIcamei ntoforce,t henumberofel ectoralar easinLedzekukuhadbeeni ncr easedt o16whi l
e
theel ector alar easf orKr oworr emai nedast wel ve.Byi ncreasi
ngt henumber s,Par liament ,throught he
Subsi diaryLegi slati
onCommi tteehadi nt
erferedwi tht heLIasl aidbeforePar li
ament .Themai nquest ion
raisedi nthiscasewashowf arPar l
iamentcoul di nterferewi t
hsuchl egi
slati
onwheni tisl aidbefor eitf
or21
day sundert he1992Const it
ution.

Held:I
nthei nstantcase,whatPar l
i
amentdidbyi ncreasi
ngt henumberont heelect
oralareaofLedzekuku
fr
om twelvet osixt
eenamount edt oamendingtheRegul ati
onlai
dbefor eit
.Thatamount edtousurpingthe
powersoft hemaker saspr ovi
dedi nar
ti
cle297(d).Ther eisnoprovisioninart
icle11(7)quotedabovefor
Parl
iamentt oamendt heRegul at
ionaslai
dbeforei t
.Par l
i
amentisaut hori
zedtoannult heRegulat
ions.To
annulhasbeendef i
nedintheAnnul mentdif
fer
sf rom amendment .Annulment,asdef i
nedintheChamber s
21stDict
ionary,1996ed.,atpage49as:

“
Todecl
are…publ
i
clyasi
nval
i
d.”

Toamendi stoal terorvary.Theef f

ectofannulmentistor evoke,aboli
shorr enderlegall
ynonexi st
ent
.The
effectofamendmenti st o br
ing aboutav ari
ati
on,al
t erati
onorchange.Thel atterpre-supposest he
continuedexi stenceofaf actorsituat
ion.Thef or
merpre- supposest heaboliti
onoft hef actorthingorits
non-existence.Amendmentt hereforediff
ersfrom annul
ment .Ifthelegisl
atureintendedt ogi v
epowert o
Par l
i
amentt oamendsuchr egulat
ions,i
twouldhav edonesoi nnouncer tai
nt erms.StandingOr der2whi ch
counself ort he defendantsr eli
ed on does notempowerPar l
iamentto make amendment st o such
regulati
ons.To t heext entthatPar li
amentamended t heLocalGov ernment( Creation ofNew Di stri
ct
ElectoralAreasandDesi gnat
ionofUni tsInst
rument,2010( LI1983)differ
entlyfrom whatwasl aidbefore
Par l
i
amenti nsteadofannul li
ngi t
,theLIisultravir
esarticle11( 7)ofthe1992Const itut
ion.Itisther
efore
voidandofnol egaleff
ect .

Asarev .At torneyGener al(J1/ 15/

2015)[2015]GHASC101( 14October2015) ;
Facts:ThePl ainti
ff
’scasei st hattheConstitut
ioncanonlybeamendedbyi t
sterms.Parli
amentist hesol
e
bodyt hatcani ni
ti
ate,consi derandpr oposeamendment st otheConsti
t ut
ion.Parl
i
ament ’
spowert oamend
theConst i
tuti
oni snotonl ypl enar
yandexcl usivebutal
socannotbedel egatedtoorusur pedbythe
President ,t
heCommi ssion( CRC)ort heCommi t
tee(CRI
C)....
ThePresidenthasnopowert osetupa
commi ssiont oinit
iat
eamendment sordraftamendmentbi l
lstotheConst i
tuti
on…Tot heextentthatthe
Presidenthasusur pedPar liament arypowersandmi sappropri
atedArti
cle278(1)totr
av erset
heamendment
archi
tect ureempl acedbyChapt er25oft heConstit
uti
on,i
tisthePlaint
iff’
scasethatC.I.64sett
ingupt he
Const
it
uti
onRev i
ewCommissi
on,al
lact
ionst
akenbytheCommi ssi
on,
theest
abl
ishmentofthe
Const
it
uti
onRev i
ewandImpl
ementat
ionCommitt
eeandalli
tsacti
onsareunl
awf
ul,unconst
it
uti
onal
,
i
mpermissi
ble,
null
,voi
dandofnoeff
ect.
”

Held: ThePresident’sconst itutional authorit

yunderar t
icle278( 1)inv olv
est heexer ci
seofdiscreti
onary
power .Ifi
ndnobr eachesorv i
ol ati
onsofconst i
tutionalorot herlegal r
equi r
ement sprovenintheexerciseof
thi
sl awfulauthorit
y.Thus, oncet hePr esident,i
nt helawf ulexerciseofhi sdiscret i
onaryauthori
tyunder
arti
cle278( 1),wassat isfi
edt hatt hewor koft heCRC, wer emat tersofpubl icinterest,waswell-sui
tedtobe
addr essedbyaCommi ssi onofI nquiry,Idonott hinkIcanl egit
imat elyquest iont heexerci
seoft hat
execut i
vediscreti
onarydeci sioni nthemannerandt ermsr equest ed, inmucht hesamewayt hatinour
j
urisprudence, theexerciseofj udicialdiscreti
onar yauthor i
tycannotbei nt
er f
eredwi t
h,exceptinthose
extremeorexcept i
onal cases, whi chhav ebeencar ef
ullycircumscr ibedbyt hedeci sionsofthi
scour t
.The
setti
ngupoft heCRCandsubsequent lytheCRI C, tofull
yi mplementi nst r
ictaccor dancethe
recommendat ionsoftheCRC, inmyr espectfulview, passest heconst it
utionalit
yt est.

Ami duv .PresidentKuf uor[ 2001-2002]2GLR510

Facts:Thecandi dateoft heNewPat r
ioticPar tyMrJAKuf uor( JAK)wont heDecember2000Pr esi
dent i
al
Electi
onandwasswor ni nast hePr esi denton7Januar y2001.Subsequent ly ,itwasannouncedbyt he
medi athatt hePr esidenthadappoi nt
edJO- L,EOandJHasChi efofSt aff,Presi denti
alAdv iseronPubl i
c
Affair
sandNat ionalSecur i
tyAdviser,r espect i
velyi nt heOf f
iceoft hePr esi
dent .Thereupon,t hepl aint i
ff
clai
mi ngt hatt heappoi ntment swer eunconst itutionalbr oughtanact ionbef oret heSupr emeCour tunder
arti
cle2oft heConst itution,1992agai nstJAKast hef i
rstdef endant ;theAt tor ney-Generalast hesecond
defendant ;andt heappoi ntees—JO- L,EOandJH—ast het hird,four thandf if
thdef endants,respectivelyfora
declarati
ont hatonat rueandpr operi nterpretationofar ti
cles58( 1)and( 2)and295( 8)oft heConst itution,
1992andsect ions2–4oft hePresident ialOf fi
ceAct ,1993( Act463),JO- L,EO andJH coul dnotbe
appointedbyt hePr esidentasst affoft heOf fi
ceofPr esidentwi thoutconsul tationwi ththeCounci lofSt ate
asr equiredbyar t
icle91( 1)oft heConst i
tuti
on,1992;andt hatt heconductofJAK i nmaki ngt hose
appointment swasi nconsi stentwithandi ncont raventionoft hel etterandspi r i
toft heConst it
ution,1992.
TheAt t
orney -Gener al,howev er,r
aisedapr eli
mi naryobj ectionagai nstt heact i
onont hegr ounds,i nt
eral i
a,
that:(1)t hePr esidenthadunderar ti
cle57( 4)oft heConst it
ution,1992i mmuni tyfrom legalpr oceedi ngs
whileinof f
ice;and( 2)JO- L,EOandJHhadbeennomi natedbyt hePr esidentf ormi nister
ialappoi ntment s
andPar l
iamenthadappr ov edthei
rnomi nati
onsf ort hoseposi ti
onsandt herefor etheact ionagai nstt hem
wasmoot .

Held:Underar ti
cle 57(4)oft he Const
ituti
on,1992 the execut
ive acti
ons ofthe Pr esi
dentmi ghtbe
challengedbyanact ioni ntheSupremeCour tei
therunderarti
cle2oft heConsti
tution,1992orbyt he
prerogativ
ewr i
ts.Howev er
,art
icl
e88(5)oft heConsti
tut
ion,1992providedthatal
lci
v ilacti
onsagainstt
he
Stateshoul dbeinsti
tutedagainsttheAttorney-
Generalasthedefendant.Accordi
ngl
y ,theplai
nti
ff
’sacti
on
againstthePresidentpersonall
ywasincompet ent.

Awuni v.WestAf ri
canExami nationsCouncil[2003-2004]SCGLR471
Facts:Theappel l
antswer estudentsofNotr eDameSecondar yschool whower einformedbyWAECt hrough
thei
rheadmast erthattheirSSSCEr esult
shadbeencancel ledduetoexam mal pr
acticethatcouldbe
real
izedf r
om thei
rscriptsandt hatabanhadbeenpl acedont hem whichpreventedthem from part
akingin
anyexami nat
ionor ganizedbyWAECf orthreey ear
si nadditi
ont ot
heirresul
tsbeencancel led.I
narri
v i
ngat
thi
sdeci si
on,WAECnev ercalledthestudents,i
nterrogatedthem orevenheardt hei
rsi deofthestory
.
Judgementwasgi vent otheappel l
ant
satt hehighcour tbutthecourtofappeal rev
er sedthedecisi
on.

I
ssue:
Whet
herornott
heappel
l
ant
scoul
dinv
oket
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heHi
ghcour
t?

Hel
d:I
twashel
dthatt
hepr
ocedur
eofor
igi
nat
ingmot
iononnot
icebyt
heappel
l
ant
sinseeki
ngr
edr
ess
underArti
cle33(1)and(2)ofthe1992const itut
ionhadpr operlyi
nvokedthejur
isdict
ionoft heHi
ghCourt.
Arti
cle33(1)&(2)i stot
heef fectthatwhereani ndi
vi
dual ’
sright
shav ebeeninfri
ngedupon,hecanseek
redr
essatt hecourtsortr
ibunal.I
twasf ur
theraddedt hatitwouldbeagai nstr
uleofl awiftheart
icl
ewas
i
nterpret
edsucht hatani
ndivi
dualwhoser i
ghtshavebeeni nfr
ingeduponcannotseekr edressatt
hecourt
s.

SECTI
ON6-THELAW ONSEPARATI
ONOFPOWERS
 Thef
undament
alpr
inci
plesofSepar
ati
onofPowerwer
ear
ti
cul
atedbyBar
onDeMont
esqui
eu.
Howev
er,
thedi
scussi
onont
hecor
rupt
ionofper
sonsasar
esul
tofcont
rol
l
ingsomuchpowerwas
commencedbyJohnLocke.

 JohnLockeopi
nedi
nhi
sbook,
“TheSecondTr
eat
iseofCi
vi
lGov
ernment
,Indi
anapol
i
s:Bobb-
Mer
ri
ll
1952.Pr
int
”thatal
egi
ti
mat
egov
ernmenti
sbasedont
hei
deaofsepar
ati
onofpower
s.Hear
gues
t
hatt
hepower
sofagov
ernmentar
edi
vi
dedi
ntot
hel
egi
slat
ivepower(
Thesupr
emepower
),t
he
execut
ivepowerandt
hef
eder
ati
vepower
.Hepost
ulat
est
hatt
hel
egi
slat
urei
schar
gedwi
tht
he
ul
ti
mat
eaut
hor
it
yov
erhowt
hef
orcef
ort
hecommonweal
thshal
lbeempl
oyed(
Law-
maki
ngpower
).
Theexecut
ive,
ont
heot
herhand,
ischar
gedwi
thenf
orci
ngt
hel
awasi
tisappl
i
edi
nspeci
fi
ccases
wher
east
hef
eder
ati
vepowerconsi
stsoft
her
ightt
oacti
nter
nat
ional
l
yaccor
dingt
othel
awofnat
ure.

 Char
les-
Loui
sdeSecondat
,bar
ondel
aBr
èdeetdeMont
esqui
eut
ookt
hei
deasofJohnLockeand
r
efi
nedi
t.I
nhi
sbook,
“TheSpi
ri
toft
hel
aws,
Vol
umeI
I,
Chapt
er6”hest
atedt
hatt
hemai
nfocusof
ev
erygov
ernmenti
stoensur
ethepol
i
tical
li
ber
tyofi
tsci
ti
zensandoneoft
hesur
eway
stodot
hati
s
t
hesepar
ati
onoft
hepower
soft
hev
ari
ousar
msofgov
ernment(
tri
aspol
i
tica)whi
chhenamedas
t
heexecut
ive,
legi
slat
iveandj
udi
cial
arms.Hef
urt
heropi
nest
hatwhenagov
ernmenti
sor
gani
zed
pr
oper
lywi
tht
hev
ari
ousar
mssepar
atef
rom eachot
heri
nfunct
ionssucht
hatnooneper
son
cont
rol
ssomuchast
obecor
rupt
,itensur
est
hateachci
ti
zenf
eel
ssosaf
eabouthi
ssoci
etyt
hat
t
her
eisnoneedt
ofearsomeot
herci
ti
zen.

 I
nW.
B.Gwy
n,TheMeani
ngofSepar
ati
onofPower
s(1965)atpage110-
12,
itwasst
atedt
hatt
hough
Mont
esqui
euwasadv
ocat
ingwhatcoul
dbet
ermeda“
pur
e”f
orm ofsepar
ati
onofpower
s,as
compar
edt
othatofJohnLocke,
iti
scl
earf
rom hi
stheor
yofChecksandBal
ancest
hathewasnot
adv
ocat
ingar
igi
dsepar
ati
oni
nwhi
cht
hedi
ff
erentor
ganswor
kini
sol
ati
onf
roeachot
her
,butr
ather
asy
stem i
nwhi
cht
heywer
ewor
king“
inconcer
t”wi
theachot
her
.

Youngst
ownSheet&TubeCo.v.Sawyer343U.S.(
1952)
Adisput
ear
osebetweent
hesteelcompaniesandthei
rempl
oyeesi
nthel
att
erpar
t1951,
oversomet
erms
andcondi
ti
onst
hathadt
obei
ncl
udedi
nabar
gai
ningagr
eement
.Ther
ehadbeenmanyat
tempt
stor
esol
ve
t
hisi
ssuebutt
heyal
lpr
ovedf
uti
l
e.OnDecember18,
1951,
theempl
oyees’
repr
esent
ati
ves,
Uni
ted
St
eel
wor
ker
sofAmer
ica,
gav
enot
iceofani
ntent
iont
ost
ri
kewhent
heexi
sti
ngagr
eement
sexpi
resont
he
31stofDecembert
hesamey
ear
.InApr
il1952,
theUni
ongav
enot
iceofanat
ion-
widest
ri
ket
obegi
nat12:
01
am onApr
il9th.Unf
ort
unat
ely
,att
hist
ime,
theUni
tedSt
ateswasatwari
nKor
eaandhenceneedaconst
ant
pr
oduct
ionofweaponswhi
cht
henmeansst
eel
product
ional
somustbeconst
antorel
sewoul
daf
fectt
he
USadv
ersel
y.Bel
i
evi
ngt
hatt
hest
oppagewoul
dimmedi
atel
yadv
ersel
yaf
fectAmer
ica’
snat
ional
def
ense,
t
het
henpr
esi
dent
,Pr
esi
dentTr
umani
ssuedanexecut
iveor
derdi
rect
ingt
hesecr
etar
yofcommer
cet
otake
possessi
onoft
hest
eel
mil
l
sandkeept
hem r
unni
ng.Thesecr
etar
yint
urni
ssuedor
der
stot
hepr
esi
dentof
t
hev
ari
oussei
zedcompani
est
oser
veasoper
ati
ngmanager
sfort
heU.
S.Knownt
othePr
esi
dent
,suchan
or
dercoul
donl
ybesanct
ionedbyl
awi
fiti
sappr
ovedbyCongr
essbuthef
ail
edt
oacqui
resuchappr
oval
bef
oret
heexecut
ionoft
heor
derev
ent
houghher
epor
tedhi
sact
iont
oCongr
essl
ater
.

Mai
nIssue:
Whet
herornott
hePr
esi
dentcoul
dconst
it
uti
onal
l
yaut
hor
izet
hesecr
etar
yofcommer
cet
otake
ov
ert
heSt
eel
Mil
l
swi
thoutappr
oval
from Congr
ess.

Hel
d:Thecour
tor
der
edt
hepr
esi
dentt
oret
urnt
hest
eel
mil
l
stot
hei
rowner
.Itaf
fi
rmedt
hedeci
sionsoft
he
Di
str
ictCour
tasf
oll
ows;

1.TheConst
it
uti
onl
i
mit
sthepr
esi
dent
’sf
unct
ioni
nthel
awmaki
ngpr
ocesst
other
ecommendat
ionof
t
hel
awwhi
chhet
hinkswi
seandt
hev
etoi
ngoft
hosewhi
chhet
hinksbad.Theconst
it
uti
oni
squi
te
cl
earaboutwhoshoul
dper
for
mthel
awmaki
ngf
unct
ionwhi
cht
hepr
esi
denti
smer
elydi
rect
edt
o
execut
e.

2.I
nthi
srespect
,theonl
ywayofmaki
ngt
hepr
esi
dent
’sact
ionv
ali
dwoul
dbet
ogetCongr
esst
o
aut
hor
izei
twhi
chwasnotdone.

3.Thepr
esi
dentasChi
efExecut
iveshoul
dseet
oitt
hatl
awsar
ekeptandt
hisdoesnotmeant
hathe
shoul
dmakel
aws.I
fhewant
edanyl
awsmade,
heshoul
drecommendt
hosel
awst
oCongr
ess,
not
passt
hem hi
msel
f.

4.Nopr
ovi
si
onoft
heconst
it
uti
oncl
ear
lygi
vest
hepr
esi
dentsuchemer
gencypower
s.

Just
iceJacksonhadt
hist
osay
,“Whi
l
est
heconst
it
uti
ondi
ff
usespowert
hebet
tert
osecur
eli
ber
ty,
ital
so
cont
empl
atest
hatpr
act
icewi
l
lint
egr
atet
hedi
sper
sedpower
sint
oawor
kabl
egov
ernment
.Itenj
oinsupon
i
tsbr
anchessepar
atenessbuti
nter
dependence,
aut
onomybutr
eci
proci
ty.
”

Judges:
Black,
Frankf
urt
er,
Dougl
as,
Clar
k,Jackson-Concur
ri
ng

Vi
nsonC.
J.,
ReedandHi
ntonJJs-Di
ssent
ing

Tuf
fuorv.At
tor
ney-
General(
1980)GLR637-
667C.A.Si
tti
ngast
heSC
Cor
am: SowahJSC,Char
lesCrabbeJSC,
LasseyJA,Fr
ancoi
sJAandAgy
epongJ.

Mr
.Just
iceApal
oo,
thei
ncumbentChi
efJust
icewasnomi
nat
edbyt
hePr
esi
dentf
ort
heposi
ti
onoft
he
Chi
efJust
icei
naccor
dancewi
thar
ti
cle127(
1)oft
he1979const
it
uti
on.Hewassubsequent
lyv
ett
edby
par
li
amentandr
eject
ed.Thepl
aint
if
f,aci
ti
zenofGhanaf
il
edawr
itagai
nstt
hespeakerofpar
li
amentand
t
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
albef
oret
heCour
tofAppeal
sit
ti
ngast
heSupr
emeCour
t,cl
aimi
ngi
nteral
i
athatont
he
comi
ngi
ntof
orceoft
heConst
it
uti
onoft
heThi
r con24thSept
dRepubl
i ember1979,
FredKwasi
Apal
oowas
deemedt
ohav
ebeenappoi
ntedChi
efJust
iceoft
heRepubl
i
candassuchbecamepr
esi
dentandmemberof
t
heSupr
emeCour
t.So,
Par
li
amentcoul
dnotpur
por
ttodi
sappr
ovehi
m.TheSpeakerofPar
li
amentwas
madeapar
tyt
othecaseatt
hei
tscommencement
.

Rel
evantI
ssue:
Whet
herornott
heSpeakerofPar
li
amentwascompet
entenought
obeapar
tyt
othecase.
Hel
d:I
twashel
dasf
oll “
ows,Thecour
tsdi
dnot
,andcoul
dnot
,inqui
rei
ntohowPar
li
amentwentabouti
ts
busi
ness.Thatconst
it
utedt
hest
ateofaf
fai
rs,
asbet
weent
hel
egi
slat
ureandt
hej
udi
ciar
ywhi
chhadbeen
cr
yst
all
i
zedi
nar
ti
cl
es,
96,
97,
98,
99,
103and104oft
heConst
it
uti
on.Ofpar
ti
cul
ari
mpor
tancewer
e,t
he
pr
ovi
si
onsofar
ti
cl
e96whi
chhasst
atedcat
egor
ical
l
ythatt
hef
reedom ofspeech,
debat
eandpr
oceedi
ngs
ofPar
li
amentshoul
dnotbequest
ionedi
nanycour
torpl
aceoutofPar
li
ament
.Insof
arasPar
li
amenthad
act
edbyv
irt
ueoft
hepower
sconf
err
eduponi
tbyt
hepr
ovi
sionsofar
ti
cle91(
1),
itsact
ionswi
thi
n
Par
li
amentwer
eacl
osedbook.TheSpeakert
her
efor
eoughtnotbeapar
tyi
nthei
nst
antpr
oceedi
ngsand
t
he,
cour
twoul
daccor
dingl
ydi
schar
gehi
m asapar
ty.
”

SowahJSChadt
hist ,“
osay Thi
sthenbr
ingsust
othequest
ionofhowf
art
hecour
tscanquest
ionwhat
,
underourConst
it
uti
on,hasbeendonei
n,andby
,Par
li
ament
?Ther
eisal
ongl
i
neofaut
hor
it
ieswhi
ch
est
abl
i
shest
wo i
mpor
tantpr
inci
plesgov
erni
ngt
her
elat
ionshi
pthatsubsi
stsorshoul
dexi
stbet
ween
Par
li
amentandt
hecour
ts:
(a)t
hatt
hecour
tscancal
linquest
ionadeci
sionofPar
li
ament
;butt
hatt
he
cour
tscannotseekt
oext
endt
hei
rwr
it
sint
owhathappensi
nPar
li
ament
;and(
b)t
hatt
hel
awandcust
om of
Par
li
amenti
sadi
sti
nctbodyofl
aw and,asconst
it
uti
onalexper
ts,doputi
t,"
unknownt
othecour
ts.
"And
t
her
efor
e,t
hecour
tst
akej
udi
cialnot
iceofwhathashappenedi
nPar
li
ament
.Thecour
tsdonot
,andcannot
,
i
nqui
rei
ntohowPar
li
amentwentabouti
tsbusi
ness.
”

NewPat
ri
oti
cPar
tyv
.At
tor
ney
-Gener
al[
193-
94]2GLR35-
192

Cor
am:
ARCHERCJ,
ADADEFRANCOI
S,ABBAN,
AMUA-
SEKYI
,AI
KINS,
BAMFORD-
ADDO,
HAYFRON-
BENJAMI
NANDAMPI
AHJJS.

On31December1981t
heGov
ernmentofGhana,
dul
yel
ect
edundert
heConst
it
uti
on,
1979wasov
ert
hrown
i
nacoupd'
etat
.Subsequent
ly,
themi
l
itar
yregi
mewhi
cht
ookov
ert
her
einsofgov
ernment
,thePr
ovi
sional
Nat
ional
Def
enceCounci
l
,decl
ared31Decemberast
atut
orypubl
i
chol
i
day
.Accor
dingl
y,eachy
eart
he
anni
ver
sar
yoft
hecoupwascel
ebr
ated,
int
eral
i
a,byper
sonnel
oft
hesecur
it
yfor
ceswi
thmi
l
itar
ypar
ades,
r
out
emar
chesandcar
niv
alst
hroughoutt
hecount
ry.Theseact
ivi
ti
eswer
efi
nancedwi
thpubl
i
cfunds.
Howev
er,
t he7thofJanuar
heont y1993,
ther
uleoft
hePNDCendedhav
ingaci
vi
li
angov
ernmentt
akeov
er
whi
chhadbeenel
ect
edi
ntoof
fi
ceundert
he1992const
it
uti
on.Whenon19December1993t
hegov
ernment
announcedt
hat31December1993woul
dbeapubl
i
chol
i
dayandshoul
dbecel
ebr
atedandobser
vedas
such,
thepl
aint
if
f,oneoft
her
egi
ster
edpol
i
tical
par
ti
esi
nthecount
ry,
clai
mingt
hatt
hecel
ebr
ati
onwoul
dbe
unconst
it
uti
onal
,br
oughtanact
ionunderar
ti
cle2(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on1992agai
nstt
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al
f
oradecl
arat
iont
hatt
hepubl
i
ccel
ebr
ati
onoft
hecoupd'
etatof31Decemberoutofpubl
i
cfundswas
i
nconsi
stentwi
thori
ncont
rav
ent
ionoft
hel
ett
erandspi
ri
toft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992par
ti
cul
arl
yar
ti
cles3(
3)-
(
7),
35(
1)and41(
f)andanor
dercompel
l
ingt
hegov
ernmentt
ocancel
thepr
epar
ati
onsf
ort
hecel
ebr
ati
on
andr
efr
ainf
rom car
ryi
ngoutt
hecel
ebr
ati
onwi
thpubl
i
cfunds.Oneoft
hedef
ensesoft
hedef
endantt
hatt
he
quest
ionast her31stDecembershoul
owhet dbecel
ebr
atedornoti
sapol
i
tical
quest
ionandhenceshoul
d
ber
eser
vedf
ort
heexecut
iveorpar
li
ament
.

Rel
evantI
ssue:
Whet
herornott
heSupr
emeCour
tispr
ecl
udedf
rom det
ermi
ningt
hepol
i
tical
quest
ionast
o
her31stDecembershoul
whet dbecel
ebr
ated.
Hel
d:Thecour
thel
dasf
oll
ows,
“Thedoct
ri
neof"
pol
i
tical
quest
ion"wasi
nappl
i
cabl
einGhanasi
nceunder
ar
ti
cles1,
2and130oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992i
ssuesofconst
it
uti
onal
int
erpr
etat
ionwer
ejust
ici
abl
ebyt
he
Supr
emeCour
t.Besi
des,
event
houghquest
ionsofhumanr
ight
sinv
ari
abl
yhadl
argecomponent
sofpol
i
tical
i
ssues,
yetunderar
ti
cl
e33oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992t
hosequest
ionswer
ereser
vedi
nthef
ir
sti
nst
ancet
o
t
heHi
ghCour
t.Si
mil
arl
y,ev
ent
houghchi
eft
aincydi
sput
esal
mostal
way
sinv
olv
edl
ocal
andof
tennat
ional
pol
i
tics,
theywer
easpr
ovi
dedbychapt
er22oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992cogni
zabl
eonl
ybyt
hechi
eft
aincy
t
ri
bunal
sint
hef
ir
sti
nst
ance.I
nbot
hcasest
heSupr
emeCour
tcamei
nonl
yasacour
tofl
astr
esor
t.
Accor
dingl
y,undert
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992ev
encour
tsandt
ri
bunal
smuchl
oweri
nthehi
erar
chyofcour
ts
t
hant
heSupr
emeCour
tmi
ghtl
awf
ull
ydeci
decaseswhi
chmi
ghti
nvol
ve"
pol
i
tical
quest
ions.
"Andi
nany
case,
theConst
it
uti
on,
1992i
tsel
fwasessent
ial
l
yapol
i
tical
documentbecauseev
erymat
terof
i
nter
pret
ati
onorenf
orcementwhi
chmi
ghtar
isef
rom i
twasboundt
ohav
eapol
i
tical
dimensi
on.
Accor
dingl
y,i
twoul
dbeanabdi
cat
ionoft
heSupr
emeCour
t'
sresponsi
bil
i
tiesundert
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992
andabr
eachi
npar
ti
cul
arofar
ti
cles2and3t
her
eofi
fthecour
twer
etor
efusej
uri
sdi
cti
oni
naconst
it
uti
onal
caseont
hegr
oundt
hati
twasapol
i
tical
case.
”

AdadeJSCquot
edanext
ractf
rom BakervCar
r,369US186(
1962)asf
oll “
ows,Thenon-
just
ici
abi
l
ityofa
pol
i
ticalquest
ioni
spr
imar
il
yaf
unct
ionoft
hesepar
ati
onofpower
s...Deci
dingwhet
heramat
terhasi
n
anymeasur
ebeencommi
tt
edbyt
he[
Feder
al]Const
it
uti
ont
oanot
herbr
anchofgov
ernment
,orwhet
hert
he
act
ionoft
hatbr
anchexceedswhat
everi
tsaut
hor
it
y,hasbeencommi
tt
edbyt
heConst
it
uti
ont
oanot
her
br
anchofgov
ernment
,orwhet
hert
heact
ionoft
hatbr
anchexceedswhat
everaut
hor
it
yhasbeencommi
tt
ed
i
tsel
fadel
i
cat
eexer
cisei
nconst
it
uti
onali
nter
pret
ati
on,
andi
sar
esponsi
bil
i
tyof[
theU.
S.Supr
eme]Cour
tas
ul
ti
mat
eint
erpr
eteroft
heConst
it
uti
on.
",andcamet
otheconcl
usi
ont
hathowev
er,
int
hecaseofGhana,
the
Supr
emeCour
thadbeengi
vent
hepower
stodet
ermi
nepol
i
tical
quest
ionasseeni
nAr
ti
cles1,
2and130.

MensahvAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al[
1997-
98]1GLR227

Cor
am:
AIKI
NS,
CHARLESHAYFRON-
BENJAMI
N,AMPI
AH,
ACQUAHANDAKUFFOJJSC.

Thef
ir
stt
erm ofof
fi
ceofPr
esi
dentRawl
i
ngscamet
oanendon6Januar
y1997.Howev
er,
hav
ingbeen
el
ect
edf
orasecondt
erm hewasswor
nint
oof
fi
ceon7Januar
y1997.I
twast
henannouncedt
hatt
he
Pr
esi
denthaddeci
dedt
oret
aini
nof
fi
cesomeofhi
spr
evi
ousmi
nist
ersanddeput
ymi
nist
ersofst
ateand
si
ncet
heywer
eappr
ovedbyt
hepr
evi
ousPar
li
amentoft
hef
ir
stt
erm oft
heFour
thRepubl
i
c,t
heywoul
dnot
bepr
esent
edt
othenewPar
li
amentf
ort
hei
rappr
oval
.Oneoft
hoser
etai
nedmi
nist
erswasKwamePepr
ah,
t
heMi
nist
erofFi
nance.Howev
er,
themi
nor
it
yinpar
li
amentopposedt
hedeci
sionont
hegr
oundt
hatpert
he
1992const
it
uti
on,
thet
erm oft
hemi
nist
ershadcomet
oendwi
thpar
li he6thofJanuar
amentont y1997and
hencet
hesai
dMi
nist
erscanonl
ycont
inuei
nof
fi
cewhent
heyhav
ebeenappr
ovedbyPar
li
ament
.

Rel
evantI
ssue:
Whet
herornott
hemi
nist
ersofst
atecancont
inuei
nof
fi
cewi
thoutappr
oval
from
par
li
amentbyt
hemer
epr
onouncementbyt
hepr
esi
dent
.

Hel
d:Thecour
thel
dasf
oll
ows,
“Ar
ti
cles78and79(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992whi
chpr
ovi
dedt
hatt
he
Pr
esi
dentshoul
dappoi
nthi
smi
nist
ersanddeput
ymi
nist
erswi
tht
hepr
iorappr
oval
ofPar
li
amentdi
dnot
dr
awadi
sti
nct
ionbet
weenf
reshandr
eappoi
ntedcandi
dat
es.Consequent
ly,
bot
haneworr
eappoi
nted
candi
dat
eshoul
dobt
aint
hepr
iorappr
oval
ofPar
li
ament
.”Ther
efor
e,t
hepower
sofpar
li
amentcoul
dnotbe
usur
pedbyanor
dermadebyt
hepr
esi
dentai
medatcont
inui
ngf
ormermi
nist
ersofst
atei
nof
fi
ce.

GHANABARASSOCI
ATI
ONvATTORNEY-
GENERALANDANOTHER
[
1995-
96]1GLR598

Cor
am:
Edwar
dWi
redu,
Bamf
ord-
Addo,
Char
lesHay
fron-
Benj
ami
n,KpegahandAdj
abengJJSC

On15Febr
uar
y1995t
hePr
esi
dentoft
heRepubl
i
cofGhananomi
nat
edJust
iceIKAbban,
ajust
iceoft
he
Supr
emeCour
tforappoi
ntmentasChi
efJust
iceaf
terdueconsul
tat
ionwi
tht
heCounci
lofSt
ate.The
nomi
nat
ionwasappr
ovedbyPar
li
amentunderacer
ti
fi
cat
eofur
gencyon21Febr
uar
y1995.Subsequent
ly,
t
hepl
aint
if
f,t
heGhanaBarAssoci
ati
on,
clai
mingt
hatt
heappoi
ntmentwascont
rar
ytot
hepr
ovi
sionsof
ar
ti
cle128(
4)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992becauseJust
iceIKAbbanwasnotaper
sonofhi
ghmor
alchar
act
er
andpr
oveni
ntegr
it
yandt
her
efor
enotqual
i
fiedf
orappoi
ntmentasaj
ust
iceoft
heSupr
emeCour
tand
consequent
lyasChi
efJust
ice,
inv
okedt
heor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
onoft
heSupr
emeCour
tunderar
ti
cle2(
b)oft
he
Const
it
uti
on,
1992andsoughtagai
nstt
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alast
hef
ir
stdef
endantandJust
iceIKAbbanas
t
heseconddef
endant(
i)adecl
arat
iont
hatbyar
ti
cles2(
1)(
a)and(
b),
91(
1)and(
2),
144(
1)and128(
4)oft
he
Const
it
uti
on,
1992t
hePr
esi
dentshoul
dnothav
enomi
nat
edandappoi
ntedJust
iceIKAbbanChi
efJust
ice
si
ncehewasnotaper
son“
ofhi
ghmor
alchar
act
erandpr
oveni
ntegr
it
y”;
(ii
)adecl
arat
iont
hatt
he
appoi
ntmentofJust
iceIKAbbanasChi
efJust
icebyt
hePr
esi
dentaswel
last
headv
icebyt
heCounci
lof
St
ateandt
heappr
oval
byPar
li
amentofhi
snomi
nat
ionwer
eeachmadei
ncont
rav
ent
ionofar
ti
cl
es91(
1)
and(
2)and128(
4)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992andwer
ether
efor
enul
landv
oid;
(ii
i
)ani
njunct
ionr
est
rai
ning
Just
iceIKAbbanf
rom act
ingorpur
por
ti
ngt
oacti
ntheof
fi
ceofChi
efJust
iceofGhana;
and(
iv)a
decl
arat
iont
hatt
hewar
rantofappoi
ntmentofJust
iceIKAbbanwasnul
landv
oidandheshoul
ddel
i
veri
t
upt
otheSupr
emeCour
tforcancel
l
ati
on.Thedef
endant
sdeni
edt
heav
erment
soft
hepl
aint
if
fandt
hen
r
aisedapr
eli
minar
yobj
ect
iont
othepl
aint
if
f’
scaseont
hegr
oundt
hatbyv
irt
ueoft
hedoct
ri
neofsepar
ati
on
ofpower
senshr
inedi
ntheConst
it
uti
on,
1992,
theappoi
ntmentofJust
iceIKAbbanast
heChi
efJust
ice
pur
suantt
oar
ti
cle144(
1)and(
5)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992byt
hePr
esi
dentwasanon-
just
ici
abl
epol
i
tical
quest
ionspeci
fi
cal
l
ycommi
tt
edt
otheCounci
lofSt
ate,
Par
li
amentandt
hePr
esi
dent
,i.
e.t
heex
ecut
iveand
t
hel
egi
slat
ure.Thepl
aint
if
fhowev
ersubmi
tt
edt
hatt
hepr
inci
pleofnon-
just
ici
abl
epol
i
tical
quest
ionwasnot
appl
i
cabl
eundert
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992becausebyt
hecombi
nedef
fectofar
ti
cles125(
3)and259(
8)oft
he
Const
it
uti
on,
1992t
heSupr
emeCour
thadt
hef
inal
judi
cial
powert
odet
ermi
newhet
heranyper
sonhad
pr
oper
lyper
for
medhi
sdut
iesundert
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.

Rel
evantI
ssue:
Whet
herornott
het
heappoi
ntmentofJust
iceIKAbbanast
heChi
efJust
icepur
suantt
o
ar
ti
cle144(
1)and(
5)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992byt
hePr
esi
dentwasanon-
just
ici
abl
epol
i
tical
quest
ion
speci
fi
cal
l
ycommi
tt
edt
otheCounci
lofSt
ate,
Par
li
amentandt
hePr
esi
dent
,i.
e.t
heexecut
iveandt
he
l
egi
slat
ure.I
fsowhati
sthel
egal
eff
ect
?

Hel
d:I
twashel
dthatt
hepr
inci
pleof“
pol
i
tical
quest
ion”wasi
nher
enti
ntheconceptofsepar
ati
onofpower
s
wher
ecer
tai
nfunct
ionswer
ecommi
tt
edt
oaspeci
fi
cbr
anchofgov
ernment
.Insuchasi
tuat
ionapol
i
tical
quest
ioncoul
dnotev
olv
eint
oaj
udi
cial
quest
ion.I
ndeci
dingwhet
herani
ssuef
ordet
ermi
nat
ionbyt
he
cour
tfel
lwi
thi
nthecl
assof“
pol
i
tical
quest
ions”andwast
husnon-
just
ici
abl
e,
t
hecr
it
eri
awer
e:(
i)t
hespeci
fi
ccommi
tmentoft
hemat
tert
oanot
herar
m ofgov
ernment
;and(
ii
)
t
hel
ackofsat
isf
act
orycr
it
eri
aforaj
udi
cial
det
ermi
nat
ionoft
hei
ssue.I
nthei
nst
antcase,
byt
he
pr
ovi
si
onsofar
ti
cl
e144(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992t
heappoi
ntmentoft
heChi
efJust
icehadbeen
speci
fi
cal
l
ycommi
tt
edt
obot
htheexecut
iveandt
hel
egi
slat
ure.Accor
dingl
y,anyat
temptbyt
he
Supr
emeCour
ttocl
aim apowert
obeabl
etodecl
arenul
landv
oidt
heappoi
ntmentoft
heChi
ef
Just
icemadebyt
hePr
esi
denti
nconsul
tat
ionwi
tht
heCounci
lofSt
ateandwi
tht
heappr
oval
of
Par
li
amentaspr
ovi
dedi
ntheConst
it
uti
on,
1992woul
dnotonl
ybeanabsur
dandexcessi
ve
ext
rav
agancebutal
soanusur
pat
ionoft
heconst
it
uti
onal
funct
ionsofbot
htheexecut
iveandt
he
l
egi
slat
ure,
andt
her
efor
eil
l
egal
.

Edwar
dWi
reduJSCi
ndel
i
ver
inghi
sdi
ssent
ingopi
nioncomment
edont
hescopeofSepar
ati
onofPower
sas
f
oll “
ows,Thescopeandext
entoft
hedoct
ri
neoft
hesepar
ati
onofpower
s,i
nmyr
espect
fulv
iew,
and,
asI
under
standi
t,undert
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992i
stoensur
ethateachar
m ofst
atei
ntheper
for
manceofi
ts
dut
ieswi
thi
nthef
ramewor
koft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992i
stoacti
ndependent
lyandshoul
dnotbeobst
ruct
ed
i
ntheexer
ciseofi
tsl
egi
ti
mat
edut
iesorbeundul
yint
erf
eredwi
th[
byt
heConst
it
uti
on]
.Inot
herwor
ds,
all
ar
msoft
heSt
atear
eanswer
abl
eorr
esponsi
blet
otheConst
it
uti
on,
1992.I
tisal
sot
oensur
ethesmoot
h
admi
nist
rat
ionei
therj
udi
cial
,l
egi
slat
iveorexecut
ivegov
ernanceoft
heSt
atewhi
l
stchecksandbal
ancesar
e
pr
ovi
dedt
oensur
est
ri
ctobser
vancebyeachar
m ofst
ateoft
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.
”

KpegahJSCal
sohadt
hist ,
osay“…acar
efulr
eadi
ngofourConst
it
uti
on,
1992r
eveal
sthatt
hesepar
ati
oni
s
noti
ntendedt
obeai
rt
ight
;ver
yof
ten,
ther
eisov
erl
appi
ngofpower
sasanaspectofcheckandbal
ances.
”

Pr
ofessorSt
ephenKwakuAsar
ev.TheAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al[
28/
01/
2004]WRI
TNO.3/
2002

Cor
am:
ACQUAHC.
J.(
PRESI
DING)
,BADDOO,
J.S.
C.,
DRTWUM,
J.S.
C.,
PROFKLUDZEJ.
S.C.andDRDATE-
BAH,
J.S.
C.

he21stofFebr
Ont uar
y2002,
thePr
esi
dentoft
heRepubl
i
cwr
otet
otheSpeakerofPar
li
ament
,inf
ormi
ngt
he
Speakert
hatt
hePr
esi
dentwoul
dbet
rav
ell
i
ngt
oAust
ral
i
atoat
tendt
heCommonweal
thHeadsof
Gov
ernmentMeet
ing,
schedul
edt
otakepl
acef
rom 2t
o5Mar
ch2002andt
hathewoul
dbeawayf
rom
Ghanaf
rom 24thFebr
uar
yunt
il10Mar
ch.Hef
urt
heri
nfor
medt
heSpeakert
hatdur
ingt
hatper
iod,
because
t
heVi
ce-
Presi
dentwoul
dal
sobeabsentf
rom t
hecont
rar
yfr
om t
he24t
o27Febr
uar
y,t
heSpeakerwas,
pur
suantt
oAr
ti
cle60(
11)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
toactasPr
esi
dentf
ort
hosef
ourday
s.Accor
dingl
y,on24
Febr
uar
y,t
heSpeakerswor
ethePr
esi
dent
ial
oat
handact
edf
ort
hePr
esi
dentf
rom t
he24t
o27Febr
uar
y.On
28t
hFebr
uar
y,t
hepl
aint
if
finhi
scapaci
tyasaci
ti
zeni
nvokedt
heOr
igi
nal
Jur
isdi
cti
onoft
hecour
tseeki
ng,
i
nteral
i
a,adecl
arat
iont
hatuponat
rueandpr
operi
nter
pret
ati
onofAr
ti
cle60(
11)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
on,
t
hepur
por
tedswear
ing-
inoft
heSpeakerofPar
li
ament
,theRi
ghtHonour
abl
eMr
.Pet
erAl
aAdj
etey
,as
Pr
esi
dentofGhana,
onoraboutMonday24Febr
uar
y2002,
isi
nconsi
stentwi
th,
ori
sincont
rav
ent
ionoft
he
sai
dpr
ovi
sionoft
heConst
it
uti
onandi
sther
efor
eunconst
it
uti
onal
,voi
dandofnoef
fect
.

Rel
evantI
ssue:
Whet
herornott
heassumpt
ionoft
heof
fi
ceoft
hePr
esi
dentbyt
heSpeakeri
ntheabsence
oft
hePr
esi
denti
sincont
rav
ent
ionofAr
ti
cle60(
11)
.
Hel
d:Thecour
thel
dappl
yi
ngt
hepur
posi
veappr
oacht
oint
erpr
etat
ionofAr
ti
cle60(
11)camet
othe
concl
usi
ont
hatt
hei
ntent
ionoft
hef
ramer
soft
heconst
it
uti
onat
tachedt
othephr
ase,
“unabl
etoper
for
m
t
hef
unct
ions"coul
dal
someanwhent
hePr
esi
dentandVi
ce-
Presi
dentar
eoutoft
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onandhence
any
timet
hathappenedt
heSpeakeri
sobl
i
gedt
obeswor
ntoof
fi
ce.

DrS.
K.Dat
e-BaahJSChadt
hist
osay
,“Myconcl
usi
oni
sthatt
hepur
posi
vei
nter
pret
ati
ont
obegi
vent
o
ar
ti
cle60(
11)i
sthatwher
ebot
hthePr
esi
dentandt
heVi
ce-
Presi
dentar
eabsentf
rom Ghana,
theyar
etobe
r
egar
dedas"
unabl
etoper
for
mthef
unct
ionsoft
hePr
esi
dent
"andt
hust
heSpeakeri
sobl
i
gedt
oper
for
m
t
hosef
unct
ions.
”

Ni
xonvSiri
ca418U.S.683(1974)
Ontheni
ghtofJune12,1972,f
ivemenwer
ear
rest
edatt
heWat
ergat
eHot
elandOf
fi
ceBui
l
dingaf
ter
at
tempt
ingt
obugt
heheadquar
ter
soft
heDemocr
ati
cNat
ional
Commi
tt
ee,
locat
edwi
thi
nthebui
l
ding.Asa
r
esul
toft
hei
nvest
igat
ioni
ntot
hebur
glar
y,i
tbecameappar
entt
hathi
gh-
lev
elof
fi
cial
swi
thi
ntheWhi
te
Housewer
einv
olv
edi
nthepl
anni
ng,
execut
ion,
andcov
er-
upoft
hisev
ent
.WhenSenat
eCommi
tt
ee
hear
ingsr
eveal
edt
hatPr
esi
dentRi
char
dM.Ni
xonsecr
etl
ytapedal
lconv
ersat
ionsi
ntheOv
alOf
fi
ce,
the
Gr
andJur
yempanel
edt
oinv
est
igat
etheWat
ergat
einci
dentsubpoenaed(
order
edt
hePr
esi
dentt
otur
nov
er
underpenal
tyofl
aw)r
elev
antt
apesi
nor
dert
oinv
est
igat
eExecut
iver
esponsi
bil
i
ty.

Rel
evantI
ssue:
Whet
hert
hepr
inci
pleofSepar
ati
onofPower
spr
ecl
udesj
udi
cial
rev
iewofexecut
ivepr
ivi
l
ege,
t
hati
swhet
hert
hepr
esi
dentcanactwi
thoutcensur
efr
om t
heCour
ts

Hel
d:Thi
sCour
tal
sor
uledagai
nstt
hePr
esi
dent
—al
thoughi
tacknowl
edgedt
hatt
hePr
esi
dentcoul
d,under
cer
tai
nci
rcumst
ances,
successf
ull
yasser
tacl
aim of"
execut
ivepr
ivi
l
ege,
"ithel
dthatt
hispr
ivi
l
egewasnot
absol
ute.TheCour
tpr
ovi
dedal
i
stoff
act
orst
hatmayconst
it
utei
nst
anceswher
eacl
aim of"
execut
ive
pr
ivi
l
ege"coul
dlegi
ti
mat
elyber
aised,
incl
udi
ng"
mil
i
tar
y,di
plomat
ic,
andnat
ional
secur
it
ymat
ter
s."

SECTI
ON7-RULEOFLAW

Accor
dingt
oHay
ek,
Rul
eofLawmeanst
hatpeopl
edonothav
etoanswert
othear
bit
rar
ydeci
sionsor
gov
ernment
alof
fi
ci
als;
inst
ead,
theygui
det
hei
ract
ionsbywhati
spr
ohi
bit
edbyacl
ear
lydef
inedl
aw.

 Pr
eambl
eofConst
it
uti
on,
1992;
“Wet
hepeopl
eofGhana,
INEXERCI
SEofournat
ural
andal
i
enabl
e
r
ightt
oest
abl
i
shaf
ramewor
kofgov
ernmentwhi
chshal
lsecur
eforour
sel
vesandpost
eri
tyt
he
bl
essi
ngsofl
i
ber
ty,
equal
i
ty.
..
ANDI
NSOLEMNdecl
arat
ionandaf
fi
rmat
ionofourcommi
tmentt
o;
Fr
eedom,
Just
ice,
Probi
ty,
andAccount
abi
l
ity
;ThePr
inci
plet
hatal
lpower
sofGov
ernmentspr
ings
f
rom t
heWi
l
loft
hePeopl
e….
TheRul
eofLaw;
Thepr
otect
ionandpr
eser
vat
ionofFundament
al
HumanRi
ght
sandFr
eedoms,
Uni
tyandSt
abi
l
ityofOurNat
ion;
…”

 Di
cey
’st
heor
y:Di
ceyi
dent
if
iest
hreepr
inci
pleswhi
chest
abl
i
sht
heRul
eofLawandt
heyar
e:
1.Theabsol
utesupr
emacyorpr
edomi
nanceofr
egul
arl
awasopposedt
othei
nfl
uenceofar
bit
rar
ypower
.
Ar
ti
cle19(
5)ofConst
it
uti
on,
1992;
“Aper
sonshal
lnotbechar
gedwi
thorhel
dtobegui
l
tyofacr
imi
nal
of
fencewhi
chi
sfoundedonanactoromi
ssi
ont
hatdi
dnotatt
het
imei
ttookpl
aceconst
it
uteanof
fence”
CASE:Shawv.DPP[1962]AC220
FACTS:Shawhadpubli
shedabookl
etcal
l heLadi
edt es'
Dir
ect
ory
,whi
chadv
ert
isedt
henamesand
addr
essesofpr
ost
it
utes.Thebookl
et:
Shawwassuccessf
ull
ypr
osecut
edunderanumberofpr
ovi
sionsof
heSexual
t Off
encesAct1956andt
heObscenePubl
i
cat
ionsAct1959.Hewasal
soconv
ict
edonachar
geof
"
conspi
racyt
ocor
ruptpubl
i
cmor
als"ont
hebasi
sthat
,whenhepubl
i
shedt
hebookl
et,
Shawwasconspi
ri
ng
wi
tht
hepr
ost
it
utes"
..
.todebauchandcor
ruptt
hemor
alsofy
out
handot
hersubj
ect
soft
heQueen"
.Shaw
compl
ainedt
otheHouseofLor
ds,
int
eral
i
a,t
hatt
hecr
imeofconspi
racyt
ocor
ruptpubl
i
cmor
alswas
hi
ther
tounknownori
nnomi
nat
e.
HELD:
Theappeal
wasdi
smi
ssed.TheAppeal
’
sCour
tinef
fectcr
eat
edanewcr
ime.PerVi
scountSi
monds;
I
nthespher
eofcr
imi
nal
law,
Ient
ert
ainnodoubtt
hatt
her
eremai
nsi
ntheCour
tSOFLawar
esi
dual
power
t
oenf
orcet
hesupr
emeandf
undament
alpur
poseoft
hel
aw,
toconv
ersenotonl
ythesaf
etyandor
derbut
al
sot
hemor
alwel
far
eoft
heSt
ate.Thel
awmustber
elat
edt
othechangi
ngst
andar
dsofl
i
fe,
noty
iel
dingt
o
ev
eryshi
ft
ingi
mpul
seoft
hepopul
arwi
l
lbuthav
ingr
egar
dtof
undament
alassessmentofhumanv
aluesand
t
hepur
posesofsoci
ety
.
Lor
dRei
ddi
ssent
ing;
Eveni
fther
e’sst
il
lav
est
igi
alpoweroft
hiski
ndi
toughtnot
,inmyv
iew,
tobeused
unl
esst
her
eappear
stobegener
alagr
eementt
hatt
heof
fencet
owhi
chi
tisappl
i
edoughtt
obecr
imi
nal
if
commi
tt
edbyani
ndi
vi
dual
.Not
ori
ousl
yther
ear
ewi
dedi
ff
erencesofopi
nionst
odayast
ohowf
art
hel
aw
oughtt
opuni
shact
swhi
char
enotdonei
nthef
aceoft
hepubl
i
c.

2.Equal
i
tybef
oret
hel
awort
heequal
subj
ect
ionofal
lcl
assest
otheor
dinar
ylawoft
hel
andadmi
nist
ered
byt
heor
dinar
ycour
ts.
Ar
ti
cle17(
1)and(
2)ofConst
it
uti
on,
1992;
(
1)Al
lper
sonsshal
lbeequal
bef
oret
hel
aw
(
2)Aper
sonshal
lnotbedi
scr
imi
nat
edagai
nstongr
oundsofgender
,race,
col
our
,et
hni
cor
igi
n,r
eli
gion,
cr
eedorsoci
aloreconomi
cst
atus.

CASE:Asar
ev.A.G(J1/
6/2011)[
2012]GHASC31
FACTS:Pur
suantt
oAct527,theci
ti
zenshi
pofGhanaAct591wasenact
edwhi
chcont
ainsasect
ion,
sect
ion16(
2)whi
cht
hepl
aint
if
fcl
aimst
ounconst
it
uti
onal
.Accor
dingl
y,hef
il
edawr
iti
nvoki
ngt
heor
igi
nal
j
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hecour
tseeki
ngadecl
arat
iont
hatt
hei
mpugnedAr
ti
cle8(
2)wasi
nconsi
stentwi
thAr
ti
cles
15and17oft
heConst
it
uti
on1992andal
sot
hat
,sect
ion16(
2)(
m)whi
chv
est
spoweri
ntheMi
nist
erwas
agai
nstt
hespi
ri
toft
heconst
it
uti
on
HELD:I
fthel
egi
slat
iveobj
ecti
sjust
if
iabl
e,whi
chi
nthi
scasei
sthenaccor
dingt
othet
estadopt
edbyt
he
Supr
emeCour
tint
hecaseofNar
teyv
.Gat
i,i
nthecasei
twaspr
ovi
dedt
hati
t’
simpossi
blef
ort
hel
awt
o
t
reatal
lper
sonsequal
sincenot
woper
sonsar
eequal
int
hatr
espect
.Thespi
ri
toft
heconst
it
uti
oni
mposes
l
i
mit
sont
hel
egi
sl
ati
vedi
scr
eti
ont
husconf
err
ed.I
tishowev
eragai
nstt
hespi
ri
toft
heConst
it
uti
onf
or
par
li
amentt
odel
egat
etot
heMi
nist
ert
heaut
hor
it
ywhi
chpar
li
amenti
tsel
fhadr
ecei
vedbydel
egat
ionf
rom
t
heConst
it
uti
on.
3.Thel
awoft
heconst
it
uti
oni
saconsequenceoft
her
ight
soft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
sasdef
inedandenf
orcedby
t
hecour
ts.
Chapt
er5ofConst
it
uti
on,
1992
Ar
ti
cle12(
1);
Thef
undament
alhumanr
ight
sandf
reedomsenshr
inedi
nthi
sChapt
ershal
lber
espect
ed
anduphel
dbyt
heEx
ecut
ive,
Legi
slat
ureandJudi
ciar
yandal
lot
heror
gansofgov
ernmentandi
ts
agenci
esand,
wher
eappl
i
cabl
etot
hem,
byal
lnat
ural
andl
egal
per
sonsi
nGhana,
andshal
lbe
enf
orceabl
ebyt
heCour
tsaspr
ovi
dedf
ori
nthi
sConst
it
uti
on.

 I
vorJenni
ngs’
stheor
y:TheRul
eofLawi
susedt
odenot
easoci
etywher
ether
eisl
awandor
der
.Iti
s
usedt
odi
sti
ngui
shasoci
etyofanar
chyf
rom onewi
thl
awandor
der
.Ther
ecoul
dbeRul
eofLawi
n
mi
l
itar
yregi
mesori
nabsol
utegov
ernmentsof
arasl
awandor
derpr
evai
l
s.

 Lor
dBi
ngham’
sei
ghtsub-
rul
es
1.Lawmustbeaccessi
ble,
int
ell
i
gibl
e,cl
earandpr
edi
ctabl
e
2.Legal
right
smustbeder
ivedf
rom l
awanddi
scr
eti
on.
3.Equal
appl
i
cat
ionofl
awt
oal
lper
sons.
4.Exer
ciseofl
awmustbef
air
,reasonabl
eandwi
thi
nli
mit
s
5.Lawmustaf
for
dadequat
epr
otect
ionoff
undament
alhumanr
ight
s.
6.Meansofr
esol
vi
ngdi
sput
esmustnotbeexpensi
ve
7.Fai
radj
udi
cat
ivepr
ocedur
es
8.St
atecompl
i
ancewi
thi
tsobl
i
gat
ioni
nint
ernat
ional
lawandnat
ional
law.

CASE:Counci
lofCi
vi
l Ser
viceUni
onsv.Mini
sterf
ort
heCiv
ilServi
ce[
1984]2WLR[ 1985]AC374
FACTS:ThePri
meMi nist
eract
ingi
nhercapacit
yastheMi
nisterf
ort
heCivi
lSer
viceissuedanor
al
i
nst
ruct
ionundert
heCi
vi
lSer
viceOr
deri
nCounci
l1982(
anor
deroft
hePr
ivyCounci
laut
hor
izi
ngt
heuseof
t
hispr
erogat
ive)banni
ngcont
inuedmember
shi
poft
radeuni
onsatGov
ernmentCommuni
cat
ions
Headquar
ter
s(GCHQ)
.TheUni
onchal
l
engedt
hisexer
ciseofpower
,cl
aimi
ngt
hatt
her
ewasabr
eachof
nat
ural
just
icei
nthef
ail
ureofgov
ernmenti
nthef
ail
ureoft
hegov
ernmentt
ocont
inuenegot
iat
ionsi
nan
i
ndust
ri
alr
elat
ionsdi
sput
e.Thegov
ernmenthav
ingl
osti
ntheHi
ghCour
tpl
eadedNat
ional
Secur
it
yint
he
Cour
tofAppeal
andwon.
I
SSUE:
Whet
hert
hei
nst
ruct
ionbywhi
cht
hedeci
si
onr
ecei
vedef
fectandwhi
chwasi
ssuedor
all
ybyt
he
r
espondenti
sval
i
dandef
fect
ivei
naccor
dancewi
thar
ti
cle4oft
heCi
vi
lSer
viceOderi
nCounci
l1982.
HELD:Thei
mpor
tanceoft
hecasei
sfoundi
nthedepar
tur
efr
om t
heunwi
l
li
ngnessoft
hecour
ttoj
udi
cial
l
y
r
evi
ewpr
erogat
ivepower
s.Lor
dDi
plockf
oundt
hat“
reasonabl
eness”bear
sdi
ff
erentmeani
ngaccor
dingt
o
whet
hert
hecont
exti
nwhi
chi
tisbei
ngusedi
sthatofpr
ivat
elaworofpubl
i
claw.Wher
eaper
son’
s“pr
ivat
e
r
ight
sorl
egi
ti
mat
eexpect
ati
ons”ar
eaf
fect
edbyt
heexecut
ionofapr
erogat
ivepower
,thent
hatexecut
ion
ofpowershoul
dbeamenabl
etor
evi
ew.
Pr
erogat
ivepower
saf
fect
ingpr
ivat
eri
ght
sofper
sonscanbej
udi
cial
l
yrev
iewedf
orl
egal
i
ty.Deci
si
on
maki
ngpowerder
ivedf
rom commonl
awandnotast
atut
orysour
cedoesnotmakei
timmunet
orev
iew.

CASE:Associ
atedPr
ovinci
alPi
ctureHousesLtd.v
.Wednesbur
yCor
p.[
1948]
1KB223
FACTS:I
ntheacti
onoutofwhichthisappeal
sari
sest
heplai
nti
ff
swhoaret
hepr
opr
iet
orsofa
ci
nemat
ogr
apht
heat
eri
nWednesbur
ysoughtt
oobt
ainf
rom t
hecour
tadecl
arat
iont
hatacer
tai
ncondi
ti
on
i
mposedbyt
hedef
endant
s,Wednesbur
yCor
por
ati
on,
onagr
antofper
missi
onf
orSundayper
for
mancest
o
behel
dint
hatci
nemawasul
tr
avi
resandunr
easonabl
e.
HELD:PerLor
dGr
eene;
Thecour
tsmustr
ememberf
ir
stt
hatt
heActdeal
snotwi
thaj
udi
cial
actbutwi
than
execut
iveact
,secondl
y,t
hatt
hecondi
ti
onsunderwhi
cht
heexer
ciseoft
hatexecut
iveactmaybei
mposed
ar
eint
ermsputwi
thi
nthedi
scr
eti
onoft
hel
ocal
aut
hor
it
ywi
thoutl
i
mit
ati
on.Thecour
tcanonl
yint
erf
ere
wi
thanactofanexecut
iveaut
hor
it
yifi
tbeshownt
hati
tcont
rav
enest
hel
aw.I
tisnoti
nthej
uri
sdi
cti
onof
t
hecour
ttodeci
det
her
easonabl
enessoft
heor
derpassed.
NB;
Theappl
i
cabl
epr
inci
plei
sthatt
hecour
tisent
it
ledt
oinv
est
igat
etheact
ionoft
hel
ocal
aut
hor
it
ywi
tha
v
iewt
oseei
ngwhet
hert
heyhav
etakeni
ntoaccountmat
ter
swhi
cht
heyoughtnott
otakeaccount,
or,
conv
ersel
ytheyhav
eref
usedt
otake4i
ntoaccountmat
ter
swhi
cht
heyoughtt
otakei
ntoaccount
.Oncet
hat
quest
ioni
sanswer
edi
nfav
oroft
hel
ocal
aut
hor
it
y,i
tmayst
il
lbepossi
blet
osayt
hat,
alt
hought
hel
ocal
aut
hor
it
yhav
ekeptwi
thi
nthef
ourcor
ner
sofmat
ter
stheyhav
etot
akei
ntoaccount,
theyhav
ecomet
oa
concl
usi
onsounr
easonabl
ethatnor
easonabl
eaut
hor
it
ywoul
dhav
ecomet
oit
.Thepoweroft
hecour
tto
i
nter
fer
eineachcasei
snott
hatofanappel
l
ateaut
hor
it
ytoov
err
ideadeci
sionoft
hel
ocal
aut
hor
it
ybuti
s
t
hatofaj
udi
cial
aut
hor
it
ywhi
chi
sconcer
nedandconcer
nedonl
ytoseewhet
hert
hel
ocal
aut
hor
it
yhav
e
cont
rav
enedt
hel
awbyact
ingi
nexcessoft
hepowerwhi
chpar
li
amenthasconf
idedi
nit
.

CASE:InReM [
1993]3WLR433
FACTS:Theappl
icantM.whowasaci
ti
zenofZai
recamet
otheUki
ngdom on23Sept
ember1990t
oseek
asy
lum.Thi
swasbasedonal
l
egat
iont
hathewasar
efugeewi
thi
nthemeani
ngoft
heGenev
aConv
ent
ion
r
elat
ingt
otheSt
atusofRef
ugees(
1959)
.Af
terbei
ngi
nter
viewed,
theHomeSecr
etar
yref
usedhi
scl
aimf
or
asy
lum byal
ett
erdat
ed16Nov
ember1990.M wasr
eint
erv
iewedon2December1990andwasgi
vi
ngan
oppor
tuni
tyt
ocommentont
hel
ett
erof16Nov
ember1990f
orr
econsi
der
ati
on.Hewashowev
erdi
squal
i
fied
f
orasy
lum undert
het
ermsoft
heconv
ent
ionbyal
ett
erdat
ed17December
.Hewasi
nfor
medt
hathewoul
d
ber
etur
nedt
oZai
reon1May
,1991.
theappl
i
cantappl
i
edf
orl
eav
eofr
evi
ewOn20Mar
ch1991,
the
appl
i
cat
ionwasr
efusedbyKennedyJ.t
her
emov
alwast
henschedul
edf
or28Mar
ch1991.M appl
i
ed
pr
ompt
lyt
orenewhi
sappl
i
cat
ionf
orl
eav
ebef
oret
heCour
tofAppeal
buthi
ssol
i
cit
orsnotbei
ngabl
etof
il
e
t
heappr
opr
iat
edocument
sresul
tedi
nhi
sappl
i
cat
ionnotbei
ngl
i
sted.Newcounsel
swer
ear
rai
gnedf
ort
he
appl
i
cantwhoappl
i
edt
othehi
ghcour
tforal
eav
eofj
udi
cial
rev
iewonnewgr
oundson2May
.Thej
udge
t
her
efor
eindi
cat
edt
hatt
heappl
i
cant
’sr
emov
albepost
ponedpendi
ngt
heconsi
der
ati
onoft
heappl
i
cat
ion,
howev
ert
heSecr
etar
yofSt
atedi
dnotabi
debyt
hisandcont
inuedwi
tht
hedepor
tat
ionoft
heappl
i
cant
.
Aggr
iev
edbyt
his,
theappl
i
cantbr
oughtanact
ionagai
nstt
heSecr
etar
yofst
ateandt
heHomeOf
fi
cef
or
cont
emptofcour
tandf
ail
i
ngt
ocompl
ywi
tht
heor
dermadeon2May
.
HELD:
PerLor
dTempl
eman:
Thel
awcannotbeenf
orcedbyj
udgesagai
nstt
hecr
ownasmonar
chbutr
ather
asexecut
ive,
hencei
fal
i
tigantcompl
ainsofabr
eachoft
hel
aw,
hecanbr
inganact
ionagai
nstt
hecr
ownas
execut
ivebysui
ngt
hepar
ti
cul
armi
nist
eri
nhi
sof
fi
cial
posi
ti
on.Ther
efor
e,i
njunct
ionscanbegr
ant
ed
agai
nstt
heSecr
etar
yforHomeAf
fai
rsi
nhi
sof
fi
ci
alcapaci
tyf
orgoi
ngcont
rar
ytot
hel
aw.

CASE:Ri
dgev.Bal
dwi
n[1964]A.
C.40.
FACTS:Theappel
l
ant
,Ri
dgein1956wasappoi
ntedchi
efconst
abl
eoft
heCount
yBor
oughofBr
ight
on.The
appel
l
antandt
woofhi
scol
l
eagueswer
ear
rest
edonanal
l
egat
iont
hatt
heyhadconspi
redt
oobst
ructpubl
i
c
j
ust
iceandwer
etr
iedaf
ter
war
ds.Thewat
chcommi
tt
eebei
ngt
hepol
i
ceaut
hor
it
ydeci
dedt
osuspendhi
m
f
rom hi
sdut
yonOct
ober29,
1957ofwhi
chhewoul
dbegi
vencer
tai
nsuspensi
onal
l
owancesi
naccor
dance
wi
thr
egul
ati
on15.OnFebr
uar
y28t
heappel
l
antwasacqui
tt
edaf
terat
ri
alwhi
chl
ast
edf
or19day
sbuthi
s
t
wocompani
onswer
eimpr
isoned.Agai
n,t
heappel
l
antwaschar
gedwi
thcor
rupt
ionandwasar
rai
gnedf
or
t
ri
alonMar
ch6,
1958.Hewasacqui
tt
edont
hegr
oundsofnoev
idence.Thenextday
,theappel
l
antwas
not
if
iedbyal
ett
erf
rom t
hewat
chcommi
tt
eet
hathehadbeendi
smi
ssedbecausehehadbeennegl
i
genti
n
execut
inghi
sdut
ies.

HELD:PerLor
dRei
d;Adeci
siongi
venwi
thoutr
egar
dtot
hepr
inci
plesofnat
ural
just
icei
svoi
d.Thebody
wi
tht
hepowert
odeci
decannotpr
oceedt
odeci
dewi
thoutaf
for
dingt
heoppor
tuni
tyt
ost
atehi
scase.

CASE:LakerAi
rwaysLtd.v
.Dept.ofTr
ade[
1977]2Al
lE.
R.182.
FACTS:Theplai
nti
ff,anair
li
necompanyownerwant
edtostar
tanew ai
rser
viceacr
osst
heAt
lant
icf
rom
Engl
andt
otheUni
tedSt
ates.I
nor
dert
oembar
kont
hepr
oject(
skyt
rai
n),hehadt
oseekper
missi
onf
rom
t
heaut
hor
it
iesi
nEngl
andandt
heUni
tedSt
ates.Hewasgi
vent
henodi
ntheUKbuti
ntheUS,
hewasgi
ven
j
ustaper
mitt
obeappr
ovedbyt
hePr
esi
dent
.Inant
ici
pat
ionoft
hepr
esi
dent
’sconsent
,hei
ncur
redcosti
n
buy
ingt
heai
rcr
aftandt
rai
ningper
sonnel
.Howev
erhi
sper
mitwasannul
l
edbyt
hegov
ernmentoft
heUK.
TheSecr
etar
yofSt
atei
ssuedf
ort
hest
oppageoft
heser
vicebyt
hei
ssui
ngofawhi
tepaperwi
thspeci
fi
c
i
nst
ruct
ions.Hebr
oughtanact
ional
l
egi
ngt
hatt
hesecr
etar
yhadnor
ightt
oannulhi
sper
mit
.Thei
ssuewas
whet
hert
her
esi
gnat
ionoft
heper
mitwasdonei
naccor
dancewi
tht
hel
aw.

HELD:TheSecr
etar
yofSt
atedi
dnotf
oll
owt
her
ulesf
ort
her
evocat
ionoft
heper
mitaccor
dingsect
ion4of
t
he1971Act
.Thus,heact
edaccor
dingt
ohi
sownwhi
m andcapr
iceandwi
thoutgi
vi
ngt
hepl
aint
if
fthe
chancet
oexpr
esst
hei
rvi
ews.Hewasmi
sdi
rect
edandi
fadi
scr
eti
onar
ypoweri
sexer
cisedundert
he
i
nfl
uenceofmi
sdi
rect
ion,
iti
snotpr
oper
lyexer
cisedandt
hecour
tcansayso.

CASE:Capt
anv.A.G 2G&G482
FACTS:OmarI
brahi
m Capt
anaLebaneseci
ti
zenr
esi
dingi
nAccr
aappl
i
edf
ornat
ural
i
zat
ioni
nJul
y1968,
the
appl
i
cat
ionwasr
ecei
vedbyt
hei
nter
iormi
nist
eron23Jul
y1968.I
nSept
ember1969,
thepr
inci
palsecr
etar
y
t
othemi
nist
err
ecei
vedal
ett
erf
rom t
heNLCt
hatt
heappl
i
cat
ionhadbeenappr
oved.Themi
nist
ryofi
nter
ior
sental
ett
ert
othepl
aint
if
fexhi
bitB.aski
nghi
mtocompl
etet
heat
tachedf
orms(
oat
hofal
l
egi
ance)and
compl
etet
hepay
mentoff
ort
ynew cedi
sbei
ngnat
ural
i
zat
ionf
ee.Capt
anwashowev
ert
opr
oducea
cer
ti
fi
cat
eofnat
ural
i
zat
ioni
ssuedunderapr
esi
dent
ialdecr
eef
rom t
hegov
ernmentofLebanonper
mit
ti
ng
hi
mtoacqui
reGhanai
anci
ti
zenshi
p.Andt
hati
twasonl
ywhenacer
ti
fi
cat
eofnat
ural
i
zat
ionhasbeen
i
ssuedt
hatt
hepl
aint
if
fcanbecomeaci
ti
zenofGhana.Thel
ett
erwasdat
ed1Sept
ember1969.Ont
he
sameday
,thepl
aint
if
fswor
eanoat
handwasi
ssuedwi
thar
ecei
pt.Thef
eeshowedi
nther
ecei
ptwasf
or
t
henat
ural
i
zat
ioncer
ti
fi
cat
e.Ont
hesameday
,thepl
aint
if
frecei
vedal
ett
erf
rom t
heLebaneseembassy
si
gnedbyt
heambassadorandst
ampedwi
tht
hesealofLebanon.Hel
ateri
ndi
cat
edt
hatt
hepl
aint
if
fwas
aut
hor
izedt
orenouncehi
sLebanesepasspor
tandacqui
reaGhanai
anci
ti
zenshi
p.Thepr
inci
plesecr
etar
y
r
efusedt
oissuet
hecer
ti
fi
cat
eofnat
ural
i
zat
ionwhi
chr
emai
nedont
hef
il
eoft
hepl
aint
if
fatt
hei
nter
ior
mi
nist
ryont
hegr
oundst
hatt
her
ewasnopr
esi
dent
ialdecr
ee.On18Sept
ember
,1969,
thepl
aint
if
frecei
ved
al
ett
ersi
gnedbyt
hei
nter
iormi
nist
ert
hathi
sper
mithadbeenwi
thdr
awnandt
hatheshoul
dleav
eGhana
wi
thi
n24hour
swhi
chexpi
redby6pm.

HELD:Aci
ti
zenandanal
i
enwi
thar
esi
denceper
mitdonothav
eequalr
ight
s.Ani
ndependentsov
erei
gn
St
atehast
hepoweri
nher
enti
nsov
erei
gnt
ytodeci
dewhatf
orei
gnnat
ional
stoadmi
tini
tscommuni
ty,
what
condi
ti
onst
oimposeonsuchadmi
ssi
onandt
oexpelatanyt
imeanyal
i
enadmi
tt
edi
ntor
esi
dence.ASt
ate
cannotbehel
dtohav
edi
vest
edi
tsel
fofanyofi
tssov
erei
gnpower
ssav
ebyexpr
esspr
ovi
siont
othatef
fect
andwher
esuchpr
ovi
si
onsexi
st,
thecour
tsoft
hest
atewi
l
lbeboundt
ogi
veef
fect
.

CASE:I
nReAkoto(
1961)SCGLR579
FACTS:Anor
dermadebytheGover
nor-
Gener
alandsi
gnedonhi
sbehal
fbyt
heMi
nist
erofI
nter
iorcaused
t
heAppel
l
ant
s,Baf
fourAkot
oandsev
enot
her
stobear
rest
edont
he10t
h and11t
hofNov
ember
,1959on
t
hegr
oundt
hat
,theywer
eengagi
ngi
nact
ionsdanger
oust
othesecur
it
yoft
heSt
ate.Thi
sor
derwasmade
undersect
ion2oft
hePr
event
iveDet
ent
ionAct1958.

HELD:ThePr
event
iveDet
ent
ionActunderwhi
cht
heappel
l
ant
sar
edet
ainedv
est
spl
enar
ydi
scr
eti
oni
nthe
Gov
ernor
-Gener
al,(
now t
hePr
esi
dent
),i
fsat
isf
ied t
hatsuchor
deri
snecessar
y.Thecour
tcoul
d not
t
her
efor
eenqui
rei
ntot
het
rut
hoft
hef
act
ssetf
ort
hint
hegr
oundsonwhi
cheachappel
l
anthasbeen
det
ained.ThePr
esi
dentt
her
efor
ehadev
eryr
ightt
odet
aint
hem ashepl
easesandt
hecour
tcoul
dnot
enqui
rei
ntot
hatasaccor
dingt
otheP.
D.A.

CASE:Agyei
Twum v.A.
G[2005-2006]SCGLR732
FACTS:Theseconddef
endantwhoisal awy
erandaci
ti
zenofGhanasentapet
it
iont
othePr
esi
dentwi
tha
copyt
otheChi
efJust
ice.Fur
thercopi
eswer
eal
sosentt
otheSecr
etar
yoft
heGhanaBarAssoci
ati
on,The
At
tor
ney
-Gener
alandt
heJudi
cialSecr
etar
y.Thepet
it
ionsoughtt
her
emov
aloft
heChi
efJust
iceont
he
gr
oundsofj
udi
ci
almi
sconductandabuseofpower
.InMar
ch2006,
thePr
esi
dent
’sPr
essSecr
etar
yissueda
publ
i
cst
atementt
hati
ncompl
i
ancewi
thAr
ti
cle146oft
heConst
it
uti
on,t
hePr
esi
dentwasset
ti
ngupa
Commi
tt
eet
oinqui
rei
ntot
hepet
it
ion.Thepl
aint
if
fcompl
ainst
hatt
heappoi
ntmentofaCommi
tt
eebyt
he
Pr
esi
dentt
oinqui
rei
ntot
hepet
it
ioni
sunwar
rant
edandunconst
it
uti
onal
.
HELD:PerDr
.Dat
e-Bah,J.
S.C;Ther
eismi
schi
efi
nthel
i
ter
ali
nter
pret
ati
onofAr
ti
cle146.Thi
sisbecause
146(
10)
(a)aut
hor
izest
hePr
esi
dental
bei
tont
headv
iceoft
heCounci
lofSt
ate,
tosuspendt
heChi
efJust
ice
whi
l
stapet
it
ionf
orhi
sremov
ali
sbei
ngconsi
der
edbyaCommi
tt
eeappoi
ntedbyhi
m underAr
ti
cle146(
6).
Ther
eist
husscopef
ort
heExecut
iveorot
her
stoi
nit
iat
efr
ivol
ousandv
exat
iouspet
it
ionsagai
nstt
heChi
ef
Just
icer
esul
ti
ng,
accor
dingl
ythel
i
ter
alr
eadi
ng,
tot
heest
abl
i
shmentofaCommi
tt
eet
oconsi
dert
hepet
it
ion
andt
heempower
mentoft
hePr
esi
dentt
osuspendt
heChi
efJust
icef
rom hi
sfunct
ions.Scenar
ioi
sdeepl
y
subv
ersi
veoft
hebal
anceofpowert
hati
tent
renches.I
tis,ofcour
se,al
soi
nimi
calt
othei
ndependenceof
t
hej
udi
ciar
y.

SECTI
ON8-JUDI
CIALREVI
EW
Judi
ci
alr
evi
ewcanbei
nrespectoful
tr
avi
resact
s(act
sdonei
nexcessoft
hepowergr
ant
edt
oabodyby
l
aw)ori
ntr
avi
resact
s(act
sdonewi
thi
nthegr
ant
edpowerbutar
eunr
easonabl
eorcont
rar
ytonat
ural
j
ust
ice)
.

Bl
ackburnvAttor
ney-
Gener
al –Engl
ishPosit
ioninrel
ati
ontotheCrown
Theplai
nti
ffbr
oughtt
woactionsagainstt
heAttorneyGener
alseeki
ngdecl
arat
ionst
otheef
fectt
haton
ent
ryi
ntot
heCommonMar
ket
,si
gnat
ureoft
heTr
eat
yofRomebyHerMaj
est
y'
sgov
ernmentwoul
dbei
n
br
eachoft
hel
awbecauset
hegov
ernmentwoul
dther
ebybesur
render
ingi
npar
tthesov
erei
gnt
yoft
he
Cr
owni
nPar
li
amentf
orev
er.Noagr
eementhady
etbeenr
eachedt
osi
gnt
het
reat
ybuti
twasaccept
edby
t
hecour
tthatsi
gnat
ureoft
het
reat
ywoul
dbei
rr
ever
sibl
eandwoul
dli
mitt
hesov
erei
gnt
yoft
heUni
ted
Ki
ngdom.Fur
ther
,itwasassumedbyt
hecour
tthatonsi
gni
ngt
het
reat
ymanyr
egul
ati
onsmadebyt
he
Eur
opeanEconomi
cCommuni
tywoul
daut
omat
ical
l
ybecomebi
ndi
ngont
heUni
tedKi
ngdom,
andt
hatt
he
cour
tswoul
dhav
etof
oll
owdeci
sionsoft
heEur
opeanCour
tincer
tai
ndef
inedr
espect
ssuchast
he
const
ruct
ionoft
het
reat
y.Thepl
aint
if
fappeal
edf
rom or
der
sst
ri
ki
ngouthi
sst
atement
sofcl
aim and
di
smi
ssi
ngt
heact
ionsasshowi
ngnor
easonabl
ecauseofact
ion.

Hel
d-Thest
atement
sofcl
aim di
scl
osednocauseofact
ionandt
heappeal
swoul
dbedi
smi
ssedbecause—
1.Thet
reat
y-maki
ngpoweroft
hiscount
ryr
est
edi
ntheCr
own,
act
ingont
headv
iceofi
tsMi
nist
ers;
andi
n
negot
iat
ingandsi
gni
ngat
reat
y,ev
enat
reat
yofsuchi
mpor
tanceast
heTr
eat
yofRome,
HerMaj
est
y'
s
Mi
nist
erswoul
dbeexer
cisi
ngt
hepr
erogat
iveoft
heCr
ownandt
hei
ract
ionsi
nsodoi
ngcoul
dnotbe
chal
l
engedorquest
ionedi
nthecour
ts

2.Al
thoughi
nlegal
theor
ynoPar
li
amentcoul
dbi
ndi
tssuccessor
,thequest
ionwhet
her
,ifPar
li
ament
wer
etopassanActi
mpl
ement
ingt
heTr
eat
yofRome(
whi
choncesi
gnedwasi
rr
evocabl
e),
asubsequent
Par
li
amentcoul
drev
erset
hepr
evi
ousPar
li
ament
'senact
ment
,shoul
dnotbepr
onouncedonunt
ilt
hatev
ent
happenedf
or(
perSal
monLJ)t
hesol
epoweroft
hecour
tswast
odeci
deandenf
orcewhatwast
hel
awand
notwhati
tshoul
dbenowori
nthef
utur
e;and(
perSt
ampLJ)i
twasnopar
toft
heCour
t'
sfunct
iont
omake
decl
arat
ionsi
ngener
alt
ermsr
egar
dingt
hepower
sofPar
li
ament
,par
ti
cul
arl
ywher
etheci
rcumst
ancesi
n
whi
cht
hecour
twasaskedt
oint
erv
enewer
ehy
pot
het
ical
.

PerLor
dDenni
ngMR:
“Thegener
alpr
inci
pleappl
i
est
othi
str
eat
yast
oanyot
her
.Thet
reat
y-maki
ngpower
oft
hiscount
ryr
est
snoti
nthecour
ts,
buti
ntheCr
own;
thati
s,HerMaj
est
yact
ingont
headv
iceofher
Mi
nist
ers.WhenherMi
nist
ersnegot
iat
eandsi
gnat
reat
y,ev
enat
reat
yofsuchpar
amounti
mpor
tanceas
t
hispr
oposedone,
theyactonbehal
foft
hecount
ryasawhol
e.Theyexer
ciset
hepr
erogat
iveoft
heCr
own.
Thei
ract
ioni
nsodoi
ngcannotbechal
l
engedorquest
ionedi
nthesecour
ts.
”

Marbur
yvMadison
Acommi ssi
onf
orWil
l
iam Mar
bur
yasaj
ust
iceofpeacef
ort
hecount
yofWashi
ngt
onwassi
gnedbyJohn
Adams,
thenpr
esi
dentoft
heUni
tedSt
ates;
aft
erwhi
cht
heseal
oft
heUni
tedSt
ateswasaf
fi
xedt
oit
;butt
he
commi
ssi
onnev
err
eachedMar
bur
y.Mar
bur
yappl
i
edt
otheSupr
emeCour
tforamandamust
ocompel
Madi
son,
thenSecr
etar
yofSt
ate,
todel
i
vert
hemandamus.

HELD:
TheActt
hatgav
etheSupr
emeCour
tthepowert
ogr
antt
hemandamuswasnotconst
it
uti
onal
.
Ther
efor
e,t
heSupr
emeCour
tcoul
dnoti
ssueamandamus,
event
houghMar
bur
ywasent
it
ledt
oit
.

PerMar
shal
lCJ:
Ifanactoft
hel
egi
slat
ure,
repugnantt
otheconst
it
uti
on,
isv
oid,
doesi
t,not
wit
hst
andi
ngi
ts
i
nval
i
dit
y,bi
ndt
hecour
tsandobl
i
get
hem t
ogi
vei
tef
fect
?Or
,inot
herwor
ds,
thoughi
tbenotl
aw,
doesi
t
const
it
utear
uleasoper
ati
veasi
fitwasal
aw?Thi
swoul
dbet
oov
ert
hrowi
nfactwhatwasest
abl
i
shedi
n
t
heor
y;andwoul
dseem,
atf
ir
stv
iew,
anabsur
dit
ytoogr
osst
obei
nsi
stedon…Soi
fal
awbei
nopposi
ti
ont
o
t
heconst
it
uti
on:
ifbot
hthel
awandt
heconst
it
uti
onappl
ytoapar
ti
cul
arcase,
sot
hatt
hecour
tmustei
ther
deci
det
hatcaseconf
ormabl
ytot
hel
aw,
disr
egar
dingt
heconst
it
uti
on;
orconf
ormabl
ytot
heconst
it
uti
on,
di
sregar
dingt
hel
aw:
thecour
tmustdet
ermi
newhi
choft
heseconf
li
cti
ngr
ulesgov
ernst
hecase.Thi
sisof
t
hev
eryessenceofj
udi
cial
dut
y.

Counci
lofCivi
lSer
v i
ceUni
onsvMi ni
sterf
ort
heCi
vi
lSer
vice
TheSecret
aryofStatef
orFor
eignandCommonwealt
hAffai
rsannouncedi
ntheHouseofCommonst
hatt
he
Gov
ernmenthaddeci
dedt
oint
roducewi
thi
mmedi
ateef
fectnewcondi
ti
onsofser
vicef
orst
affatGCHQ,
the
ef
fectofwhi
chwast
hatt
heywoul
dnol
ongerbeper
mit
tedt
obel
ongt
onat
ional
tradeuni
onsbutwoul
dbe
per
mit
tedt
obel
ongonl
ytoadepar
tment
alst
affassoci
ati
onappr
ovedbyt
hedi
rect
orofGCHQ.The
appel
l
ant
smai
ntai
nedt
hatt
hedeci
sionwasi
nval
i
dbecauset
her
ewasapr
ocedur
alobl
i
gat
ionont
he
r
espondentt
oactf
air
lybyconsul
ti
ngt
heper
sonsconcer
nedbef
oreexer
cisi
ngherpowerunderar
ti
cle4of
t
heOr
deri
nCounci
l
,andt
heyf
ail
edt
odoso.Oneoft
hei
ssueswaswhet
herornott
hecour
tcoul
drev
iew
t
hedeci
sionoft
heSecr
etar
yofSt
ate.

HELD:
Thedeci
sion-
maki
ngpr
ocessi
nthi
scasewoul
dhav
ebeenunf
airi
fnoquest
ionofnat
ional
secur
it
y
ar
ose.

PerLor
dDi
plock:
“Toqual
i
fyasasubj
ectf
orj
udi
ci
alr
evi
ewt
hedeci
sionmusthav
econsequenceswhi
ch
af
fectsomeper
son(
orbodyofper
sons)ot
hert
hant
hedeci
sion-
maker
,al
thoughi
tmayaf
fecthi
mtoo.I
t
mustaf
fectsuchot
herper
sonei
ther
:
(
a)byal
ter
ingr
ight
sorobl
i
gat
ionsoft
hatper
sonwhi
char
eenf
orceabl
ebyoragai
nsthi
minpr
ivat
elaw;
or
(
b)bydepr
ivi
nghi
m ofsomebenef
itoradv
ant
age…
Foradeci
siont
obesuscept
ibl
etoj
udi
cial
rev
iewt
hedeci
sion-
makermustbeempower
edbypubl
i
claw(
and
notmer
ely
,asi
nar
bit
rat
ion,
byagr
eementbet
weenpr
ivat
epar
ti
es)t
omakedeci
sionst
hat
,ifv
ali
dlymade,
wi
l
lleadt
oadmi
nist
rat
iveact
ionorabst
ent
ionf
rom act
ionbyanaut
hor
it
yendowedbyl
awwi
thexecut
ive
power
s…”

Tuf
fuorvAttorney
-General
Theplai
nti
fffi
l
edawr itagai
nstt
heSpeakerofPar
li
amentandt
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
albef
oret
heCour
tof
Appeal
sit
ti
ngast
heSupr
emeCour
tundersect
ion3oft
heFi
rstSchedul
etot
heConst
it
uti
on,
1979,
fora
decl
arat
iont
hat
:(i
)ont
hecomi
ngi
ntof
orceoft
heConst
it
uti
on,
theHon.Mr
.Just
iceApal
oowasdeemedt
o
hav
ebeenappoi
ntedChi
efJust
iceandassuchbecamepr
esi
dentandamemberoft
heSupr
emeCour
t;(
ii
)
t
hepur
por
tedv
ett
ingandr
eject
ionofJust
iceApal
oobyPar
li
amentwer
eincont
rav
ent
ionoft
heConst
it
uti
on:
(
ii
i)Just
iceApal
oor
emai
nedChi
efJust
iceandt
her
ebypr
esi
dentoft
heSupr
emeCour
t.Att
hehear
ing,
the
At
tor
ney
-Gener
alr
aisedpr
eli
minar
yobj
ect
ionsast
othej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hecour
t,t
hecapaci
tyoft
hepl
aint
if
f
andt
hecompet
encyoft
heSpeakerast
hef
ir
stdef
endant
.

HELD(
regar
dingcapaci
tyoft
hepl
aint
if
f):
Whet
herornotJust
iceApal
oowast
heChi
efJust
icewasnota
pr
ivat
eri
ght
.Thei
nter
estoft
hepl
aint
if
fwasaconst
it
uti
onal
rightexer
cisabl
ebyal
lci
ti
zensofGhanaby
v
irt
ueofar
ti
cle1oft
heConst
it
uti
on.Andt
hepl
aint
if
funderar
ti
cle1,
neednothav
eanycommuni
tyof
i
nter
estwi
thanyper
sonoraut
hor
it
y.Hi
scommuni
tyofi
nter
estwaswi
tht
heConst
it
uti
on.

NewPatri
oti
cPar
tyvAttor
ney
-Gener
al(
CIBAcase)
Thepl
aint
if
f,i
nanact
ionagai
nstt
heAtt
orney
-Gener
al,
inv
okedt
heor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
onoft
heSupr
emeCour
t
underar
ti
cle2(
1)and130oft
he1992Const
it
uti
onf
oradecl
arat
iont
hatt
heCounci
lofI
ndi
genousBusi
ness
Associ
ati
onsLaw,
1993(
PNDCL312)wasi
nconsi
stentwi
thandacont
rav
ent
ionofar
ti
cles21(
1)(
e),
35(
1)and37(
2)(
a)and(
3)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
onandconsequent
lyv
oid.TheAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al,
howev
er,
r
aisedapr
eli
minar
yobj
ect
iont
otheact
ionont
hegr
oundst
hat(
a)onl
yanat
ural
per
soncoul
dbr
ingan
act
ionunderar
ti
cl
e2(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on;
and(
b)ar
ti
cles35(
1)and37(
2)(
a)and(
3)whi
chwer
epar
toft
he
pr
ovi
si
onsoft
heDi
rect
ivePr
inci
plesofSt
atePol
i
cyunderchapt
er6oft
he1992Const
it
uti
onwer
enot
j
ust
ici
abl
e.

HELD,perBamf
ord-
AddoJSC(
regar
dingcapaci
ty)
:“Thepl
aint
if
fhadcapaci
tyt
obr
ingt
heact
ionbecause
underar
ti
cl
es3(
4)(
a)and41(
b)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,i
twast
hedut
yofev
eryci
ti
zenbot
hnat
uralandl
egalt
o
def
endanduphol
dtheConst
it
uti
ont
hrought
heenf
orcementpr
ocedur
eunderar
ti
cle2(
1).
”

JamesDomfehvAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al
Fol
lowi
ngt
hedeci
si
onofthegov
ernmentt
oal
l
ocat
epubl
i
clandsf
ort
heconst
ruct
ionoft
heGhanaNat
ional
Cat
hedr
alt
oser
veasGhana’
smot
herchur
ch,
thepl
aint
if
fbr
oughtanact
ionbef
oret
heSupr
emeCour
t
seeki i
ng,nt
eral
i
a,adecl
arat
iont
hatt
heaf
orement
ioneddeci
sionwasunconst
it
uti
onal
.

HELD:
TheConst
it
uti
ondoesnotspeci
fi
cal
l
ypr
ohi
bitt
heGov
ernmentf
rom suppor
ti
ng,
assi
sti
ng,
orco-
oper
ati
ngwi
thr
eli
giousgr
oups.Whatt
heConst
it
uti
onpr
ohi
bit
sishi
nder
anceoff
reedom ofwor
shi
pand
bel
i
ef,
anddi
scr
imi
nat
ionbasedonr
eli
gion.Theact
soft
heGov
ernmentcompl
ainedaboutbyt
hepl
aint
if
f
di
dnotdot
his,
andt
her
efor
ewer
econst
it
uti
onal
.

PerAdi
nyi
raJSC(
quot
ingWi
reduJSCi
nNat
ional
Democr
ati
cCongr
essvEl
ect
oral
Comi
ssi
on)
:“Wher
ean
actoromi
ssi
onofanyper
soni
schal
l
engedunderar
ti
cle2oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
suchanactmustbeshown
t
ohav
etakenpl
ace,
andi
tmustbeshownt
hatsuchactf
all
sfoul
ofaspeci
fi
cpr
ovi
sionoft
heConst
it
uti
on,
oratt
hev
eryl
east
,thespi
ri
tofanact
ual
prov
isi
on.
”

Cent
erf
orJuv
eni
leDeli
nquencyvGhanaRevenueAuthori
tyandAttor
ney-
General
TheRev
enueAdmini
str
ati
onAct(Act915)waspassedin2016.Secti
on10requir
edt
heCommi
ssi
oner
-
Gener
alt
omai
ntai
nasy
stem ofTaxpay
eri
dent
if
icat
ionnumber
;andTaxcl
ear
ancecer
ti
fi
cat
esf
ort
he
pur
poseofi
dent
if
icat
ionoft
axpay
ersandpr
omot
ingt
axcompl
i
ance.Par
agr
aph1(
9)oft
heFi
rstSchedul
e
pr
ovi
dedt
hatt
hesy
stem appl
i
edt
othecour
ts.Par
agr
aphs2(
8)and(
9)wer
etot
heef
fectt
hataper
son
coul
dnotf
il
eacasewi
tht
hecour
tsnort
ransactbusi
nesswi
tht
hem unl
esst
hatper
sonquot
edhi
s/her
Tax
pay
erI
dent
if
icat
ionNumber
.

Thepl
aint
if
fsbr
oughtanact
ionseeki
ngf
ori
,nt
eral
i
a,adecl
arat
iont
hatpar
agr
aphs1(
9),
2(8)and2(
9)oft
he
Fi
rstSchedul
eofAct915wer
eincont
rav
ent
ionofandi
nconsi
stentwi
tht
hespi
ri
toft
heConst
it
uti
oni
n
t
ermsofar
ti
cles2(
1),
33(
1),
48(
2),
130(
1),
132,
133(
1),
135,
137(
1),
140,
273(
1),
273(
5)and280oft
he1992
Const
it
uti
onwhi
chguar
ant
eeaper
son’
sri
ghtofaccesst
ocour
thencenul
l
,voi
dandunenf
orceabl
e.

HELD:
Par
agr
aphs1(
9),
2(8)and2(
9)wer
eunconst
it
uti
onal
andi
ncont
rav
ent
ionoft
hel
ett
erandspi
ri
tof
ar
ti
cles2(
1)130,
33(
1),
48(
2),
132,
133(
1),
135,
137(
1),
140,
273(
1),
273(
5)and280oft
he1992Const
it
uti
on.

PerAdi
nyi
raJSC:
“Twocar
dinal
pri
nci
plesgui
dingt
hej
udi
cial
rev
iewofl
egi
slat
ioni
sfi
rst
ly,
thepr
esumpt
ion
t
hatev
eryenact
mentbyt
hel
egi
slat
ori
spr
esumedt
obev
ali
dorconst
it
uti
onal
unt
ilt
hecont
rar
yispr
oven
andsecondl
ythepr
inci
pleofsev
erabi
l
ityofi
mpugnedl
egi
slat
ion;
thati
sthepoweroft
hisCour
ttost
ri
ke
downof
fendi
ngpar
tsofl
egi
slat
ionl
eav
ingt
heot
herpar
tunaf
fect
ed.
”

AbuRamadanandAnorvt
heElector
alCommissi
onandAt
tor
ney-
General(
2016)
Fol
l
owingt
hedecisi
onoft
heSupremeCourti
nAbuRamadanvtheElector
alCommi
ssi
onandAnor
,wher
eit
washel
dthatt
heuseofNat
ional
Heal
thI
nsur
anceCar
dsf
orr
egi
str
ati
onwasdecl
aredunconst
it
uti
onal
,the
namesofper
sonswhousedsuchcar
dsst
il
lremai
nedi
nther
egi
ster
.Thepl
aint
if
fst
her
efor
ebr
oughtan
act
ionseeki i
ng,nt
eral
i
a,adecl
arat
iont
hatt
her
egi
sterofv
oter
satt
het
imewasnotcr
edi
bleandaccur
ate
enoughandwast
her
efor
einv
iol
ati
onofar
ti
cle45(
a)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
on.

HELD:
Alt
hought
hepr
esenceoft
henamesofi
nel
i
gibl
eanddeceasedper
sonsont
her
egi
sterofv
oter
s
r
ender
ssamenei
therr
easonabl
yaccur
atenorcr
edi
ble,
ther
egi
steri
snott
her
ebyr
ender
edi
nconsi
stentwi
th
ar
ti
cle45(
a)oft
heconst
it
uti
on.

PerGbadegbeJSC:
“Theessenceoft
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onconf
err
edonusundert
hesai
dar
ti
clesi
stoenabl
eus
i
nter
venei
nappr
opr
iat
einst
ancest
odecl
areandenf
orcet
hel
awr
egar
dingt
heext
entandexer
ciseofpower
byanyper
sonoraut
hor
it
y.Al
thought
hesai
dconst
it
uti
onal
prov
isi
onshav
enotusedt
hewor
ds“
judi
cial
r
evi
ew”
,thei
rcumul
ati
veef
fecti
stoconf
eronust
hej
uri
sdi
cti
ont
odecl
arewhatt
hel
awi
sandt
ogi
veef
fect
t
oitasanessent
ial
componentoft
her
uleofl
aw…I
tisobser
vedt
hati
ntheexer
ciseoft
hecour
t’
sor
igi
nal
j
uri
sdi
cti
on,
iti
snotper
missi
blef
ort
hecour
ttosubst
it
utei
tsowndeci
sionf
ort
hatoft
hebodyorper
sons
exer
cisi
ngadi
scr
eti
onconf
err
edoni
tbyt
heconst
it
uti
on…Thecour
t’
sfunct
ioni
stosetl
i
mit
sont
he
exer
ciseoft
hedi
scr
eti
on,
whi
chbyt
heconst
it
uti
onhasbeenv
est
edi
nani
nst
it
uti
onorbodyofper
sons,
and
adeci
sionmadewi
thi
ntheseboundar
iescannotbei
mpugned.
”

NewPatr
iot
icPart
yvAt t
orney-Gener
al31stDecember
( )–Poli
ti
calQuest
ions
ThePr
ovi
sional
NationalDefenceCounci
ldeclar
ed31Decemberastat
utorypubl
i
chol
i
day
.Accor
dingl
y,
eachy
eart
heanni
ver
sar
yoft
hecoupwascel
ebr
ated,
int
eral
i
a,byper
sonnel
oft
hesecur
it
yfor
ceswi
th
mi
l
itar
ypar
ades,
rout
emar
chesandcar
niv
alst
hroughoutt
hecount
ry.Theseact
ivi
ti
eswer
efi
nancedwi
th
publ
i
cfunds.On7Januar
y1993,
ther
eignoft
hePNDCcamet
oanendwi
tht
heassumpt
ionofpowerbya
ci
vi
li
angov
ernmentwhi
chhadbeenel
ect
edi
ntoof
fi
ceundert
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.Whenon19December
1993,
thegov
ernmentannouncedt
hat31December1993woul
dbeapubl
i
chol
i
dayandshoul
dbe
cel
ebr
atedandobser
vedassuch,
thepl
aint
if
f,oneoft
her
egi
ster
edpol
i
tical
par
ti
esi
nthecount
ry,
clai
ming
t
hatt
hecel
ebr
ati
onwoul
dbeunconst
it
uti
onal
,br
oughtanact
ionunderar
ti
cle2(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on1992
agai
nstt
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alf
oradecl
arat
iont
hatt
hepubl
i
ccel
ebr
ati
onoft
hecoupd'
etatof31December
outofpubl
i
cfundswasi
nconsi
stentwi
thori
ncont
rav
ent
ionoft
hel
ett
erandspi
ri
toft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992
par
ti
cul
arl
yar
ti
cles3(
3)-
(7)
,35(
1)and41(
f)andanor
dercompel
l
ingt
hegov
ernmentt
ocancel
the
pr
epar
ati
onsf
ort
hecel
ebr
ati
onandr
efr
ainf
rom car
ryi
ngoutt
he[
p.37]cel
ebr
ati
onwi
thpubl
i
cfunds.The
def
endantobj
ect
edt
othej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heSupr
emeCour
ttoent
ert
aint
heact
ionont
hegr
oundt
hat
,int
er
al
i
athequest
ionwhet
her31Decembershoul
dbecel
ebr
atedwasapol
i
tical
quest
ionwhi
chshoul
dbe
r
eser
vedt
otheexecut
iveorPar
li
amentt
odeci
de.

HELD:
Thedoct
ri
neof"
pol
i
tical
quest
ion"wasi
nappl
i
cabl
einGhanasi
nceunderar
ti
cles1,
2and130oft
he
Const
it
uti
on,
1992i
ssuesofconst
it
uti
onal
int
erpr
etat
ionwer
ejust
ici
abl
ebyt
heSupr
emeCour
t.Besi
des,
ev
ent
houghquest
ionsofhumanr
ight
sinv
ari
abl
yhadl
argecomponent
sofpol
i
tical
issues,
yetunderar
ti
cle
33oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992t
hosequest
ionswer
ereser
vedi
nthef
ir
sti
nst
ancet
otheHi
ghCour
t.

PerAdadeJSC:
“Theconcl
usi
oni
sinescapabl
e,t
hati
nthi
scount
rywehav
enodoct
ri
neof"
pol
i
tical
quest
ion"suchasexi
stsi
ntheUni
tedSt
ates.Whatwehav
eisawr
it
tenConst
it
uti
on,
1992t
obei
nter
pret
ed
andenf
orced,
wit
hther
esul
tthati
nGhana,
cour
tsandt
ri
bunal
smuchl
oweri
nthehi
erar
chy
,thant
he
Supr
emeCour
tmayl
awf
ull
ydeci
decaseswhi
chmayi
nvol
ve"
pol
i
tical
quest
ions…i
tmustbeunder
stood
t
hatt
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992i
tsel
fisessent
ial
l
yapol
i
tical
document
.Al
mostev
erymat
terofi
nter
pret
ati
onor
enf
orcementwhi
chmayar
isef
rom i
tisboundt
obepol
i
tical
,oratl
east
,tohav
eapol
i
tical
dimensi
on.
"

J.
H.MensahvAttor
ney-
Gener
al–Pol
it
ical
Questi
ons
Af
terPr
esi
dentRawli
ngswasswor
nint
oof f
icef
orasecondt
erm,
itwasannouncedt
hathewasr
etai
ning
someoft
hemi
nist
ersf
rom hi
sfi
rstt
erm.I
twasal
soannouncedt
hatsi
ncet
heyhadal
readybeenappr
oved
byt
hepr
evi
ousPar
li
ament
,theywoul
dnotneedpr
iorappr
oval
byt
henewPar
li
ament
.Thepl
aint
if
fbr
ought
anact
ionf
oradecl
arat
iont
hat
,int
eral
i
a,1.Ont
hepr
operi
nter
pret
ati
onoft
her
elev
antpr
ovi
sionsoft
he
1992Const
it
uti
on,
noper
soncoul
dactasami
nist
erwi
thoutt
hepr
iorappr
oval
ofPar
li
amentev
eni
fthey
hadbeenappr
ovedbyt
hepr
evi
ousPar
li
ament
.2.Pr
iorappr
oval
meantconsi
der
ati
onandv
ett
ingofeach
nomi
nee.
TheAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alsoughtt
orel
yont
hedoct
ri
neofpol
i
tical
quest
ionst
oar
guet
hatt
hecour
tcoul
dnot
quest
iont
hepr
ocessbywhi
chPar
li
amentexer
cisedi
tssov
erei
gnpower
s.

HELD:
Thecumul
ati
veef
fectofar
ti
cle2(
2)-
empower
ingt
heSupr
emeCour
ttomakeor
der
sorgi
ve
di
rect
ionst
osecur
etheenf
orcementoft
hedecl
arat
ionsmadei
nar
ti
cle2(
1).Accor
dingl
y,t
heSupr
eme
Cour
tcoul
dnotr
elyonanyj
udi
cial
sel
f-
rest
rai
ntdoct
ri
nesuchast
he"
pol
i
tical
quest
iondoct
ri
ne"t
oref
rai
n
f
rom deci
dingcasesi
nvol
vi
ngt
heconst
it
uti
onal
i
tyorot
her
wiseofal
aworact
ionoromi
ssi
onofany
aut
hor
it
yundert
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.
PerAcquahJSC:
“…i
fbyt
he(
pol
i
tical
quest
ion)doct
ri
ne,
iti
smeantt
hatev
enwher
etheaut
hor
it
yexer
cises
t
hatpoweri
nvi
olat
ionoft
hatconst
it
uti
onal
prov
isi
on,
acour
thasnoj
uri
s¬di
cti
ont
oint
erf
erebecausei
tis
t
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992whi
chal
l
ocat
edt
hatpowert
othataut
hor
it
y,t
henIemphat
ical
l
ydi
sagr
ee.
”

SECTI
ON9-HUMANRI
GHTS
HumanRi
ght
sar
eent
it
lement
s/i
nter
est
spr
ovi
dedf
orbyl
awt
owhi
cht
hecour
tsofast
atewi
l
lenf
orce.

Humanr
ight
sar
eent
it
lement
swhi
char
eduehumanbei
ngsbyv
irt
ueoft
hei
rhumani
ty.

Ty
pesofHumanRi
ght
s
(
A)1.Ci
vi
l/Pol
i
tical
Right
s–Ri
ghtt
oassembl
y,speech,
legal
i
ty,
equal
i
ty,
vot
e,l
i
fe

2.Soci
o-economi
cri
ght
s–Ri
ghtt
ofood,
heal
th,
educat
ion,
housi
ng

(
B)1.1stGener
ati
onal
Right
s–Ci
vi
l/Pol
i
tical
Right
s

2.2ndGener
ati
onal
Right
s–Soci
o-economi
cRi
ght
s

3.3r
dGener
ati
onalRi
ght
s–Ri
ghtt
odev
elopment
,ri
ghtt
oheal
th.The3r
dgener
ati
onalr
ight
sar
e
addedt
othe2ndgener
ati
onal
right
s.

(
C)1.Posi
ti
veRi
ght
s–Soci
o-econoi
micr
ight
s

2.Negat
iveRi
ght
s–Ci
vi
l/Pol
i
tical
right
s

Char
act
eri
sti
csofr
ight
s
 I
nal
i
enabl
e

 Uni
ver
sal

 I
ndi
vi
sibl
e

 I
nter
dependent

 I
nter
rel
ated

Humanr
ight
sissuesar
etobet
reat
edatt
hreel
evel
s:
 I
nter
nat
ional
lev
el-
mechani
sm undert
heumbr
ell
aoft
heuni
tednat
ions

 Regi
onal
arr
angement
s–i
nthecaseofAf
ri
caundert
heAf
ri
canchar
ter

 Domest
icl
evel
-Chapt
erf
iveoft
he1992const
it
uti
on

CASES
Ogoni
case
Fact
s:I
nMar
ch1996,acompl
aintwasl
odgedbyt
wonon-
gov
ernment
alor
gani
sat
ions.Thesewer
ethe
Soci
alandEconomi
cRi
ght
sAct
ionCent
re(
SERAC)
,basedi
nNi
ger
iaandt
heCent
ref
orEconomi
candSoci
al
Ri
ght
s(CESR)i
nNewYor
k.Thecommuni
cat
iondeal
twi
thqui
teanumberofal
l
egedser
ioushumanr
ight
s
v
iol
ati
onsoft
heOgonipeopl
e.Thecompl
aintal
l
egedt
hatt
hemi
l
itar
ygov
ernmentofNi
ger
iahadbeen
di
rect
lyi
nvol
vedi
nir
responsi
bleoi
ldev
elopmentpr
act
icesi
ntheOgonir
egi
on.TheNi
ger
ianNat
ional
Pet
rol
eum Company (
NNPC)
,the St
ate oi
lcompany
,for
med a j
ointv
ent
ure wi
th Shel
lPet
rol
eum
Dev
elopmentCor
por
ati
on (
SPDC)whose act
ivi
ti
esi
nthe Ogonir
egi
on al
l
egdl
ycaused env
ironment
al
degr
adat
ion and heal
th pr
obl
ems among t
he Ogonipeopl
e,r
esul
ti
ng f
rom t
he cont
ami
nat
ion oft
he
env
ironment
.Inpar
ti
cul
ar,
thecompl
aintdenouncedt
hewi
despr
eadcont
ami
nat
ionofsoi
l
,wat
erandai
r;t
he
dest
ruct
ionofhomes;t
hebur
ningofcr
opsandki
l
li
ngoff
arm ani
mal
s;andt
hecl
i
mat
eoft
err
ort
heOgoni
communi
ti
eshadbeensuf
fer
ingof
,inv
iol
ati
onoft
hei
rri
ght
stoheal
th,aheal
thyenv
ironment
,housi
ngand
f
ood.I
nter
msoft
heAf
ri
canChar
ter
,theseal
l
egat
ionsi
ncl
udedv
iol
ati
onsofAr
ti
cles2(
non-
discr
imi
nat
ory
enj
oymentofr
ight
s),
4(r
ightt
oli
fe)
,14(
ri
ghtt
opr
oper
ty)
,16(
ri
ghtt
oheal
th)
,18(
fami
l
yri
ght
s),
21(
ri
ghtof
peopl
est
ofr
eel
ydi
sposeoft
hei
rweal
thandnat
uralr
esour
ces)and24(
ri
ghtofpeopl
est
oasat
isf
act
ory
env
ironment
).The communi
cat
ion f
urt
heral
l
eged t
hatt
he Ni
ger
ian gov
ernmenthad condoned and
f
aci
l
itat
edt
hesev
iol
ati
onsbypl
aci
ngt
hel
egalandmi
l
itar
yfor
cesoft
hest
ateatt
hedi
sposaloft
heoi
l
compani
es.I
naddi
ti
on,
thecompl
ainant
sar
guedt
hatt
heNi
ger
iangov
ernmentnei
thermoni
tor
edoper
ati
ons
oft
heoi
lcompani
esnorr
equi
redsaf
etymeasur
es.Thegov
ernmenthadal
sowi
thhel
dinf
ormat
ionont
he
danger
scr
eat
edbyt
heoi
lact
ivi
ti
esf
rom t
heOgoni
communi
ti
es.

Hel
d:Ther
ightt
oheal
thi
srecogni
sedi
nAr
ti
cle16andi
timpl
i
esconcr
eteobl
i
gat
ionsf
orSt
ates.Ther
ightt
o
agener
alsat
isf
act
oryenv
ironment
,lai
ddowni
nAr
ti
cle24,
incl
udest
her
ightt
oaheal
thyenv
ironment
,whi
ch
meansacl
eanandsaf
eenv
ironment
.Int
hev
iewoft
heCommi
ssi
on,
thesepr
ovi
sionsobl
i
gat
egov
ernment
s
t
odesi
stf
rom di
rect
lyt
hreat
eni
ngt
heheal
thandt
heenv
ironmentoft
hei
rci
ti
zens.I
naddi
ti
on,t
heSt
ate
mustt
akemeasur
est
opr
eventpol
l
uti
onandecol
ogi
caldegr
adat
ion.I
nst
ead,t
heNi
ger
iangov
ernmentwas
act
ivel
yinv
olv
edi
nthepol
l
uti
on,t
hecont
ami
nat
ionoft
heenv
ironmentandr
elat
edheal
thpr
obl
emsoft
he
Ogonipeopl
e,bycondoni
ngandf
aci
l
itat
ingt
heact
ivi
ti
esoft
heoi
lcompani
est
hroughpl
aci
ngt
hel
egaland
mi
l
itar
ypower
soft
hest
ateatt
hedi
sposaloft
heoi
lcompani
es.Fur
ther
mor
e,t
hegov
ernmental
sokeptt
he
Ogonicommuni
ti
esuni
nfor
medaboutt
hedamagescr
eat
edbyt
heact
ivi
ti
esoft
heoi
lcompani
es.I
tal
so
f
ail
edt
opr
oducebasi
cheal
thandenv
ironmenti
mpactst
udi
es,noraskedt
heoi
lcompani
est
odoso.I
n
ot
herwor
ds,
thegov
ernmenthasnott
akencar
etopr
otectt
hei
nhabi
tant
sofOgoni
Landagai
nstt
hehar
mful
act
ivi
ti
esoft
heoi
l
.Onemayt
her
efor
esayt
hatt
hesear
einst
ancesofv
iol
ati
onsofobl
i
gat
ionst
orespect
andt
opr
otectr
esul
ti
ngf
rom Ar
ti
cles16and24.I
naddi
ti
on,t
heconductoft
hegov
ernmentofNi
ger
iawas
al
soav
iol
ati
onofAr
ti
cle21,whi
chpr
ovi
desf
ort
her
ightofpeopl
est
odi
sposef
reel
yoft
hei
rweal
thand
nat
uralr
esour
ces.Thi
sri
ghtmayonl
ybeexer
cisedi
ntheexcl
usi
vei
nter
estoft
hepeopl
econcer
nedand
t
heymaynotbedepr
ivedoft
heenj
oymentoft
hisr
ight(
Art
.21(
1))
.Inv
iol
ati
onoft
hisr
ight
,theNi
ger
ian
gov
ernmentf
aci
l
itat
ed t
he dest
ruct
ion ofOgoniLand and f
ail
ed t
o pr
otecti
tsi
nhabi
tant
sfr
om t
he
dev
ast
ati
ngact
ivi
ti
esoft
heoi
lcompani
es,t
husmaki
ngt
her
ightoft
heOgoni
stof
reel
ydi
sposeoft
hei
r
weal
thandnat
uralr
esour
cesani
l
lusi
on.I
nsuppor
toft
hisassessment
,theCommi
ssi
onr
efer
stot
he
Judgmentoft
heI
nter
-Amer
icanCour
tofHumanRi
ght
sint
heVel
ásquezRodr
íguezCase.Accor
dingt
othe
I
nter
-Amer
icanCour
t,“
aSt
atev
iol
ateshumanr
ight
swhent
heSt
ateal
l
owspr
ivat
eper
sonsorgr
oupst
oact
f
reel
yandwi
thi
mpuni
tyt
othedet
ri
mentoft
her
ight
srecogni
sedbyt
heConv
ent
ion”
.Inaddi
ti
on,“
ani
l
legal
actwhi
chv
iol
ateshumanr
ight
sandwhi
chi
sini
ti
all
ynotdi
rect
lyi
mput
abl
etoaSt
ate(
forexampl
e,because
i
tisanactofapr
ivat
eper
sonorbecauset
heper
sonr
esponsi
blehasnotbeeni
dent
if
ied)canl
eadt
o
i
nter
nat
ional
responsi
bil
i
tyoft
heSt
ate,
notbecauseoft
heacti
tsel
f,butbecauseoft
hel
ackofduedi
l
igence
t
o pr
eventt
hev
iol
ati
onort
orespondt
oitasr
equi
redbyt
heConv
ent
ion”
.TheAf
ri
canCommi
ssi
on
concl
udes,
asf
arast
hisaspecti
sconcer
ned,
thatt
hepr
act
iceoft
heNi
ger
iangov
ernment“
fal
l
sshor
toft
he
mi
nimum conductexpect
edofgov
ernment
s,andt
her
efor
e,i
sinv
iol
ati
onofAr
ti
cle21oft
heAf
ri
can
Char
ter
”.
Inot
herwor
ds,t
heNi
ger
iangov
ernmentf
ail
edt
o exer
ciseduedi
l
igencewi
thr
espectt
othe
act
ivi
ti
esoft
heoi
lcompani
esandt
hei
ref
fect
supont
hepopul
ati
onofOgoniLand.Al
thoughnotpr
ovi
ded
f
ori
nthet
extoft
heChar
ter
,theCommi
ssi
onr
ecogni
sesar
ightt
ohousi
ngorshel
terasbei
ngi
mpl
i
cit
lypar
t
oft
het
reat
y,bei
ngt
her
esul
toft
hecombi
nat
ionofAr
ti
cles14(
proper
ty)
,16(
heal
th)and18(
fami
l
yri
ght
s).
Ther
ightt
oshel
teri
mpl
i
esf
ir
stofal
lanobl
i
gat
iont
orespect
.Asami
nimum t
hisr
ightobl
i
gest
heNi
ger
ian
gov
ernmentnott
o dest
royt
he houses ofi
ts ci
ti
zens and nott
o obst
ructef
for
ts byi
ndi
vi
dual
s or
communi
ti
est
orebui
l
dthei
rlosthomes.Ther
ightt
oshel
teral
soi
mpl
i
esanobl
i
gat
iont
opr
otect
.Itmeans
t
hatt
hegov
ernmentmustpr
otecti
tsci
ti
zensf
rom i
nter
fer
encewi
tht
hei
rri
ghtt
obel
etal
oneandt
oli
vei
n
peacebynon-
stat
eact
ors,suchast
heoi
lcompani
es,andguar
ant
eeaccesst
olegalr
emedi
est
ochal
l
enge
t
hisi
nter
fer
ence.I
ntheopi
nionoft
heCommi
ssi
on,
theNi
ger
iangov
ernmentv
iol
atedbot
htheseobl
i
gat
ions,
whi
char
equal
i
fiedasmi
nimum obl
i
gat
ions.I
tisal
soobv
ioust
hatt
heNi
ger
iangov
ernmentf
ail
edt
o
r
egul
ate,
moni
torandi
nvest
igat
ethebehav
iouroft
heoi
lcompani
esi
nOgoni
l
and.Thi
siscl
ear
lyanexampl
e
ofabr
eachoft
hev
iol
ati
ont
opr
otectt
hepeopl
eli
vi
ngi
nthatr
egi
onf
rom t
hehar
mfulact
ivi
ti
esoft
hir
d
par
ti
es.

Chr
ist
iev
.Leachi
nsky(
1947)A.
C573
OnAugust31,1942,t
heappel
l
ant
s,whower
eLi
ver
poolpol
i
ceof
fi
cer
s,ar
rest
edt
her
espondentathi
s
war
ehousei
nLi
ver
pool
,wi
thoutawar
rant
.Att
het
imet
heysuspect
edandhadr
easonabl
egr
oundsf
or
suspect
ingt
hathehadst
olenorf
eloni
ousl
yrecei
vedatLei
cest
erabal
eofcl
otht
heni
nthewar
ehouse,
but
t
heydi
dnotgi
vet
hisast
hegr
oundoft
hear
rest
,pr
ofessi
ngi
nst
eadt
oar
resthi
m onachar
geof"
unl
awf
ul
possessi
on"undert
heLi
ver
poolCor
por
ati
onAct
,1921,
thoughi
ntheci
rcumst
ancest
heActadmi
tt
edl
ygav
e
t
hem nopowert
oar
restwi
thoutwar
rant
.Ther
espondentwast
akent
othepol
i
cest
ati
onandt
her
edet
ained
i
ncust
odyunt
ilt
hef
oll
owi
ngday
,whenhewasbr
oughtbef
oret
hemagi
str
ateont
hechar
geof"
unl
awf
ul
possessi
on,
"bei
ngbyhi
mremandedi
ncust
odyf
oraweek,andsubsequent
ly,f
urt
herr
emandedonbai
lon
Sept
ember8,f
oraf
urt
herweek.I
nanact
ionf
orf
alsei
mpr
isonmentt
heappel
l
ant
ssoughtt
ojust
if
ythe
ar
restanddet
ent
ionf
rom August31t
oSept
ember1ont
hecommonl
awgr
ound:

Hel
d(af
fi
rmi
ngt
hej
udgmentoft
heCour
tofAppeal
),t
hat(
apar
tfr
om speci
alci
rcumst
ances,whi
chdi
dnot
exi
sti
nthi
scase)
,anar
restwi
thoutwar
rantcanbej
ust
if
iedonl
yifi
tisanar
restonachar
gemadeknownt
o
t
heper
sonar
rest
ed,
andt
hepl
eaofj
ust
if
icat
iont
her
efor
efai
l
ed.

I
tisacondi
ti
onofl
awf
ular
restt
hatt
hepar
tyar
rest
edshoul
dknowonwhatchar
georonsuspi
cionofwhat
cr
imehei
sar
rest
ed:and,t
her
efor
e,j
ustasapr
ivat
eper
sonar
rest
ingonsuspi
cionmustacquai
ntt
hepar
ty
wi
tht
hecauseofhi
sar
rest
,somustapol
i
cemanar
rest
ingwi
thoutwar
rantonsuspi
cionst
ateatt
het
ime
(
unl
esst
hepar
tyi
sal
readyacquai
ntedwi
thi
t)
,onwhatchar
get
hear
resti
sbei
ngmadeoratl
easti
nfor
m
hi
m oft
hef
act
swhi
char
esai
dtoconst
it
uteacr
imeonhi
spar
t.Ev
eni
fci
rcumst
ancesexi
stwhi
chmay
excuset
his,
iti
sst
il
lhi
sdut
ytogi
vet
hei
nfor
mat
ionatt
hef
ir
str
easonabl
eoppor
tuni
tyaf
tert
hear
rest
.The
exi
gencyoft
hesi
tuat
ionwhi
chj
ust
if
iesordemandsar
restwi
thoutawar
rantcannotj
ust
if
yordemandei
ther
ar
efusal
tost
atet
her
easonofar
restorami
s-st
atementoft
her
eason.
On Sept
ember15 t
he r
espondentwas agai
n br
oughtbef
oret
he cour
ton t
he char
ge of"
unl
awf
ul
possessi
on,
"whi
chwi
tht
hemagi
str
ate'
sconsentwast
henwi
thdr
awnont
hegr
oundt
hatt
heLei
cest
er
pol
i
cehaddeci
dedt
opr
osecut
ether
espondentf
orl
arceny
.Ther
espondentwasaccor
dingl
ydi
schar
ged,
but
i
nst
eadofcomi
ngf
rom t
hedocki
ntot
hebodyoft
hecour
t,hewasdi
rect
edbyoneoft
heappel
l
ant
sto
descendt
hest
epsi
ntot
hecel
l
sandwasdet
ainedunt
ilt
hear
ri
valsomehour
slat
erofaLei
cest
erpol
i
ceman
whochar
gedhi
m wi
thl
arcenyandt
ookhi
mint
ocust
ody
:

Hel
d(r
ever
singt
hej
udgmentoft
heCour
tofAppeal
),t
hatt
hei
mpr
isonmentwasj
ust
if
ied,si
ncet
he
r
espondentt
henknewf
orwhatal
l
egedf
elonyhewasbei
ngdet
ained.I
tisundesi
rabl
ehatanar
restshoul
d
bemadei
ncour
t,butsuchanar
rest
,al
thoughi
tmi
ghtamountt
ocont
emptofcour
t,wi
l
lnot
,ifot
her
wise
j
ust
if
ied,
giv
eri
set
oanact
ionf
ordamages,
unl
essper
hapst
heper
sonar
rest
edi
sonewhohasadut
ytobe
i
ncour
t,suchascounsel
,sol
i
cit
ororwi
tness.

At
tor
neyGener
alv
.Ot
uandKwapong2G&G1141(
2d)
Fact
s:Thedef
endant
s,Ai
rMar
shal
lOt
uandNav
alLi
eut
enantKwapong,wer
ear
rest
edandser
vedhol
ding
char
gesf
oral
l
egedl
yengagi
ngwi
tht
hepr
oscr
ibedConv
ent
ionPeopl
esPar
ty(
CPP)i
nact
ivi
ti
esai
medat
ov
ert
hrowi
ngt
hegov
ernmentoft
heNat
ionalLi
ber
ati
onCounci
l(NLC)
.ACommi
ssi
onofEnqui
rywassetup
byt
heNLC,aboutamont
haf
tert
hear
restofOt
uandKwapong,t
odet
ermi
neamongot
her
stheext
entt
o
whi
cht
hedef
endant
swer
einv
olv
edi
nsubv
ersi
veact
ivi
ti
eswi
tht
hepr
oscr
ibedCPP.Thedef
endant
s
r
efusedt
ogi
veev
idencet
otheCommi
ssi
onont
hegr
oundst
hatt
heyhadbeenaccusedofsubv
ersi
onand
woul
dbepr
ejudi
cedi
nthepr
oceedi
ngsoft
heCommi
ssi
oni
ftheyt
ookpar
t.TheCommi
ssi
onsaw t
hei
r
r
efusalasanof
fenceundert
heCommi
ssi
onsofEnqui
ryAct1965(
Act250)
,sect
ion7(
1)whi
chi
dent
if
ies
r
efusalt
otakeoat
horr
efusalt
oanswerquest
ionsl
egal
l
yrequi
redbyaCommi
ssi
onofEnqui
ryasof
fences
whi
chmustbeenqui
redi
ntobyaHi
ghCour
t.

Hel
d:Thecour
thel
dthatnoof
fencewascommi
tt
edi
nther
efusaloft
hedef
endant
stot
akeoat
handgi
ve
ev
idenceatt
heCommi
ssi
onofEnqui
ryduet
othepecul
i
arci
rcumst
ancesoft
hecase.Awi
tnessi
sent
it
led
t
othepr
ivi
l
egeofsi
l
encei
fther
eisr
easonabl
egr
oundf
ort
hewi
tnesst
oappr
ehenddangerbyt
hegi
vi
ngof
ev
idence.I
nthi
scaseaCommi
ssi
onofEnqui
rywhosedut
yist
oinv
est
igat
eal
l
egat
ionsandr
umor
s;had
beensetupt
oenqui
rei
ntot
hedegr
eeofsubv
ersi
onoft
hedef
endant
swhohadal
readybeenaccusedof
subv
ersi
on.Anyev
idencet
hedef
endant
smi
ghthav
egi
venmayhav
ebeenusedagai
nstt
hem i
nat
ri
alcour
t,
si
gni
fyi
ngadangert
othedef
endant
s.

Wanky
iwaav
.Wer
eduwaa[
1963]1GLR332
Fact
s:I
nanal
ter
cat
ionbet
weent
hepl
aint
if
fandt
hedef
endant
,thedef
endantspokeandpubl
i
shedoft
he
pl
aint
if
fthat"
herv
agi
nast
inks.
"Thepl
aint
if
fobt
ainedj
udgmentagai
nstt
hedef
endantf
ordamagesf
or
sl
anderi
nthemagi
str
ate'
scour
t.Onappealt
heci
rcui
tcour
tdi
smi
ssedt
hepl
aint
if
f'
scl
aim ont
hegr
ound
t
hatsi
ncet
hev
ulgarabusewasspokeni
nheati
tcoul
dnotgr
oundanact
ionf
ordef
amat
ion.Thepl
aint
if
f
appeal
edt
otheHi
ghCour
t.

Hel
d:Thewor
dsspokenconst
it
utedmer
evi
tuper
ati
onwhi
chi
snotr
edr
essi
bleatcommonl
aw,butby
sect
ion15oft
heLocalCour
tsAct
,1958,
theci
rcui
tcour
tshoul
dhav
edeci
dedt
hemat
terbycust
omar
ylaw
andnotbycommonl
awpr
inci
ples.Atcust
omar
ylawabuseorv
ituper
ati
onpersei
saci
vi
lwr
ongr
edr
essi
ble
byapecuni
aryawar
d.
ExPar
teNaawuI
II[
1976]2GLR25
Fact
s:Theappl
i
cant
sappl
i
ed f
oran or
derofhabeascor
pusdi
rect
ed att
heGr
eat
erAccr
aRegi
onal
Commi
ssi
onerf
ort
her
eleaseoft
hedet
ainee.Undert
heHabeasCor
pusAct
,1964(
Act244)
,thecour
t
or
der
edt
heRegi
onal
Commi
ssi
onert
opr
oducet
hebodyonaspeci
fi
eddat
eandal
sosubmi
tar
epor
tst
ati
ng
t
hegr
oundsf
ort
hedet
ent
ion.(
Thecommi
ssi
onercoul
ddet
ainpeopl
eunderNRCD263)
.Ont
hespeci
fi
ed
dat
e,t
hebodywaspr
oducedbutt
hecommi
ssi
onerf
ail
edt
opr
oducet
her
epor
tandr
athersubmi
tt
edan
af
fi
dav
it.Thecour
thadt
oadj
our
npr
oceedi
ngsi
nor
derf
ort
hecommi
ssi
onert
osubmi
tther
epor
t.Att
he
nexthear
inghest
il
lfai
l
edt
osubmi
tther
epor
tandsot
hepr
oceedi
ngst
ookpl
acewi
thouthi
srepor
t.Counsel
f
ort
her
espondentar
guedt
hatt
heappl
i
canthadt
opr
ooft
hatt
her
ewasapr
obl
em wi
tht
hedet
ent
ionand
nott
her
espondentsi
ncepert
heNRCDhehadt
obesat
isf
iedandhewas‘
sat
isf
ied’
.Heal
sowentont
osay
t
hecour
tcoul
dnotquest
iont
hedi
scr
eti
onar
ypoweroft
hecommi
ssi
oner
.

Hel
d:I
nanappl
i
cat
ionf
orHabeasCor
pus,t
hebur
denofj
ust
if
yingt
hedet
ent
ionl
i
esont
hepar
tyor
der
ing
t
hedet
ent
ion.Thepr
ovi
sionsofAct244donotmakeanyexcept
ionf
orst
atesecur
it
yandhencet
hecour
ts
cani
nqui
rei
ntoanydet
ent
ionr
egar
dlessoft
hedi
scr
eti
onar
y power
soft
heper
sonor
der
ingt
hedet
ent
ion.
Wher
ethedet
ent
ioncannotbej
ust
if
ied,
thedet
aineei
sent
it
ledi
nlawt
ober
eleased.

NPPv
.GBC2G&G2065(
2d)
Fact
s:Thepl
aint
if
fwasar
egi
ster
edpol
i
ticalpar
tywhi
l
ethedef
endanti
sast
atut
orycor
por
ati
onest
abl
i
shed
byt
heGhanaBr
oadcast
ingCor
por
ati
onDecr
ee,1968(
NLCD226)wi
tht
hemandat
etoeducat
e,i
nfor
m and
ent
ert
aint
heci
ti
zensoft
hecount
ry.Ont
hepr
esent
ati
onoft
he1993budgetbyt
hegov
ernment
,ther
ewer
e
sev
erecr
it
ici
smsofi
tspr
ovi
sionsbysev
eralper
sonsi
ncl
udi
ngt
hepl
aint
if
f.I
nresponset
othosecr
it
ici
sms
t
heMi
nist
erofFi
nanceon23and24Januar
y1993appear
edonr
adi
oandt
elev
isi
onf
orov
ert
wohour
sto
def
endt
hebudgetpr
oposal
s.Thepl
aint
if
fther
efor
eappl
i
edt
othedef
endantt
obegi
vent
imeonr
adi
oand
t
elev
isi
ont
oal
soexpr
essi
tsv
iewsont
hebudgetpr
oposal
s.Thedef
endanthowev
err
efusedi
tsr
equest
.
Consequent
ly,t
hepl
aint
if
fbr
oughtanact
ionagai
nstt
hedef
endantf
or(
a)adecl
arat
iont
hatunderar
ti
cles
55(
11)and163oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1992t
hedef
endant
,ast
ate-
ownedmedi
a,hadadut
ytoaf
for
dthe
pl
aint
if
ffai
roppor
tuni
ti
esandf
aci
l
iti
est
opr
esenti
tsv
iewsont
hebudgetespeci
all
yast
hosev
iewsdi
ver
ged
f
rom t
hoseoft
hegov
ernmentoroft
heNat
ionalDemocr
ati
cCongr
ess,t
hepar
tywhi
ch f
ormed t
he
gov
ernmentandwhi
chsponsor
edt
heappear
anceoft
heMi
nist
erofFi
nance;and(
b)anor
derdi
rect
ingt
he
def
endantt
oaf
for
dthepl
aint
if
fequalt
imeont
elev
isi
ont
opr
esenti
tsv
iewsont
he1993budget
.Ini
ts
def
encet
hedef
endantdeni
edt
hatt
heappear
anceoft
heMi
nist
erofFi
nancewassponsor
edbyt
heNDC,
andf
urt
hercont
endedt
hati
nanycase,i
thadadi
scr
eti
oni
nthemat
terandt
hatsi
nce"
equaloppor
tuni
ty"
coul
dnotbeequat
edt
o"equalt
ime"
,ini
tsj
udgmenti
thadal
readygi
vent
hepl
aint
if
fadequat
eti
meonr
adi
o
andt
elev
isi
onbyr
epor
ti
nganewsconf
erenceont
hei
ssuebyt
hepl
aint
if
f'
spr
esi
dent
ialcandi
dat
eint
he
pr
esi
dent
ialel
ect
ionsandal
soapaneldi
scussi
onont
hei
ssuei
nwhi
chamemberoft
hepl
aint
if
ftookpar
t.
Thecour
thowev
erf
oundt
hat(
i)t
het
wo-
hourappear
anceonr
adi
oandt
elev
isi
onbyt
heMi
nist
erofFi
nance
wasi
ndeed sponsor
ed byt
heNDC;(
ii
)thenewsconf
erencebyt
hepr
esi
dent
ialcandi
dat
eoft
hepl
aint
if
f
wascov
eredaspar
tofanews bul
l
eti
nandcov
eredonl
yaf
ewmi
nut
es;and(
ii
i)t
hepaneldi
scussi
onwas
t
akenof
fthescr
eeni
nthemi
ddl
eoft
hedi
scussi
on.

Hel
d:(
ArcherCJ,Fr
ancoi
sandEdwar
dWi
reduJJSCdi
ssent
ingi
npar
t)ar
ti
cle55(
11)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992def
inedwi
thr
egar
dtopol
i
ticalpar
ti
es,
bot
htheobj
ectofst
atepol
i
cyandt
hemeanst
oachi
evei
t.The
obj
ectwast
hepr
ovi
si
onoff
airoppor
tuni
tyt
oal
lpol
i
ticalpar
ti
est
opr
esentt
hei
rpr
ogr
ammest
othepubl
i
c,
andt
hemeansofachi
evi
ngt
hatwasbyensur
ingt
hateachpar
tyhadequal
accesst
othest
ate-
ownedmedi
a.

"
Equalaccess"meantt
hesameori
dent
icalt
ermsandcondi
ti
onsf
orgai
ningent
ryi
ntot
hest
ate-
owned
medi
afort
hepur
poseofpr
esent
ingt
hei
rpol
i
tical
,economi
candsoci
alpr
ogr
ammest
otheel
ect
orat
eand
per
suadi
ngt
hem t
ovot
efort
hem atel
ect
ions.Thatmeantt
hatt
hesamet
imeorspacehadt
obegi
vent
o
eachpol
i
ticalpar
ty,l
argeorsmal
l
,ont
hesamet
ermsandt
heof
fi
cer
soft
hest
ate-
ownedmedi
ahadno
di
scr
eti
oni
nthemat
ter
.Buti
nademocr
acyt
her
ightoft
hei
ndi
vi
dualt
ofor
m orj
oinapol
i
ticalpar
tyandof
t
hepar
ti
est
opar
ti
ci
pat
einshapi
ngt
hepol
i
tical
wil
loft
hepeopl
eandt
odi
ssemi
nat
epol
i
tical
,economi
cand
soci
ali
deasandpr
ogr
ammeswer
enotr
ight
swhi
chwer
eenj
oyedbyt
hepeopl
eonl
ywhenel
ect
ionswer
eto
t
akepl
ace.Ar
ti
cl
e163oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1992al
sosetoutt
hedut
iesoft
hest
ate-
ownedmedi
ain
pr
omot
ingf
reeexpr
essi
onofv
iewsbyobl
i
gingt
hest
ate-
ownedmedi
atogr
antf
airoppor
tuni
ti
esand
f
aci
l
iti
esf
ort
hepr
esent
ati
onofdi
ver
gentv
iewsanddi
ssent
ingopi
nions.Thewor
d"f
air
"meant"
freef
rom
bi
as"or"
equal
".Accor
dingl
y,t
hecombi
nedef
fectofar
ti
cles55(
11)and163oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1992
obl
i
gedt
hemanagementandedi
tor
soft
hest
ate-
ownedmedi
atobei
mpar
ti
al,
showi
ngnei
theraf
fect
ionf
or,
nori
l
l-wi
l
ltowar
ds,anypar
ti
cul
argr
oupi
nthecommuni
ty,bei
tpol
i
tical
,economi
corsoci
al;t
hei
rfaci
l
iti
es
bei
ngnat
ionalasset
s,shoul
dbeav
ail
abl
etoal
l
.Thest
ate-
ownedmedi
ahadnodi
scr
eti
oni
nthemat
ter
si
ncet
hatwoul
dconst
it
utet
heexer
ciseofacensor
shi
pwhi
chcoul
dbl
ockav
enuesoft
houghtandf
orecl
ose
t
heci
ti
zens,r
ightofchoi
cecont
rar
ytoar
ti
cle162(
2)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1992.Accor
dingl
y,si
ncet
he
def
endantgav
etheNat
ionalDemocr
ati
cCongr
esst
wohour
stoai
rit
svi
ewsont
hebudget
,thedef
endant
wasr
equi
redbyar
ti
cl
es55(
11)and163oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1992t
ogr
antt
hepl
aint
if
fequalt
imeonr
adi
o
andt
elev
isi
ont
osetf
ort
hit
sdi
ver
gentv
iews.

PerChar
lesHay
fron-
Benj
ami
nJSC.I
nmyr
espect
fulopi
nion,t
heconst
it
uti
onalr
ightofaccesst
othe
el
ect
roni
cmedi
ali
eswi
tht
hepol
i
tical
par
ti
es,
thev
iewi
ngpubl
i
candl
i
stener
s.Ar
ti
cles55(
11)and163oft
he
Const
it
uti
on,
1992ar
eampl
i
ficat
ionsoft
hef
undament
alhumanr
ightoff
reedom ofexpr
essi
on.Thatr
ightof
accessi
spar
amounti
ntheor
deroft
hingsi
noursoci
ety
.Thedef
endantt
her
efor
ehasnor
ightt
odet
ermi
ne
whoshal
luset
heel
ect
roni
cmedi
aorwhoshal
lnot
.Ther
eisaconst
it
uti
onaldut
yimposedupont
he
def
endant
,whi
chi
sast
atemonopol
y,t
osoor
derandar
rangei
tspr
ogr
ammet
imeast
oensur
ecompl
i
ance
wi
thi
tsl
ett
erandspi
ri
t.Ther
emustbeequal
i
tyofaccessandequalt
imef
ort
hear
ti
cul
ati
onofdi
ver
gentor
di
ssent
ingv
iewpoi
nts.

PerAr
cherCJ(
dissent
ing i
npar
t).Thepl
aint
if
f'
srealconst
it
uti
onalt
rump car
disar
ti
cle163 oft
he
Const
it
uti
on,1992.Thi
sar
ti
cleser
vest
hei
nter
est
sofal
lmannerofper
sons,namel
yindi
vi
dual
s,gr
oupor
bodyofper
sonsi
ncor
por
atedanduni
ncor
por
ated.I
tappl
i
esal
sot
opol
i
ticalpar
ti
es.I
ncont
rast
,ar
ti
cle
55(
11)and(
12)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1992i
srest
ri
ctedt
opol
i
ticalpar
ti
eswi
thspeci
alr
equi
rement
sfor
gener
alandpr
esi
dent
ial
elect
ions.Wor
dsl
i
ke"
equal
access"and"
sameamountoft
imeandspace"ar
eused
wher
easar
ti
cl
e163oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992hasnosuchwor
ds.Thepl
aint
if
fcanonl
ysucceedunderar
ti
cle
163oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.

NPPv
.At
tor
ney
-Gener
al[
1993-
94]2GLR35
Fact
s:On31December1981t
heGov
ernmentofGhana,dul
yel
ect
edundert
heConst
it
uti
on,1979was
ov
ert
hrowni
nacoupd’
état
.Subsequent
ly,t
hemi
l
itar
yregi
mewhi
cht
ookov
ert
her
einsofgov
ernment
,the
Pr
ovi
sionalNat
ionalDef
enceCounci
l(PNDC)
,decl
ared31Decemberast
atut
orypubl
i
chol
i
day
.Accor
dingl
y,
eachy
eart
heanni
ver
sar
yoft
hecoupwascel
ebr
ated,i
nteral
i
a,byper
sonneloft
hesecur
it
yfor
ceswi
th
mi
l
itar
ypar
ades,r
out
emar
chesandcar
niv
alst
hroughoutt
hecount
ry.Theseact
ivi
ti
eswer
efi
nancedwi
th
publ
i
cfunds.On7Januar
y1993t
her
eignoft
hePNDCcamet
oanendwi
tht
heassumpt
ionofpowerbya
ci
vi
li
angov
ernmentwhi
chhadbeenel
ect
edi
ntoof
fi
ceundert
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.Whenon19December
1993 t
he gov
ernmentannounced t
hat31 December1993 woul
d be a publ
i
chol
i
dayand shoul
d be
cel
ebr
atedandobser
vedassuch,
thepl
aint
if
f,oneoft
her
egi
ster
edpol
i
ticalpar
ti
esi
nthecount
ry,
clai
ming
t
hatt
hecel
ebr
ati
onwoul
dbeunconst
it
uti
onal
,br
oughtanact
ionunderar
ti
cle2(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on1992
agai
nstt
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alf
oradecl
arat
iont
hatt
hepubl
i
ccel
ebr
ati
onoft
hecoupd’
étatof31December
outofpubl
i
cfundswasi
nconsi
stentwi
thori
ncont
rav
ent
ionoft
hel
ett
erandspi
ri
toft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992
par
ti
cul
arl
yar
ti
cl
es 3(
3)-
(7)
,35(
1)and 41(
f)and an or
dercompel
l
ing t
he gov
ernmentt
o cancelt
he
pr
epar
ati
onsf
ort
hecel
ebr
ati
onandr
efr
ainf
rom car
ryi
ngoutt
hecel
ebr
ati
onwi
thpubl
i
cfunds.

Hel
d:Thecour
thel
dthatt
hepubl
i
ccel
ebr
ati
onduet
otakepl he31stDecemberwasunconst
aceont it
uti
onal
.
The31stDecemberpr
ocessoccasi
onedabr
eakdownofl
awandor
der
,thenegat
ionoft
her
uleofl
awanda
ci
rcumscr
ipt
ionoft
hef
undament
alhumanr
ight
sandf
reedomsoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
.Thecoupd’
etati
nit
sel
f
wasunconst
it
uti
onalandhencet
hecel
ebr
ati
onal
soi
sunconst
it
uti
onal
.Itwashel
dthatpubl
i
cfundsbei
ng
expendedi
npr
epar
ati
onoft
hatcel
ebr
ati
onwasal
sounconst
it
uti
onal
.Theuseofpubl
i
cfundsshoul
d
benef
itt
henat
ionandi
tsci
ti
zensatl
arge.Howev
er,notev
ery
onewoul
dbenef
itf
rom t
hecel
ebr
ati
onoft
he
coup,
thecoupmeantdi
ff
erentt
hingst
odi
ff
erentpeopl
esomeofwhom wer
eber
eav
edduet
othecoup.

Wuakuv
.At
tor
ney
-Gener
al[
1993-
94]2GLR393
Fact
s:Underar
ti
cl
es52(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1969,
58oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1979and71oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992,r
espect
ivel
ythe Pr
esi
dentwasenj
oined,i
n consul
tat
ion wi
tht
he Counci
lofSt
ate and on t
he
r
ecommendat
ionofacommi
tt
eehewast
osetupf
ort
hatpur
pose,t
odet
ermi
net
hesal
ari
es,al
l
owances,
f
aci
l
iti
esandpr
ivi
l
egesof
,int
eral
i
a,super
iorcour
tjudges.Fort
hepur
posesoft
hewor
koft
hev
ari
ous
commi
tt
ees,
thewor
d“sal
ari
es”wasdef
inedt
oincl
udeal
l
owances,
faci
l
iti
es,
pri
vi
legesandr
eti
ri
ngbenef
it
s
orawar
ds.Andunderar
ti
cle117(
2)and(
4)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1969,
sect
ion3(
2)and(
3)oft
het
ransi
ti
onal
pr
ovi
si
onsoft
heConst
it
uti
on,1979andar
ti
cle155oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1992asuper
iorcour
tjudgewho
r
eti
redundert
hest
atedcondi
ti
onswast
obepai
d,i
nteral
i
a,apensi
onequalt
othesal
aryofasi
tt
ingj
udge.
Byt
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
hePensi
ons(
Amendment
)Law,1986(
PNDCL162)ar
eti
redj
udgewasent
it
ledt
oa
cor
respondi
ngi
ncr
easei
nhi
spensi
onwhenev
ert
hesal
aryofsuper
iorcour
tjudgeswasi
ncr
eased.The
pl
aint
if
f,aSupr
emeCour
tjudgeat
tai
nedt
hecompul
sor
yret
ir
ingageof65on29December1991af
terhe
hadser
vedasasuper
iorcour
tjudgef
or24y
ear
s.Howev
er,
inexer
ciseofi
tspowerundersect
ion1(
2)oft
he
Judi
ci
ary(
Ret
ir
ingAges)Law,1986(
PNDCL161)t
hePr
ovi
sionalNat
ionalDef
enceCounci
lext
endedhi
s
t
erm ofof
fi
cef
oroney
ear
.Thatext
ensi
onex
pir
edon29December1992.Buti
npur
suanceoft
hepr
ovi
sion
ofar
ti
cle128oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1979t
hepl
aint
if
fcont
inuedi
nof
fi
cef
orov
ersi
xmont
hsunt
ilhe
compl
etedal
lthepar
t-
hear
dcasesbef
orehi
m anddel
i
ver
edhi
sjudgment
s.Subsequent
ly,t
hepl
aint
if
f
br
oughtanact
ion,
int
eral
i
a,t
hat(
1)si
ncehewasasi
tt
ingSupr
emeCour
tjudgeatt
het
imet
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992camei
ntof
orceon7Januar
y1993,
theper
iodhespentont
hepar
t-
hear
dcasesshoul
dber
egar
dedas
par
tofhi
stenur
eofof
fi
ceandhet
her
efor
equal
i
fiedt
oret
ir
eunderar
ti
cle155(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.
Accor
dingl
y,hewasent
it
ledunderar
ti
cle71oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1992t
o,i
nteral
i
a,r
etai
nhi
sof
fi
cial
r
esi
denceandof
fi
cialmot
orv
ehi
cle.Thecour
tnot
edt
hatapar
tfr
om hi
ssal
ary
,aj
udgeoft
hesuper
ior
cour
tsr
ecei
vedper
qui
sit
esofof
fi
cesuchasf
reef
urni
shedr
esi
dent
ialaccommodat
ion,achauf
feur
-dr
iven
carownedandmai
ntai
nedbyt
heSt
ate,
prov
isi
onoff
uelal
l
ocat
ionf
orhi
suse,
ent
ert
ainmental
l
owance,
etc,
howev
er,nei
thert
hecommi
tt
eeest
abl
i
shedundert
heConst
it
uti
on,1969nort
hatundert
heConst
it
uti
on,
1979i
ncl
udedt
hoseper
qui
sit
esi
nther
eti
ri
ngbenef
it
sor[
p.395]awar
dsofsuper
iorcour
tjudges.

Hel
d:(
1)undersect
ion1(
2)oft
heJudi
ciar
y(Ret
ir
ingAges)Law,1986(
PNDCL161)anyext
ensi
onofa
r
eti
ri
ngj
udge’
stenur
eofof
fi
cebyt
hePr
ovi
sional
Nat
ional
Def
enceCounci
li
nexer
ciseofi
tsex
clusi
vepower
sot
odo,
shoul
dber
egar
dedaspensi
onabl
eser
vice.Howev
er,
theobj
ectoft
hepr
ovi
sionsofar
ti
cle116(
2)
oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1969andar
ti
cle128(
2)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1979whi
chper
mit
tedaj
udgewhohad
r
eachedt
hecompul
sor
yret
ir
ingage,t
imet
ocompl
etepar
t-
hear
dcasesbef
orehi
m anddel
i
verj
udgment
s
wast
osav
ethepar
ti
esandt
heSt
atet
hei
nconv
eni
enceandext
ra-
fi
nanci
alout
layt
hatst
art
ingt
hecases
af
reshbef
oreot
herj
udgeswoul
dent
ail
.Thatpr
ovi
sionwasi
ntendedt
obenef
itt
hel
i
tigant
sandt
hecour
ts
andnott
her
eti
ri
ngj
udges.Si
nceont
heev
idencet
hePr
ovi
sionalNat
ionalDef
enceCounci
ldi
dnotgr
antt
he
pl
aint
if
fanyf
urt
herext
ensi
onofser
viceaf
ter29December
,1992,t
heper
iodwhi
chhecont
inuedi
nof
fi
ce
af
tert
hatdat
efort
hepur
poseofdel
i
ver
ingj
udgment
swoul
dnotcountaspensi
onabl
eser
vice.Accor
dingl
y,
t
hepl
aint
if
fceasedt
obeaj
udgewhent
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992camei
ntof
orceon7Januar
y1993,
thet
erms
ofhi
sret
ir
ementwoul
dnotbegov
ernedbyt
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992butr
atherbyt
heConst
it
uti
ons,
1969and
1979,t
hePensi
onsOr
dinance,Cap30(
1951Rev
),t
hePensi
ons(
Amendment
)Or
dinance,1954(
No.31of
1954)
,PNDCL161andt
hePensi
ons(
Amendment
)Law,
1986(
PNDCL162)
.

(
2)Underar
ti
cles52(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1969and58oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1979t
hePr
esi
dentwas,i
n
consul
tat
ionwi
tht
heCounci
lofSt
ateandont
her
ecommendat
ionofacommi
tt
eehewast
oest
abl
i
shf
or
t
hatpur
pose,obl
i
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odet
ermi
net
hesal
ari
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ti
onsoft
hesuper
iorcour
tjudges,among
ot
her
s.Ar
ti
cl
es52(
2)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1969and58(
3)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1979r
espect
ivel
ydef
ined
“
sal
ari
es”t
oincl
udei
nteral
i
a,“
otheral
l
owancespay
abl
eand“
ret
ir
ingbenef
it
sorawar
ds.
”Howev
er,si
nce
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hpr
ovi
si
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essl
yst
atedt
hatt
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oaddef
ini
ti
onof“
sal
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fort
hepur
posesoft
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cle”
i
twascl
eart
hatt
hatwi
demeani
ngoft
hewor
d“sal
ari
es”hadbeenadopt
edt
oenabl
ethecommi
tt
ee
char
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ermi
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ari
es,t
oal
sodet
ermi
neal
l
owances,f
aci
l
iti
esandr
eti
ri
ngbenef
it
sor
awar
ds.Thatdef
ini
ti
onwast
her
efor
etober
est
ri
ctedt
othosear
ti
clesandnott
oot
herpr
ovi
sionsoft
he
Const
it
uti
onswher
ethewor
d“sal
ari
es”hadbeenused.Accor
dingl
y,al
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ti
cle117oft
he
Const
it
uti
on,1969andsect
ion3(
2),(
3)and(
4)oft
het
ransi
ti
onalpr
ovi
sionsoft
heConst
it
uti
on,1979
super
iorcour
tjudgeswhor
eti
redi
nter
msoft
hosepr
ovi
sionswer
eent
it
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ti
ont
othei
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i
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erencet
othesal
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vingj
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udet
heal
l
owances
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aci
l
iti
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acedathi
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sposal
or[
p.396]t
hepr
ivi
l
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(
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aint
if
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iorcour
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ormor
ethant
eny
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ir
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,he
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it
uti
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orecei
vebesi
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cal
cul
atedonhi
sconsol
i
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imeofhi
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eti
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ober
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ert
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udges
oft
heSupr
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aised.Howev
er,
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hecommi
tt
eessetupundert
heConst
it
uti
ons,
1969and1979r
ecommendedt
hatr
eti
redj
udgesshoul
dhav
eanyoft
heper
qui
sit
esofof
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ceofser
ving
j
udges,
thepl
aint
if
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it
ledt
oret
aint
heuseofhi
sof
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cialr
esi
denceandmot
or-
vehi
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obe
pai
dal
l
owancesi
nli
eut
her
eof
.

NMCv
.At
tor
ney
-Gener
al[
1999-
2000]2GLR577
Fact
s:TheNat
ionalMedi
aCommi
ssi
on(
NMC)
,aconst
it
uti
onalbodysetupunderar
ti
cle166oft
he
Const
it
uti
on,1992t
o,i
nteral
i
a,pr
omot
eandensur
ethef
reedom andi
ndependenceoft
hemedi
aformass
communi
cat
ionandi
nfor
mat
ion,
obser
vedar
ound1994andt
her
eaf
tert
hatt
hePr
esi
dent
,pur
por
tedl
yact
ing
i
nconsul
tat
ionwi
thcer
tai
naut
hor
it
ies,
wasappoi
nti
ngchai
rmen,
chi
efexecut
ivesandot
hermember
soft
he
gov
erni
ng bodi
es ofpubl
i
c cor
por
ati
ons managi
ng t
he st
ate-
owned medi
a,namel
ythe New Ti
mes
Cor
por
ati
on (
NTC)
,the Ghana News Agency (
GNA)
,the Gr
aphi
c Cor
por
ati
on (
GC)and t
he Ghana
Br
oadcast
ingCor
por
ati
on(
GBC)
.ThePr
esi
dentwasal
l
egedt
obeexer
cisi
ngsuchpower
sofappoi
ntment
underar
ti
cle195(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.TheNat
ionalMedi
aCommi
ssi
onwhi
cht
ookt
heposi
ti
ont
hat
i
twast
hepr
operaut
hor
it
ytomakesuchappoi
ntment
sinconsul
tat
ionwi
tht
hePr
esi
dent
,submi
tt
eda
memor
andum t
otheAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alpr
otest
ingatt
heappoi
ntment
smadebyt
hePr
esi
dent
.TheNMC
f
oll
owedupt
hei
rmemor
andum wi
thameet
ingi
nAugust1994wi
tht
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al,atwhi
chmeet
ing
t
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
almadei
tcl
eart
hathedi
dnotshar
ethev
iewsoft
hecommi
ssi
onandi
nvi
tedt
heNMCt
o
t
akeasecondl
ookatar
ti
cle195oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1992i
nrel
ati
ont
othepr
ovi
sionsofar
ti
cle167and
297(
a).Ther
eaf
ter
,thePr
esi
dentmadef
urt
herappoi
ntment
stot
hest
ate-
ownedmedi
a;andal
sodi
rect
ed
t
heDi
rect
or-
Gener
alofGBCt
ogooni
ndef
ini
tel
eav
e.Hewashowev
erl
att
err
ecal
l
edf
rom l
eav
ebyt
he
gov
ernment
.Wher
eupont
heNMCi
ssuedawr
iti
ntheSupr
emeCour
tforadecl
arat
ioni
nteral
i
athat
:(1)ona
t
rueandpr
operconst
ruct
ionoft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992andspeci
fi
cal
l
yofar
ti
cles168and195(
1)t
her
eof
,the
powert
oappoi
ntt
hechai
rmenandot
hermember
soft
hegov
erni
ngbodi
esofpubl
i
ccor
por
ati
onsmanagi
ng
t
hest
ate-
ownedmedi
aincl
udi
ngt
hechi
efexecut
iveswhower
emember
satsuchgov
erni
ngbodi
es,was
v
est
edexcl
usi
vel
yint
heNMCact
ingi
nconsul
tat
ionwi
tht
hePr
esi
dentandnoti
nthePr
esi
dent
,ei
theract
ing
al
oneori
nconsul
tat
ionwi
thanyot
herper
sonoraut
hor
it
y;(
ii
)theexer
cisebyt
hePr
esi
dentoft
hepowert
o
appoi
ntt
hechi
efexecut
ivesofpubl
i
ccor
por
ati
onsmanagi
ng t
hest
ate-
owned medi
awho wer
eal
so
member
soft
hegov
erni
ngboar
dsofsuchpubl
i
ccor
por
ati
ons,whet
heral
oneori
nconsul
tat
ionwi
thany
ot
herper
sonoraut
hor
it
ywasi
nconsi
stentwi
thandi
ncont
rav
ent
ionoft
hel
ett
erandspi
ri
tofar
ti
cles162,
167(
c)and168oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992andt
hatal
lsuchappoi
ntment
swer
eaccor
dingl
ynul
landv
oidand
ofnoef
fect
;(i
i
i)anor
derset
ti
ngasi
deal
lappoi
ntment
smadebyt
hePr
esi
dentoft
hechi
efex
ecut
ivesof
publ
i
ccor
por
ati
onsmanagi
ngt
hest
ate-
ownedmedi
ainv
iol
ati
onoft
hel
ett
erandspi
ri
toft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.I
nhi
sresponset
othepl
aint
if
fs’case,t
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alcont
ended,i
nteral
i
a,t
hatt
hef
oursubj
ect
publ
i
ccor
por
ati
onsmanagi
ngt
hest
ate-
ownedmedi
awer
epubl
i
ccor
por
ati
onsest
abl
i
shedascommer
cial
v
ent
uresunderar
ti
cl
e190(
4)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992andwer
econsequent
lyout
sidet
hepur
viewofar
ti
cle
195(
1)and168oft
heConst
it
uti
on.Thecour
t,af
terdet
ermi
ningt
hatt
hest
ate-
ownedmedi
aspeci
fi
edi
nthe
NMC compl
i
antwer
eempower
edundert
hest
atut
escr
eat
ingt
hem t
oint
eral
i
aengagei
ncommer
cial
act
ivi
ti
esandwer
econsequent
lynotwi
thi
nthepur
viewofar
ti
cle195oft
heConst
it
uti
on,

Hel
d:Onat
rueandpr
operi
nter
pret
ati
onoft
hepr
ovi
sionofar
ti
cle168oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1992t
he
aut
hor
it
ytoappoi
ntt
hechai
rmenandot
hermember
soft
hegov
erni
ngbodi
esofpubl
i
ccor
por
ati
ons
managi
ngt
hest
ate-
ownedmedi
a,i
ncl
udi
ngt
hechi
efexecut
iveswhoar
emember
sofsuchgov
erni
ngbodi
es,
wasexcl
usi
vel
ytheNat
ionalMedi
aCommi
ssi
onact
ingi
nconsul
tat
ionwi
tht
hePr
esi
dent
.Thel
anguageof
ar
ti
cle168wassopl
ainandunambi
guoust
hati
tmeantnot
hingmor
ethanwhati
tsai
d.Fur
ther
,the
pr
ovi
si
onaccor
dedwi
tht
heov
eral
lobj
ect
iveofsecur
ingt
hei
ndependenceandf
reedom oft
hosepubl
i
c
cor
por
ati
onsf
rom gov
ernment
alcont
rol
,andt
oint
erpr
eti
tot
her
wisewoul
dnotonl
ybedoi
ngv
iol
encet
othe
l
anguageoft
hear
ti
clebutal
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ert
ingt
hei
ntent
ionsoft
hef
ramer
soft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.(
2) By
v
irt
ueoft
hepr
ovi
sionofar
ti
cle297(
a)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992,
itwascl
ear
lyt
heaut
hor
it
ywhi
chhadpower
t
oappoi
ntaper
sont
ohol
dort
oacti
nanof
fi
cei
nthepubl
i
cser
vicet
hathadt
hepowert
oconf
ir
m ort
o
wi
thdr
awt
hesai
dappoi
ntmentort
akedi
sci
pli
nar
ymeasur
esov
erhi
m ordobot
h.I
ntheci
rcumst
ancei
twas
t
heNat
ionalMedi
aCommi
ssi
onact
ingi
nconsul
tat
ionwi
tht
hePr
esi
dentt
hatwasent
it
ledt
oexer
ciset
he
power
ssetouti
nar
ti
cl
e297(
a)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1992i
nrel
ati
ont
oanysuchchai
rmen,chi
efexecut
ives
andot
hermember
soft
hegov
erni
ngbodi
esofsuchpubl
i
ccor
por
ati
onsmanagi
ngt
hest
ate-
ownedmedi
a.

NPPv
.IGP[
1993-94]2GLR459
Fact
s:Thepl
aint
if
fssoughtadecl
arat
iont
hatsect
ions7,
8,12(
c)and13oft
hePubl
i
cOr
derDecr
ee,1972
(
NRCD68)wer
eunconst
it
uti
onal
.Thesesect
ionsofNRCD68r
equi
redpr
iorpol
i
ceper
mitbef
orehol
dingany
publ
i
cmeet
ingandi
twasanof
fencet
ohol
dsuchmeet
ingswi
thoutpol
i
ceper
missi
on.I
nthef
aceoft
his,
t
hepl
aint
if
fcont
endedt
hatt
hesect
ionsi
nquest
ionwer
einconsi
stentwi
tht
heconst
it
uti
onal
i
tyguar
ant
eed
r
ightofassembl
yanddemonst
rat
ion.Accor
dingt
othepl
aint
if
f,t
heseSect
ionsi
nvest
edanunf
ett
ered
di
scr
eti
oni
nthepol
i
cet
hatt
heConst
it
uti
ondoesnotcont
empl
ate.Toacceptt
hem asl
awwoul
drendert
he
f
reedom ofassembl
yil
l
usor
y.Thedef
endantcount
eredt
hatt
hesai
dpr
ovi
sionswer
ear
easonabl
eli
mit
ati
on
ont
her
ightofassembl
yasenv
isagedbyAr
ti
cle21(
4)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
on.

Hel
d:TheSupr
emeCour
t,composedofsev
enj
ust
icesr
eachedt
heunani
mousconcl
usi
ont
hatsect
ions7,
8,
12and13oft
hePubl
i
cOr
derDecr
eewer
eincont
rav
ent
ionofAr
ti
cle21(
1)(
d)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
onand
wer
ether
efor
eunenf
orceabl
e.I
twast
heexpr
essedv
iewoft
heCour
tthat
,hav
ingr
egar
dtot
hespi
ri
toft
he
Const
it
uti
on,whi
chcoul
dbegl
eanedf
rom t
heDi
rect
ivePr
inci
plesofSt
atePol
i
cy,especi
all
ythepol
i
tical
obj
ect
ives,
and,
taki
ngcogni
zanceal
sooft
heemer
gingt
rendont
hei
nter
nat
ionalscene,
onewoul
dfr
ownat
anysuggest
iont
hataper
miti
srequi
redt
oassembl
e,goonpr
ocessi
onordemonst
rat
ion.

Just
iceAi
ki
nsechoedasf
oll
ows:
“Anyl
awt
hatext
endst
ogi
veaut
hor
it
ytoanyper
sonorper
sonst
opr
ohi
bit
orgr
antaper
mitt
oot
herper
sonst
otakepar
tinpr
ocessi
onanddemonst
rat
ionscur
tai
l
sthef
reedom of
suchper
sonsandcannotbesai
dtobej
ust
if
iabl
eint
ermsoft
hespi
ri
toft
heConst
it
uti
on,1992”
.Just
ice
Hay
fron-
Benj
ami
n al
so obser
ved t
hat“
an unf
ett
ered di
scr
eti
on i
sto pl
ace t
hose who asser
tthei
r
const
it
uti
onalr
ightofassembl
y,pr
ocessi
onandt
hedemonst
rat
ionatt
hemer
cyoft
hepol
i
ce.
” Rel
yi
ng
f
urt
heront
hef
ramer
s’i
ntent
,Just
iceHay
fron-
Benj
ami
nhel
dthatt
heConst
it
uti
onwas“
int
endedt
hatt
he
ci
ti
zensoft
hiscount
ryshoul
denj
oyt
hef
ull
estmeasur
eofr
esponsi
bleHumanandCi
vi
lRi
ght
s.Ther
efor
e,
anyl
awwhi
chseekst
oabr
idget
heseRi
ght
sandFr
eedomsmustbest
ruckdownasunconst
it
uti
onal
.The
r
equi
rementofaper
mitorl
i
cencei
soneofsuchabr
idgmentoft
heconst
it
uti
onal
right
.”

Dext
erJohnsonv
.TheRepubl
i
c(2011)2SCGLR601
Fact
s:Ont
he18t
hdayofJune2008,t
heappel
l
antwasconv
ict
edofagr
isl
ymur
derbyaj
uryatt
heFast
Tr
ackHi
ghCour
t,Accr
a.Theappel
l
antappeal
edagai
nsthi
sconv
ict
ionandagai
nstanor
derbyt
heHi
gh
Cour
tfor
fei
ti
ng hi
s Mer
cedes Benzcar
. The appel
l
antal
so f
il
ed suppl
ement
arygr
ounds ofappeal
cont
endi
ngt
hatt
hedeat
hsent
encei
mposedonhi
mvi
olat
edt
hepr
ohi
bit
ionofi
nhumananddegr
adi
ng
t
reat
mentunderar
ti
cle15(
2)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
on;t
her
ightt
opr
otect
ionf
rom ar
bit
rar
ydepr
ivat
ionof
l
i
feunderar
ti
cl
e13(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on;andt
her
ightt
oaf
airt
ri
alunderar
ti
cle19(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on.
Theappealwasdi
smi
ssedbyt
heCour
tofAppeal
,resul
ti
ngi
nthepr
esentf
urt
herappealt
othi
sCour
t.
Bef
oret
hisCour
t,t
heappel
l
anthasappeal
edagai
nstbot
hconv
ict
ionandsent
ence.

Hel
d:I
ntheGhanai
ancont
ext
,itwoul
dbeaf
airi
nter
pret
ati
onoft
hel
awt
ohol
dthataper
sonchar
gedwi
th
mur
derf
ail
stobegi
venaf
airhear
ingi
nrespectoft
hepar
ti
cul
armi
ti
gat
ingci
rcumst
ancesofhi
scasei
fhe
i
sunabl
e,i
nconsequenceoft
heov
err
idi
ngper
empt
oryf
orceofsect
ion46oft
heCr
imi
nalOf
fencesAct
,
1960,t
oper
suadet
het
ri
alj
udget
oimposeanyot
hersent
encet
handeat
h.Thi
sconst
it
utesav
iol
ati
onof
ar
ti
cle19(
1)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
on. Thei
nabi
l
ityoft
ri
alj
udgest
oexer
ciseadi
scr
eti
ont
omaket
he
puni
shmentf
itt
hecr
imei
ncasesofmur
deri
nfr
ingest
her
ightoft
heaccusedt
oaf
airt
ri
al.Fur
ther
mor
e,t
he
i
mposi
ti
onofamandat
orysent
encebyt
hel
egi
slat
uret
hatconst
rai
nedt
hedi
scr
eti
onoft
hel
ear
nedt
ri
al
j
udgei
nfr
ingest
hepr
inci
pleoft
hesepar
ati
onofpower
s,whi
chi
soneoft
heunder
lyi
ngf
eat
uresoft
he1992
Const
it
uti
on.Ar
ti
cl
e125(
3)oft
heConst
it
uti
onpr
ovi
dest
hat
:"Thej
udi
cialpowerofGhanashal
lbev
est
edi
n
t
heJudi
ciar
y,accor
dingl
y,nei
thert
hePr
esi
dentnorPar
li
amentnoranyor
ganoragencyoft
hePr
esi
dentor
Par
li
amentshal
lhav
eorbegi
venf
inalj
udi
cialpower
."Thi
spr
ovi
sioni
sinconsi
stentwi
tht
hei
mposi
ti
onby
Par
li
amentofanymandat
orysent
enceonconv
ict
s.I
tisj
udgeswhomustexer
cisef
inalj
udi
cialpowerand
t
hispoweri
ncl
udest
hepowert
odet
ermi
newhatsent
encei
sappr
opr
iat
eont
hef
act
sofi
ndi
vi
dualcases.
Accor
dingl
y,Iwoul
duphol
dal
ltheappel
l
ant
’sgr
oundsofappealagai
nstsent
enceandquashhi
smandat
ory
sent
enceofdeat
h.I
nit
spl
ace,Iwoul
dsubst
it
uteasent
enceofl
i
fei
mpr
isonment
.Thi
ssev
eresent
encei
s
commensur
atewi
tht
hegr
avi
tyoft
hecol
d-bl
ooded,gor
yandr
uthl
essmur
deroft
hedeceasedi
nthi
scase
andt
hef
actt
hati
twasmot
ivat
edbygr
eed.

Gl
i
gah&At
isov
.TheRepubl
i
c(2010)SCGLR870
Fact
s:Theaccused/
appel
l
ant
s,hadbeenchar
gedwi
tht
heof
fenceofRape,t
ri
edandconv
ict
edbyaCour
t
wi
thj
uryandsent
encedt
o15y
ear
simpr
isonmenteach,wi
thhar
dl he18th dayofJul
abouront y,2003by
Av
ril
Ani
n-YeboahJ(
Mrs) he13thdayofNov
.Ont ember2008,
anappeal
agai
nstt
heconv
ict
ionandsent
ence
oft
heaccusedper
sonswasunani
mousl
ydi
smi
ssedbyt
heCour
tofAppeal
.Iti
sagai
nstt
hisCour
tofAppeal
deci
si
ont
hatt
heaccusedper
sonshav
eappeal
edt
othi
sCour he11thdayofDecember2008.
tont

Hel
d:Wear
eoft
hev
iew t
hatt
hecomment
sbyt
hel
ear
nedCounself
ort
heaccusedper
sonsont
he
j
udgmentoft
hecour
tofAppealt
houghv
ali
dandl
egi
ti
mat
edi
dnotamountt
oasubst
ant
ialmi
scar
ri
ageof
j
ust
ice such as wi
l
lent
it
let
he j
udgmentt
o be r
ever
sed.The comment
s compl
ained ofar
e ofno
consequencet
othesummi
ngupt
othej
urywhi
chl
edt
othegui
l
tyv
erdi
ctofr
aper
etur
nedagai
nstt
he
accused.Theappeal
isaccor
dingl
ydi
smi
ssedont
hisgr
oundofappeal
aswel
l
.

Awuni
v.WAEC
Fact
s:Theappel
l
ant
swer
est
udent
sofNot
reDameSecondar
yschool
whower
einf
ormedbyWAECt
hrough
t
hei
rheadmast
ert
hatt
hei
rSSSCEr
esul
tshadbeencancel
l
edduet
oexam mal
pract
icet
hatcoul
dbe
r
eal
i
zedf
rom t
hei
rscr
ipt
sandt
hatabanhadbeenpl
acedont
hem whi
chpr
event
edt
hem f
rom par
taki
ngi
n
anyexami
nat
ionor
gani
zedbyWAECf
ort
hreey
ear
sinaddi
ti
ont
othei
rresul
tsbeencancel
l
ed.I
nar
ri
vi
ngat
t
hisdeci
si
on,WAEC nev
ercal
l
edt
hest
udent
s,i
nter
rogat
edt
hem orev
enhear
dthei
rsi
deoft
hest
ory
.
Judgementwasgi
vent
otheappel
l
ant
satt
hehi
ghcour
tbutt
hecour
tofappealr
ever
sedt
hedeci
sion.Hel
d:
I
twashel
dthatbyf
ail
i
ngt
oobser
vet
her
ulesofnat
ural
just
icei
.e.t
heaudi
alt
eram par
tem r
ules,
thecounci
l
hadcont
rav
enedt
heappel
l
ant
s’r
ightt
oadmi
nist
rat
ivej
ust
iceunderar
ti
cle23oft
heconst
it
uti
on.Al
so,t
he
pr
ocessbywhi
cht
hecounci
lsoughtt
oest
abl
i
sht
heal
l
egat
ionsmadeagai
nstt
heappel
l
ant
swasnei
ther
f
airnorr
easonabl
e

GhanaLot
toOper
ator
sAssoci
ati
onv
.Nat
ional
Lot
ter
yAut
hor
it
y[2007-
2008]SCGLR1088
s:On27th December
Fact ,2006,t
hePr
esi
dentgav
ehi
sassentt
oTheNat
ionalLot
toAct
,2006.Thi
sAct
est
abl
i
shedt
heNat
ionalLot
to.TheNat
ionalLot
ter
yAut
hor
it
ywasest
abl
i
shedunderPar
tIIoft
heActt
o
conductt
heNat
ionalLot
to.Sect
ion4oft
heActpr
ohi
bit
sanyper
sonot
hert
hant
heNat
ionalLot
ter
y
Aut
hor
it
yfr
om oper
ati
nganyf
orm ofl
ott
ery
.Thesecondt
osev
ent
hpl
aint
if
fsar
ecompani
esest
abl
i
shed
undert
hel
awsofGhanat
ooper
atepr
ivat
elot
tobusi
ness.Thef
ir
stpl
aint
if
fisal
soacompanyest
abl
i
shed
undert
hel
awsofGhanawhoseobj
ecti
stof
ost
eracor
dial
rel
ati
onshi
pamongpr
ivat
elot
tooper
ator
sandt
o
assi
stdi
str
essedl
ott
ooper
ator
s.Thepl
aint
if
fs’
compl
ainti
sthataf
tert
heest
abl
i
shmentoft
hedef
endant
,it
caused newspaper announcement
sto be i
ssued i
n Jul
y 2007 about i
ts est
abl
i
shment
. These
announcement
spubl
i
cisedt
hest
atut
orypr
ovi
siont
hataper
sonot
hert
hant
heNat
ionalLot
ter
yAut
hor
it
y
(
whi
chwi
l
lber
efer
redt
osubsequent
lyi
nthi
sopi
nionas“
theAut
hor
it
y”)shal
lnotoper
ateanyf
orm ofl
ott
ery
i
nGhana.Theannouncement
sal
sost
atedt
hat
:“I
nvi
ewoft
heest
abl
i
shmentoft
heBoar
d,al
lper
sonswho
bef
oret
hecommencementoft
hisAct
,possessesorownamachi
neorequi
pmentusedf
ort
heoper
ati
onof
l
ott
eryofanyki
nd,
shal
lwi
thi
nfour
teenday
saf
tert
hecommencementoft
hisActsur
rendert
hemachi
neor
equi
pmentt
otheDi
rect
or-
Gener
alby14thAugust
,2007.Sect
ion58(
4)”
.Thepl
aint
if
fswer
eaggr
iev
edbyt
he
cont
ent
soft
heseannouncement
sandt
her
efor
eissuedawr
itofsummonsagai
nstt
heAut
hor
iyon13th
t
August2007,cl
aimi
ng“
Adecl
arat
iont
hatt
hedi
rect
ivef
rom t
heDef
endantt
opr
ivat
elot
tooper
ator
sto
sur
rendermachi
nesorequi
pmentusedf
ort
heoper
ati
onofl
ott
eryt
otheDi
rect
or-
Gener
aloft
heDef
endant
he14thAugust2007i
byt sunconst
it
uti
onal
,i
ll
egal
andunr
easonabl
e.”

Hel
d:Dot
hesepr
ovi
sionsofAct722i
nfr
ingear
ti
cle36(
2)(
b)oft
heConst
it
uti
on? Touseahackney
ed
expr
essi
on,wet
hinkt
hatt
hepl
aint
if
fsar
ecr
yingwol
f!I
ftheabov
epr
ovi
sionswer
eani
nfr
ingementof
ar
ti
cle36(
2),
itwoul
dimpl
ythatt
hegov
ernmenthadv
irt
ual
l
ynor
egul
ator
yaut
hor
it
yov
erpr
ivat
eent
erpr
ise.
Thel
i
censi
ngr
egi
meov
erbanksandi
nsur
ancecompani
es,f
orexampl
e,woul
dbeunconst
it
uti
onal
!That
woul
dbeanabsur
dresul
t,i
fev
ert
her
ewasone. Toaf
for
dtheci
ti
zensandr
esi
dent
sofGhanaan
oppor
tuni
tyf
ori
ndi
vi
duali
nit
iat
iveandcr
eat
ivi
tyi
neconomi
cact
ivi
ti
esdoesnoti
mpl
ythedeni
alt
othe
Ghanai
anSt
ateoft
henor
malr
egul
ator
yaut
hor
it
yexer
cisedbydemocr
ati
cst
atest
hewor
ldov
er.The
pl
aint
if
fs’
clai
minef
fecti
sthatt
heyhav
eanunt
rammel
l
edr
ightt
ooper
atet
hei
rpr
ivat
elot
tobusi
ness,
free
f
rom anyl
i
censi
ngr
egi
meest
abl
i
shedbyPar
li
ament
.Thear
gumentagai
nstt
hisposi
ti
oni
sputt
husi
nthe
def
endant
’sst
atementofcase(
atpar
a.13)
:

“
MyLor
ds,aper
son hasno f
undament
alhuman r
ightt
o car
ryon pr
ivat
elot
to orf
ort
hatmat
tera
f
undament
alr
ightt
ocar
ryonapar
ti
cul
arbusi
nessofhi
schoi
ce.Lot
toi
saf
orm ofgambl
i
ngandt
her
eis
al
sonor
ightatcommonl
aworany
wher
eel
sef
oranyper
sont
oengagei
ngambl
i
ng.I
tisast
ater
egul
ated
busi
nessandonecanonl
ypar
ti
cipat
eatt
hemer
cyoft
hest
ate.Thepl
aint
if
fswer
eal
l
owedt
opar
ti
cipat
ein
pr
ivat
elot
tobyt
hepassageoft
hePNDCL223.Thatdi
dnotel
evat
ether
ightt
oaf
undament
alhumanr
ight
,
whi
chcannotbei
nter
fer
edwi
th.
”
Thi
sanal
ysi
sbyt
hedef
endanti
slar
gel
ycor
rect
,exceptt
hatt
hepl
aint
if
fsar
enotatt
hemer
cyoft
heSt
atei
n
seeki
ngt
opar
ti
cipat
eint
hest
ater
egul
atedl
ott
eryi
ndust
ry.Thel
i
censi
ngr
egi
mehast
oconf
ormt
othe
st
andar
dsseti
nar
ti
cl
e296oft
heConst
it
uti
on.TheNat
ionalLot
ter
yAut
hor
it
yhasadut
ytobef
airand
candi
dinal
l
ocat
ingl
i
cencest
othosewhowi
sht
opar
ti
cipat
eint
hel
ott
erybusi
ness.I
tal
sohast
opubl
i
sh
r
egul
ati
onsgov
erni
ngt
heexer
ciseofi
tsdi
scr
eti
onar
ypower
.Inconcl
usi
on,t
her
efor
e,wewi
sht
ost
atei
n
r
esponset
other
efer
encebyt
hel
ear
nedt
ri
alj
udget
hatAct722i
snoti
nbr
eachofAr
ti
cles33(
5),
35(
1)and
36(
2)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
on.

SECTI
ON10-NATURALJUSTI
CE
Natur
alj
ust
iceisal
egalconceptorpr
inci
plewhichi
sbasical
l
ytermedasadut
ytoactf
air
ly.I
tisagener
al
pr
ocedur
alrul
eaimedatensuri
ngfair
ness.Itcompr
isest
wor ul
es,namel
y:

A.NEMOJUDEXI
NCAUSASUA
Thissi
mplymeansnomani
stobeaj
udgei
nhi
sowncase.I
tisar
uleagai
nstpar
ti
ali
ty.Ar
ti
cle296makes
provi
si
onagai
nstbi
as.

1.Attorney-Gener alv.Sal
lah( 1970)2G&G( 2d)1319
SupremeCour t
(Amissah, Siriboe, Ji
agge, AninandAr cherJJ. A.)
Facts:MrSal l
ah, themanageroft heGhanaNat i
onalTr
adingCor por ati
on, broughtanact ionatt heSupr eme
courtcontest ingt helegal vali
dit
yofhi sdi smissalfr
om officeinaccor dancewi thSect i
on9( 1)oft he1961
Const i
tut
ion, Tr ansit
ionalPr ovi
sions,oft heNat i
onalLi
berat i
onCounci l.Ther espondentsr aiseda
prel
iminaryobj ectionast ot hecompet enceoft woofthejudges, Just i
ceApal ooandJust iceSowah, since
Justi
ceSowah’ sbr other-
in-l
awwasoneoft hepubli
cservantswhohadbeendi smi ssedfrom of fi
ce,and
Justi
ceApal oowasal l
egedt ohavebeenani nti
matefr
iendofSal lah’s.Twowi tnesswer ebroughti nto
test
ifyast ot her elat
ionshipbet weenJust iceApalooandSal lah,
butt heirtestimonieswer epr ovenwr ong
andt heywer echar gedwi thper j
ury.At hirdwitnesshowev er,gav
eacr edibletestimony.

Held(Siri
boeJdi ssent
ing)
:Despitet
heevi
dencethetwojusti
ceswerecompet entt
obeont hepanel si
nce
theywer efoundtohavenot hi
ngmor et
hanajudi
cial
int
eresti
nt hematter
.
PerAmi ssahJ: “
…itwouldbeasaddaywhenwehav etoconcludethatinthecondi
ti
onsofthiscountry
becauseast oresmanagerr eser
vessomecommodi t
yforacustomer ,
becausethatcust
omerl ooksforand
converseswi t
hthemanagerwhenhecomest othestor
eandi nalanguagewhichtheobser
v erdoesnot
understand,becausethatcustomercal
l
sthatmanagerbyhisfir
stname, t
heymustbecloseandi nti
mate
fri
ends.”

Sir
iboeJ’sdi
ssentingopini
on: “Thetesttobeappli
edtot hi
sobjecti
oniswhatar easonableli
ti
gantwoul
d
thi
nkifhegetst ohearofmat terssuchashav ebeenall
egedinthisappli
cation,suchast heinti
mate
rel
ati
onshipbetweenhisopponentandt hejudgepresi
dingoverhiscase.Ar easonableli
tigantwould
unhesit
ati
ngl
yf ormtheimpr essionthathiscasewil
lnotbegivenanunbi asedhear i
ng.Thiswoul d
parti
cul
arl
ybesoi noursocietywher emostl i
ti
gantsfr
ownuponamer econv er
sationbetweent hei
rown
counselandthatoftheiropponents.”

2.Saawav .Dumah( 1991)1GLR452

HighCourt(DoveJ)
Facts:Thedefendantinacasebef
oretheAjumakoDistr
ictCourt
,GradeI
I,appl
iedt
otheHi
ghCour
tseeking
anor dert
otransfert
hecasetoacourtinCapeCoast
, onthegroundthat
,thecasear
osei
nCapeCoastand
notinAjumako.Whenshemadet hi
sobject
ionatt
heDistr
ictCourtGradeII
,i
nAjumako,t
hecasewas
refer
redtoasettl
ementoutofcourt
,butwassubsequentl
yretur
nedt othecour
t,wher
esheal
legedt
hatt
he
distr
ictmagi
str
atehadaddressedherwithcont
empt.Theplai
nti
ff/r
espondentdeni
edthi
sst
atement
.

Hol
ding:Theconductoft
hedist
ri
ctmanagementt
owardst
heappl
i
canti
ndicat
est
hathehadal
readybeen
pr
ejudi
cedagainsther
.Ther
ewast her
efor
enowayhecoul
dadj
udi
catef
air
ly.

PerDoveJ:“Biashasbeensaidtobeprejudi
ceandinajudi
cialcapaci
tycouldmeandecidingamatt
er
wit
houtref
erencetotheevi
dence.Ajudgeormagi st
rat
eisenti
tl
edt opromotereconci
l
iat
ionbet
weenthe
par
tiesbef
orehim,iti
snothisfunct
iontoforcet
hem toset
tl
etheirdif
ferences.
”

3.Mbr ahv .Johnson( 1973)2GLR213

HighCour t,EDWARDWI REDUJ.
Facts: Anappli
cationwasbr oughtbeforetheHi ghCour tbyt hecompl ai
nantinacr iminalcase.The
respondenthadbeenchar gedwi thabduct
ingt hecompl ai nant ’
sdaught erattheDi stri
ctCourtGradeI Ii
n
AssinFosu.Thecompl ainantfi
ledanapplicati
ont otheHi ghCour tforatransferoft hecaseont hegr ound
thatthemagi str
atehadani nterestint
hecasewhi chwoul dr esultinbias.Accordingt othecompl ainant,
her
daught erhadseent herespondententeri
ngt hetri
almagi strateshouse, anduponbei ngquest i
onedast o
whyhewast here,
t herespondentwasunabl etogiveav alidr esponset othecompl ai
nant’
sdaught er.
Addi t
ional
ly,t
woot herpeopl ehadhear dhim statethatthej udgmentwoul dcer t
ainlybeinhisf avour.
Counsel fortherespondentopposedt heappl i
cati
onont hegr ound, i
nterali
a,thatthecompl ainant’
s
statement swereal lhearsayandt huswasnotasuf fi
cientgr oundf ortheapplicati
on.

Hel
d: Cert
ainfact
orsmustbeconsider
edingranti
nganapplicat
ionfort
ransfer
,incl
udi
ngali
kel
i
hoodofbi
as,
i
nconv eni
encetoawitness,aswell
astoavoidunnecessar
ydelay.I
nthepresentcase,
ther
ewasno
pr
ejudiceasthecomplainantsgr
oundsforappl
i
cati
onwer enotsoli
d.

PerWireduJ:“t
hegr oundall
egedi ntheappl i
cat
ionisprejudi
ceagainstfai
rtr
ialbasedonhear saymat t
ers.
Thedeponentdidnothav epersonal knowledgeofthemat ter
scontainedinheraffi
dav i
t.Undert
hose
ci
rcumstancesIcandonomor ethanechot hesubmi ssi
onsofl ear
nedcounselfortheaccusedandt he
l
earnedstateat
torneythatt
hemat terbeinghearsayitcannotformthebasisofanyj udi
cialdeci
sion.
”

4.Amaduv .Mohammed( 2007-2008)1SCGLR58

SupremeCour t,AtugubaJSC, WoodJSC, Dat e-
BahJSC, AnsahJSC, AsiamahJSC
Facts:Therespondentinthepresentcasef i
ledamot ionagainsttheappli
cantf
orcont emptattheHigh
Court,Tamale.Theappl i
cantt
hensoughtt oinvoket heSupr emeCour t’
ssuperv
isoryjuri
sdi
cti
onbyapplyi
ng
foranorderofpr ohi
biti
onprohibi
tingt
heHi ghCour tjudge,MrJust i
ceSimonSuur bare,f
rom si
tt
ingonthe
mat t
er.Thegroundsr el
iedonbyt heappli
cantwer ethathei swasf ri
endswiththerespondentandthe
respondent’
slawy er
,heexhibi
tedhostil
it
ytowar dstheappl i
cant,andthushewasl ikelyt
ogiveabiased
j
udgment .

Held:Theevi
dencegivenbytheapplicantwasmer el
ycircumstanti
al.Theapplicant’
sclai
m wasbasedona
previ
ouscontemptorderbythejudgeaswel lasanall
egedt el
ephoneconv ersationbet
weent hesai
djudge
andtherespondent
’slawyerandthesewer enotsubstanti
altoprovear eal
li
kelihoodofbias.Theappl
icat
ion
wastherefor
edismissed.

PerDat e-BahJSC: “
Whileundoubtedly
,reall
ikel
i
hoodofbi asi
najudgeisgroundf orgranti
nganor derof
prohibit
ionagainsthi
m, suchl
ikel
ihoodhast obeestabl
ishedonthebasisoffactsdulyproved.Inourview,
theaf f
idavitev
idenceadducedbyt heappli
cantint
hiscasewoefull
yfai
ledtoprovet hefactsr
eliedonto
establi
sht heall
egati
onsofhostil
i
tyagainsttheappl
icantandper
sonalfri
endshipbet weenthejudgeand
counsel
fort
her
espondentwhi
chwer
emadeagai
nstt
hel
ear
nedHi
ghCour
tJudge.
”

5.Republicv.Asankor eTr adi

ti
onalCouncil,
ExPar teAfrakoma( 1989-90)2GLR592
HighCour t
,Lar teyJ.
Facts:Theappl icantwhowast hequeenmot herofAsankar e,broughtanact ionbefor
et heHi ghCour tforan
orderofcertioraritoquashadeci si
onmadebyt heOmanheneandpr esidentoftheAsankar eTr adi
ti
onal
Counciltodest ool her.Thebasi sofherapplicat
ion,i
sinteralia,thefactthatshewasunawar eoft he
destoolment.Theappl i
cantadditi
onal
lystatedthatthepur porteddestoolmentwasuncust omar yand
contrar
ytot hepr incipleofnaturalj
usti
cesinceshewasdest ooledwi t
houttrial
.Counselforther espondents,
i
nopposi ti
on, submi ttedthatthedestoolmentwasi nconf ormi t
ywi t
ht herul
esofcustomar ylaw.

Held:Thepur poseofthemeet i
ngtowhi chtheapplicanthadbeensummonedwast oset
tl
edi f
f er
ences
betweenher selfandtheOmanheneandnott odecideonadest ool
mentmat ter.Basedonther espondent
s’
ownaf f
idavit,t
heapplicantwasnotgi v
enahear ingbef or
ethedeci
sionbytheOmanhenewasgi v
enand
thustherulesofnat ur
al j
usti
cewer ebreached.Also,theOmanhene,whopr onouncedthejudgement ,was
clear
lyaninterestedparty(i.
e.ajudgeinhisowncause)si ncetheappl
icanthadmadeal l
egationsagainst
him att
hemeet ing.Applicat
ionsucceeded.

PerLarteyJ:‘
itseemst omet hatapartfr
om br eachingthelaw—eitheri
ncust om orst
atute—t he
destoolmentofthequeenmot herwascont r
aryt othenor msofnaturaljust
ice.Thesenormsofnat ural
j
ust i
cehavebeenst atedtimeandagai ninvariousaut hori
ti
esandinHal sbury’
sLawsofEngl and(3rded),
Vol.30atp.718, para.1368theyhav ebeenst atedasf oll
ows:
“...t
heparti
estot heproceedingsshallbedulynot if
iedwhenandwher etheymaybehear dandshal l t
henbe
givenful
lopportunit
yofst at
ingtheirvi
ews,themat t
ersindisputebeingdecidedhonestl
y ,i
mpar t
iall
yand
withoutbi
asbyat ri
bunalnomemberofwhi chhasanyi nt
erest
,eit
herpecuniaryorotherwise,inthemat t
er.
”’

6.Adai v.Anane( 1973)1GLR144

HighCour t
Osei-HwereJ.
Facts:Therespondentbr oughtanact ionbeforetheBechem Di st
rictMagistrateGradeII
,claiminginteralia,
a
declarat
ionofti
tlet olandaswel l asdamagesf ortr
espassf r
om theappellant.Therespondentst atedthat
heder i
vedthetitl
et hr
oughhi sgr andfather
,andt hatabout8y ear
spr iort
ot heactionbeforethemagi strate,
therewasanar bitrati
onbef oretheOdi kroofBredi,betweenhimsel fandoneKwameMi ssah, uponwhi chhe
hadbeendecl aredt herightf
ulowneroft heland.Theappellanthowev eral
sost atedthattherehadbeenan
arbit
rati
oninwhi chhehadbeendecl aredtheowneroft hel
and.Themagi stratei
nhisdeci si
on,declaredt he
respondentastheowneroft helandandawar dedcost sagainstt
heappel lant.Theappell
antt husappeal ed
againstthedecisionatt heHighCour t.

Held,al
lowingt
heappeal:Themagi strat
eerredinconcludingt
hatt
hearbi
tr
ati
onref
err
edtobythe
respondentwasav al
i
done, becauset heOdikr
oofBr edi,
whowast hear
bit
rat
or,
hadanint
eresti
nthecase
sincehewasacl oserel
ati
veofther espondent.

PerOsei -
Hwer eJ:Anarbit
rat
or’
sposi
tionmustnotof fendoneoft herul
esofnaturaljust
ice,
thatis,hemust
notbeaj udgei nhi
sowncause.Ifaper sonact sasanar bit
rat
orinhisowncauseori nacausei nwhi chhe
haslegalbiasanydecisionhegiv
eswillbear bi
trary
.Ifthetri
almagistr
atehadconsideredthetrueposition
oftheplainti
ff
’sfi
rstwit
ness,hewoul
dhav erefrai
nedfrom condemningtherefusalofthedefendantt o
att
endt heall
egedar bi
tr
ati
onbeforet
hepl ainti
ff’
sfi
rstwitnesswhichformedthethirdgroundofhi s
supplementaryappeal.
7.Republicv.Chai
rmanofaConstituti
onalCommi tt
ee,ExparteBari
mah112G&G368
HighCour t
AnnanJ
Facts:Thechairmanofaconsti
tut
ionalcommi t
tee,aft
erhavingcarr
iedoutaninqui
ryint
odestoolment
chargeshav i
ngtodowitht
heapplicant,madecertai
nor der
sagainsthim,uponwhichtheappli
cantfi
ledf
or
anor derofcert
ior
ari
agai
nsttheorder.Thegroundonwhi chhearguedwas, int
eral
ia,
thatt
heChai r
man’s
wifewasr el
atedtooneofthecompl ai
nant
satt hecommi tt
eeandhencet herewastheli
kel
ihoodofbias.

Hel
d:Ther
elat
ionshi
pbetweentheChai
rman’
swi
feandt
hecompl
ainanti
nquest
ionwasnotonet
hatwoul
d
l
eadtobi
asofthepartofthechai
rman.

Pri
nciple:Theremustbeproved,areall
ikeli
hoodofbi
as,andnotameresuspici
onofbias,
inorderforsuch
anactiont osucceed.Addi
ti
onall
y,t
hebur denofpr
oofwithr
especttoar
eall
ikel
ihoodofbias,l
ieswit
hthe
appli
cant,andt hi
sproofmustconsti
tut
ef act
swhichwhenconsider
edbyaright
-mindedperson,would
consti
tutear eall
ikel
i
hoodofbias.

PerAnnanJ, “
Wher ei
tisshownt hatapersonv
estedwithpowertoadjudi
cat
eonani ssuehad
foreknowledgeoftheveryissuesoffactt
obedeterminedbyhim orhadshownaclearincl
inati
ontosuppor
t
onev ersi
onoft hei
ssues,t
hatf actwoul
dbesuffi
cientt
odisqual
i
fyhimf r
om si
tt
ingeit
heraloneorwit
h
otherstoadjudicat
ethemat ter
.

B.AUDIALTERAM PARTEM
Thisi
sli
teral
l
ytransl
atedas‘heart
heotherside’
.I
tisapri
ncipl
ethathastodowi
thf
airhear
ing.Ar
ti
cle19
provi
desforfai
rhear
ing.Ar
ti
cle23alsoaddressesadmini
str
ati
vebodies.

1.Awuni v.WAEC( 2003- 2004)SCGLR471

SupremeCour t
KpegahJ. S.
C.(Presi
ding) ,MissAkuf foJ.S.C,BrobbeyJ. S.C.
,Dr.Twum J. S.C.,Dr.Date-BahJ.S.C.
Facts:TheWestAf ri
canExami nati
onsCounci l(WAEC)af t
erconduct i
ngi nvesti
gati
onsi ntosuspect ed
i
rregularit
iesinthescriptsoft he13appel l
ants,i
nformedt heappel l
ants’headmast erthatt hei
rresultswould
becancel led,
andt hest udentsbannedf r
om si t
ti
ngf orexami nationsf orthreeyears.Theheadmast er
protestedandr equestedar evi
ewoft hedecision,t
owhi chthecounci lr
efused.Theappel l
antsthenappl i
ed
totheHi ghCour tseekingadecl arat
ionthatthecancel lati
onoft heirresultsaswel last heirt
hree-year
prohibit
ionwasv oi
d,ont hegr oundt hattheyhadnotbeengr antedt heoppor tuni
tytor espondt othe
all
egat i
onsofexami nat i
onmal pract
icesaswasr equiredbyAr ticle23oft he1992Const i
tuti
on.Counsel for
therespondent scontendedt hatperSect i
on10oft heWestAf ri
canExami nat
ionsCounci lLaw1991, the
councilwasnotobl i
gedt ogr antsuchahear i
ngandwasi nfactent i
tledtoi nvest
igateal l
suspicionsof
exami nati
onmal practi
cesandt oadmi ni
sterappropriatesanctions.

Held,all
owingt heappeal:
TheWestAf ri
canExaminati
onsCounci lwasanadmi ni
str
ativ
ebodybyv ir
tueof
theWestAf r
icanExaminationsCouncilLaw1991whi chhadt heforceoflawinGhana,thusthecounci
lwas
subjecttoArticl
e23oft heConst i
tut
ion.Ar
ti
cle23requiredal
l admini
str
ativ
ebodiestoact‘f
airl
yand
reasonably’
,andt heref
usal oft
heWestAf ri
canExami nati
onsCounciltogiveaheari
ngtotheappell
antswas
i
ncont raventionoftheart
icle.

Pri
nciple:
Anadmi nist
rat
ivebodyi
sr equir
edbyArti
cle23tocar
ryouti
tsdeci
sionsfai
rlyandr
easonabl
y,and
where,penalconsequenceswouldresultfr
om anadmini
str
ati
vebody’
sacti
vi
ti
es,iti
simperat
ivefort
he
administr
ati
vebodyt ogi
veduenoti
ceaswel l
asaf ai
rhear
ingtot
hepersonsconcerned.

PerKpegahJ.
S.C.
:“…i
tisawel
lset
tl
edpr
inci
pleofadmi
nist
rat
ivel
awt
hatpr
eli
minar
yinv
est
igat
ions,
li
ket
he
compar isonandscr uti
nyoft hescr i
ptsofcandi dat es, i
snotsubj ecttot hepr i
nciplesofpr ocedur al fair
ness.
Butwhent hecounci l,aft
eritsownpr el
imi naryi nv est i
gat i
ons,formst heopi ni
ont hatther emi ghthav ebeen
collusi
onasar esul toff oreknowl edgeamongt hest udent sthen, It
hink, t
hepr i
nciplesofpr ocedur al f
air
ness,
l
ikegi vingnot i
ceandhear i
ngt ot heappel lants, mustbeobser ved.Thisi sbecauseaf tersuchpr elimi nary
i
nv esti
gat ions,thecounci lcoul dbesai dt ohav esomeev i
denceuponwhi chtoactandt akeadeci sion
aff
ect i
ngt heright soft heappel lants.Tomet her ef ore, t
hiscasecomeswi t
hinthecat egor yofcasesi n
whi chwecannotsi ncerelysayt hatt hisser i
ousdef aul tagainstar ti
cle23hadnoti nfl
ictedagr ossi njusti
ce
ont heappel l
ant s.Itwasanunr easonabl eexer ciseofpower .Thust hear gumentofl earnedcounsel tothe
eff
ectt hatt hei ssueconcer nedschool exami nat ionsandt hecounci lcoul dnot,asauni v ersal practice,invi
te
thecandi datest omaker epresent ati
onsi s,tome, unt enabl esinceitimpl iesthesubmi ssi ont hatthe
obser vanceoft her ulesofnat uraljusti
cewasadmi nistrat
ivelyinconv enientandt hef l
awedpr ocedur emade
nodi ff
er encet ot hedeci sion.Int hiscount ry,ther i
ghtt obehear disaf undament alprincipleenshr inedinour
const i
tut i
oncannotbei gnor edf orreasonsofadmi ni str
ativeinconv enience.”

2.Aboagyev .GhanaCommer ci
alBank[2001-2002]SCGLR797
SupremeCour t
Ampi ahJ.
S.C. ,
AdjabengJ.
S.C.,AcquahJ.S.
C.,AdzoeJ.S.
C.
Facts:Theappel l
antwasdi
smi ssedfrom hi
sjobbyt her
espondent
,GhanaCommer
cial
Bank,
wit
houtt
he
chanceofbei ngheard.

Hel
d,al
lowingtheappeal:Ther espondenthadbreachedbothrul
esofnaturalj
usticewhichwerenecessary
tot
hereali
sati
onofadmi nistr
ativefai
rnessandreasonabl
eness.Ther
efor
e, t
hedecisionshedi
scipl
inar
y
committ
ee,theExecuti
vecommi tteeandtorenull
andv oi
dandofnoef f
ect.
NB:Therespondenthadact edultravi
resit
sstaffrul
esbyfai
li
ngtograntaper sonalhear
ingt
otheappellant
.

Pri
ncipl
e:Thereisadutyont hepar
tofadministr
ati
vebodiestoactf air
lyandreasonabl
y.Thisdut
yentai
l
s
thedutytotakeintoconsi
derati
onthepr
inci
plesofnatur
al j
usti
ce(audi al
teram par
tem andnemojudexin
causasua).Thepr i
nci
pleofaudial
ter
am par
tem incl
udestheobligationtoinfor
mt heaccusedofhis
off
ence,cri
me, caseorchargeinor
dertoful
fi
l awar
eness,preparat
ionanddef ence.

PerAdjabengJ.
S.C.
:“I
nmyv
iew,
iti
sthedut
yofanyadj
udi
cat
ingaut
hor
it
ytoactf
air
lyandwi
th
tr
ansparency
.”

3.Akunorv .Okan( 1977)1GLR173

Cour tofAppeal
Ami ssahJA, Ki
ngsl ey-Nyi
nahJ. A,Hay fr
on- Benjami nJ.A
Facts: Thepl
ainti
ffbr oughtanact ionclai
mi ngadecl arati
onoft i
tl
et oapi eceoflandwhi chshecl ai
medto
havebeengr antedt oherbyt heheadoft heDzr asequar teraccordi
ngt ocustom in1936, andevidencedi
n
writi
ngi n1960.Sheal sosoughtf oraper pet uali
njuncti
onagai nstthedef endantwhom shehadaccusedof
tr
espass.Thedef endanthowev erarguedt hatt hepieceofl andhadbeenconv eyedtoherbyt hesamehead
ofDzr asequarterar ound1942.Ther ewasanar bi
trati
onin1960pr esi dedov erbytheLaMant se, whorul
ed
i
nf av ouroft
hedef endant .Themat t
erwassubsequent lybroughtbef oreAbbanJ, whor uledinfavourofthe
defendantaswel l.Thepl ainti
ffappealedf urtheront hegr oundthattheLaMant se’sdecisioni
nthe
arbit
rationwascar riedouti nanar bi
trar
ymanner .

Held:Theparti
es,byhavingagr
eedtothearbi
trat
ion,
hadagreedal
sotoaccepttheawar dwhichwould
ensue.Thustheplaint
iff
’sar
gumentthatshehadnotconsentedt
oaccepttheoutcomeoft hearbi
tr
ati
on
cannothold.Thearbit
rati
onwasnotinanywaycont r
aryt
othepri
nci
plesofnatur
al j
ust
ice.

PerAmi
sahJ.
A.,
thei
ngr
edi
entoft
hecust
omar
yar
bit
rat
ionunderconsi
der
ati
oni
ssat
isf
iednotatt
het
ime
oftheawardwhenanadv er
sedecisionmaycauseoneoft hepart
iest
or econsi
derhi
sparti
cipat
ioni
nthe
proceedi
ngs,butatt
heopeningoftheproceedi
ngs.I
tisanagreementtobeboundbyt hedecisi
onmadeas
aprecondit
ionfort
hear
bitr
ationt
akingplace.

4.Republ i
cv .Hi ghCour t,Bol gat angaandAnot her;ExPar teHawaYakubu( 2001- 2002)SCGLR53
Supr emeCour t
Edwar dWi reduAGCJJSC, Adj abengJSC, AcquahJSC, At ugubahJSC, Akuf foJSC, Lampt eyJSC, Adzoe
JSC
Facts: Theappl i
cant ,Madam HawaYakubu, wast heNewPat ri
oticPar t
y( NPP)par li
ament ar ycandi datein
theBawkuCent ral Const ituencypar li
ament ar yelecti
onsi nDecember2000, andMadam Haj iaFat iSeidu,
wast heNat ional Democr aticCongr ess( NDC)par li
ament arycandi date.Af t
ert hedecl arat i
onoft heel ection
resultsinwhi cht heappl i
cantwasdecl ar edwi nner ,t
her espondentf i
ledapet i
tionatt heHi ghCour tin
Bolgat anga, seeki ngt hef ollowi ngr eli
ef s;
“(1)Anor deroft hehonour abl ecour tdir ect inganexami nat i
onofal lvotescastf ort hepar l
iament ary
electionsi nall t
he151pol li
ngst ationsoft heBawkuConst ituencyandi npar ti
cul artoor derascr utinyoft he
votesoft hef ourpol li
ngst at i
onst hatwer enotaccount edf oron7and8December2000.
(2)Adecl arationbyt hecour tt hatt hepet itionerhadmaj or i
tyofal l l
awful votescastf ort hepar liament ary
electionsi ntheBawkuCent ral Const i
tuencyconduct edon7December2000.
(3)Aper petual injunct i
onr est rainingt hef irstr espondentf rom st yl
ingand/ orhol di ngouther selfast hedul y
electedmemberofPar l
i
amentf ort heBawkuCent ralConst ituencyandmor epar ticularly, f
rom t aki ngupa
seati nPar li
amentandpar ticipat ingi nanypr oceedingsofPar li
ament .
(4)Aper petual injunct i
onr est rainingt hesecondr espondentandt hethirdrespondentf r
om gaz ettingt he
fi
rstr espondentast hedul yel ect edmemberofPar li
amentf ort heBawkuCent ralConst ituency .”
Duringt hecour seoft hepr oceedi ngsatt heHi ghCour t,theNDCpar l
iament arycandi dat e,theappl i
canti n
thatcasef il
edf oranot i
ceofdi scont i
nuance.Thedi scont inuancewasgr ant edaf terwhi cht hehi ghcour t
order edther ecol latingandr e-addi tionoft hebal l
ots,and, int heev entofi nconcl usiver esul ts,recount i
ngof
thebal lotsbyt wor epr esent at iveseachoft heNDCandNPPt oget herwi t
ht hesecondr espondentanda
represent ativeoft het hirdr espondent ,af terwhi char epor twast obemadeandsi gnedbyeachpar ticipant.
Theappl i
cantsubsequent l
ysoughtawr itofcer ti
orariatt heSupr emeCour tt oquasht heHi ghCour t’
sor der
ont hegr ound, i
nt eral ia,thatt heor derwascont rarytothepr inciplesonnat ural j
ust i
cesi ncet heappl i
cant
wasnotapar tyt ot hepr oceedi ngs.

Held,perAcquahJSC, “t
hecont entionthatthepr oceedingsandor derof6Januar y2001wer emadei n
viol
ationoftheaudi alteram partem ruleiscertainl
yindef ensible.Madam HawaYakubuwast heNew
Patri
ot i
cPartyparl
iament arycandidateinthedi sputedelect i
on.Thepet i
ti
onsoughtnotonl yar ecountofthe
votesbutalsoanor dertor estr
ainherf r
om holdi nghersel foutast hedulyel ectedmemberofPar l
iamentfor
theBawkuCent r
alConst i
tuency.Ont hefactsandi nthef aceoft herel
ief
scl aimedint hepeti
tion,evenifshe
wasnotmadeapar tyinthepet i
tion,theHighCour ti
tsel
foni tsownmot ion,hasaut hori
tytojoinherinthe
petit
ionforaneffect ualandcompl etedeterminat i
onoft hemat tersincontroversy.”

5.Republ i
cv .Assua, ExPar teBlewey( 1973)2GLR283
CourtofAppeal
SOWAHJA, ANI NJA, ANNANJ.
Facts:Theappel lantsint hepresentappeal ,f
irstbroughtanact i
onbef or
et heWest ernNzimaTradit
ional
Counci lcl
aimingt heHal fAssiniDivi
sionalStool whichtheyallegedtobelongt otheirfamil
y.Thecouncil
uponi nquiry
, f
oundt hatal t
hought hest ooloncebel ongedtotheappel l
ants’famil
ybutwasal ongtheline,f
or
somer eason,passedt otherespondent s,i
trightf
ullybelongedtotheapplicants,thusjudgmentwasgi venin
favouroft heapplicants.Ther espondent sappealedandt hesolecommi ssionerappointedbytheNat i
onal
Liberati
onCommi tt
eet oheart heappeal affi
rmedt hecounci l
’
sdecision.Howev er,thesolecommissioner’
s
fi
ndingswer er eversedandsubst i
tutedbyt heNat i
onal l
iberat
ioncouncil
.Theappel lantsappeal
edtot he
HighCourt,Sekondi,seekingawritofcert
iorarit
oquasht hedecisi
onoftheNati
onalLi
ber
ati
onCouncil
.The
appealwasdi smissedandt heappell
antsfurtherappealedtotheSupr
emeCour tont
hegroundsi
nteral
ia,
thatbyfai
l
ingt otakef ur
therev
idenceorhav efurtherheari
ngsofthepar
tiest
othecase,t
heNati
onal
Liber
ati
onCounci lfai
ledtoobservetherulesofnat ural
just
ice.

Hel
d:I
twasnotnecessar
yfort
heNati
onalLi
berati
onCommi t
teet
ohol
dahearingortakefurt
herev
idence
t
hedeci
sionwasthefi
nalpr
ocessi
ntheenqui
ry.Thus,
ther
ewasnobreachofnatur
aljust
ice.

PerSowahJ. A.,‘
Ast oananswert othatar m ofargumentt hattherewasabr eachofnat uralj
usti
ce,we
woul dref ertoapassagei nAhenkor av .Of e(1957)3W. A.L.R.145atp.151, C.A.perGr anv i
l
leSharpJ. A.:
“Idonott hinkthatitcanbequest ionedt hatthecommi tteeofinquiryi sajudicialtri
bunal ,
andIam of
opiniont hattheGov er
nor’
sactinconsi deringther eportoft hecommi tteeanddeci di
ngwhatst eptot ake
uponi tispar tandpar cel
ofthei nquiry
;necessar ytoef fectitspurpose.Thedeci sionmustbemade
j
udi ci
allyandwi thoutconsiderati
onofext r
aneousori rrelevantmat tersandi saj udicialact.”
IftheNat ionalLiberati
onCounci l
’sactinconsi deri
ngt her eportispar tofthei nquir
y ,whichwet hinkitis,
thent herewasnott heneedt ohearf urtherargument .Ithadbef oreitt hewhol eoft hepr oceedingsoft he
solecommi ssi
onerandhi sreportandpr obablytheproceedi ngsanddeci sionoft het radit
ionalcouncil.I
tis
presumabl yont heseproceedingsandt her eportthatitdi darri
veatt hedeci siontor ejectthefi
ndingsoft he
solecommi ssi
oner.’

6.Republicv.KetaDistri
ctMagi strat
e(1971)2GLR459
HighCour t
FrancoisJ.
Facts:Theappl i
cantalongwithanot herpersonwassummonedbef oretheKetadistri
ctmagi str
atebythe
respondentsforfail
uretopayaj udgmentdebt .Themagi stratefail
edtoi nqui
reast owhet herornotthe
appli
canthadt hemeanst opayt hedebt,butpr oceededt ogi veanor derimposingaddi t
ionalcostsaswellas
givi
ngther espondentstheoptionofi mprisoningtheappl icantintheev entofhisfail
uret opaythedebt.The
appli
cantwassubsequent l
yarrestedanddet ainedi najail i
nKet a.Theappl i
canttherebyappliedtotheHigh
Courtforanor derofcerti
orar
itoquasht hedistri
ctmagi strate’sorder.

Hel
d:Thedist
ri
ctmagi
strat
e’sfai
lur
etomakeaninqui
ryastothemeansoftheappli
cantbefor
emakingthe
or
derwhichgavet
herespondentsther
ightt
oimpri
sontheappl
icantwasagai
nstt
heprinci
pleofnat
ural
j
usti
ce.

PerFr ancoi
sJ,“Noadequateoppor t
unit
yofbeingheardastohismeanswasofferedtheappl
i
cant.Thisis
contrarytonat
uralj
usti
ce.Wher eaperson’sli
bert
yisli
kel
ytoberest
ri
ctedorj
eopardi
sedanyfai
l
uretohear
him ast ohi
smeansorexactl egalproofofit
,asalsoafai
lur
etoexaminewhet
hertherewasawilf
ul r
efusal
topay ,i
sclear
lyabreachofther ul
esofnaturalj
usti
ce.

7.L’AirLiqui
deGh.Lt dv .Anin[ 1991]1GLR460
Cour tofAppeal
Ampi ahJ. A,Essiem J.A.,Ofor i
-BoatengJJ
Facts:Someheadsoft heappel l
ant-
company ,
L’AirLiquideGh.Lt d, foundthr eeboysinpossessi onof
carbideanduponi nterrogation, t
heboy sallegedthatt hecarbidewassol dtot hem bythreeempl oy eesof
thecompany ,therespondent s.Theywer etakent othepol icest at
ionbyt hedepotandt echnicalmanager sof
thecompany .Ther espondent swer erel
easedaf terinvesti
gat i
ons, andt hepol i
ceencour agedt heappell
ant-
companyt osol v
et hemat teri nanadmi nistrat
ivemannerr atherthanr esortingtothecour ts.Thus, a
commi t
teewassetupt oinqui reintotheallegedthef tbyther espondent s,afterwhichtheywer edismissed
summar i
ly.Ther espondent s,aggr i
eved,broughtanact i
ont otheHi ghCour tagainsttheirdismissal,cl
aiming
thatt
heywerenotgi
venafai
rhear
ingbytheappel
l
ant
s.Thecour
trul
edi
nfav
ouroft
her
espondent
sandt
he
appel
lant
sappeal
edtotheCour
tofAppeal.

Held, dismi
ssingtheappeal:Thecomposit
ionofthecommi tt
eeofi nquiryi
ndicat
edacl earl
ikel
i
hoodofbias.
Thecommi t
teeincl
udedthetwomanager swhohadef fect
edthear restoftherespondents,t
hetechni
cal
managerwhohadbeenadv i
sednottomaket hemat t
erajudi
cialone, aswellasthedepotmanagerwho
preferredthechargesagainstther
espondents.Addi
ti
onall
y,t
her espondentswer enotgivenaproper
hearing.Thust hepri
nci
plesofnatur
aljust
icehadclear
lybeenviolated.

PerOf ori-
BoatengJ.A, “
Thegeneralbasi cpr i
ncipl
eabouttheseadmi nist
rat
iveinqui
riesisthatwhenev er
peoplear egiv
enpowerbyl awtoconsiderf actsandtoarri
veatconcl usi
onsaffecti
ngt hefateofhuman
beings, t
heyareper f
ormi ngaquasi-
judicialfuncti
on.Andalthoughnotacour t,
ifthebodyv iol
atesther ul
es
ofnat uralj
ust
ice,thecour t
shavethepowert odeclar
ethepr ocedur
ei nv
ali
d,aswell astheconclusi
ons
therefrom.
Ther ulesofnaturaljust
icearetwo:First,thatamanmaynotbecondemnedunhear d;andsecondly,thata
manmustnotbeaj udgeofhi sowncause. ”

8.Ridgev.Baldwin[1963]2AllER66
HouseofLor ds
LordReid,LordEvershed,LordMorri
sofBorth-
y-Gest,
LordHoldson,
LordDevl
in
Facts:Apoli
ceofficerwasdismissedbytheBri
ghtonWat chCommi t
teedespi
tehi
sacqui
tt
alofcri
minal
chargesprefer
redagainsthim.Hewasnei t
herchargednorgi
venahear i
ngbythecommit
teepri
ortohis
dismissal
.Heappeal edtotheHouseofLords.

Hel
d:Thedi
smi
ssal
wasunl
awf
ulasi
twascont
rar
ytot
hepr
inci
pleofnat
ural
just
ice(
audi
alt
eram par
tem)
.

PerLor
dMor r
is:
“Iti
swellest
abl
i
shedthattheessent
ialrequir
ement sofnat
ural
just
iceatleasti
ncludet
hat
bef
oresomeoneiscondemnedheist
ohav eanopportunityofdefendinghi
mself
,andinorderthathemay
dosothathei
stobemadeawar eoft
hechar gesoral
legationsorsuggesti
onswhichhehast omeet .
”

SECTI
ON11-JUDI
CIALREMEDI
ESANDOUSTERCLAUSES
Judi
cial
Remedi
es-Cer
ti
orar
i
Anor
derf
orcer
ti
orar
iiscanbegi
venbyt
hehi
ghercour
ttoquasht
hedeci
sionofal
owercour
t.

AHENKORAI Iv.OFE[ 1961]GLR17

Facts:TheGov ernor-
Gener aloft
het henGol dCoast ,acti
ngundert hepower sconf er
reduponhi m bythe
StateCounci l
sOr di
nance,No.8of1952, section8,appoi ntedacommi tteeofenqui r
yt oenquireint
oa
constit
utionaldisputeinAdowsena, i
nAki m KotokuSt ate, bet
weencer tainst ooleldersrepresentedby
KwabenaOf e,Kr onti
hene,respondent,andNanaOwusuAhenkor aI ItheChi efofAdowsena, appell
ant
.The
disputearoseoutoft heprefermentupont hechi efofcer taindestool mentchar ges,amongwhi chwast he
all
egationthathehad, somemont hsearli
er,improper l
ypr ocuredt hedest oolmentofhi spredecessorNana
NtiamoahKof iII
I.Thetermsofr eferenceoft hecommi t
teewer etoenqui r
ei ntothedi sputebetweenthe
eldersandt hechi efNanaOwusuAhenkor aIIandt orepor tthereon.I nitsr eportthecommi tteefoundthat
NanaNt i
amoahKof i
III
,thepredecessorofNanaOwusuAhenkor aI I,
hadbeenwr onglydestooledand
recommendedt hatheshoul dber e-
enstooled.Ther eportasnot i
fiedi nt heGol dCoastGazet teofthe10th
Nov ember ,1956stated:“IntheopinionoftheCommi t
teeNtiamoahKof iI
IIhasnotbeendestooled,heis
thereforetheOheneofAdowsenaandnotOwusuAhenkor aII.Theappellantmadeasuccessf ulappli
cati
on
totheSupr emeCourtf oranor derofcerti
orarit
oquashthepr oceedingsoft hecommitteeandtheGov ernor-
Gener al’
sconfir
mat i
ont hereof,onthegroundt hatt
hetermsofr ef
erenceoft hecommitteegavenoaut hori
ty
toinvest i
gateandmakeaf i
ndingont here-enstool
mentofthedest ooledchief.TheCourtofAppeal
reversingtheSupremeCour t
,held,
interal
iathatthefi
ndingoft hecommi tteewasonewhi chitwas
compet enttomake.

Hel
d

1.TheSupr emeCour tgr ant edanor derofcer t

iorariont hev i
ewt hatt hedest oolmentofNt i
amoahKof i
II
Ibyt heSt ateCounci l wasf inal,thatt hereferencet ot hecommi tteeofenqui rycov erednopowert o
recommendhi sr e-enst oolment , andt hatthecommi tteei nrecommendi nghi sr e-enstoolmentandt he
Gov ernorinconf irmi ngt hatr ecommendat i
onhadact edwi thoutj uri
sdi cti
on.KwabenaOf eandt he
Minist erofLocal Gov ernmentappeal edagai nstt hisdeci sionandont he4t hNov ember ,1957,the
Ghanacour tofAppeal all
owedt heappeal ,setasi detheor derappeal edf rom anddi smi ssedt he
application.Allt
hr eeoft hel earnedj udgespr oceededont hegr oundt hatt hecommi t
teeofenqui r
ydi d
notacti nexcessofj urisdictionunderi tstermsofr eferencei nther ecommendat i
onsi tmade, northe
Gov ernorinconf irmi ngi tsfi
ndi ngs.Int hecour seoft heirjudgment sGr anv i
ll
eShar p,J.A.andVan
Lare, Ag.C.J.gav eopi nionst hatpr oceedi ngsbywayofcer ti
orariwer ecompet enti nthe
cir
cumst ancesoft hecase.Adumua- Bossman, J.tookt heopposi tev iewhol di
ngt hatsuch
proceedi ngswer eexcl udedbyt hetermsofsect i
on88oft heCour t
sOr dinance6( 6).Thei rLordships
havehear dnoar gumentont hi
smat ter .Theydeci dedt oconsi derfirstwhet hert heappeal could
succeedi nfaceoft her easonsunani mousl ycomet obyt heCour tofAppeal fordi smissingt he
appel l
ant ’
sapplicat i
on.Ast heBoar dhasdeci dedt hatfort heser easonst heappeal mustf ai
l,their
Lordshi pshav efoundi tunnecessar ytohearar gumentont hequest iononwhi chdi ff
erenceofopi nion
hasmani f
esteditsel fint heCour tofAppeal

2.Thecommi tteeofenqui ryundertheOr dinancehad, i

ntheviewoft hei
rLordships,afreedom t o
operat
ewithint helimit
softhej ur
isdicti
onconf er
reduponit,justashasaSt ateCounci li
nasi milar
matter
,ordisput e.Thecommi t
teewasnotboundt oexhaustallthemattersreferr
edt oit.The
questi
onwhet herchar geshadbeenpr ovedt omeritt
hedest oolmentofNtiamoahKof iII
Iwasoneof
thematter
si ni ssuei nthedisputereferr
edt othecommi tt
eeandi nt
heirLordships’v
iewoneoft he
matter
sonwhi chi twasenti
t l
edtor eport.TheCourtofAppeal ,i
nthei
rLordships’opinion,reacheda
ri
ghtconcl
usi on.

RepublicvCour tofAppeal ,ExPar teTsatsuTsi kata

“Theclearthinkingoft hiscour tisthat,oursuper vi
soryj uri
sdictionunderar t
icle132oft he1992Const it
uti
on,
shouldbeex ercisedonl yint hosemani f
est l
ypl ainandobv iouscases, wher et herear epatenter r
orsofl aw
onthef aceoft herecor d,whi cherrorseithergot ojurisdicti
onorar esopl ainast omaket hei mpugned
decisi
onacompl et
enul lit
y.Itstandst oreasont hen,thatt heer ror(
s)oflawal l
egedmustbef undament al
,
substanti
al,mat eri
al,graveorsoser iousast ogot other ootoft hemat ter.Theer roroflawmustbeoneon
whichthedeci siondepends.Ami nor,t
rif
ling,inconsequent ialorunimpor t
anter ror,orforthatmat teranerror
whichdoesnotgot ot hecor eorr ootofthedeci sioncompl ainedof ;orstateddi fferentl
y,onwhi cht he
decisi
ondoesnott urn,wouldnotat tr
actthecour t’
ssuper visoryint
ervention.Al so, wherethepr oceedings
areregular
,thechar gethatt hecour thasmi sreadormi sconcei vedapoi ntofl awormi sdirecteditself
,does
notperseconst it
uteasuf f
icientgroundf ort hegr antoft heor der.Simil
arly ,
thecompl aintthattherehas
beenani mproperexer ciseoft hediscreti
onar yj uri
sdictioniscl earl
yinsuffici
ent .”
TheRepubl i
cvHi ghCour t( Commer cial Di
vision),Investcom Consor t
ium ExPar t
eHesse
nd
AftertheHi ghCour tdismi ssedanappl icati
onbyt he2 r espondentt osetasi det hedef aul
tjudgement ,t
he
nd
2 r espondentl odgedanappeal agai nstthei nterl
ocutor ydef aul tjudgement .Whi l
et hisappeal waspendi ng,
andt heCour tofAppeal wasf ul
lysei zedwi tht heappeal ,the2mdr espondentonceagai nfi
ledamot ionto
setasi det heinterlocut orydef aultjudgement .Thisappl icat i
onwasal sost r
uckoutont hepar t
iallycorrect
groundt hat“Thel awi sthatsol ongasanappeal hasnotbeenl odged, thetri
al courtcanent ertainan
applicationt osetasi deei theraf i
nal orani nter l
ocutoryjudgmentoror der,
butnosuchappl icationwi llbe
nd
entertainedaf teranappeal hasbeenl odged. ”Followingt hi slatestr uli
ng,the2 r espondentf il
edanot i
ceof
withdrawal ofthependi ngappeal andt henpr oceededont hesamedayasadv isedbyt hecour t
, tofil
ea
mot i
ont osetasi det hei nter l
ocutoryj udgmentandf orleav et of il
eadef ence.Hesucceededi nobt aining
theseor der s,witht hecour tdescr i
bingt hemot ionasaf irst-ti
meappl icati
on.Tot allydissat
isfi
edwi ththis
turnofev ents,theappl i
cantnowsoughtt hesuper vi
soryjur isdictionoft heSupr emeCour ttoquasht hesai d
rul
ingont hegr oundst hatt hecour thav ingbecomef unctusof ficio,andatat imet her ewasapendi ngappeal
againstt hecour t’sf i
rstor derofr efusal tosetasi det hedef aultjudgment ,t
hecour tlackedjuri
sdi ct
iont o
dealwi tht hesai dappl icationint hemannert hatitdid.

Held: Thi
scasequal i
fi
esf ortheor derofcerti
orari
, gi
vent hatallthemat terswhi chpr ov ethatthelear ned
tri
al j
udgecommi t
tedgr aveer rorsoflawar eal
l cl
ear l
ymani festont hefaceoft herulingitselfandi ndeed
theaccompany i
ngdocument s.Theyar enotmer ei nconsequent ial,i
mmat erialorinsignifi
canter r
ors, but
fundament aler
rorsofl awwhi chtouchatt hehear tofther ul
ing.I ndeed,thef inalconcl usi
ont hatthe2nd
respondentsareent it
ledt ofil
eadef encewasbasedpur elyont heseer roneousf i
ndingsofl aw.Theyi nclude
thef actt
hatthought hiswassupposedt obear epeatappl i
cation, whichwassubmi t
tedatt heti
met here
wasapendi ngappeal ,thecour terroneousl
yheldt hatthemer ef i
lingofanot iceofwi thdrawal withoutmor e,
nd
effectual
lyter
minat edthependi ngappeal,andthecour t
’serroneousconcl usionthatt he2 r espondent sar e,
ont hegivenfacts,perfectlyentitl
edinlawnowt opr esentaneworal t
ernat i
vedef encet ot hesubstant iv
e
action.

I
njunct
ion
Ransf
ordFrancevElect
oralCommissi
onandAt
tor
ney-Gener
al(
2012)
Theplai
nti
ffbr
oughtamot i
onfort
hefoll
owi
ngr
eli
efs:
i
. anorderrest
raini
ngtheParli
amentofGhanafrom consi
der
ingtheRepr
esent
ati
onoft
hePeople
Par
liamentaryConst
ituenci
esInst
rument
,C.
I.73untilt
heheari
ngandfi
naldet
ermi
nat
ionoft
he
i
nstantacti
on;
i
i
. anorderdir
ectedatthe1stdefendantrest
rai
ningthe1stdef
endantfrom usi
ngtheRepr
esentat
ion
ofthePeopleParl
iamentaryConstituenci
esInst
rument2012C. I
.73,
init
spreparat
ionf
orthe
conductofthe2012Gener alElect
ionsunti
lthehear
ingandf i
naldet
erminati
onofthei
nst
ant
acti
on;
i
i
i. anyf
urt
heror
der
sast
othi
sHonor
abl
eCour
tmayseem meet
”.
Hel
d:

i
. Inj
unctionsmaynotbeusedtointer
ferewit
hthepr ocessesofParli
ament
,andasregar
dst
oi t
s
proceedingswit
hini
tsownwal l
sParl
iamentiscompl et
elypri
vi
legedfr
om j
udi
cial
int
erv
ent
ion.The
courttheref
orehadnojur
isdi
cti
ontograntt
hef i
rstordersought.
i
i
. Iftheappl
icat
ionbytheplai
nti
ffsucceededandt hedef endant swerer estr
ainedfrom doi
ngwhat
hadbeencompl ai
nedagai
nstthem,buttheplainti
fffail
edint hesubst anti
veact i
on,
theinj
ury
causedthenationwouldbeirr
eparable;
thenationalelecti
oneer ingprogram fortheyearwoul
d
gri
ndt oanabrupthalt
.Thebalanceofconveniencetilt
edinf av ourofthedef endant
sand
theref
oretheappli
cati
onfori
nterl
ocutoryi
njuncti
onoughtt of ai l
.
PerAnsahJSC,
quot
ingDate-
BahJSCinWel
fordQuarcoovAttor
neyGeneral:
“Ithasalwaysbeenmy
under
standi
ngt
hatt
herequir
ement
sfort
hegrantofi
nter
locut
oryinj
unct
ionsare;fi
rst
,thatt
heappl
i
cant
 mustest abli
sht hatthereisaser iousquestiontobet r
ied; second, t
hatheorshewoul dsuf f
erirreparabl
e
damagewhi chcannotber emedi edbyt heawar dofdamages, unl
esst hei nter
locutoryinjunct
ioni s
granted;andfinall
yt hatthebalanceofconv eni
enceisinf av orofgr antinghi m orhert heinterl
ocut or
y
i
njunction.Thebal anceofconv enienceofcoursemeanswei ghingupt hedi sadv antagesofgr antingthe
rel
iefagainstthedi sadvantagesofnotgr antingtherel
ief.Wher et
her eliefsoughtr elatesasher e,toa
publi
cl awmat ter(emphasi smi ne)parti
cularcaremustbet akennott ohal tacti
onpr esumpt ivel
yf orthe
publi
cgood, unlesst herearev erycogentreasonst odoso, andpr ovi
dedal sothatanysubsequent
null
if
icati
onoft hei mpugnedactoromi ssi
oncannotr estor et hestatusquo”

Mandamus
Thi
sisanor
derwhi
chi
sgi
venbyt
hecour
ttocompel
aper
sonwi
thast
atut
orydut
ytodel
i
verat
ask.

BotwevMensah[
1959]GLR457
Facts:
Ont
he6thNovember,
1958,
Dr.Danquahr
ecei
vedal
ett
erdat
edt
hepr
evi
ousdayf
rom someoneat
Taf
o,i
nAki
m Abuakwa,
compl
aini
ngofext
ort
ion,
fraudandi
nti
midat
ion,
all
egedl
ycommi
tt
edbysome
member
soft
heAki
m Abuakwabr
anchoft
heConv
ent
ionPeopl
e’
sPar
tyofBomsonearAbomsoagai
nst
somemember
soft
heUni
tedPar
tybr
anchoft
hatar
ea.Dr
.Danquahwr
otet
hesamedayt
othePr
ime
Mi
nist
er,
bri
ngi
ngt
hecompl
aintt
ohi
snot
ice,
andr
equest
ingt
heappoi
ntmentofaCommi
ssi
onofEnqui
ryt
o
enqui
rei
ntot
heal
l
egat
ions.Dr
.Danquahsentacopyoft
hisl
ett
ert
otheMi
nist
erofI
nter
ior
.ThePr
ime
Mi
nist
erdi
dnotagr
eet
hatt
heappoi
ntmentofaCommi
ssi
onofEnqui
rywast
heappr
opr
iat
est
ept
obe
t
akeni
nacaseoft
het
ypecompl
ainedof
.Hef
elthowev
er,
thatt
hemat
tershoul
dber
epor
tedt
othePol
i
ce
f
ori
nvest
igat
ionandnecessar
yact
ion.Acer
tai
namountofcor
respondencepassedbet
weenDr
.Danquah
andt
heSecr
etar
ytot
hePr
imeMi
nist
eront
hesubj
ect
.Fi
nal
l
y,t
hePr
imeMi
nist
ercausedacopyoft
he
cor
respondencet
obef
orwar
dedt
othePol
i
ce,
andbyl
ett
erdat
edt
he2ndDecember
,1958hehadDr
.
Danquahadv
isedoft
hest
epst
aken.Thepol
i
cer
efusedt
odel
i
vdrt
het
wopeopl
etocour
tfort
ri
albutdr
.
Danquaht
hreat
enedi
fthepol
i
cedi
dnotdoso,
thenhewasgoi
ntt
ocompel
thepol
i
cet
odot
hatbyanor
der
ofmandamus.

Hel
d

1.t
hatt
her
eisnoi
mper
ati
vedut
yuponapol
i
ceof
fi
cert
obr
ingev
eryper
sonar
rest
edwi
thoutwar
rant
bef
oreaMagi
str
ate’
sCour
tonachar
ge;

2.t
hatadut
yisi
mposedupont
hePol
i
cebysec.17oft
heCr
imi
nal
Codet
orepor
ttot
heMagi
str
atet
he
casesofal
lper
sonsar
rest
edwi
thoutwar
rant
,whet
heradmi
tt
edt
obai
lornot
.Butt
hisSect
ionexi
sts
f
ort
hepr
otect
ionoft
hel
i
ber
tyoft
hesubj
ect
,anddoesnoti
mposeont
hePol
i
ceadut
ytochar
geal
l
per
sonsar
rest
edwi
thoutwar
rant
;

3.t
hatacondi
ti
onpr
ecedentt
oMandamusi
stheappl
i
cant
’spr
iordemandt
other
espondent
,andt
he
r
espondent
’sr
efusal
.Whatt
heappl
i
cantdi
ddemand(
andwhatwasr
efused)wast
hechar
gingof
Bot
weandMensah.Whatt
heynowdemandedwast
he“
repor
ti
ng”oft
hei
rcasest
oaMagi
str
ate.Thi
s
hadnotbeendemanded,
andhadnotbeenr
efused;

4.t
hataf
urt
hercondi
ti
onpr
ecedentt
oMandamusi
stheexi
stenceofal
egal
righti
ntheappl
i
cant
.
Sec.
17conf
ersupont
heappl
i
cant
sint
hiscasenol
egal
rightt
othechar
gingbyt
hePol
i
ceoft
he
 ar
rest
edper
sons

Republ
i
cv.Cont
rol
l
erandAccount
ant-
General
;ExPart
eDizengof
f(W.
A.)LTD.[1974]1GLR337
Fact
s:I
nNovember1973,
theEast
ernRegi
onalAdmini
str
ati
onsentat
reasurydraftf
or¢91,
845.
00f
or
pay
mentofser
vicesr
ender
edt
oDl
i
mit
ed.UnderN.
L.C.
D.165,
42(
1),
thePr
inci
pal
Secr
etar
y,Mi
nist
ryof
Fi
nance,
inst
ruct
edt
heCont
rol
l
erandAccount
ant
-Gener
alt
oret
aint
hatamountbywayofdeduct
ionorset
-
of
fagai
nstanamountof¢100,
000.
00pai
dtoD.Lt
d.underami
stakeoff
actandwhi
chwast
hesubj
ect
-
mat
terofsepar
atepr
oceedi
ngsbet
weenD.Lt
d.andt
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al.Af
tersev
eral
demands,
the
cont
rol
l
erandaccount
antgener
alr
efusedt
ogi
vet
hemoneyt
oDl
i
mit
edandDsoughtf
oramandamusat
t
heHi
ghCour
ttoaut
hor
iset
hepay
ment
.

Hel
d

1.Amandamuswoul
dnotl
i
ebecauseNLCDdi
dnotcr
eat
eandl
egal
dut
ybet
weent
hepl
aint
if
fandt
he
r
espondent
sandt
heappl
i
cant
shadf
ail
edt
opr
ovei
fther
ewasanyst
atut
orydut
ywhi
chcompel
l
ed
t
her
espondent
stosuchdut
y.

2.Acour
twi
l
lresor
ttoor
dinar
yremedi
esi
fapubl
i
cof
fi
cert
akesi
tsaut
hor
it
yfr
om aseni
orof
fi
cerand
her
efusest
oobeyt
hem.I
nthi
scase,
thecont
rol
l
erandaccount
antgener
alwer
eundert
hemi
nist
er
off
inanceandamandamuswi
l
lnotl
i
e.

HabeasCor
pus
Thi
sisanor
derwhi
chseeksf
ort
her
eleaseofsomeonewhohasbeendet
ainedwi
thoutt
ri
al.

Republ
icv.Dir
ect
orofPri
sonsandAnother
;ExPar
teShackl
efor
d[1981]GLR554
Fact
s:Accordi
ngtotheAFRCD3,2(5)
,itwasunl
awfulf
oranycourt
stooverr
ulet
hedeci
sionoft
heSpeci
al
Cour
tsundert
heAFRCD.On8June1979.f
ourday
saf
tert
heJune4coupd’
état
,theappl
i
cant
,a
busi
nessman,
wasr
equest
edbyaGhanaBr
oadcast
ingCor
por
ati
onr
adi
oannouncementt
orepor
tatt
heAi
r
For
ceSt
ati
on,
Bur
maCamp,
Accr
a.Her
epor
tedaccor
dingl
y,andhewasdet
ainedbyt
hemi
l
itar
yaut
hor
it
ies.
Hav
ingnotbeenr
eleased,
hebr
oughtt
hei
nst
antpr
oceedi
ngsf
orawr
itofhabeascor
pusundert
heHabeas
Cor
pusAct
,1964(
Act244)
,fort
hepur
poseofi
nqui
ri
ngi
ntot
her
easonsf
orhi
sdet
ent
ionandanor
derf
or
hi
srel
ease.

Hel
d

1.I
fther
espondent
shadpr
oducedawar
rantofcommi
tmentwi
thar
etur
nshowi
ngt
hatt
heappl
i
cant
hadbeent
ri
ed,
sent
encedandcommi
tt
ed,
thent
hewr
itofhabeascor
puswoul
dnotl
i
e.I
fthe
conv
ict
ionwasaccur
ateornot
,thecour
twi
l
lnothav
ejur
isdi
cti
onbysect
ion15(
2)oft
het
ransi
ti
onal
pr
ovi
sionsoft
he1979Const
it
uti
on.I
fthel
egi
ti
macyoft
hewar
rantcoul
dbequest
ionedunder
cer
tai
nci
rcumst
ances,
thecour
tshadt
oscr
uti
nizei
tver
ywel
l
.Thecour
thadpowert
oquest
ion
v
ali
dit
yoft
heper
sonwhomadet
hedet
ent
ionor
der
,wher
eitcoul
dbequest
ionedt
hegenui
nenessof
 t
hedet
ent
ionor
deri
tsel
fandt
hei
dent
it
yoft
heappl
i
cantwi
tht
heper
sonr
efer
redt
oint
heor
der
.
Ther
emustbeaf
act
ual
basi
sfort
heappl
i
cat
ionoft
het
ransi
ti
onal
prov
isi
ons.Thecour
twasnot
sat
isf
iedt
hatt
hewar
rantofcommi
tmentwasanactoft
heA.
F.R.
C.oranyper
sonaut
hor
isedi
nthe
nameoft
hecounci
lorwasi
ssuedasar
esul
tofanyt
ri
al.

2.Apar
tfr
om sect
ion15(
2)oft
het
ransi
ti
onal
prov
isi
onsoft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1979,
andA.
F.R.
C.D.3,
s.2
(
5),
awr
itofhabeascor
puswoul
dnotbegr
ant
edt
oaper
sonl
awf
ull
ycommi
tt
edorwher
etheef
fect
oft
hegr
antwoul
dbet
orev
ieworquest
iont
hedeci
sionofani
nfer
iorcour
tonamat
terwi
thi
nit
s
j
uri
sdi
cti
on.Howev
er,
wher
etheappl
i
cant
,asi
nthei
nst
antcase,
all
egedt
hathewasnev
ert
ri
edor
t
her
ewasnoconv
ict
ionorsent
ence,
thecour
twoul
dnotbeboundt
ogobey
ondt
hewar
rant
.The
genui
nenessoft
hewar
rantofcommi
tmentwher
eithadbeenchal
l
enged,
mustbepr
oved.Sect
ion2
(
b)ofAct244r
equi
rest
heper
soni
nwhosecust
odyt
heappl
i
canti
sdet
ainedt
osubmi
tar
epor
tin
wr
it
ingst
ati
ngt
hegr
oundsoft
hedet
ent
ion.Thenat
ureoft
her
epor
tori
nfor
mat
ionwhi
chwi
l
lbe
necessar
ytogi
ve,
wil
ldependupont
hecausef
ort
hedet
ent
ion.

OUSTERCLAUSES
Anismini
cLt
dvForei
gnCompensati
onCommissi
on[1969]2AC147
Facts:
Somemini
ngproper
ti
esoftheappel
l
antwer
eseizedbyt
heEgypt
iangov
ernment
.Theappel
l
ant
s
t
hensol
dthemi
ningpr
oper
ti
est
oanEgy
pti
angov
ernmentownedor
gani
sat
ion.Lat
er,
theFor
eign
Compensat
ionAct1950waspassedt
odi
str
ibut
ecompensat
ionpai
dbyt
heEgy
pti
angov
ernmentt
otheUK
gov
ernmentwi
thr
espectt
oBr
it
ishpr
oper
ti
esi
thadnat
ional
i
sed.Theappel
l
ant
scl
aimedt
hatt
heywer
e
el
i
gibl
eforcompensat
ionundert
hisActwhi
chwasdet
ermi
nedbyat
ri
bunal
(ther
espondent
sint
hiscase)
.
Thet
ri
bunal
deci
dedt
hatt
heappel
l
ant
swer
enotel
i
gibl
eforcompensat
ion,
becauset
hei
r"successor
sin
t
it
le"di
dnothav
etheBr
it
ishnat
ional
i
tyasr
equi
redbyt
heAct
.Ev
eni
fthet
ri
bunal
hadmadeaner
rorofl
aw,
t
heHouseofLor
dshadt
odeci
dewhet
herornotanappel
l
atecour
thadt
hej
uri
sdi
cti
ont
oint
erv
enei
nthe
t
ri
bunal
'
sdeci
si
on.Sect
ion4(
4)oft
heFor
eignCompensat
ionAct1950st
ated:
“Thedet
ermi
nat
ionbyt
he
commi
ssi
onofanyappl
i
cat
ionmadet
othem undert
hisActshal
lnotbecal
l
edi
ntoquest
ioni
nanycour
tof
l
aw”
.Thi
swasaso-
cal
l
ed"
oust
ercl
ause"
.

Hel
d:Oust
ercl
ausescannotpr
eventt
hecour
tsf
rom exami
ninganexecut
ivedeci
siont
hat
,duet
oaner
rorof
l
aw,
isanul
l
ity
.

Pr
inci
ple:
Insomecases,
not
wit
hst
andi
ngt
hel
i
mit
ingpr
ovi
sionsofsomeAct
s,t
heoust
ercl
ausescannot
pr
eventt
hecour
tsf
rom exami
ninganexecut
ivedeci
siont
hat
,duet
oaner
rorofl
aw,
isanul
l
ity
.

SECTI
ON12-CHI
EFTANCY
Tr
adi
ti
onal
Const
it
uti
onal
Process–Chi
eft
aincy

CaseSummar
ies
OseivSi
ri
bourII[
1984-86]GLR588.
Fact
s:Thepl
ainti
ffsuedattheAshant
iRegi
onal
HouseofChi
efs(
R.H.
C.)f
oradecl
arat
iont
hathewasa
r
oyal
oft
heJuabenpar
amountst
ool
.Hi
scasewasdi
smi
ssedont
hegr
oundst
hati
twasnotacauseor
mat
teraf
fect
ingchi
eft
aincy
.Heul
ti
mat
elyappeal
edt
otheNat
ional
HouseofChi
efswhoal
sodi
smi
ssedhi
s
appeal
.

Hel
d:Thecl
aimf
il
edputi
nissueone'
smember
shi
pofaf
ami
l
y,bei
tar
oyal
fami
l
y,andt
her
emedyf
ori
t
bei
ngatbestasui
ttoest
abl
i
shone'
sst
atusasamemberoft
hef
ami
l
y,wascogni
sabl
enotbychi
eft
aincy
cour
tsbutbyt
heor
dinar
ycour
tsoft
hel
and.Thatwoul
dhav
enot
hingt
odowi
thchi
eft
aincy
.

Pr
inci
ple:
Notev
erymat
tercouchedasr
elat
ingt
ochi
eft
aincywast
rul
ya“
causeormat
teraf
fect
ing
chi
eft
aincy
’’

TheRepubl
icv.Presi
dentofGbi
Tradi
ti
onalCounci
l
;ExPart
eTogbeKwasiBuamiVI
IandOthers[
1974]2
GLR427.
Fact
s:Theplai
nti
ffs,
whohadbeencustomari
lynominat
ed,
elect
edandi
nst
all
edaschi
efsi
nt heGbi
Tr
adi
ti
onal
Area,
fi
ledanappl
i
cat
ionf
ormandamust
ocompel
ther
espondent
,thePr
esi
dentoft
heGbi
Tr
adi
ti
onal
Counci
l
,tosweart
hem asmember
soft
hej
udi
cial
commi
tt
eeoft
het
radi
ti
onal
counci
lundert
he
pr
ovi
si
onsofAct370.

Hel
d:Whenachi
efhadbeenswor
nin,
hewasonl
yel
i
gibl
etobeappoi
ntedbyt
hecounci
lasanadhoc
memberofi
tsj
udi
ci
alcommi
tt
eewhenev
ert
hecounci
l
,wast
oexer
cisei
tsf
unct
iont
hroughi
tsj
udi
cial
commi
tt
ee.Ther
ewast
her
efor
enodut
yupont
her
espondentt
ohav
etheappl
i
cant
sswor
nasmember
sof
j
udi
cial
commi
tt
ee.

Pr
inci
ple:
Nochi
efcoul
dofhi
sownaccor
dser
veont
hej
udi
cial
commi
tt
ee.Al
so,
bei
ngcust
omar
il
yinst
all
ed
aschi
efsdi
dnotmeant
heyqual
i
fiedasachi
efi
nsect
ion48(
1)ofAct370.

TheRepubl
icv.Boateng;ExPar
teAdu-Gy
amfiI
I[1972]1GLR317.
Fact
s:Theappli
cantfi
ledanappl
icat
iont
ocont
estthevali
dit
yoft
her
espondentasachi
ef.Hewasel
ect
ed
asachi
efaf
tert
hequeenmot
her
'scandi
dat
ehadbeenr
eject
edi
nthr
eeconsecut
iveel
ect
ions.Hi
sel
ect
ion
wasappr
ovedbyt
heOky
emanCounci
lwhoi
nst
all
edhi
m aschi
ef

Hel
d:Wher
eaqueenmot
her
'scandi
dat
eisnotaccept
abl
etot
hepeopl
e,shemustf
indanot
hercandi
dat
e
andmeanwhi
l
ethest
ool
woul
dremai
nvacant
.Iti
scl
earf
rom t
her
espondent
'sownaf
fi
dav
itt
hathewasnot
nomi
nat
edbyt
hequeenmot
herorbyt
her
oyal
fami
l
y.Ther
espondent
'sel
ect
ionandi
nst
all
ati
onasachi
ef
wer
eir
regul
arandcont
rar
ytocust
om.

Pr
inci
ple:
Thepeopl
ethemsel
vescannotnomi
nat
eaper
sonf
orel
ect
ion.I
tist
her
ightoft
hequeenmot
her
.

Republ
icV.Akim AbuakwaTradi
ti
onal
Counci
l;
ExPar t
eSakyi
raaI
I[1977]2GLR115
Fact
s:ThekingmakersoftheAki
m AbuakwaTradi
ti
onalAr
eawhohadappr ov
edthenomi
nat
ionofa
pr
oposedcandi
dat
emett
oel
ectandi
nst
all
him ast
henewOmanhene.Ont
hreeoccasi
ons,
theappl
i
cant
,
t
hequeenmot
heroft
het
radi
ti
onal
areawassentf
ort
oat
tendt
hecounci
lmeet
ing,
butsher
efusedasshe
di
dnotappr
oveoft
henomi
nat
ion,
andasar
esul
tshewasdecl
aredsummar
il
ydest
ool
ed.Shet
her
efor
e
br
oughtt
hepr
esentappl
i
cat
ionf
oranor
derofcer
ti
orar
itoquasht
hedeci
sionoft
heOky
emanCounci
l
whi
chr
esul
tedi
nherdest
ool
ment
.

Hel
d:Hermat
terwasoneaf
fect
ingchi
eft
aincyandt
her
efor
etobehear
d.

Pr
inci
ple:
Thequeenmot
herofAki
m Abuakwawasachi
efwi
thi
nthemeani
ngofachi
efasdef
inedby
sect
ion48(
1)oft
heChi
eft
aincyAct
,1971(
Act370)
.

Dzasi
matuAndOt her
sVDokosi
AndOthers[1993-94]1GLR463
Fact
s:Thepl
aint
if
fs,member
softheDokosi
f amil
yoftheKof
imecl
an,
andt
hedef
endant
s,whohai
l
edf
rom
t
heDz
asi
mat
ufami
l
yoft
heOset
ucl
an,
submi
tt
edt
hedi
sput
eov
erwhi
chcl
anwasent
it
ledt
oel
ectand
i
nst
all
theoccupantoft
heMankr
adost
ool
.

Hel
d:Thecour
tdi
smi
ssedt
heappeal
becauset
hedef
endant
shadt
opr
ovet
hatt
heywer
eal
sor
oyal
s.

Pr
inci
ple:
Aqueenmot
heri
sachi
efi
fshesat
isf
iest
hesamet
est
saswoul
dappl
ytoamal
echi
ef.

Ekuali
asConduahvAcquah[
1968]GLR412
Fact
s:Adisput
earosebet
weenthetwopar
ti
esaboutt
heheadshi
pofShamaFi
shi
ngCommuni
tyandt
he
onev
est
edwi
thr
ightt
ocol
l
ectt
oll
sfr
om t
hef
isher
meni
nthesai
dar
ea.Theappel
l
antcommencedan
act
ioni
ntheSekondi
HighCour
tbuti
twasst
ruckoutf
orwantofj
uri
sdi
cti
on.Heappeal
edt
otheSt
ate
Counci
l
.

Hel
d:TheHi
ghCour
thel
dthatt
hest
atecounci
lhasnoj
uri
sdi
cti
ont
odet
ermi
net
heheadshi
poft
heAboasi
Fi
shi
ngCommuni
ty.Thi
sisbecausei
twasnotamat
terofaconst
it
uti
onal
nat
ureasdef
inedi
ntheSt
ate
Counci
l
’sOr
dinance.

Pr
inci
ple:
Avi
l
lageheadmandoesnotqual
i
fyasachi
ef.

Republ
icv.KomendaTr adi
ti
onalCounci
lAndAnother
;ExPartePrahI
I[1981]GLR759
Fact
s:Therespondenthadsoughtadeclar
ati
onthathi
spurport
eddestoolmentasAbusuapany
inbyt
he
pr
esentappl
i
cantwasnul
landv
oid.

Hel
d:Si
nceSect
ion49ofAct370doesnotst
ateaheadoff
ami
l
ytobeat
ypeofchi
ef,
thent
hismat
teri
snot
acauseaf
fect
ingchi
eft
aincyandcant
husnotbehear
d.

Pr
inci
ple:
Aheadoff
ami
l
y(Abusuapany
in)i
snotpar
toft
hecat
egor
iesofachi
ef.
Essi
l
fieAndAnotherVAnafoViandAnot
her[
1993-
94]2GLR1
Fact
s:Thepl
aint
iffbr
oughtanact
ionf
oradecl
arat
iont
hatt
heoccupat
ionoft
heNkanf
oast
ool
rot
ated
bet
weent
het
wosect
ionsandf
ort
hedest
ool
mentoft
hef
ir
stdef
endantast
hechi
efofNkanf
oa.

Hel
d:Si
ncet
her
ewasnoev
idenceofsuchacust
om,
thechi
eft
aincyt
ri
bunal
oft
heNat
ional
HouseofChi
efs
wasj
ust
if
iedi
ndi
smi
ssi
ngt
hatcl
aim.

Pr
inci
ple:
Themer
efact
soft
heexi
stencei
nast
ool
fami
l
yoft
woormor
esect
ionswasnoj
ust
if
icat
ionf
or
hol
dingt
hatsuccessi
ont
othest
ool
wasr
otat
ory
.Ther
ehadt
obeacl
earcust
om orpr
act
icet
othatef
fect
.

Republ
icV.Aki
m AbuakwaTradi
ti
onalCounci
l
;ExPart
eAntwi[1984-
86]2GLR756
Fact
s:ThequeenmotherofKwabengdi
ed.Thethi
rdr
espondentandsecondr
espondentpr
ocl
aimedone
AkuaBr
oni
(A.
B.)ast
henewqueenmot
her
.Thepar
ti
esar
guedr
egar
dingt
heappoi
ntmentoft
henew
queenmot
her
.Theappl
i
cant
s,r
epr
esent
ingt
heot
hert
wor
oyal
houses,
chal
l
engedt
hepr
ocl
amat
ionoft
he
newqueenmot
her
.Thedi
sput
ewasr
efer
redbyt
heTr
adi
ti
onal
Counci
ltoi
tsexecut
ivef
ordet
ermi
nat
ion
i
nst
eadofi
tsj
udi
ci
alcommi
tt
eeasr
equi
redbysect
ions15and28(
2)oft
heChi
eft
aincyAct
,1971(
Act370)
.

Hel
d:UnderSect
ion28(
2)ofAct370t
hesai
djur
isdi
cti
onwast
obeexer
cisedbyaj
udi
cial
commi
tt
ee.
Consequent
ly,
thedeci
sionoft
heTr
adi
ti
onal
Counci
ltor
efert
hegr
eatoat
hswor
ntobyt
heappl
i
cant
s
Execut
iveCounci
l
,wasdonewi
thoutj
uri
sdi
cti
on.

Pr
inci
ple:
Thev
ari
oushousesofchi
efsquahouseofchi
efhasnoj
uri
sdi
cti
onbutr
athert
he‘
j
udi
cial
commi
tt
ee’
oft
hehouse.

BoampongV.Aboagy
eandOthers[1981]GLR927
Fact
s:I
nafi
tofanger,
thechi
efofKonongopull
edof
fhi
ssandal
s.Thepl
aint
if
fscl
aimedt
hatt
hegest
ure
i
ndi
cat
edt
hatt
hechi
efhaddest
ool
edhi
msel
forabdi
cat
edf
rom t
hest
ool
.

Hel
d:Thef
ourcondi
ti
onsnecessar
yforav
ali
dabdi
cat
ioni
nAkanwer
enotf
ulf
il
led.Consequent
ly,
the
gest
uredi
dnotconst
it
uteav
ali
dabdi
cat
ion

Pr
inci
ple:
Condi
ti
onsf
orav
ali
dcust
omar
yabdi
cat
ioni
ntheAkancust
omar
ylawar
e

i
) v
olunt
aryr
enunci
ati
onoft
hest
ool
byt
heoccupant

i
i
) accept
ancebyt
heel
der
sandki
ngmaker
s

i
i
i) Theper
for
manceoft
her
equi
sit
eri
tesandf
ormal
i
ties

i
v) Publ
i
cit
y
SECTI
ON13-CONSTI
TUTI
ONALEVOLUTI
ONI
NGHANA–1800-
1992

 TheGol
dCoastwasmadeupof4mai
nty
pesofov
erseasset
tl
ement
sknownt
otheBr
it
ish,
whi
ch
wasputt
oget
heri
ntoonenat
ion,
andhasr
esul
tedi
npar
tofourconst
it
uti
onal
probl
ems.Thef
ir
st
cont
actwi
thEur
opeanswasbypeopl
eoft
hecoast
,pr
inci
pal
l
ytheFant
es,
andsof
ir
stpar
tofGhana
t
ocomei
ntopl
acewaswhatbecameknownasGol
dCoastwhi
chwasbr
okenupi
nto3pr
ovi
nces–
Cent
ral
(Cur
rentCent
ral
Regi
on)
,West
ern(
Cur
rentWest
ernRegi
on)
,East
ernRegi
on(
Great
erAccr
a,
Peki
etc.
)Theol
destpar
tofmoder
nGhanai
sthi
spar
t.

 Ashant
iwasconquer
edi
n1902,
andwasadmi
nist
eredbyGol
dCoastcol
ony
.Thatwast
hesi
tuat
ion
unt
ilt
he1940’
swheni
twasf
eltt
hatAshant
ihadmat
uredenoughf
ordi
rectr
epr
esent
ati
on.Ger
man
col
onyofTogol
andwasdi
vi
dedi
ntot
wo–onepar
tundert
heTr
ust
eeshi
poft
heBr
it
ish,
knownas
Br
it
ishTr
ans-
Vol
taTogol
and.I
nthemeant
ime,
theBr
it
ishwhi
l
eoper
ati
ngf
rom Sout
h,r
eal
i
zedot
her
power
swer
eoper
ati
ngf
rom t
heNor
thdownwar
dssot
heyent
eredi
ntoanumberoff
ri
endshi
p
t
reat
ieswi
thchi
efsi
ntheNor
th,
andt
heybecameknownaspr
otect
orat
es.Pr
otect
orat
esofNor
ther
n
t
err
it
ori
eswascr
eat
edbyt
heBr
it
ish.

 I
nal
ltodaymoder
nGhanahasbeenmadeupoff
ourdi
vi
sions:
thecol
oni
es;
Asant
e;Tr
ans-
Vol
ta
Togol
and;
andNor
ther
nPr
otect
orat
es.Not
ethenameGhanat
akenf
r he17thCent
om t uryexi
sti
ng
GhanaEmpi
rei
ntheWest
ernSudan.Not
ethet
hreer
easonsNkr
umahgav
easaj
ust
if
icat
ionf
ort
he
nameoft
hecount
ryi
n1957.

 Ther
ewer
ethr
eet
ypesofset
tl
ement
sknownt
otheBr
it
ish:
(a)Col
ony
,(b)Tr
ustTer
ri
tor
yand(
c)
Pr
otect
orat
es.

-
Wit
hregar
dst
othecol
oni
es,
2wer
eacqui
redbyset
tl
ement(
Gol
dCoastcol
ony
),andbyconquest
(
Ashant
i)
.

-
Trustt
err
it
orywasbyUNmandat
eandadmi
nist
eredbyGol
dCoastf
rom 1946-
1956unt
ilt
her
ewasa
pl
ebi
sci
tet
oseewhet
hert
heywoul
djoi
nFr
enchTogol
andandr
etur
ntouni
fi
edTogol
and.Pl
ebi
sci
te
t
ookpl
acei
nTr
ustTer
ri
tor
y,wher
etheEweswer
eint
hemi
nor
it
y.Theyv
otedov
erwhel
mingl
yagai
nst
j
oini
ngt
heGol
dCoast
.Bymaj
ori
ty,
Vagal
as,
Sisal
aset
c,v
otedov
erwhel
mingl
ytoj
oint
heGol
dCoast
i
n1957.Tr
ustTogol
andencompassesCent
ral
andNor
ther
npar
tsofVol
taRegi
on.Oneofbi
ggest
pr
obl
emsf
aci
ngGhanat
odayi
stheequat
ionoft
hev
ari
oussev
eral
par
tsandpol
i
tical
par
ti
esbei
ng
f
ormedbasedonsect
ional
grounds.Thati
swhyi
twasnecessar
ytopassl
egi
slat
iont
obanpol
i
tical
par
ti
esbei
ngf
ormedbasedonsect
ional
grounds.
 Theear
lyadmi
nist
rat
ionatt
hebegi
nni
ngoft
heconst
it
uti
on,
admi
nist
rat
ionwasbycommer
cial
i
nter
est
s(1800-
1820’
s).By1830,
becauseoft
heki
l
li
ngofMcCar
thy
,Br
it
ishl
i
keot
herpower
sdeci
ded
t
oleav
ecompl
etel
y.Bet
ween1830t
obegi
nni
ngof1840’
s,i
twasadmi
nist
eredbyCommi
tt
eeof
Mer
chant
sunderMcCl
ean.Resent
mentt
owar
dsMcCl
eanwast
wof
old;

i
.) McCl
eanext
endedj
uri
sdi
cti
onbey
ondf
ort
sandset
tl
ement
s–Lossofcour
trev
enuet
onat
ive
r
uler
s.

i
i
.) i
i
.)Af
ter1826war
,Br
it
ishcl
aimedt
hatt
heynol
ongerhadt
opayt
hegr
oundr
entonwhi
chf
ort
s
andcast
leswer
eon,
resul
ti
ngi
nal
ossofr
evenuet
ochi
efs.

 Acommi
tt
eewassentt
olooki
ntot
hecompl
aint
s.I
tsai
dthatt
hecompl
aint
swer
ewel
lfoundedbut
t
hesy
stem wasgoodsoshoul
dber
egul
ari
zed.CommanderHi
l
lwasappoi
ntedLi
eut
enantgov
ernor
ofGol
dCoast
,andwast
oregul
ari
zet
he2pi
ecesofl
egi
slat
ioni
n1843.CommanderHi
l
lent
eredi
nto
aser
iesoff
ri
endshi
ptr
eat
ieswi
thchi
efsofcoast
alst
ateswhi
chconsol
i
dat
edi
ntoadocument
knownasBondof1844,
whi
chcamei
ntoef
fecton6thMar
ch.I
tisgener
all
yunder
stoodt
hatwel
ost
ouri
ndependencewhenchi
efssi
gnedof
ftheBondof1844soNkr
umahwant
edouri
ndependence
al don6thMar
sohel ch,
1957.

 Not
ethePar
li
ament
arySel
ectCommi
tt
eei
n1842,
thef
ourmai
nrecommendat
ionst
heymadeand
howt
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onunf
olded.Not
etheMcLeant
wor
enownedst
atementondef
act
oanddej
ure.

 TheBondof1844had4mai
nlegal
eff
ect
s;

i
.) WhatMcCl
eanwasdoi
ngwasi
l
legal
andi
twasnecessar
ytoputi
tonal
egal
basi
s

i
i
.) i
i
.)Br
it
ishwoul
drespectr
ight
sofchi
efsandchi
efswoul
drespectpr
oper
tyandf
undament
al
humanr
ight
s

i
i
i.
) i
i
i.
)Chi
efsunder
tookt
oabol
i
shbar
bar omssuchasPany
ouscust arr
ing(
Ifani
ndi
vi
dual
is
bei
ngsoughtandt
heper
soncoul
dnotbef
ound,
acl
oser
elat
ivewast
aken)andhuman
sacr
if
ices.

i
v.
) i
v.
)Chi
efsagr
eedt
hati
nor
dert
omoder
nizet
hei
rjust
icesy
stem andmaket
hem at
tr
act
ivet
o
t
hepeopl
e,t
heywoul
dal
l
owBr
it
ishof
fi
cial
stosi
twi
tht
hem whenhear
ingser
iouscr
imessuch
asmur
der
.Ami
norf
igur
eint
heBondwast
hemol
dingofourcust
om t
osui
ttheEngl
i
shl
aws.

 Nowher
eindocument(
Bondof1844)wi
l
lyouseepowercedi
ngt
oBr
it
ishet
c.Fort
heBr
it
ish,
the
whol
epoi
ntwast
oregul
ari
zewhatMcCl
eanhadbeendoi
ngandbasedont
his,
thef
ir
stEx
ecut
iveand
Legi
slat
iveCounci
lwasf
ormedi
n1850andMcCl
eanwasmadeaJudi
cial
Assessor
,aki
ndofChi
ef
Just
ice.Thi
sist
hef
ir
stt
imeaf
ormal
stepwast
akent
oputi
npl
acebui
l
dingbl
ocksf
ort
heExecut
ive
andt
heLegi
sl
atur
e.

Fr
om t
hisdat
e,nextl kwas1874becauseon24thJul
andmar y,1874,
Gol
dCoastsepar
ated

f
rom ot
herset
tl
ement
sandconst
it
utedi
ntoi
tsownuni
t.Not
etheJudi
cat
aActof1874
 whi
chi
soneoft
hebasi
csour
cesofGhanai
anl
aws.

 Fr
om 1874,
yougot
o1916–Member
shi
pofLegi
slat
iveCounci
lwhi
chwasest
abl
i
shedi
n1850was
expanded.Howev
er,
the1916const
it
uti
onwassai
dtor
epl
acet
he1888-
1904const
it
uti
on,
wher
e
member
shi
ptot
hel
egi
slat
ivecounci
lwasni
ne.

Not
ethepor
tfol
i
osont
heexecut
ivecounci
landl
egi
slat
ivecounci
lfr
om 1916

const
it
uti
ont
o1957const
it
uti
on.

 Thenextmaj
ormov
ewi
l
loccuri
n1925.I
n1925,
theconst
it
uti
onwhoseout
li
nesbegant
oemer
gei
n
1800’
srecei
vedmaj
orf
acel
i
ft.Thi
smaj
orf
acel
i
ft,
onecanat
tr
ibut
etoanumberoft
hings.Fi
rstwas
t
hepr
essur
eforconst
it
uti
onal
ref
orm.I
twasl
edmai
nlybyel
i
tesl
i
keARPSandNCBWA.
Secondi
sthe
r
eact
ionoft
hecol
oni
algov
ernmentt
otheagi
tat
ion-Pr
essur
eforr
efor
m andr
eact
iont
other
efor
m
cont
ri
but
edl
argel
ytomeasur
einwhi
cht
hef
orm oft
he1925const
it
uti
onwoul
dtake.

 I
ssuesr
emai
nwi
thust
oday
.Howmuchspacemustt
radi
ti
onal
rul
ershav
eint
hepol
i
tical
scene?
We’
venev
ersol
vedf
ull
ythei
ssuest
hathav
edev
elopedoutofdev
elopmentofourconst
it
uti
on.
Onei
ssuewasr
epr
esent
ati
on;
howr
epr
esent
ati
vewi
l
lact
orsbe?Agi
tat
orswer
esay
ingt
hat
gov
ernmentwasnotr
epr
esent
ati
veenoughandquest
ionofr
epr
esent
ati
onseemst
oremai
nwi
thus
t
oday
,andEl
ect
oral
Commi
ssi
ont
ri
edt
odeal
wit
hthatbyi
ncr
easi
ngnumberofconst
it
uenci
eset
c.

 Anot
heri
ssuet
hatr
emai
nswi
thust
odayi
sthequest
ionofaccount
abi
l
ity
.Howaccount
abl
eist
he
gov
ernmentt
othepeopl
e?Thi
shast
odowi
thhav
ingar
esponsi
blegov
ernment
.Ev
eryt
ime,
wear
e
t
ryi
ngt
ofi
ndsomesol
uti
onsot
hatsomewi
l
lsaypr
ocessoft
ryi
ngt
ogetPr
esi
dent
’snomi
nees
get
ti
ngpr
iorappr
oval
ofpar
li
amenti
saccount
abi
l
ity
.Somel
i
keKumadoar
guet
hatMi
nist
ersdonot
1 2
mat
terbecauset
hegov
ernmenti
sthepr
esi
dent
.Ify
oul
ookatAr
ti
cles57,58,2953ofconst
it
uti
on,
it
makest
hatcl
ear
.Thepr
esi
denti
sthegov
ernment
.

 The1925const
it
uti
onwascont
ainedi
n3document
s,

-
(a)Let
ter
sPat
ent
:(I
)Est
abl
i
shedof
fi
ceofgov
ernorand(
ii
)est
abl
i
shedgov
ernorascommander
-i
n-
chi
ef.

(
b)-
Roy
alI
nst
ruct
ion:
(23rdMay
,1925)
,whi
chest
abl
i
shedt
heExecut
iveCounci
l
,whi
chwecoul
dsay
,
wasmor
eorl
ess,
acabi
net
.

©-
Order
sinCounci
l
:(8thApr
il
,1925)
,whi
chest
abl
i
shedt
heLegi
slat
iveCounci
l
.

Mostpeopl
etendt
odi
scusst
heOr
der
-i
n-Counci
lbecauseourpeopl
econcededgov
ernor
shi
pet
c.t
o
col
oni
alpowerandi
nter
estwasi
nthi
sbody(
Vol
ume1:
GyanduandGr
if
fi
ths)
.

1
ThePresidentofGhana
2
Execut
iveAuthori
tyofGhana
3
Int
erpr
etati
on
 The1925const
it
uti
onest
abl
i
shedaLegi
slat
iveCounci
lwi
thanof
fi
cial
maj
ori
ty(
peopl
eoft
he
maj
ori
tywer
eof
fi
cehol
der
s).Youhav
eunof
fi
cial
member
s(15)and14of
fi
cial
member
s.Under
of
fi
cial
maj
ori
ty,
ther
ewast
heconst
it
uti
onal
obl
i
gat
iont
ovot
eaccor
dingt
owi
shesofgov
ernmenton
anyi
ssueandonewonder
swhet
herwehav
egott
hisi
deaofmaj
ori
tyi
nPar
li
amentv
oti
ngaccor
ding
t
owi
shesofgov
ernment
.

 Whent
hegov
ernoral
l
owedaf
reev
ote,
onewasunderanobl
i
gat
iont
ovot
easgov
ernorwi
shed.
Ther
ewasal
sot
hei
ntr
oduct
ionofTheEl
ect
ivePr
inci
ple.I
twast
hef
ir
stt
imet
hatLegi
slat
iveCounci
l
f
ir
stest
abl
i
shedi
n1850al
l
owedt
hatsomemember
sofLegi
slat
iveCounci
lwi
l
lbeel
ect
ed.(
Sect
ions
39ofOr
der
sinCounci
l
).

 Thequal
i
ficat
ionsf
ormember
shi
p,2st
andout–

Pr
oper
tyqual
i
ficat
ion:
Onehadt
obeabenef
ici
alownerofpr
oper
tyofacer
tai
nval
ue.

I
twasbel
i
evedt
hatonl
ythosewi
thsomepr
oper
tyst
akei
nthesoci
etywoul
dbewi
l
li
ngt
odi
efori
t.

Youal
sohadt
obepr
ofi
cienti
ntheEngl
i
shl
anguage.I
twasar
guedt
hatt
hiswas

unf
airbecauseEngl
i
shi
snotourl
anguage.Now,
member
sofpar
li
amentshoul
dbe

al
l
owedt
ospeaki
nlanguagef
ami
l
iarwi
th.I
tmeantmanyqual
i
fiedpeopl
ewer
e

di
squal
i
fiedatt
hatt
imebecausecoul
dnotuset
hemedi
um ofcommuni
cat
ion.

 Pr
ovi
nci
alCounci
lMember
s-6,
reser
vedf
orpeopl
ewhower
edescr
ibedasheadchi
efs.Thi
swas
ent
rypoi
ntf
orourchi
efs.

3f
orEast
ernpr
ovi
nce

2f
orCent
ral
prov
ince

1 f
orWest
ernpr
ovi
nce

 Headchi
efswer
eal
sodescr
ibedast
hosewhoatcust
om di
dnotoweal
l
egi
ancet
oanot
herchi
ef.The
t
erm wasl
aterchangedt
oPar
amountchi
ef.Somecr
it
ici
smsofcour
sewer
emadeoft
his
ar
rangement
.Thosewhower
eleadi
ngwer
enott
her
oyal
sbuti
ttur
nsoutt
her
oyal
shadmor
eseat
s
(
6)asopposedt
oel
i
teswhohad3.El
i
tescr
it
ici
zedt
hechi
efs’
par
tner
shi
pwi
tht
hecol
oni
alpower
s.I
n
act
ual
pract
ice,
real
powerr
emai
nedwi
tht
hecol
oni
algov
ernment
.Thegov
ernorhad2i
mpor
tant
power
sundert
heconst
it
uti
on,

i
. Vet
oPower

i
i
. Reser
vedPower
s:I
fthegov
ernort
houghti
tinappr
opr
iat
etov
eto,
hewoul
dreser
vei
tfor
col
oni
algov
ernmentt
ovet
osoSecr
etar
yofSt
atef
orCol
oni
eswoul
dvet
osogov
ernor
woul
dnotbel
i
nkedwi
tht
hemat
ter
.

 Onl
ythegov
ernorcoul
dini
ti
atepol
i
ciest
hathadf
inanci
ali
mpl
i
cat
ions.Per
hapsi
twasf
ear
edt
hatt
he
Legi
slat
iveCounci
lwoul
dbei
mpr
udenti
nfi
scal
mat
ter
s.Undert
oday
’sgov
ernment
,onl
ygov
ernment
cani
nit
iat
epol
i
ciest
hathasf
inanci
ali
mpl
i
cat
ions.Onl
ythegov
ernmentcani
ntr
oducebi
l
lst
o
 Par
li
ament
.

 Ther
esul
tofal
loft
hisi
sthatt
hesemaj
orconst
it
uti
onal
changesconsol
i
dat
edt
hegov
ernment
ar
rangementbyt
heExecut
ive.The1925ar
rangementl
ast
edf
orar
easonabl
ylongt
imet
il
lbegi
nni
ng
of1940’
swhenf
arf
rom l
i
tigat
iongoi
ngdown,
itr
esul
tedi
nint
ensi
fi
cat
ionf
orr
efor
mlar
gel
ybecause
t
winquest
ionsofr
esponsi
bil
i
tyandaccount
abi
l
ityhadnotbeenaddr
essed.

 I
n1946,
ther
ewast
henextmaj
orr
efor
m.Repr
esent
ati
onf
orAsant
ewasf
ort
hef
ir
stt
imebr
ought
i
ntot
heconst
it
uti
onal
arr
angementandt
hecol
oni
alpowergav
eupof
fi
cial
maj
ori
ty.
1946
ar
rangement
sal
sodev
elopedt
hepr
act
icewher
ethePubl
i
cAccount
sCommi
tt
eeal
way
shad
someonef
rom t
heopposi
ti
oni
nit
.Gov
ernmentr
etai
nedt
winpower
sofv
etoandr
eser
veandby
t
heseconst
it
uti
onal
str
okes,
wil
lchangef
rom adebat
ingchambert
oat
rul
yrepr
esent
ati
vechamber
.
Thi
swast
hef
ir
stt
imeacol
oni
algov
ernmentf
eltt
heheatsuf
fi
cient
lyt
oyi
eldcont
rol
ofLegi
slat
uret
o
unof
fi
cial
member
soft
heLegi
slat
ure.Thi
swast
hebestr
esponseoft
hecol
oni
alpowert
othe
agi
tat
ion.TheBr
it
ishwer
etakencompl
etel
ybysur
pri
se.

 Thecomi
ngi
ntobei
ngoft
henewconst
it
uti
onwasgr
eet
edbywav
esofpr
otestandt
hequest
ionof
t
hegov
ernor
’scont
rol
remai
ned.KwameNkr
umahar
ri
vedandt
hemoment
um hegener
atedseemed
unst
oppabl
e.Ther
ewer
e2sl
ogans–“
Sel
f-
Gov
ernmenti
nshor
testpossi
blet
ime,
”“Sel
f-
gov
ernment
now.
”Itr
emai
nspr
obl
em t
oday
,theuseofcat
chyl
anguaget
opr
ocur
evot
es.Rawl
i
ngsi
sgoodat
usi
ngcat
chyl
anguage.Ther
ewer
e2maj
orgr
oupi
ngs–t
hesel
f-
gov
ernmenti
nshor
testpossi
blet
ime
(
Gradual
i
stappr
oach,
conser
vat
ist
),sel
f-
gov
ernmentnow(
Progr
essi
ves,
Soci
alDemocr
ats)
.Asat
t
oday
,iti
sext
remel
ydi
ff
icul
tfor3rdgr
oupt
oemer
ge.

 Gov
ernorsetupcommi
tt
ee,
Wat
sonCommi
tt
ee,
tol
ooki
ntor
iot
s,whi
chdescr
ibed1946
const
it
uti
onal
arr
angement
sasout
modedatbi
rt
h,i
not
herwor
ds,
theagi
tat
ionhadl
eftt
hem behi
nd.
Thecommi
tt
eeal
sor
ecommendedt
hati
twast
imet
ofi
ndoutwhatAf
ri
canst
hemsel
veswant
ed.An
Al
l
-Af
ri
cancommi
tt
eeunderCousseyCommi
tt
ee,
lookedi
ntomat
terf
orf
urt
herr
efor
msof
const
it
uti
onandl
ocal
gov
ernment
.Oneofr
ecommendat
ionsr
esul
tedi
ncosmet
icchange.The
changewascal
l
ingt
heLegi
slat
iveCounci
l
,theLegi
slat
iveAssembl
y.

 Ther
ewer
e84member
s,75ofwhom el
ect
edandNor
ther
nter
ri
tor
y(19)j
oinedf
ort
hef
ir
stt
ime.

Asant
e–19

Col
ony–37

 Whi
l
etheEl
ect
ivepr
inci
plewasr
etai
ned,
onl
ythe5coul
dbedi
rect
lyel
ect
ed.Bul
koft
hem woul
dbe
el
ect
edbyel
ect
oral
col
l
eges.KwameNkr
umah,
rel
easedt
obet
hel
eaderofgov
ernmentbusi
ness,
descr
ibedt
heCousseyCommi
tt
eer
ecommendat
ionasbogusandf
raudul
entandannouncedt
hathe
wasgoi
ngt
oint
roducemaj
orchangeswhi
chhedi
dwi
th1954const
it
uti
on.KwameNkr
umah
 pr
omi
sedar
evol
uti
onbuthi
sownconst
it
uti
onwascl
osestwegott
oBr
it
ishconst
it
uti
onbei
ngcopi
ed
f
orst
ockandbar
rel
.Ev
eni
nthi
s,gov
ernorr
etai
nedt
wi sofVet
npower oandReser
vedPower
s.The
count
rywasont
hev
ergeofi
ndependenceandt
hev
eryi
mmi
nenceofi
ndependencespar
ked
sect
ional
int
erest
s.

-
NPP(
Nor
ther
nPeopl
e’
sPar
ty)
:Theywer
eaf
rai
dthatt
hewayt
hemoment
um wasdev
elopi
ng,
peopl
e
i
nSout
her
npar
tofGhanawer
egoi
ngt
odomi
nat
ethem soi
twasnecessar
ytocomet
oget
hert
o
pr
eventswal
l
owi
ngup.

-
Togol
andCongr
ess:

-
Nat
ional
Liber
ati
onMov
ement
:Par
toft
heUGCCwhi
chwasdomi
nat
edbyAshant
ipol
i
tici
ans
concer
nedwi
thav
owal
ofCPPt
ouseweal
thf
ort
hei
rpar
tsoft
hecount
ryandani
nter
esti
nsome
measur
eoff
eder
alsy
stem ofgov
ernment
.

-
Musl
i
m Associ
ati
onPar
ty:
Zongoar
easofKumasi
andt
hecol
ony
.

 Ther
ewer
e3i
ssuesar
oundwhi
cht
hespl
i
ntergr
oupcoal
esced.

1.
)Nat
ureofConst
it
uti
on(
Feder
alorUni
tar
y)

2.
)Nat
ureofLegi
slat
ure(
Uni
camer
alorBi
camer
al)

3.
)Est
abl
i
shi
ngaCounci
lofSt
ate

 Twoi
nfl
uenceswi
l
lseem t
obeatbot
tom ofagi
tat
ionf
orCounci
lofSt
ate.Exper
ienceoft
radi
ti
onal
r
uler
sinl
egi
sl
atur
eupt
il
lthatper
iodi
nti
mehadl
ett
hei
rsuppor
ter
sandt
heyt
obel
i
evet
hatt
hef
utur
e
oft
heconst
it
uti
onl
ayi
naf
ormal
placesuchasCounci
lofSt
ateorbi
camer
all
egi
slat
urewher
eone
gr
oupwasnomi
nat
edbypopul
arv
oteandt
heot
hernomi
nat
ed.Pr
obl
em wi
tht
hisi
sthat
,si
nce
gov
ernmentwi
l
lnomi
nat
ethemember
s,t
heywi
l
lel
ectt
heconser
vat
ivemember
s.

 Ot
her
sar
guet
hatt
her
ear
epeopl
ethatwoul
dli
ket
opar
ti
cipat
einpol
i
ticsbutnotwantt
ogot
hrough
hust
leandbust
leofpol
i
tics,
andnat
ionwoul
dbet
hel
oser(
highl
yqual
i
fiedchi
efs,
etc.
)

1.
)Pr
oposal
thatSel
ectCommi
tt
eeshoul
dexami
nef
orBi
camer
alLegi
slat
ure,
Feder
alSt
ate,
and
adv
ise.Bour
neCommi
tt
eesai
dthecount
rywast
oosmal
lforaf
eder
alst
ate.Gov
ernmentaccept
ed
t
hatsomedev
olut
ionofpowert
oregi
onswasi
mpor
tant
,forev
ery
onei
nthecount
ryt
ofeel
thatt
hei
r
i
nter
est
swer
ebei
ngr
epr
esent
ed.

 Fr
om ear
li
estt
imes,
repr
esent
ati
onandr
esponsi
bil
i
tyofgov
ernmentt
opeopl
edomi
nat
edi
ssues.
Then3rdi
ssue–nat
ureoft
heconst
it
uti
oni
tsel
f,cameup.

Weseeacer
tai
ncul
tur
eofi
nst
it
uti
onal
rel
ati
onshi
psemer
gingwhi
chcondi
ti
onedourr
elat
ionshi
pto
or
gansofgov
ernment
.Today
,theexecut
ivedomi
nat
es.Thepr
est
igei
nourgov
ernmenti
sint
he
 Execut
ive.Ont
heev
eofi wehad3rdel
ndependence, ementt
odebat
e–t
henat
ureoft
heconst
it
uti
on.
Thi
sdebat
eisacont
inui
ngone.

 TheI
ndependenceConst
it
uti
onwascont
ainedi
n4i
nst
rument
s;

-
Orderi
nCounci
l

-
GhanaI
ndependenceAct
,1957

-
(Ghana)Of
fi
ceofGov
ernorGener
alLet
ter
sPat
ent

-
Roy
ali
nst
ruct
ions(
Ghana)
,al
l ed6thMar
dat ch1957.

 Ther
ear
eanumberofgener
alobser
vat
ions;

1.
)Const
it
uti
onal
arr
angement
sati
ndependencear
einf
luencedbypol
i
tical
dev
elopment
sinGol
d
Coastbet
ween1954and1957

2.
)Byi
ndependence,
ourconst
it
uti
onhadr
eachedast
agewher
emaj
ori
nst
it
uti
onsofgov
ernment
hadmat
ured.

3.
)Thepr
e-emi
nentposi
ti
onoft
heExecut
ivei
soneofobser
vat
ionsy
oucanmake,
andi
ndependence
const
it
uti
oni
scl
osestwehav
ecomet
oaWest
minst
ert
ypeofconst
it
uti
on.I
twasamonar
chi
cal
kind
ofconst
it
uti
onsot
hatourheadofst
atewasamonar
ch,
andwasr
epr
esent
edi
nGhanabyaGov
ernor
-
Gener
al.

 I
ndependenceconst
it
uti
onal
soi
ntr
oducedi
deaofcabi
netandcol
l
ect
iver
esponsi
bil
i
tyofgov
ernment
.
Oneofmostmi
sunder
stoodgov
ernment
alar
rangementi
nthi
scount
ryi
sthi
sideaofcabi
netand
col
l
ect
iver
esponsi
bil
i
ty.I
nlegi
slat
ivear
rangement
sfori
ndependenceconst
it
uti
on,
weseeef
for
tst
o
r
espondt
oconcer
nst
hatemer
geddur
ingt
hedebat
e.Ther
ewer
eef
for
tst
oaddr
essi
ssuesi
nrun-
up
t
oindependence.TheLegi
slat
uret
hatwasest
abl
i
shedwascal
l
edPar
li
ament(
QueenandNat
ional
Assembl
y).Nat
ional
Assembl
ypassest
hebi
l
ls,
theQueenpr
omul
gat
esi
tint
olaw.

 Notonl
ycabi
net
,butt
heposi
ti
onofGov
ernorwasst
reaml
i
nedandr
enamedgov
ernor
-gener
al;
the
count
ryst
reaml
i
nedt
heof
fi
ceoft
hepr
imemi
nist
er;
regi
onal
assembl
i
eswer
eint
roduced.

 Ther
ear
e3ki
ndsofl
i
mit
ati
ons,

-
Inst
it
uti
onal
Limi
tat
ions

-
Procedur
alLi
mit
ati
ons

-
Subst
ant
iveLi
mit
ati
ons

 Const
it
uti
onest
abl
i
shed2bodi
es;
Regi
onal
Assembl
i
esandRegi
onal
HouseofChi
efs.Regi
onal
 Assembl
i
eswaspar
tofi
mpl
ement
ati
onofBour
ner
ecommendat
ion,
fordev
olut
ionofaut
hor
it
yto
r
egi
ons.Eachoft
hesei
nst
it
uti
onsi
sal
sopar
tofpr
ocedur
all
i
mit
ati
on.Youcoul
dnotamend
const
it
uti
onwi
thoutappr
oval
ofeachoft
he5Regi
onal
Assembl
i
es.TheRegi
onal
HouseofChi
efs
wasr
esponsi
blef
orchangesofl
awsaf
fect
ingchi
eft
aincy
.

 Subst
ant
iveLi
mit
ati
ons

Racialdi
scrimi
natorylawwaspr ohibit
ed.Roughlyby1920’s, therewassomei ndi
cati
onthatracewould
becomeacr i
ti
calfactorinourpol iti
cs.Lawspur port
edtotakeawayf r
eedom ofexpressi
on,rel
igi
onetc.
Thestatecouldacqui repr opert
ycompul sor
il
yifonlyi
tprovidedf orcompensat i
ontobepaidpr omptl
y
andadequat el
y.EachofRegi onal Assembl i
espassedaresol uti
ont hatthei
rexist
encenotnecessaryand
di
ssolveditsel
f.Also,repeal ofRestri
ctionsActtookawayr est r
icti
onsandwasf i
rstt
imequestionof
usi
ngRegi onalAssembl iescoul dbeused.Theyt hemsel
vesagr eedthattheyshouldbeaboli
shed.On
onehand, wear et
aughtt hatrul
escanbeusedt oactasbrakes.Whatwehav enocont r
oloveriswhat
peoplewhowi lli
mpl ementi twillbehave.

 Asf
arasPr
ocedur
alLi
mit
ati
onsi
sconcer
ned,
thecaseofWar
ev.Of
ori
Att
aisi
nst
ruct
ive.

Wariv.OforiAtt
a[1959]GLR181
Fact
s:Plaint
iff
,Gyasi
heneofEj
isu,
theor
derwhi
chgav
eri
set
othi
sact
ionwasmadebyMi
nist
erofLocal
Gov
ernmentunderEj
i
suSt
ool
proper
tyor
dermadeunderSt
atut
eLaw,
Act1957.TheActwasal
l
egedl
y
passedi
ncont
rav
ent
ionofSect
ion35ofGhana.Const
it
uti
onal
Order
-i
n-Counci
lwhi
chl
aiddownpr
ocedur
es
bef
oreabi
l
lcoul
dbedecl
aredt
ohav
ebeenpassedbySpeakeroft
heHouseofAssembl
y.Wher
ethebi
l
l
af
fect
edt
het
radi
ti
onal
funct
ionsorpr
ivi
l
egesofachi
ef,
Speakerwasr
equi
redt
oref
ert
oHouseofChi
efsof
Regi
onbef
oresecondr
eadi
ngoft
hebi
l
lcoul
dbemov
edi
ntheHouseofAssembl
yatl
east3mont
hsaf
ter
.
Thi
swasn’
tfol
l
owedi
npr
esentcaseandGov
ernorGener
alsi
gnedr
oyal
assentt
oit
.Ei
ghtmont
hsl
ater
,
Mi
nist
erofLocal
Gov
ernmentaut
hor
izedonet
otakepossessi
onoft
hest
ool
proper
typer
tai
ningt
oEj
i
su
St
ool
.Pl
aint
if
f,Gy
asi
hene,
clai
minghewasachi
efhi
msel
f,i
nst
it
utedpr
oceedi
ngi
nDi
vi
sional
Cour
t,cl
aimi
ng
St
atut
eLaw57wasi
nval
i
dsi
ncei
tcont
rav
enedOr
der
sinCounci
l
,(1957)
.

I
ssue:
Whet
heranActpassedi
ncont
rav
ent
ionofapr
ocedur
alr
equi
rementspeci
fi
edbyt
heconst
it
uti
on
shoul
dbedecl
arednul
landv
oidandunconst
it
uti
onal
byaCour
tofLaw.

Hol
ding:
Plai
nti
ffwaschi
efandcust
omar
ycust
odi
anofEj
i
suSt
ool
andActdi
rect
lyaf
fect
edt
radi
ti
onal
f
unct
ionsoft
hechi
efandActwasi
nval
i
dsi
ncepr
ocedur
ewasn’
tfol
l
owed.

 Twocaseswi
l
lil
l
ust
rat
etheSubst
ant
iveLi
mit
ati
ons–
 4
Lar
danI
,Lar
danII
.
Lar
denwasbel
i
evedtobef
rom t
heDanquah-
Busi
atr
adi
ti
on.He(
appel
l
ant
)wast
hesubj
ectofadepor
tat
ion
dermadeon30thJul
or y,1957,
undert
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
heDepor
tat
ionAct
,1957.On31stJul
y,hef
il
edawr
it
seeki
ngadecl
arat
oryor
dert
otheef
fectt
hathewasaci
ti
zenandwasnotwi
thi
ntheambi
toft
heAct
.He
al
somov
edexpar
tef
orani
nter
imi
njunct
ionandsuppor
tedt
hiswi
thanaf
fi
dav
itt
hathewasbor
ninKumasi
andhi
smot
her(
unnamed)i
nKr
achi
.Judgecoul
dnotwr
it
ethedecl
arat
ionhewasaski
ngf
orbecausef
act
s
t
hathebasedont
hathewasaGhanai
an,
wasonl
ycont
ainedi
nabar
eaf
fi
dav
itandCour
tthoughtshoul
dbe
mor
esubst
ant
ive.Hecoul
dnotbegr
ant
edi
njunct
ionagai
nstdepor
tat
ionor
der
.Thecasewasadj
our
ned
andwhi
l
est
il
lpendi
ng,
Par
li
amentqui
ckl
ypassedanot
herpi
eceofl
egi
slat
ion.
Obj
ect
ivewascl
ear
lyt
it
led–
“
Depor
tat
ionofLar
danv
.AhmaduBaba”
.Itst
atedt
hatal
lact
ionspendi
ngt
ogr
anti
njunct
ionhadbeen
t
ermi
nat
ed.Lar
danwentbackt
oCour
t.Lar
dansai
dhewasnotchal
l
engi
ngdepor
tat
ionbutwasest
abl
i
shi
ng
hi
snat
ional
i
tyandsecondl
y,basi
nghi
scaseonr
acedi
scr
imi
nat
ion.Cour
tsai
dther
ewasnot
hingt
oshow
t
hathewasbei
ngdepor
tedbecauseofr
ace.Ther
eisadi
sti
nct
ionbet
weenchal
l
engi
ngy
ourdepor
tat
ionand
est
abl
i
shi
ngy
ournat
ional
i
ty.Judgesai
dift
hisl
egi
slat
ure,
thi
snewl
egi
slat
ure,
usedpoweri
thadt
oint
erf
ere
wi
thj
udi
cial
proceedi
ngs,
thef
utur
eoft
hecount
rywasbl
eak.Thi
sjudgequal
i
fiedt
obeapr
ophet
.

Bologunv.Edusei(
1957)3WALR547
Facts:AbdulWahabiBal
ogunandt
hreeot
her eon17thOct
swer ober
,1958ser
vedwi
thdepor
tat
ionor
der
s
i
ssuedbyt
heMi
nist
erofI
nter
ior(
Mr.Kr
oboEdusei
).Att
het
imeofi
ssui
ngt
heor
der
s,t
heMi
nist
er
si
mul
taneousl
yaut
hor
izedt
heAct
ingCommi
ssi
onerofPol
i
ce,
Mr.Madj
i
tey
,toar
restt
hef
ourwi
thout
war
rantandf
lyt
hem t
oNi
ger
ia(
1958)
.Thef
ourmenwer
ear
rest
edaccor
dingl
yonSat
ur ober18th,
dayOct
1958.Wr
it
sofhabeascor
puswer
efi
l
edt
hatt
heywer
eci
ti
zensandnotsubj
ectt
odepor
tat
ion.Not
iceoft
he
mot
ionwasor
der
edt
obegi
vent
orespondent
sandt
hef
ourmenwer
ehowev
erf
lownl
ater
.Itwasn’
tunt
il
t
henextdaynot
iceor
der
edbyCour
twasser
veduponr
espondent
s.Appel
l
ant
slat
erf
il
ednot
icet
hat
r
espondentbecommi
tt
edf
orcont
emptofcour
t.

I
ssues:

i
.)Whet
hert
heact
ionoft
heMi
nist
er,
theCommi
ssi
onerofpol
i
ceandDi
rect
orofPr
isons,
didconst
it
ute
cont
emptofcour
t.

i
i
.)Whet
hernot
wit
hst
andi
ngt
henon-
ser
vicei
nhabeascor
puspr
oceedi
ngs,
despi
tet
hecont
emnor
’s
knowl
edgeoft
heor
der
,hewasst
il
ll
iabl
e.

Hel
d:

i
.)Thef
actt
hatt
hecour
thasmadeanor
derf
orser
viceont
her
espondentknownt
othem,
act
ual
ser
viceof
t
heor
deri
sn’
tnecessar
y.

i
i
.)Depor
tat
ionamount
edt
ocont
emptbecauset
heyi
nter
fer
edwi
tht
hel
i
tigantandputanendt
ocour
t
pr
oceedi
ngsandbr
oughtt
headmi
nist
rat
ionoft
hel
awi
ntodi
sregar
d.

 Thel
egi
sl
atur
eal
sopassedl
awconv
ert
ingi
tsel
ffr
om t
imet
oti
mei
ntoanAssembl
y.Queenwasour

4
(
Nos.1&2)2G.&G.96,
98
 const
it
uti
onal
HeadofSt
ate.Somehow,
thi
sindependencewasnotcompl
ete.TheI
ndependence
Legi
slat
urepassedl
egi
slat
ionwhi
chal
l
owedf
ori
tconst
it
utei
tsel
fint
oanAssembl
yandpassbi
l
ls.
Const
it
uti
onchangedf
rom monar
chi
cal
t canon1stJul
oRepubl
i y,1960.Ref
erendum wasal
so
coupl
edwi
tht
hecont
est
ingoft
hepr
esi
dency
,bet
weenKwameNkr
umahandJ.
B.Danquah,
whi
ch
Nkr
umahwonov
erwhel
mingl
yandbecamef
ir
stpr
esi
dentundert
hatconst
it
uti
on.Webecamea
Republ
i
c.

 The1stconst
it
uti
onal
arr
angement
sest
abl
i
shedanExecut
ivepr
esi
dent
.Ar
ti
cle8sai
dpr
esi
dent
act
edi
nhi
sabsol
utedi
scr
eti
on.Thechoi
ceofanexecut
ivepr
esi
denti
n1960wasnot
abl
ydebat
ed.
Somef
eltpr
esi
dentwasgoi
ngt
ohav
etoomuchpowerandwoul
dbet
yrant
.Ot
her
sthoughtwe
neededast
rongcl
ear
-headedl
eaderwhowoul
ddr
iveus.Weneededal
eadert
hatwascl
ear
-cut
,a
st
rong-
wil
l
edper
sonhav
ingf
inger
sont
otal
i
tyofpower
s.Af
terov
ert
hrowofNkr
umah,
thosewhosai
d
t
oomuchpowerwoul
dresul
tinat
yrantcl
aimedv
ict
oryandwoul
dresul
tin1969,
thespl
i
tti
ngof
power
sbet
weenacer
emoni
alheadofst
ateandaPr
imeMi
nist
er.2t
ypesofCommi
ssi
onwer
e
est
abl
i
shed;

-
Todi
schar
gef
unct
ionsofpr
esi
dentwhenoutofcount
ry,
thosef
unct
ionst
hathecoul
dnotdi
schar
ge
whenoutoft
hecount
ry,
and

-
Whenpr
esi
dentdi
edandnewoney
ett
obeel
ect
ed.

 Al
so,
thepr
esi
denthadpoweri
ndependentoft
heLegi
slat
uret
opassnecessar
ylawst
osuppor
thi
s
wor
k.ALegi
slat
urewascr
eat
ed,
giv
enLegi
slat
iveAut
hor
it
y.I
nAr
ti
cle20,
itwasdescr
ibedas
sov
erei
gn.Sov
erei
gnt
yconnot
esul
ti
mat
eaut
hor
it
y,butt
hisLegi
slat
urewasr
est
ri
ctedi
nsev
eral
aspect
s.

 Onehast
onot
eamendment
sto1960const
it
uti
oni
n1964,
whi
chwoul
dconv
ertcount
ryt
oonepar
ty
st
ate.1969const
it
uti
oncanbesai
dtobear
eact
iont
o1960const
it
uti
on.Ev
ery
thi
ngwet
houghtwas
weakness,
wet
ri
edt
orect
if
yit
.Onear
eawher
ewet
houghtwehadmademi
stakeswasi
nthe
Execut
ive.Ther
ewasl
otofdebat
eaboutwhet
herweshoul
dhav
eexecut
ivet
ypeorwher
ewehad
underI
ndependenceconst
it
uti
on,
headofst
ateandheadofgov
ernment
.Wechoseaspl
i
tExecut
ive,
aheadofst
ateandheadofgov
ernment–Pr
esi
dent
,Pr
imeMi
nist
er.

 The1969const
it
uti
ongi
vesusani
ndi
genousnamet
ousei
nter
msofpr
esi
dent–Sempapany
in.
Whenev
eri
twast
houghtt
hatadeci
sionshoul
dnotbemadeonpar
ti
sanbasi
s,t
heheadofst
atewas
t
omaket
hatdeci
sion.Wekeepexpandi
ngl
egi
slat
urebecauseofgr
eat
err
epr
esent
ati
on.

 1979Const
it
uti
on

Thi
s1979const
it
uti
oni
sfoundedont
he1969const
it
uti
on.I
ndeed,
inPar
agr
aph26oft
hepr
oposal
s,
y
ouf
indt
hatcommi
tt
eet
hatdr
aft
edi
tst
atedt
hatt
heysawt
hei
rjobasnotst
art
ingaf
resh.They
accept
edessent
ial
sof1969const
it
uti
onast
hei
rpoi
ntofr
efer
ence.Ther
ear
esomehotdebat
es–
 nat
ureofExecut
ive.I
n1978,
ther
ewasadebat
east
owhet
hert
ogobackt
o1960t
ypeofExecut
ive.

-
Art
icl
e1i
ntr
oducesi
deaofpr
otect
ingconst
it
uti
onal
order–ev
enwi
thourownl
i
ves.

-
Ther
ewasal
sot
her
equi
rementt
hatcer
tai
nof
fi
cehol
der
sbeappoi
ntedwi
thi
nacer
tai
nper
iod.I
n
1979,
thoseappoi
nteeshadt
obei
npl
acewi
thi
n6mont
hs.

-
Art
icl
e2:
Grav
econsequencesf
ordi
sobedi
enceofor
der
soft
heSupr
emeCour
t.

 Ar
ti
cle2(
4)

Fai
l
uret
oobeyorcar
ryoutt
het
ermsofanor
derordi
rect
ionmadeorgi
venunderCl
ause(
2)oft
his
ar
ti
cleconst
it
utesahi
ghcr
imeundert
hisconst
it
uti
onandshal
l
,int
hecaseoft
hePr
esi
dentort
he
Vi
cePr
esi
dent
,const
it
uteagr
oundf
orr
emov
alf
rom of
fi
ceundert
hisconst
it
uti
on.

-
Creat
ionofsy
stem ofpubl
i
caccount
ancyt
hatpeopl
eshoul
ddecl
aret
hei
rasset
s.1979const
it
uti
on
i
ntr
oducedgr
assr
oot
ssy
stem,
thr
oughr
epr
esent
ati
vel
ocal
gov
ernmentsy
stem.Ther
ewasacer
tai
n
measur
eofpr
otect
iont
hroughpr
esscommi
ssi
on.I
tal
socont
ainedapr
ovi
siongi
vi
ngcommandi
ng
hei
ght
sofeconomy
,cont
rol
ofpol
i
tical
par
ti
est
oGhanai
ans.Nodemocr
acyi
ssaf
eifpol
i
tical
par
ti
es
ar
enotcont
rol
l
edbyl
egi
slat
ure.

ANumberofbuf
feri
nst
it
uti
onscont
inued–gi
venr
esponsi
bil
i
tyusual
l
ygi
vent
o

Execut
ive–

Counci
lofSt
ate

Pr
essCommi
ssi
on

El
ect
oral
Commi
ssi
on

Ombudsmanet
c.

 Onei
nter
est
ingdi
sti
nct
ionbet
ween1969and1979const
it
uti
oni
sthat
,in1969const
it
uti
on,
some
pr
ovi
sionscoul
dnev
erbeamendedandt
hatwascr
it
ici
zed.I
n1979const
it
uti
on,
ever
ypar
tcoul
dbe
amended.Al
so,
ther
ewer
epr
ovi
sionsr
elat
ingt
other
etur
ningofchi
eft
aincyf
ull
ytoi
tst
radi
ti
onal
r
oles/
root
s–Def
ini
ti
onofwhoachi
efi
s.Thepr
ocessesofhol
dingchi
efl
yof
fi
cel
eftt
ocust
om and
usage.

 Tr
ansi
ti
onal
Prov
isi
ons:
Cur
rentdebat
eaboutt
hem canbet
racedt
o1979const
it
uti
onal
prov
isi
ons.I
t
i
str
ansi
ti
onal
insenseofmov
ingf
rom oner
egi
met
oanot
her
.Fort
hatper
iod,
themostcel
ebr
ated
5
caseunder1979const
it
uti
oni
sTuf
fuorv
.At
tor
neyGener
al (Capaci
tyt
obr
ingAct
ion)
.

5
(
1980)GLR637
 Wehav
ehad4successf
ulcoupd’
état
sbut5,
youcoul
dal
mostsay
,6coupd’
état
s.

 Thef
ir
standpr
obabl
ythemostcont
rov
ersi
aloccur
redi
n1966.Regi
mewasst shed24thFebr
abl
i uar
y,
1966t
hroughNLCpr
ocl
amat
ion.Pr
ocl
amat
ionwasmadeon26thbutgi
venr
etr
ospect
iveef
fectf
rom
24thFebr
uar
y.NLCt
hatwasest
abl
i
shedr
unaf
fai
rsunt
ilOct
ober
,1969.Thest
ruct
ureofgov
ernment
t
hatNLCpr
ocl
amat
ioni
ntr
oducedwi
l
lbemor
eorl
essr
eint
roducedbyal
lsubsequentr
egi
mes.You
woul
dhav
etheNLCwhi
chwasmadeupmor
eorl
essofpeopl
ethatpl
ott
edandexecut
edcoup.
Execut
ivepoweroft
hest
atewasv
est
edi
nExecut
iveCounci
lofNLC.TheLegi
slat
urewast
he
Nat
ional
Liber
ati
onCounci
l
,Execut
ivewast
heExecut
iveCounci
lpl
usMi
nist
ersofSt
ate,
thatday
,
cal
l
edSecr
etar
ies.TheJudi
ciar
ycont
inuedwi
thsamepower
s,composi
ti
onandst
ruct
ureasunder
t
he1960const
it
uti
on.Ther
ewast
hepowert
oreor
gani
zej
udi
ciar
y–NLCDecr
ee84.TheSupr
eme
Cour
twasabol
i
shedandof
fi
cesofj
udgesandmagi
str
atesdi
ssol
ved.Thr
oughNLCDecr
ee84,
a
f
reshsetofcour
tswassetupandnewj
udgeswer
eappoi
ntedt
othosecour
ts.Thosei
dent
if
iedwi
th
t
heCPPwer
enotr
eappoi
nted.Oneofcont
inui
ngpr
obl
emsofal
egal
nat
ure–onei
ssuet
hatcameup
al
mosti
mmedi
atel
ywoul
dbeext
entofl
egi
slat
iveaut
hor
it
yofNLCandwoul
dcomeupi
n2Sal
i
fa
cases,
expar
teBanner
man,
AwoonorWi
l
li
amsv
.Gbedemah.Youf
indt
hej
udgesmor
eorl
essdi
vi
ded.
Onecampl
edbyAwoonorWi
l
li
amsv
.Gbedemahi
sthatdur
ingper
iodofNLC,
Cour
tsdi
dnothav
e
powert
oexami
nel
egi
slat
ivepoweroft
hest
ate.

 On13thJanuar
y1972,
youwoul
dhav
eanot
hermi
l
itar
yest
abl
i
shment
.

Coupt
hatoccur
redon13thJanuar
y1972est
abl
i
shedbypr
ocl
amat
i Nat
on, ionalRedempt
ionCounci
l
whi
chr
anshowunt
il9thofOct
ober
,1975.Whent
hef
ir
stsetofmember heNat
soft ionalRedempt
ion
Counci
lwasannounced,
ther
ewasamaj
ormur
murt
hatet
hni
cgr
oupswer
enotr
epr
esent
edsot
he
Counci
lexpandedt
obal
anceet
hni
cit
y,t
osat
isf
ycompl
aintofet
hni
cbal
ance.Today
,wet
alkabout
r
egi
onal
bal
ance.Concer
naboutr
epr
esent
ati
onwasamaj
ort
alki
ngpoi
ntf
oragi
tat
orsof
const
it
uti
onal
ref
orm. NLCPr
ocl
amat
ional
soest
abl
i
shedanExecut
iveCounci
lmadeupofal
l
member
sofNRC,
Execut
iveCommi
ssi
oner
sandSecr
etar
yofNRC.

 -
NRCDecr
ee101:
Abol
i
shedt
heSupr
emeCour
tandt
heCour
tofAppeal
becamet
hehi
ghestcour
tin
t
hel
and.Judi
ci
arywasonceagai
nreor
gani
zed.Thesear
rangement
soper
atedunt
il9thOct
ober
,
9thOct
1975. ober
,Nat
ional
Redempt
ionCounci
l
,madei
tsl
astdecr
ee,
Decr
ee360.
Thi
sdecr
ee
r
eor
gani
zedt
headmi
nist
rat
ion.I
tabol
i heNat
shedt ionalRedempt
ionCounci
landest
abl
i
shedt
he
Nat
ionalSupr
emeCounci
l
.I shedExecut
tabol
i iveCounci
landest shedNat
abl
i ionalRedempt
ion
Counci
l
.
 Nat
- ionalRedempt
ionCounci
l--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-SMC

-
Execut
iveCounci
l
---
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-Nat
ional
Redempt
ionCounci
l

 Thepeopl
ewhocl
aimedr
esponsi
bil
i
tyf
or1972coup,
sawi
tasdemot
ionandr
esi
gned.Somear
gue
t
hatwhathappenedi
n1975,
isani
n-housecoupd’
etat
.Decr
ee360sai
dinexer
ciseofEx
ecut
ive
power
,wi
l
lactonadv
iceofSMCwher
everpr
act
icabl
e.Decr
eeset
ti
ngupNRCsai
dleaderi
s
deposi
tor
yofpowerandact
sonadv
iceofSMC.Heappoi
ntsmember
soft
heSMC–t
heI
GPet
c.

 SMCI
I

NRCDecr
ee360wassubsequent
lyamendedbySMCD168.SMCD168t
ri
edt
oest
abl
i
shacol
l
ect
ive
gov
ernment
.Iti
sal
sot
hisf
undament
alchangei
nst
ruct
uret
hatal
l
owspeopl
etot
alkaboutSMCI
I.I
t
i
sthecl
osestwehav
ecomet
oani
l
legal
gov
ernment
.SMCast
hel
egi
slat
ure,
wheni
tpassesl
aws,
t
heDecr
eewi
l
lbepr
omul
gat
edbyChai
rmanbut168wassi
gnedbyal
lSMCmember
sexceptt
he
Chai
rman.SMCI
Iwast
husi
l
legal
mil
i
tar
yint
erv
ent
ion

 AFRC

I
twasest
abl
i
shedbyt
heAr
medFor
cesRev
olut
ionar
yCounci
l
,4thJune1979.Legi
slat
iveaut
hor
it
y
wasv
est
edi
ntheAFRC,
cour
tscont
inuedwi
tht
hesamecomposi
ti
onbutt
hist
ime,
ther
ewassome
conf
usi
onaboutt
heposi
ti
onoft
heExecut
ive.

-
AFRC26:
AFRCbecamet
hegov
ernment
.AFRCwasst
il
lmai
ntai
ningt
hati
twasnott
hegov
ernment
.
I
tappoi
ntedl
i
aisonof
fi
cer
s.

 Pr
ovi
sional
Nat
ional
Def
enceCounci
l(PNDC)

I
twasbr
oughti
ntobei
ngbyPNDCPr
ocl
amat
ion41.ThePr
ocl
amat
ionest
abl
i
shedPNDC,
est
abl
i
shed
CDR’
s.Legi
sl
ati
veaut
hor
it
ywasv
est
edi
nPNDCor
igi
nal
l
y,andwher
ethepr
evi
ousr
egi
mesmade
decr
ees,
theychanged‘
Decr
ees’
to‘
Law.
’I
tlef
tuswi
tht
hemostt
echni
cal
l
yst
upi
dlegi
slat
ionweev
er
had.

NB:
PNDCL–Law

 Cour
twascont
inuedwi
thsamepower
sasunder1979const
it
uti
on.PNDCwasmadeupof11
member
sandf
ort
hef
ir
stt
imet
heCounci
lwast
oexer
ciseal
lthepower
sofgov
ernment
,tobe
expl
ainedi
nPNDCL42,
whi
chl
edChi
efJust
iceApal
l
oowhenopeni
ngt
heLawSt
udent
sUni
onLaw
 Weekt
osayt
hat
,thi
smanagementwascont
rar
ytot
radi
ti
onsoft
hiscount
ry,
andunpr
ecedent
edi
n
wor
ld–wher
etot
ali
tyofst
atesai
dtobev
est
edi
nonegr
oupofpeopl
e.Becauseofar
gument
sov
er
nat
ureofl
egi
slat
iveaut
hor
it
yunderpr
evi
ousr
egi
mes,
PNDCdeci
dedt
hatPNDCl
awswi
l
lcomei
nto
f
orceont
hedat
etheyar
emade.Theyannouncedt
hati
twoul
dbepubl
i
shedassoonaspossi
ble.The
PNDCal
sopr
esent
edt
hej
udi
ciar
ywi
thst
rongestchal
l
engei
thasev
erhadsi
nceMcCl
ean’
sti
me.The
exi
stenceoft
hisr
ival
judi
cial
mechani
sms,
posedt
hebi
ggestconst
it
uti
onal
andl
egal
chal
l
enges.The
ki
l
li
ngofj
udgesal
sodeni
edt
hej
udi
ciar
ythechancet
oappoi
ntexper
iencedl
egal
pract
it
ioner
s.

SECTI
ON14-OVERVI
EW OFTHE1992CONSTI
TUTI
ON
Af
tert
hePNDChadcomet
opowert
hroughami
l
itar
ycoup,
whi
cht
oppl
edt
hegov
ernmentofDrLi
mann,
t
her
ewaswi
despr
eadagi
tat
ionf
ort
hecount
ryt
ober
etur
nedt
oci
vi
li
anr
ule,
especi
all
yfr
om t
heBar
associ
ati
onandt
heChr
ist
ianCounci
l
.Theagi
tat
iongai
nedanot
herdi
mensi
onf
rom Ghana’
sadopt
ionofan
i
nter
nat
ional
monet
aryf
und(
IMF)cum Wor
ldBanksponsor
edst
ruct
ural
adj
ust
mentpr
ogr
ammeof
economi
cref
ormsandf
ormt
hel
i
ber
ali
zi
ngt
endenci
esgener
atedbyt
hecol
l
apseofcommuni
sm i
nthe
f
ormerSov
ietUni
onandEast
ernEur
ope.Theef
fectoft
hesel
edt
hegov
ernmentt
oev
ent
ual
l
ybr
ingi
nto
f
orceanewconst
it
uti
onr
etur
ningt
henat
iont
oci
vi
li
anr
ule.

TheNat
ional
Commi
ssi
onf
orDemocr
acy(
NCD)l
aidt
hef
oundat
ionf
ort
hemaki
ngf
ort
heconst
it
uti
on.

TheCommi
tt
eeofExper
tsdr
ewupdr
aftpr
oposal
sfr
om consi
der
ati
onbyaconsul
tat
ivebody
.

TheConsul
tat
iveAssembl
ypr
oducedt
hedr
aftconst
it
uti
onwhi
chwassubj
ect
edt
oar
efer
endum.

ACTI
VITI
ESOFTHENATI
ONALCOMMI
SSI
ONFORDEMOCRACY
Thi
sCommi
ssi
onmadet
hegr
oundwor
kfort
heconst
it
uti
on.I
twasest
abl
i
shedi
n1982andwasseenas
t
hesuccessort
othecount
ry’
sfor
merel
ect
oral
commi
ssi
onbutwasgi
venanaddi
ti
onal
funct
ionconcer
ning
t
he“
democr
ati
cobj
ect
ives”oft
hePNDC.Thi
swast
obeachi
evedby
:

 Di
ssemi
nat
ingawar
enessoft
heobj
ect
ivesoft
hePNDC

 I
nfor
mingt
hegov
ernmentaboutobst
acl
est
oachi
evi
ngi
tsai
msar
isi
ngf
rom t
heexi
sti
ngsi
tuat
ionat
anyt
ime;
and

 For
mul
ati
ngf
ort
heGov
ernment
’sconsi
der
ati
onapr
ogr
ammef
ort
heef
fect
iver
eal
i
zat
ionof
democr
acyi
nGhana

I
twasf
oral
ongt
imeheadedbyJust
iceD.
F.Annan.

DI
STRI
CTLEVELELECTI
ONS
Di
str
ictel
ect
ionswer
econduct
edt
oel
ectmember
stotehdi
str
ictassembl
i
es.Adi
str
ictassembl
ywoul
dbe
t
hehi
ghestpol
i
tical
aut
hor
it
yatt
hedi
str
ictl
evel
wit
hdel
i
ber
ati
ve,
legi
slat
iveandexecut
ivej
uri
sdi
cti
oni
n
speci
fi
edar
eas.Member
sel
ect
edwer
efoundt
obeofl
oweducat
ional
backgr
ound.t
hiswasduet
o:

 Theel
ect
ioni
nter
msoft
hecandi
dat
esdi
dnotappeart
ohav
eent
husedt
hehi
gherst
rat
aoft
he
 Ghanai
ansoci
ety

 Eachcandi
dat
epr
esent
edhi
msel
fhasani
ndi
vi
dual
meani
ngsuccessatt
hepol
l
swasbasedon
per
sonal
knowl
edge

 Ther
emov
aloft
heabi
l
ityt
ospeakEngl
i
shasar
equi
rementf
orcandi
dacy
,thenon-
pay
mentofa
f
orf
eit
abl
edeposi
tbyt
hecandi
dat
eandt
hest
atesponsor
shi
poft
heel
ect
ionssucht
hatt
her
ewasno
costt
othecandi
dat
es.

REGI
ONALSEMI
NARS
I
n1990t
heNCDhel
dpubl
i
csemi
nar
sinal
ltenr
egi
onswi
tht
heai
m ofsol
i
cit
ing“t
hev
iewsofi
ndi
vi
dual
s
andor
gani
zat
ionsont
henat
ure,
scope,
andcont
entoft
hef
utur
econst
it
uti
onal
order
”.I
tbor
ethet
it
le
“
Dist
ri
ctAssembl
i
esandt
heEv
olv
ingDemocr
ati
cPr
ocess”
.Thesemi
nar
sbr
oughtoutt
hecl
earconcl
usi
on
t
hatmul
ti
-par
typol
i
tical
hadst
rongcount
rywi
desuppor
t.

THENCDREPORT
TheNCDpubl
i
shedt
hev
iewsi
thadgat
her
edf
rom t
heexer
cisear
epor
tent
it
led“
Evol
vi
ngaTr
ueDemocr
acy
”
whi
chi
tpr
esent
edt
otheGov
ernmenton25Mar
ch,
1991.t
her
epor
twasputt
oget
herbyagr
oupof
i
ntel
l
ect
ual
scal
l
edt
he“
Draf
ti
ngGr
oup”

TheNCDadmoni
shedt
hatGhana’
snewconst
it
uti
on“
mustr
efl
ectt
heexper
iencesoft
hepast
,capt
uret
he
ener
gyanddy
nami
sm oft
hepr
esentandpr
ojectaf
utur
ethati
scr
eat
iveanddi
rect
edbyacl
earv
isi
onofa
bet
terl
i
fef
ort
hoset
ocome”

Cer
tai
nissuesofconcer
nwer
ereal
i
zedbyt
her
epor
t:

 Toseekt
oact
ual
i
zet
hepeopl
e’
syearf
orabet
terl
i
vingcondi
ti
onsandf
ort
her
uleofl
aw

 Toguar
ant
eehumanr
ight
sandbasi
cfr
eedomsandt
oenddi
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nstwomen,
chi
l
dren,
t
heaged,
thehandi
cappedet
c.;

 Tosaf
eguar
dthedi
str
ictassembl
yconceptasabasi
sofadecent
ral
i
zedsy
stem ofgov
ernment
;

 Forsoci
alj
ust
ice,
tobeachi
evedt
hroughoutgr
assr
oot
spar
ti
cipat
ioni
npol
i
tical
andeconomi
c
deci
si
on–maki
ng

 Tor
educet
hest
ate’
srol
eint
heeconomybyshi
ft
ingmor
eresponsi
bil
i
tyt
othepr
ivat
esect
or;

 Fordemocr
ati
cpr
act
icewi
thi
ninst
it
uti
onsofst
ateandci
vi
lsoci
etyal
i
ke;

 Foramor
edemocr
ati
cpr
act
icewi
thi
ninst
it
uti
onsofst
ateandci
vi
lsoci
etyal
i
ke;

 Foramor
edemocr
ati
csy
stem oft
headmi
nist
rat
ionofj
ust
iceand

 Forabodyt
odopol
i
tical
educat
ionr
elev
antt
odemocr
ati
cgov
ernance

Ont
heev
eof1991Rawl
i
ngssai
dthatwhencompl
eted,
theNCDr
epor
twoul
dbeusedasabasi
sfor
conv
eni
ng“
abr
oad–basednat
ional
consul
tat
ivebody
”topr
oduceadr
aftconst
it
uti
on.Thegov
ernment
announcedt
hati
thaddeci
det
osetupacommi
tt
eeundert
hechai
rmanshi
pofDr
.S.
K.B.Asant
eto
f
ormul
atepr
oposal
sforaconst
it
uti
ont
obepl
acedbef
oret
heenv
isagedconsul
tat
ivebody
.Thest
atement
spel
toutaconst
it
uti
onal
agendaf
orpr
ovi
sionst
obemadef
ort
hef
oll
owi
ng

(
a)Fr
eedom ofassoci
ati
on,
incl
udi
ngt
hef
ormat
ionofpol
i
tical
par
ti
es

(
b)Anexecut
ivepr
esi
dentandapr
imemi
nst
er“
whomustcommandamaj
ori
tyi
ntheNat
ional
Assembl
y;

(
c)Thei
nsul
ati
onofcer
tai
ninst
it
uti
ons(
incl
udi
ngt
hej
udi
ciar
yandt
hemi
l
itar
y)f
rom par
typol
i
tics

(
d)Di
str
ictAssembl
i
eswhosemember
sar
eel
ect
edonnon-
par
tybasi
s

(
e)Fundament
alhumanr
ight
sandbasi
cfr
eedoms,
incl
udi
ngt
her
ight
sofwor
ker
sandt
radeuni
ons,
ofwomen,
chi
l
dren,
andt
hehandi
cappedorot
her
wisedi
sadv
ant
aged;

(
f)amechani
sm f
ort
heef
fect
ivepr
otect
ionandenf
orcementoff
undament
alhumanr
ight
s;

(
g)af
reei
ndependentandi
ncor
rupt
ibl
ejudi
ciar
y

(
h)adecent
ral
i
zedsy
stem ofnat
ional
admi
nist
rat
ionbasedonal
ocal
gov
ernmentsy
stem whi
ch
shar
esr
evenuewi
tht
hecent
ral
gov
ernment
;

(
i)Af
airal
l
ocat
ionoft
henat
ion’
sresour
cesandbal
anceddev
elopmentofal
lpar
tsoft
hecount
ry;
and

(
j)Theconsol
i
dat
ionoft
heeconomi
cgai
nsmadeundert
hePNDCandacont
inuat
ionoft
hedi
rect
ion
setf
ort
heeconomy
.

THECOMMI
TTEEOFEXPERTS
THEMANDATEOFTHECOMMI
TTEE
Subsequentt
othepubl
i
cat
ionoft
heNCDr
epor
tandbef
oret
heconv
eni
ngoft
hepr
oposedconsul
tat
ive
body
,thegov
ernmentsetupani
ne-
memberCommi
tt
eeofExper
ts(
Const
it
uti
on)t
omakepr
oposal
sfr
om a
dr
aftconst
it
uti
on.

Thecommi
tt
eewasr
equi
redt
osubmi
tit
srepor
ttot
hePNDCCwhi
chwoul
dthenpl
acei
tbef
orea
consul
tat
ivebodyt
odel
i
ber
ateupont
hel
awest
abl
i
shi
ngt
hecommi
tt
eet
ookef
fecton17May1991andt
he
commi
tt
eepr
esent
edi
tsr
epor
ton31Jul
y1991

I
nit
sdel
i
ber
ati
onst
hecommi
tt
eewasr
equi
redt
otakei
ntoaccountt
heNCDr
epor
t;t
hepastConst
it
uti
ons
ofGhana(
1957,
1960,
1969and1979)andanyot
herconst
it
uti
ons;
suchmat
ter
sast
hePNDCmi
ghtr
efert
o
i
t;andanyot
hermat
terwhi
cht
hecommi
tt
eei
tsel
fconsi
der
edt
ober
easonabl
yrel
atedt
oit
swor
k.

Thecommi
tt
eewasenj
oinedhowev
ert
odoasf
oll
ows:

(
a)Pr
ovi
def
oranexecut
ivepr
esi
dentt
obeel
ect
edont
hebasi
sofuni
ver
sal
adul
tsuf
frage

(
b)Pr
ovi
def
orapr
imemi
nist
erwhomustcommandamaj
ori
tyi
nthenat
ional
assembl
y

(
c)Pr
ovi
def
oranat
ional
assembl
ytobeel
ect
edont
hebasi
sofuni
ver
sal
adul
tsuf
frage;

(
d)Guar
ant
ee,
prot
ectandsecur
etheenj
oymentbyev
eryper
sonnGhanaofet
hfundament
al
humanr
ight
sandf
reedoms,
incl
udi
ngt
hef
reedom ofspeech,
freedom f
rom ar
bit
rar
yar
rest
 anddet
ent
ion,
freedom ofassembl
yandassoci
ati
oni
ncl
udi
ngt
hef
reedom t
ofor
m pol
i
tical
par
ti
es,
women’
sri
ght
s,chi
l
dren’
sri
ght
s,wor
ker
’sr
ight
sandt
her
ight
soft
hehandi
capped;

(
e)Pr
ovi
def
oraf
reeandi
ndependentj
udi
ciar
y

(
f)Guar
ant
eet
hef
reedom andi
ndependenceoft
hemedi
aofmasscommuni
cat
ion;

(
g)Pr
ovi
def
ordi
rect
ivepr
inci
plesofst
atepol
i
cyt
hatwi
l
lensur
epar
ti
cipat
orydemocr
acyandt
he
soundmanagementoft
henat
ional
economy
;

(
h)Pr
ovi
def
oradecent
ral
i
zedsy
stem ofnat
ional
admi
nist
rat
ionbasedonanon-
par
ti
sanDi
str
ict
Assembl
ysy
stem wi
thdev
elopmentasi
tsobj
ect
iveandi
ncl
udi
ngr
evenue-
shar
ingcl
auses;
and

(
i)Ref
lectacommi
tmentofequal
andbal
anceddev
elopmentofal
lpar
tsofGhanapar
ti
cul
arl
yin
t
heal
l
ocat
ionofnat
ional
resour
cesandi
nthedi
str
ibut
ionoft
henat
ional
weal
th.

SUSPI
CIONSURROUNDI
NGTHECOMMI
TTEE
Rumour
sofal
readymadeconst
it
uti
onmi
ghtbeat
tr
ibut
edt
o3f
act
ors:

 Thef
eel
i
ngt
hatt
heNCDr
epor
twasst
ate-
managed;

 Secondl
ytheshor
tper
iodoft
imei
nwhi
cht
hecommi
tt
eewasexpect
edt
ocompl
etei
tswor
k

 Suspi
ci
ont
hatt
heGov
ernmentwoul
ddoct
ort
hecommi
tt
ee’
srepor
tbef
oresubmi
tt
ingi
ttot
he
consul
tat
iveassembl
y

FUNDAMENTALHUMANRI
GHTS
Forpur
posesoft
heef
fect
iveenf
orcementofbasi
cri
ght
s,t
hecommi
tt
eesoughtt
ost
rengt
hent
he
i
ndependenceoft
hej
udi
ciar
yandt
hemedi
aofmasscommuni
cat
ion.I
tal
sobui
l
tupont
heconceptofan
ombudsmant
hroughaCommi
ssi
ononHumanRi
ght
sandAdmi
nist
rat
iveJust
ice,
equi
ppedwi
thpowert
o
i
nvest
igat
eal
l
egat
ionsorappar
enti
nst
ancesoft
hev
iol
ati
onofr
ight
s(i
ncl
udi
ngcasesofcor
rupt
ionand
mi
sappr
opr
iat
ionofpubl
i
cfunds)andt
oinst
it
utecour
tact
ionf
orappr
opr
iat
eremedi
eswher
eot
heref
for
ts
f
ail
.

DEVELOPMENTORI
ENTEDCONSTI
TUTI
ON
I
nthev
iewoft
hecommi
tt
ee,
aconst
it
uti
oni
snotonl
yan“
inst
rumentf
ort
hedi
str
ibut
ionofpower
sbet
ween
t
heor
gansoft
hest
ateandf
ordi
sti
ngui
shi
ngbet
weenpubl
i
cpowerandr
ight…butal
soani
nst
rumentf
or
pr
omot
ingdev
elopment
.”I
nthi
svi
ew,
from t
hedev
elopmentper
spect
ive,
thet
askofconst
it
uti
on–maki
ng
t
ransl
atesi
ntohowt
omakebot
hthest
ateandt
heci
ti
zensact
iveagent
sindev
elopment
.Asanact
iveagent
,
t
hegov
ernmentoft
hedaymustcr
eat
ethr
oughi
tspol
i
ciesandpr
ogr
ammesagener
alenv
ironmentwhi
ch
enabl
esi
ndi
vi
dual
sandgr
oupst
omakemaxi
mum cont
ri
but
ionst
othei
rsoci
etyont
hei
rowni
nit
iat
ives.

ECONOMI
CORI
ENTATI
ON
Thecommi
tt
eesoughtt
oout
li
net
hecount
ry’
sbr
oadeconomi
cor
ient
ati
ont
hroughanumberofway
s;

 Pr
ivat
epr
oper
tyandt
her
ightt
oinher
it
ancewasguar
ant
eed
  Di
rect
ivepr
inci
plesofst
atepol
i
cycont
ainednor
msonsoundmanagementoft
heeconomybyst
ate
or
gans.

 For
badet
hegov
ernmentf
rom gi
vi
ngt
opr
ofi
t-
maki
ngst
ate-
ownedent
erpr
isesanypr
ivi
l
egesnot
ext
endabl
etopr
ivat
ecompani
es

 Ther
epor
timposedont
hest
ateanobl
i
gat
iont
ocar
ryourbal
anceddev
elopmentofal
lpar
tsoft
he
count
ry.Thi
swast
obeachi
evedmai
nlyt
hroughdecent
ral
i
zat
ion

THESPLI
TEXECUTI
VE
Thecommi
tt
eepr
ovi
dedf
oranexecut
ivepr
esi
dentaswel
lasapr
imemi
nist
ert
obesel
ect
edf
rom
par
li
ament
.Thecombi
nedt
hepr
esi
dent
ial
syst
em wi
tht
heexecut
iver
esponsi
bil
i
tyt
opar
li
amentt
he
out
comei
swhati
sknownast
hespl
i
texecut
ive.I
thadt
wof
eat
ures:

 Thepr
imemi
nst
erwoul
dshar
epowerwi
tht
hepr
esi
dent

 Mi
nist
erscoul
dber
emov
edei
therbyt
hepr
imemi
nist
erorpar
li
ament
;int
urnt
hepr
imemi
nist
er
coul
dber
emov
edei
therbyt
hepr
esi
dentorpar
li
ament
.

Thespl
i
texecut
ivewasai
medatpr
event
ingexcessi
veconcent
rat
ionofpower
sinoneper
sonbyi
nst
it
uti
ng
asor
tofdi
vi
si
onsofl
abourwher
ebyt
hepr
esi
dentwoul
dbepr
imar
il
yasy
mbol
ofnat
ional
uni
ty,
agr
eat
mot
ivat
orandasour
ceofi
nspi
rat
ionandt
hepr
imemi
nist
erwoul
ddi
schar
get
heni
tt
ygr
it
tyoft
he
managementofgov
ernmentbusi
ness.

Thecommi
tt
eeal
sor
ecommendedt
hatt
henat
ional
assembl
yshoul
dbehal
fbyel
ect
ionsandt
heot
herhal
f
shar
edt
otheot
herpol
i
tical
par
ti
es.Thei
rai
m wast
oseet
oensur
ethateachpar
tywasr
epr
esent
ed.Unl
i
ke
t
hepr
evi
ouswi
nforal
lmaj
ori
tar
ian.

Bot
hthe1969andt
he1979const
it
uti
onsest
abl
i
shedacounci
lofst
atewhosebasi
cfunct
ionwast
o
counsel
thepr
esi
dentandot
heraut
hor
it
ies.I
nthev
iewoft
hecommi
tt
eet
hecounci
lpr
ovedt
obei
nef
fect
ual
andsot
hecommi
tt
eer
ecommendedt
hat
:

 Thecounci
lthescopeofi
tsf
unct
ionsmustwi
denandenl
argei
tsmember
shi
ptoconst
it
uteasecond
del
i
ber
ati
vechamberwher
eawi
der
angeofagenci
esandor
gansar
erepr
esent
ed.

 Pr
oposedaj
uri
dical
commi
tt
eewi
thpowert
opr
onounceaut
hor
it
ati
vel
yont
heconst
it
uti
onal
i
tyofa
bi
l
lbef
orepar
li
amentorapr
oposedexecut
ivemeasur
eandt
oset
tl
edi
sput
esbet
weenor
gansof
st
ate.

Thecommi
tt
eedi
dnotgi
vet
hef
unct
iont
othesupr
emecour
tbecause:

 Thewor
kloadoft
hecour
twhi
chwoul
dnotper
mitexpedi
ti
ousdi
sposi
ti
onofi
ssues

 Publ
i
cit
y,f
anf
areandsomet
imest
her
adi
cal
atmospher
ethatat
tendt
headv
ersar
ial
supr
emecour
t
pr
oceedi
ngsi
nsuchmat
ter
sar
elessdesi
rabl
e.
ASPECTSANDDELI
BERATI
ONSOFTHECONSULTATI
VEASSEMBLY
Theconsul
tat
iveassembl
ywasest
abl
i
shedbyt
hePNDCL253whi
chst
ipul
atedat
otal
member
shi
pof260.
Themember
shi
pwasl
aterr
educedt
o258ast
wooft
hebodi
est
heGhanaBarAssoci
ati
onsandt
heNUGS
r
efusedt
osendmember
sbyr
easonst
hatt
hemember
swer
esy
mpat
het
ict
othePNDC.

Tobeamember
,aper
sonhast
obeaGhanai
anofnotl
esst
han18y
ear
swhohasdi
schar
gedhi
stax
obl
i
gat
ionsandnotconsi
der
edt
obeabankr
uptorcr
imi
nal
underanyl
aw.

Thedocument
stobeusedt
opr
epar
ethedr
aftconst
it
uti
on:

 Thedr
aftpr
oposal
spr
epar
edbyt
hecommi
tt
eeofexper
ts

 Theabr
ogat
edGhanaConst
it
uti
onsof1957,
1960,
and1979andanyot
herconst
it
uti
onsand

 Ther
epor
toft
heNCDent
it
led“
Evol
vi
ngaTr
ueDemocr
acy
”

Thespeakeroft
heassembl
ywasPeRowl
andAdi
ali
Ayagi
tam I
I.

TheCAwasexpect
edt
ocompl
etei
tswor
kbyt
heendofDecember
,1991;
buti
tbecamenecessar
yfori
tto
askf
orext
ensi
onoft
ime,
whi
chwasgr
ant
edt
o31Mar
ch1992.

ROLEOFTHECOMMI
TTEEOFEXPERTS
Sect
ion6oft
heCOEl
awst
ipul
atest
hat
:“t
hecommi
tt
eeshal
lassi
stt
heconsul
tat
iveassembl
yint
he
f
ormul
ati
onoft
hedr
aftconst
it
uti
onandi
nal
lot
hert
echni
cal
aspect
soft
heconsul
tat
iveassembl
y’
swor
k”
howev
ert
heconsul
tat
iveassembl
yit
sel
fdi
dnotmakeanypr
ovi
sionf
ort
hecommi
tt
eeofexper
tsof
fer
assi
stanceandsoi
tcoul
dbesai
dthati
twasnotbound.

WHATKI
NDOFCONSTI
TUTI
ON?
Ther
ewer
evar
iousdebat
esr
egar
dingt
heconst
it
uti
onbei
ngabr
evi
tyordet
ail
ed.Somear
guedt
hati
tshoul
d
bebr
iefsot
hatt
heor
dinar
ylayper
soncoul
dunder
stand.Someal
sower
eoft
heopi
niont
hatt
opr
eventany
dangerwhi
chmayar
isewi
thbr
evi
ty,
itshoul
dbeont
hechangi
ngci
rcumst
ancesi
nGhanaandnott
he
cont
entort
henat
ureofbook.Theywer
eoft
hev
iewt
hatt
hedr
aftpr
oposal
swer
etoocompl
exanddet
ail
ed.

I
ntheendt
heassembl
ypr
oducedaconst
it
uti
onof299ar
ti
clespl
us37sect
ionsoft
ransi
ti
onal
prov
isi
ons.

Theyal
sosawt
hedr
aftpr
oposal
swi
tht
oomanychecksandbal
ances.

Ther
ewer
ear
gument
sal
soaboutt
heext
entt
owhi
cht
henewconst
it
uti
onshoul
dtakecogni
zanceoft
he
decadeofPNDC.I
tev
ent
ual
l
yret
ainedcer
tai
nel
ement
sint
roduceddur
ingt
hePNDCadmi
nist
rat
ion;
not
abl
y
t
hedi
str
ictassembl
yconcept
,decent
ral
i
zat
ionandt
hepubl
i
ctr
ibunal
idea.

LI
MITSOFPRESSFREEDOM
Thedesi
reofsomemember
soft
heAssembl
ytodef
inet
hel
i
mit
sofpr
essf
reedom i
ntheconst
it
uti
onmay
wel
lhav
ebeenal
ogi
cal
cor
oll
aryoft
heconcer
nforr
esponsi
blej
our
nal
i
sm.Butmostmember
sthoughti
t
wasnotnecessar
ytodoso;
appar
ent
lyi
nvi
ewoft
hef
actt
hatt
heact
ivi
ti
esoft
hemedi
ahadbeenmade
subj
ectt
othel
aw,
thatar
egul
ator
ymechani
sm hadbeenest
abl
i
shedi
nthef
orm oft
hemedi
acommi
ssi
on,
andt
hatt
her
ightofr
ejoi
nderhadbeenguar
ant
eedbyt
hemedi
a.
THEMI
LITARY-CAUSESOFCOUPS
Sev
eral
member
sshar
edt
hev
iewt
hatcoupoccur
swhent
hegov
ernmenti
stooweakt
ost
em t
het
ideoft
he
st
ate,
orwhent
hemi
nor
it
yisnotal
l
owedf
reedom t
ooper
ateorwher
ether
eisnoef
fect
iveandl
awf
ul
changeofgov
ernment
.

PREVENTI
ONOFCOUPS
I
twassuggest
edt
hati
twast
hecol
l
ect
iver
esponsi
bil
i
tyf
oral
lGhanai
anst
odef
endantt
heconst
it
uti
on.

NEW ORI
ENTATI
ONFORTHEMI
LITARY
Member
sdi
dnotwantt
opol
i
tici
zet
hemi
l
itar
y,ar
gui
nghowev
ert
hatt
heyshoul
dbei
nvol
vedi
nGhanai
an
soci
etyact
ivel
y.

LOCALGOVERNMENT
Tomany
,local
gov
ernancewasl
i
nkedt
othepr
ospect
sforbot
hdemocr
acyanddev
elopment
.

I
MPORTANCEOFDI
STRI
CTASSEMBLY
Manysawi
tast
hatwhi
cht
hel
ocal
gov
ernmenti
scent
eredon.Theyhowev
ersuggest
edf
orr
efor
mint
he
st
ruct
urest
omakei
tdi
schar
gei
tsf
unct
ions.Oneoft
hesuggest
edwast
heneedt
oensur
eadequat
e
f
inanci
alr
esour
cest
ocar
ryoutdev
elopment
.Tot
hisend,
inadeci
sionoft
hepowert
orai
set
hei
rown
r
evenuesf
rom speci
fi
edsour
ces,
theCAadopt
edt
heCommi
tt
eeofExper
ts’
proposal
ofast
atut
oryannual
al
l
ocat
ionofnotl
esst
han5%oft
otal
nat
ional
rev
enuebyPar
li
amentt
otheDi
str
ictAssembl
i
esf
or
dev
elopment
.

RELATI
ONSHI
PBETWEENCENTRALANDLOCALGOVERNMENT
Thequestwasf
oranar
rangementwhi
chwoul
dnotbegener
ati
veofconf
li
ctbet
weent
heDAandt
heDCE.

POLI
TICALPARTI
ESANDLOCALELECTI
ONS
Mostsuppor
ter
sofaDAwhosemember
swer
enotel
ect
edonpol
i
tical
par
tybasi
swer
eoft
hev
iewt
hat
par
typol
i
ticsi
spot
ent
ial
l
ymor
edi
vi
siv
eanddi
srupt
iveofsoci
etyatt
hel
ocal
lev
el.Sev
eral
member
shel
d
t
hev
iewt
hatanon–par
ti
sanDAwoul
dbemor
esui
tedt
omobi
l
izet
hepeopl
efordev
elopment
.Much
shar
edt
hev
iewt
hatel
ect
ionofmember
stot
heDAshoul
dbebasedonpr
ovenmer
itandgoodst
andi
ngand
notone’
spar
tyaf
fi
li
ati
on.

CHI
EFTAI
NCY
Muchshar
edt
hev
iewoft
heper
ti
nenceoft
hechi
eft
aincyi
nst
it
uti
on.

DEFI
NITI
ONOFACHI
EF
Theyar
guedt
hatt
hedef
ini
ti
oni
nthe1979const
it
uti
onmustber
est
ored.

REPRESENTATI
ONOFQUEENMOTHERSI
NTHEHOUSESOFCHI
EFS
Thosei
nsuppor
tar
guedt
hatqueenmot
her
spl
ayedv
ital
rol
eespeci
all
yint
hei
nst
all
ati
onoft
hechi
efand
shoul
dbeal
l
owed

Mostpeopl
epr
otest
edt
oot
hisv
iewespeci
all
ythemal
echi
eft
hatt
hequeenmot
hershoul
dnotbeequat
ed
t
othepar
amountchi
efs.

CHI
EFSANDPARTYPOLI
TICS
Thememberi
nchar
gedexpl
ainedi
ttomeant
hati
fyouar
eachi
efy
oucannotseekel
ect
iont
opar
li
ament
unl
essy
ouabdi
cat
eyourst
ool
,youcannotbeaf
oundi
ngmemberofapol
i
tical
par
ty,
standi
ngonpl
atf
orms
andmov
ingf
rom onepl
acet
oanot
hercampai
gni
ngmayal
soamountt
oact
ivepar
typol
i
tics.

I
nfact
,ther
eisal
i
stofwhati
smeantbychi
efspar
taki
ngi
nact
ivepar
typol
i
tics.I
tisf
oundi
nthe
di
scussi
onsoft
heConsul
tat
iveAssembl
y.I
tincl
udes:

1.Bei
ngamemberofapol
i
tical
par
ty

2.St
andi
ngf
orel
ect
iont
oanyof
fi
cet
owhi
chaper
sonmaybeel
ect
edasar
epr
esent
ati
veofa
pol
i
tical
par
ty

3.Hol
dingof
fi
cei
norf
ormi
ngapol
i
tical
par
ty

4.Speaki
ngi
npubl
i
corpubl
i
shi
ngany
thi
ngi
nwr
it
ingt
othepubl
i
cfororagai
nstanypol
i
tical
par
ty
ort
hecandi
dat
eofanypol
i
tical
par
tyi
nanyel
ect
ion

5.Cont
ri
but
ingi
ncashorki
ndt
owar
dst
hef
undsofapol
i
tical
par
tyorconduct
ingonesel
finpubl
i
c
i
namannerl
i
kel
ytosuggesti
dent
if
icat
ionwi
thori
nopposi
ti
ont
oapol
i
tical
par
ty

COMMENTS
Shoul
dthechi
efi
ndul
gei
nthatwhatwoul
dbet
hepuni
shment
?Agai
n,whati
fthechi
efst
andsf
orel
ect
iont
o
par
li
amentasani
ndependentcandi
dat
e?

THEI
SSUEOFGENDER
Ononehandsomemember
swant
edr
epr
esent
ati
onofwoment
obespeci
fi
cal
l
yst
atedi
nev
eryi
nst
ancei
n
t
heconst
it
uti
onwher
eitwasconsi
der
edt
obeappr
opr
iat
e.ont
heot
herhand,
somemember
sdeemedi
tto
besuf
fi
cientt
oputagener
alcl
ausei
nthedi
rect
ivepr
inci
plesofst
atepol
i
cyenj
oini
ngst
ateact
orst
o
obser
vegener
albal
ancei
nappoi
ntmentt
opubl
i
cof
fi
ce.

TRANSI
TIONALPROVI
SIONS
Thememberi
nchar
geexpl
ainedt
hatt
heCAhadmadet
het
ransi
ti
onal
prov
isi
onswi
thav
iewt
oav
oidi
ng
possi
blei
nst
abi
l
ityemanat
ingf
rom t
hel
i
kel
i
hoodofast
ateofconst
antl
i
tigat
ion.

TheCAasser
tedt
hatt
het
ransi
ti
onal
prov
isi
onswasnotpar
toft
heconst
it
uti
onbutaschedul
etot
he
const
it
uti
on.Thi
srai
sest
hequest
ion,
howt
heni
sitembodi
edi
ntot
heconst
it
uti
on?

THEREFERENDUM -GOVERNMENTSTATEMENTONTHEDRAFTCONSTI
TUTI
ON.
TheCApr
esent
edi
tsdr
aftconst
it
uti
ont
othePNDCon31mar
ch1992.Theassembl
ythenwenti
ntor
ecess
pendi
ngt
heout
comeoft
her
efer
endum schedul
edon28Apr
il1992.

Thequest
iont
obedeci
dedbyt
hepeopl
ewoul
dbe“
Doy
ouappr
oveoft
hedr
aftconst
it
uti
onpr
esent
edby
t
heConsul
tat
iveAssembl
ytot
hePNDConMar
ch311992andpubl
i
shedi
ntheGazet
teast
heConst
it
uti
on
oft
heRepubl
i
cofGhanat
ocomei
ntof
orcewi
thef
fectf
rom Januar
y7,
1993?
”

Al
awwasl
ateri
ssuedt
hatt
hedr
aftconst
it
uti
onwoul
dbeappr
ovedorr
eject
edonasi
mpl
emaj
ori
tyv
otes
cast
.Bef
oret
heni
nFebr
uar
y1992,
thePNDCsetupani
nter
im Nat
ional
Elect
oral
Commi
ssi
on(
INEC)and
char
gedwi
thel
ect
oral
responsi
bil
i
tiesdur
ingt
het
ransi
ti
ont
oconst
it
uti
onal
rul
e.

Subsequentt
othepubl
i
cat
ionoft
her
efer
endum l
aw,
INECcameoutwi
thsy
mbol
sfort
her
efer
endum.t
he
sy
mbol
forYESwasanopenbookwi
thamul
ti
plei
nscr
ipt
ionoft
henameGHANAi
nit
.thesy
mbol
forNO
wasacl
osedbookwi
tht
hewor
dCONSTI
TUTI
ONont
hecov
er.

TRANSI
TIONALPROVI
SIONSCOMMENTS
Suchi
mmuni
ti
esi
nthet
ransi
ti
onal
prov
isi
onscannotbedescr
ibedast
ransi
ti
onal
.Theycoul
dsetbad
pr
ecedent
swhi
chwoul
dencour
agef
utur
ecoup-
maker
s.Tr
ansi
ti
onal
prov
isi
onsar
eint
endedt
opr
ovi
de
cont
inui
tyi
ncer
tai
naspect
soft
heoper
ati
onsoft
hest
atei
nor
dert
oensur
eor
der
lyt
ransf
erandsuccessi
on
ofpowerdur
ingat
ransi
ti
onf
rom anon-
const
it
uti
onal
toaconst
it
uti
onal
gov
ernment
.

THENEEDTOHOLDAREFERENDUM
Somepeopl
edi
dnott
hinkt
hehol
dingofar
efer
endum wasnecessar
yasconsi
der
ingt
hesheersi
zeoft
he
document
,wi
th299ar
ti
clesand37t
ransi
ti
onal
prov
isi
ons,
itwasi
mpossi
blepr
act
ical
l
ytohav
eacl
auseby
cl
ausev
oteandt
hatt
hepeopl
ewoul
dnotknowwhataYESorNOv
otest
andsf
orandsowaswast
eoft
ime
andmoney
.

Ot
her
swhot
houghtt
her
efer
endum wasnecessar
yshar
edt
hev
iewt
hat
:

I
tisal
way
stobepr
efer
redt
hatadocumentwhi
chpur
por
tst
oembodyt
hesov
erei
gnwi
l
lofapeopl
eshoul
d
r
ecei
vet
hedi
rectendor
sementoft
hepeopl
e,andar
efer
endum i
stheonl
yreadi
l
yav
ail
abl
emeansof
det
ermi
ningt
hewi
shesoft
hepeopl
e.

I
thadbeenadv
ocat
edbyt
hePNDCal
lthesewhi
l
ethatt
hegener
ali
tyoft
hepeopl
emustt
akepar
tinmaki
ng
t
hei
mpor
tantdeci
si
onst
hataf
fectt
hei
rli
ves.Thus,
ort
heGhanai
anpeopl
eitwoul
dmeant
hatt
hedest
iny
l
i
esi
nthei
rownhands.I
twoul
dlendl
egi
ti
macyt
otheconst
it
uti
onbyhel
pingt
odemy
sti
fyi
tandt
obi
ndt
he
peopl
etoi
tsdef
ence.

I
twasal
sof
eltt
hatt
her
efer
endum woul
dof
feranoppor
tuni
tyt
oeducat
ethepeopl
eont
hepr
ovi
si
onsoft
he
newconst
it
uti
on;
aswel
last
otestt
henat
ional
elect
oral
mechani
sm i
npr
epar
ati
onf
orgener
alel
ect
ions.

MEANI
NGOFYESANDNOVOTE
Ay
esv
otewoul
dpav
ethewayf
orcer
tai
nconcr
eteact
ionswhi
chhadbeenmadepubl
i
c–i
ncl
udi
ngl
i
fti
ng
t
hebanonpar
typol
i
ticsandconduct
ingpr
esi
dent
ial
andpar
li
ament
aryel
ect
ions.

Doesi
tmeant
hataNOv
otewoul
dhav
ekeptt
hePNDCi
npowert
il
lanot
herconst
it
uti
ondr
awn?

PUBLI
CEDUCATI
ONONTHECONSI
TTUTI
ON
Thi
swasdonebymember
soft
heCAespeci
all
ytot
heor
gani
zat
ionsofwhi
cht
heyr
epr
esentt
hrought
he
st
ate-
ownedpaper
s,t
heGhanai
ant
imesandt
hedai
l
y.Al
so,
chi
efs,
queenmot
her
sandot
her
sjoi
nedhands.
Bul
koft
hewor
kwasdonet
heNCD.Howev
er,
peopl
ecr
it
ici
zedt
heeducat
ionont
womai
ngr
oundst
hatt
he
t
imewast
ooshor
tandt
hati
ttendst
opr
eacht
opeopl
etov
otei
nit
sfav
our
.

Ther
efer
endum had92.
6%ofv
ali
dvot
escastappr
ovi
ngi
t.

Fol
l
owi
ngt
hisbanonpol
i
tical
par
tyact
ivi
ti
eswer
eli
ft
edon15May
;pr
esi
dent
ial
elect
ionswer
ehel
don3
Nov
ember
;par
li
ament
aryel
ect
ionswer
ehel
don28DecemberandGhana’
sfour
thRepubl
i
cwasi
naugur
ated
on7Januar
y1993,
whent
henewconst
it
uti
oncamei
ntoef
fect
.

Thecr
uxoft
hei
ndemni
tyi
ssuei
swhet
hert
heoust
ercl
ausesoft
het
ransi
ti
onal
prov
isi
onspr
ohi
bitt
he
count
ry’
scour
tsent
ir
elyf
rom exami
ninganymannerofwr
ongdoi
ngwhat
soev
erbyt
hePNDCandi
ts
appoi
nteesdur
ingt
hei
rtenur
eofof
fi
ce.I
nanswer
ingt
his,
iti
snecessar
ytodi
sti
ngui
shbet
weent
wo
cat
egor
iesofact
ions.Ont
heonehandwi
l
lbeact
ionsdoneoromi
tt
edt
obedonei
npur
suanceofaper
son’
s
of
fi
cial
dut
ies.Theseact
ionsar
edet
ermi
nabl
eint
hecont
extoft
heof
fi
cial
descr
ipt
ionofapubl
i
cof
fi
cer
’s
dut
iesandr
esponsi
bil
i
ties.Cl
ear
lyt
hiscat
egor
yofact
ionsi
sindemni
fi
edandt
hecour
tsar
eoust
edf
rom
exami
ningt
hem.

Thesecondcat
egor
yofact
ionsconsi
stsoft
hose“
pur
por
tedt
ohav
ebeent
aken“
int
henameoft
hePNDC.
Thepr
obl
em woul
dseem t
oli
ewi
thsuchact
ions.Butev
enher
e,si
ncecr
imesl
i
kef
raud,
embezzl
ement,
br
iber
yandcor
rupt
ionar
ecl
ear
lynev
erpar
tyoft
hedescr
ipt
ionofanypubl
i
cof
fi
cer
’sdut
iesand
r
esponsi
bil
i
ties,
aper
sonwhocommi
tt
edanysuchcr
imeshoul
dnotbeabl
etogetawaywi
thi
tbyr
ecour
se
t
othe“
pur
por
tedt
ohav
ebeent
aken”f
aci
l
ity
.

CONCLUDI
NGREMARKS
Thei
nit
ial
groundwor
kwasdonebyt
heNCD.I
tgr
adual
l
yandqui
etl
ylai
ddownt
hef
oundat
ionsf
ort
her
etur
n
t
oci
vi
li
an,
const
it
uti
onal
rul
e

Thewor
koft
hecommi
tt
eeofexper
tshel
pedt
ofoundt
heconst
it
uti
onal
debat
e.Al
so,
thedr
aftpr
oposal
s
gr
eat
lyf
aci
l
itat
edt
hewor
koft
heCA.

I
nthef
inal
anal
ysest
heconst
it
uti
onwast
hepr
oductoft
hedel
i
ber
ati
onsoft
heCA.Thegener
alpubl
i
cal
so
cont
ri
but
edbysendi
ngmemor
andum andot
her
stobeconsi
der
ed.

CASESUMMARI
ES
NewPatr
iot
icPart
yvtheEl
ect
oralCommissi
onandAnor(1993)
Pr
iort
othecomingint
ofor
ceofthe1992Const
it
uti
on,
therewereal
readydi
str
ictassembl
i
esest
abl
i
shed
undert
heLocal
Gov
ernmentLaw(
PNDCL207)
.Al
aterl
aw(
PNDCL306)hadempower
edt
hedi
str
ict
assembl
est
ocont
inuei
nexi
stenceunt
ilnewassembl
ymember
swer
eel
ect
ed.Ar
ti
cle242and243oft
he
1992Const
it
uti
onhowev
erpr
ovi
dedr
espect
ivel
ythat1.Newassembl
i
eswer
etobecr
eat
ed.2.Thesenew
assembl
i
eswer
etoel
ectchi
efexecut
ives.TheEl
ect
oral
Commi
ssi
on,
atat
imewhent
heassembl
i
eshad
notbeencr
eat
edunderar
ti
cle242,
order
edt
heexi
sti
ngassembl
i
est
ohol
del
ect
ionsf
orchi
efexecut
ives.
Thepl
aint
if
fthenbr
oughtanact
ionagai
nstt
heECandt
heAGf
oradecl
arat
iont
hatt
heel
ect
ionswer
ein
cont
rav
ent
ionoft
he1992Const
it
uti
onandani
njunct
iont
orest
rai
nsame.Thedef
endant
sar
guedt
hat1.
Thecombi
nedef
fectofar
ti
cle11(
4)andsect
ion31(
2)oft
het
ransi
ti
onal
prov
isi
onsoft
he1992Const
it
uti
on
aswel
lasPNDCL306wast
hatt
heexi
sti
ngassembl
i
eswer
etocont
inuei
nexi
stencewi
tht
hepower
s
conf
err
edbyt
he1992Const
it
uti
on.2.Thepl
aint
if
f,bynotmaki
nganyef
for
ttopr
eventt
heassembl
i
esf
rom
el
ect
ingt
hei
rrepr
esent
ati
ves,
hadbeenest
oppedf
rom chal
l
engi
ngt
heel
ect
ionsoft
hechi
efex
ecut
ives.

HELD:
1.Thedi
str
ictassembl
i
esunderPNDCL207wer
edi
ff
erentent
it
iesf
rom t
hoset
hatwer
etobe
cr
eat
edunderar
ti
cl
e242oft
he1992Const
it
uti
on.Ther
efor
e,t
hef
ormercoul
dnott
akedeci
sionsona
mat
terspeci
fi
cal
l
yreser
vedt
hel
att
er.Thus,
theconductoft
heEl
ect
oral
Commi
ssi
oni
nat
tempt
ingt
ohol
d
el
ect
ionsi
nthoseassembl
i
eswascont
rar
ytot
he1992Const
it
uti
on.

2.I
fthef
ail
ureofaci
ti
zent
obr
inganact
ionf
ort
hev
iol
ati
onofapar
ti
cul
arconst
it
uti
onal
prov
isi
on
coul
dactasest
oppel
agai
nstt
hatci
ti
zenandot
herci
ti
zens,
thenest
oppel
woul
dbeoper
ati
ngasashi
eldt
o
pr
eventci
ti
zensf
rom enf
orci
ngt
hei
rhumanr
ight
s.Thi
s,howev
er,
woul
dbecont
rar
ytoar
ti
cle2(
1)oft
he
1992Const
it
uti
on.Thus,
theunconst
it
uti
onal
conductoft
heEl
ect
oral
Commi
ssi
oncoul
dnotbev
ali
dat
edby
est
oppel
.

PRI
NCI
PLE:
Theequi
tabl
edef
encesofacqui
escence,
inact
ionorconducthasnopl
acewheni
tcomest
othe
i
nter
pret
ati
onandenf
orcementoft
he1992Const
it
uti
on.

J.
H.MensahvAttor
ney-
Gener
al
Af
terPr
esi
dentRawli
ngswasswor
nint
oof
fi
cef
orasecondt
erm,
itwasannouncedt
hathewasr
etai
ning
someoft
hemi
nist
ersf
rom hi
sfi
rstt
erm.I
twasal
soannouncedt
hatsi
ncet
heyhadal
readybeenappr
oved
byt
hepr
evi
ousPar
li
ament
,theywoul
dnotneedpr
iorappr
oval
byt
henewPar
li
ament
.Thepl
aint
if
fbr
ought
anact
ionf
oradecl
arat
iont
hat
,int
eral
i
a,1.Ont
hepr
operi
nter
pret
ati
onoft
her
elev
antpr
ovi
sionsoft
he
1992Const
it
uti
on,
noper
soncoul
dactasami
nist
erwi
thoutt
hepr
iorappr
oval
ofPar
li
amentev
eni
fthey
hadbeenappr
ovedbyt
hepr
evi
ousPar
li
ament
.2.Pr
iorappr
oval
meantconsi
der
ati
onandv
ett
ingofeach
nomi
nee.
TheAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alar
guedt
hat
:1.underar
ti
cle81oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992t
het
enur
eofami
nist
eror
deput
ymi
nist
erdi
dnotcomet
oanendont
hedi
ssol
uti
onoft
hePar
li
amentwhi
chgav
epr
iorappr
oval
tot
he
appoi
ntmentoft
hatmi
nist
erordeput
ymi
nist
er.2.Ther
ewasnol
awt
hatspeci
fi
edt
hat“
pri
orappr
oval
”
i
ncl
udedv
ett
ing.Fur
ther
mor
e,t
hecour
tcoul
dnotquest
iont
hepr
ocessbywhi
chPar
li
amentexer
cisedi
ts
sov
erei
gnpower
s.

HELD:
1.Thet
erm ofof
fi
ceofami
nist
eri
scont
ermi
nouswi
tht
hegov
ernmentwhi
chappoi
ntedt
hem.Ar
ti
cle
81onl
ypr
ovi
desci
rcumst
ancesunderwhi
cht
hemi
nist
er’
sof
fi
cewoul
dbecomev
acantwi
thi
nthet
enur
eof
t
hegov
ernmentwhi
chappoi
ntedt
hem.noper
soncoul
dineachPar
li
amentoft
heFour
thRepubl
i
c,af
tera
r
easonabl
eti
mef
rom t
hatPar
li
ament
'
sinaugur
ati
on,
actasami
nist
erordeput
ymi
nist
erofst
atewi
thout
t
hepr
iorappr
oval
oft
hatPar
li
ament
.

2.“
Pri
orappr
oval
”isnotat
erm ofar
t.Thus,
asl
ongasPar
li
amentdi
dnoti
nfr
inget
he1992
Const
it
uti
on,
thecour
tcoul
dnotdi
rectPar
li
amentonhowt
oconducti
tspr
oceedi
ngswhengr
ant
ing
“
pri
orappr
oval
”underar
ti
cle78oft
he1992Const
it
uti
on.

PerAmpi
ahJSC:
Thewor
ds"
pri
orappr
oval
"ar
enott
ermsofar
t;t
heyar
eor
dinar
ywor
dswhi
chmustbe
i
nter
pret
edi
nthei
ror
dinar
ysense…Whi
l
ethewor
d"pr
ior
”connot
esaccept
ancebef
oreanappoi
ntment
becomesv
ali
d,"
appr
o¬v
al"si
mpl
i
cit
erconnot
esanaccept
anceaf
tert
heappoi
ntment
.

PerAcquahJSC(
oni
nter
pret
ati
on)
:It
hinki
tisnowf
ir
mlyset
tl
edt
hatabet
terappr
oacht
othei
nter
pret
ati
on
ofapr
ovi
sionoft
heConst
it
uti
oni
stoi
nter
prett
hatpr
ovi
sioni
nrel
ati
ont
otheot
herpr
ovi
sionsoft
he
Const
it
uti
onsoast
orendert
hati
nter
pret
ati
onconsi
stentwi
tht
heot
herpr
ovi
sionsandt
heov
eral
ltenoror
spi
ri
toft
heConst
it
uti
on.Ani
nter
pret
ati
onbasedsol
elyonapar
ti
cul
arpr
ovi
sionwi
thoutr
efer
encet
othe
ot
herpr
ovi
sions,
isl
i
kel
ytol
eadt
oawr
ongappr
eci
ati
onoft
het
ruemeani
ngandi
mpor
toft
hatpr
ovi
sion.

NewPat
riot
icPar
tyvRawli
ngsandAnor
Adayaf
tert
hedecisi
onoftheSupr
emeCour
tinNPPvEl
ect
oral
Commi
ssi
onwhi
chdecl
aredt
heel
ect
ions
f
orappr
oval
ofnomi
neesmadebyt
hePr
esi
dentt
otheof
fi
ceofdi
str
ictchi
efexecut
ivesasunconst
it
uti
onal
,
i
twasannouncedt
hatt
hesamenomi
neeshadbeenappoi
ntedasdi
str
ictsecr
etar
iesundersect
ion21of
PNDCL207.Thepl
aint
if
ffi
l
edawr
itagai
nstt
hePr
esi
dentandAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alf
or1.Adecl
arat
iont
hatt
he
appoi
ntment
swer
econt
rar
ytoar
ti
cles242,
243246and247oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
2.Anor
derset
ti
ngasi
de
t
heappoi
ntment
s,and3.Ani
njunct
ionr
est
rai
ningt
hePr
esi
dentf
rom maki
ngsi
mil
arappoi
ntment
sint
he
f
utur
e.Thepl
aint
if
far
guedt
hatar
ti
cle243oft
heConst
it
uti
onandsect
ion21ofPNDCL207wer
einconf
li
ct
andcoul
dnotst
andt
oget
her
;andt
hatsi
ncet
he1992Const
it
uti
onsuper
sededPNDCL207,
art
icl
e243of
t
he1992Const
it
uti
onmustpr
evai
ldespi
tet
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
het
ransi
ti
onal
prov
isi
onsoft
he1992
Const
it
uti
on.TheAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alobj
ect
edt
othePr
esi
dentbei
ngj
oinedasadef
endantandbasedhi
s
obj
ect
iononar
ti
cl
e88(
5)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
on.

HELD:
1.Thet
ruemeani
ngandef
fectofsect
ion21(
1)oft
het
ransi
ti
onal
prov
isi
onsoft
he1992Const
it
uti
on
wast
hatunt
ilPar
li
amentenact
edal
awt
oregul
atedi
str
ictassembl
i
esi
naccor
dancewi
thchapt
ert
went
yof
t
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992,
PNDCL207,
whi
chwaspar
toft
heexi
sti
ngl
awsgov
erni
ngt
heoper
ati
onsofdi
str
ict
assembl
i
eswast
ocont
inuei
noper
ati
onr
egar
dlessofwhet
heri
tst
ermswer
einconf
ormi
tywi
tht
he
Const
it
uti
on,
1992.Hence,
unt
ilt
henewl
ocal
gov
ernmentl
awwasenact
edon24December1993,
thewhol
e
ofPNDCL207,
incl
udi
ngsect
ion23(
1)t
her
eof
,cont
inuedt
ohav
eful
lfor
cebyv
irt
ueofsect
ion21(
1)oft
he
t
ransi
ti
onal
prov
isi
onsoft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.

PerBamf
ord-
AddoJSC:
Art
icl
e299oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992st
atest
hatt
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
het
ransi
ti
onal
pr
ovi
si
onsshal
lhav
eef
fectnot
wit
hst
andi
ngany
thi
ngt
othecont
rar
yint
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992,
sot
hatev
en
i
fther
eisaconf
li
ctbet
weenar
ti
cle243(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992andsect
ion21(
1)ofPNDCL207,
sect
ion23(
1)oft
het
ransi
ti
onal
prov
isi
onsoft
heConst
it
uti
ons,
1992pr
event
sPNDCL207bei
ngdecl
ared
nul
landv
oidori
nconsi
stentwi
tht
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992t
il
lPar
li
amentmakesnewl
aws.

2.ThePr
esi
dentwasbyv
irt
ueofar
ti
cle57(
4)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
onper
sonal
l
ysubj
ectt
o
t
hepr
erogat
ivewr
it
sinr
espectoft
heper
for
manceofhi
spubl
i
cdut
ies,
sot
hati
ntheappr
opr
iat
ecasehe
coul
dbepr
oceededagai
nstper
sonal
l
ybywayoft
hepr
erogat
ivewr
it
sforact
soromi
ssi
onsi
nthe
per
for
manceofhi
spubl
i
cdut
ies.Consequent
ly,
int
hei
nst
ancesspeci
fi
cal
l
yexcept
edunderar
ti
cle57(
4)an
act
ioncoul
dint
heappr
opr
iat
ecasebebr
oughtagai
nstt
hePr
esi
dental
oneorj
oint
lywi
tht
heAt
tor
ney
-
Gener
al.

PerAmua-
Seky
iJSC:
Alt
hought
hePr
esi
denti
sthef
ir
stci
ti
zen,
hei
snotabov
ethel
aw.Themedi
eval
fict
ion
t
hatt
he"
Kingcandonowr
ong"
,whi
cht
hesophi
sti
nter
pret
edt
omeant
hati
ftheact
ionwaswr
ongt
heni
t
wasnotoft
heKi
ng,
hasnopl
acei
nar
epubl
i
canset
ti
ngwhi
chpr
idesi
tsel
fonal
lci
ti
zensbei
ngequal
under
t
hel
awandt
her
efor
eobl
i
gedt
oacti
nconf
ormi
tywi
thi
t.

Bi
lsonvRawl i
ngs
Theplai
nti
ffbroughtanact
ionagai
nstt
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alf
or,
int
eral
i
a,adecl
arat
iont
hatsect
ion34oft
he
t
ransi
ti
onal
prov
isi
onsoft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992whi
chhadgr
ant
edi
ndemni
tyf
rom l
i
abi
l
ityandpr
osecut
ion
f
oral
lthel
egi
sl
ati
ve,
execut
iveandj
udi
cial
act
sandomi
ssi
onsdonebyandundert
heaut
hor
it
yoft
he
mi
l
itar
yregi
meswhi
chov
ert
hrewt
heel
ect
edgov
ernment
soft
heFi
rst
,SecondandThi
rdRepubl
i
csofGhana
andsuspendedand/
orabr
ogat
edt
heConst
it
uti
onsof1960,
1969and1979wasunconst
it
uti
onal
and
unl
awf
ulbecausei
tinf
ri
ngedt
hef
undament
alr
ight
sofal
lper
sonsi
nGhanat
oseekr
edr
essbef
oret
he
cour
tsf
ort
hei
rgr
iev
ances.

HELD:
TheSupr
emeCour
thadnoj
uri
sdi
cti
ont
otenderadv
icet
opr
ospect
ivel
i
tigant
s.Accor
dingl
y,t
he
pl
aint
if
fcoul
donl
yseekani
nter
pret
ati
onofsect
ion34oft
het
ransi
ti
onal
prov
isi
onsoft
he1992Const
it
uti
on
i
fhi
sact
ionwasagai
nstapar
ti
cul
arper
soni
nrespectofanactoromi
ssi
onoft
hatper
son,
andt
hatper
son
hadf
orhi
sdef
encesoughtshel
terundersect
ion34.Ont
hepl
eadi
ngs,
thepl
aint
if
fwasseeki
ngadecl
arat
ion
i
nav
acuum si
ncehi
swr
ithadnotdi
scl
osedanycauseofact
ion.Accor
dingl
y,i
twoul
dbedi
smi
ssed.

PerKpegahJSC:
Thej
udi
cial
aut
hor
it
yofwhi
cht
hiscour
tist
hebenef
ici
aryorendowedwi
thi
sessent
ial
l
ya
j
uri
sdi
cti
ont
odeal
wit
hreal
orsubst
ant
ial
disput
eswhi
chaf
fectt
hel
egal
right
sorobl
i
gat
ionsofpar
ti
eswho
appearbef
oreus,
andwhosei
nter
est
sar
eav
erset
oeachot
her
…Thepr
inci
pleofj
ust
ici
abi
l
itypr
ecl
udesus
f
rom gi
vi
ngadv
isor
yopi
nionsbasedonhy
pot
het
ical
fact
swhi
char
enotpar
tofanexi
sti
ngcont
rov
ersy
.

GhanaBarAssociat
ionandOr s.vAt
torneyGener
alandOrs.
ThePresi
dentappoi
ntedjust
icestotheCourtofAppeal
andtheSupr
emeCour
tinaccor
dancewi
thar
ti
cle
144oft
he1992Const
it
uti
on.TheGhanaBarAssoci
ati
oncl
aimedt
hati
nasmuchast
hePr
esi
dentpi
cked
namesandr
eject
edot
her
sfr
om al
i
stpr
epar
edbyt
heJudi
cial
Counci
l
,thePr
esi
dentdi
dnotf
oll
owt
he
adv
iceoft
heJudi
ci
alCounci
l
.Thepl
aint
if
fther
efor
ebr
oughtanact
ionseeki i
ng,nt
eral
i
a,adecl
arat
iont
hat
uponat
rueandpr
operi
nter
pret
ati
onofar
ti
cle144(
2)and(
3),
all
appoi
ntment
smadebyt
hePr
esi
dentt
othe
Supr
emeCour
tar
eval
i
donl
ytot
heext
entt
hatsuchappoi
ntment
sar
einst
ri
ctaccor
dancewi
tht
headv
iceof
t
heJudi
cial
Counci
l
.Thei
ssueher
ewaswhet
hert
hePr
esi
denti
sboundbyt
heopi
nionsgi
veni
ntheadv
ice
oft
heJudi
cial
Counci
l
.

HELD:
Theadv
isor
yopi
nionsgi
venbyt
heJudi
cial
Counci
landt
heCounci
lofSt
atei
nar
ti
cles144(
2)and(
3)
ar
enotbi
ndi
ngont
hePr
esi
dent
.Hei
sent
it
ledt
odi
sregar
dtheadv
iceandnotappoi
ntaper
son
r
ecommendedbyt
hesebodes;
hehowev
ercannotgoout
sidet
hel
i
stt
hatmaybegi
vent
ohi
m byt
hese
bodi
es.

MayorAgblezevAt
tor
ney-
General
TheBrobbeyCommissi
on,setupt
oinqui
rei
ntot
hecr
eat
ionofnewr
egi
ons,
present
edi
tsr
epor
ttot
he
Pr
esi
dentr
ecommendi
ngt
hecr
eat
ionofsi
xnewr
egi
onsandal
sor
ecommendedt
hatar
efer
endum behel
d
i
nthespeci
fi
cpl
aceswher
ethenewr
egi
onswer
etopr
oposedt
obecr
eat
ed.ThePr
esi
dent
,inaccor
dance
wi
thar
ti
cle5(
5),
ref
err
edt
heser
ecommendat
ionst
otheEl
ect
oral
Commi
ssi
on,
whot
hensetadat
efora
r
efer
endum t
obehel
dint
hosepl
aces.Thepl
aint
if
fs,
dissat
isf
iedwi
tht
hist
urnofev
ent
s,f
il
edawr
itseeki
ng,
i
nteral
i
a,adecl
arat
iont
hatuponat
rueandpr
operi
nter
pret
ati
onofar
ti
cles5,
ont
hecr
eat
ionofnewr
egi
ons
andar
ti
cle42,
ont
her
ightt
ovot
e,al
lper
sonsi
ntheaf
fect
edr
egi
onsar
eent
it
ledt
ober
egi
ster
edandt
ovot
e
i
nar
efer
endum ont
hecr
eat
ionofnewr
egi
ons.

HELD:
Theact
ionwasdi
smi
ssedbecauset
hepl
aint
if
fsi
nvi
tedt
hecour
ttoi
nter
pretar
ti
cle5oft
he1992
Const
it
uti
onwhi
chdi
dnotcal
lforanyi
nter
pret
ati
on.

Thef
ramer
sdr
ewacl
eardi
sti
nct
ionbet
weensi
tuat
ionswher
ether
efer
endum woul
dbehel
dwhenar
egi
on
i
nGhanahast
ochangebyr
easonofcr
eat
ionandal
ter
ati
onononehandasi
nAr
ti
cle5(
6)andont
heot
her
handt
hepr
ovi
si
onswher
eref
erendum shal
lbehel
dwher
eregi
onschangebymer
geroft
woormor
eregi
ons
asi
nAr
ti
cle5(
7).

PRI
NCI
PLE(
perKot
eyJSC)
:Wher
ethewor
dsofapr
ovi
sionar
epr
eci
se,
clearandunambi
guous,
the
excl
usi
veor
igi
nal
int
erpr
etat
ivej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heSupr
emeCour
tcannotbei
nvokedorexer
cised.

Asar
evAt t
orney-
Gener
al(2015)–CRCDeci
sion
ThePresi
dentthr
oughC.I
.64setupaConst
it
uti
onRev
iewCommi
ssi
oni
n2010t
o,i
nteral
i
a,make
r
ecommendat
ionst
otheGov
ernmentandpr
ovi
deadr
aftBi
l
lforpossi
bleamendment
stot
he1992
Const
it
uti
on.TheGov
ernmentaccept
edt
her
ecommendat
ionsoft
heCommi
ssi
onand,
in2012,
the
Gov
ernmentsetupt
heConst
it
uti
onRev
iewandI
mpl
ement
ati
onCommi
ssi
ont
oimpl
ementt
he
r
ecommendat
ionst
hathadbeenaccept
edbyGov
ernment
.Thepl
aint
if
fbr
oughtanact
ionseeki i
ng,nt
eral
i
a,
adecl
arat
iont
hatt
hepower
sgr
ant
edt
othePr
esi
dentunderAr
ti
cle278(
1)t
o“appoi
ntacommi
ssi
onof
i
nqui
ryi
ntoanymat
terofpubl
i
cint
erest
”doesnoti
ncl
udet
hepowert
oest
abl
i
shacommi
ssi
ont
orev
iew
andpr
oposeamendmentbi
l
lst
otheConst
it
uti
onwher
esuchpower
stor
evi
ewandpr
oposeamendment
bi
l
lst
otheConst
it
uti
onhav
ebeenexpr
essl
y,excl
usi
vel
yandspeci
fi
cal
l
yconf
err
edt
oPar
li
ament
.

HELD:
Event
houghar
ti
cle289oft
he1992Const
it
uti
onexpr
essl
yvest
sthel
egi
slat
iveaut
hor
it
ytoamendt
he
Const
it
uti
onexcl
usi
vel
yinPar
li
ament
,theConst
it
uti
ondoesnotexpr
essl
yrest
ri
ctt
hepr
e–l
egi
sl
ati
ve
act
ivi
ti
esexcl
usi
vel
ytot
hel
egi
slat
ure.I
fthef
ramer
sint
endedt
oexcl
usi
vel
yli
mitsuchact
ivi
ti
est
o
Par
li
ament
,theywoul
dhav
edoneso.Fur
ther
mor
e,t
heuseofC.
I.64di
dnotexemptt
hepr
oposed
amendment
s,dr
aftBi
l
ls,
etc.
,fr
om bei
ngt
akent
hrought
hef
ull
rigour
soft
heChapt
er25l
aws,
nei
therdi
dit
usur
porwhi
tt
ledownPar
li
ament
’scor
elegi
slat
ivef
unct
ionsunderChapt
er25.ThePr
esi
dent
’sset
ti
ngupof
t
heConst
it
uti
onRev
iewCommi
ssi
onwast
her
efor
enotunconst
it
uti
onal
.

Fel
ixKl
omegavAttorney
-General
,GhanaPort
sandHarbour
sAuthor
it
yand2Ors.
eementon17hAugust2004,
t
Thesecondandt
hir
ddef endant
senter
edint
oasharehol
der
s’agr rel
ati
ngt
othe
f
our
thdef
endant
,wi
tht
hef
our
thdef
endant
.Theef
fectoft
hisagr
eementwast
omaket
hesecondandt
hir
d
def
endant
stheexcl
usi
veshar
ehol
der
soft
hef
our
thdef
endant
.Ont eof17thAugust2004,
hesamedat the
seconddef
endantent
eredi
ntoaConcessi
onAgr
eementwi
tht
hef
our
thdef
endantbywhi
cht
hesecond
def
endantgr
ant
edaconcessi
ont
othef
our
thdef
endantt
odesi
gn,
redesi
gn,
engi
neerandconst
ruct
,as
appl
i
cabl
e,andt
henequi
p,oper
ate,
mai
ntai
n,manageandr
epai
rtheCont
ainerTer
minal
atTemaand
pr
ovi
def
aci
l
iti
esandser
viceswi
thi
naspeci
fi
edar
eaoft
heTemaPor
t.Thi
sConcessi
onwast
olastf
or20
y
ear
s.Thepl
aint
if
fcl
aimedt
hatt
heset
ransact
ionsshoul
dhav
erecei
vedpar
li
ament
aryappr
oval
.He
t
her
efor
eissuedawr
iti
nvoki
ngt
heor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
onoft
heSupr
emeCour
tseeki i
ng,nt
eral
i
a,a
decl
arat
iont
hatonat
rueandpr
operi
nter
pret
ati
onofar
ti
cle181oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
theexpr
essi
on
“
gov
ernment
”inar
ti
cl
e181i
ncl
udesast
ateent
it
ythatpossessest
hechar
act
eri
sti
csofSecondDef
endant
(
theGhanaPor
tsandHar
bour
sAut
hor
it
y).Themai
nissuewast
hedef
ini
ti
onofGov
ernmenti
nthecont
ext
ofar
ti
cl
e181(
5).

HELD,
perDat
e-BahJSC:
Par
li
amentwoul
dbesuckedi
ntounnecessar
ymi
nut
iaei
fitwer
etohav
ethe
f
unct
ionofappr
ovi
ngt
hei
nter
nat
ional
busi
nessoreconomi
cagr
eement
sofst
atut
orycor
por
ati
ons.
“
Gov
ernment
”int
hecont
extofar
ti
cle181(
5)t
her
efor
emeans,
ordi
nar
il
y,t
hecent
ral
gov
ernmentandnot
oper
ati
onal
l
yaut
onomousagenci
esofgov
ernment
.Howev
er,
ifont
hef
act
sofapar
ti
cul
arcase,
thecent
ral
gov
ernmentwer
efoundt
ohav
emadeapar
ti
cul
arst
atut
orycor
por
ati
oni
tsal
teregoundert
he
ci
rcumst
ancesoft
hatpar
ti
cul
arcase,
thepossi
bil
i
tyofhol
dingt
hatt
hatst
atut
orycor
por
ati
oncomeswi
thi
n
ar
ti
cle181(
5)shoul
dnotber
uledout
.

GhanaLott
oOperat
orsAssoci
ati
onvNat i
onalLott
eryAuthor
it
y
Aft
ertheest
abl
i
shmentofthedefendant
,itcausednewspaperannouncement
stobei
ssuedi
nJul
y2007
abouti
tsest
abl
i
shment
.Theseannouncement
spubl
i
cizedt
hest
atut
orypr
ovi
siont
hataper
sonot
hert
han
t
heNat
ional
Lot
ter
yAut
hor
it
yshal
lnotoper
ateanyf
orm ofl
ott
eryi
nGhana.Theannouncement
sal
so
st
atedt
hat
:“I
nvi
ewoft
heest
abl
i
shmentoft
heBoar
d,al
lper
sonswhobef
oret
hecommencementoft
his
Act
,possessesorownamachi
neorequi
pmentusedf
ort
heoper
ati
onofl
ott
eryofanyki
nd,
shal
lwi
thi
n
f
our
teenday
saf
tert
hecommencementoft
hisActsur
rendert
hemachi
neorequi
pmentt
otheDi
rect
or-
Gener
alby14thAugust
,2007.Sect
ion58(
4)”
.Theseannouncement
saggr
iev
edt
hepl
aint
if
fs,
whoi
ssueda
wr
itseeki i
ng,nt
eral
i
a,adecl
arat
iont
hatt
heNat
ional
Lot
toAct
,2006(
Act722)t
otheext
entt
hati
tout
laws
t
heoper
ati
onofl
ott
obusi
nessbypr
ivat
elot
tooper
ator
s,i
nfr
ingest
heconst
it
uti
onal
l
yguar
ant
eedr
ightof
t
hepr
ivat
elot
tooper
ator
stof
reeeconomi
cact
ivi
ty.Oneoft
hemai
nissueswast
hej
ust
ici
abi
l
ityoft
he
Di
rect
ivePr
inci
plesofSt
atePol
i
cy,
whi
cht
hepl
aint
if
fssoughtt
orel
yon.

HELD,perDat
e-BahJSC:Ther
ightr
ulei
sapr
esumpt
ionofj
ust
ici
abi
l
ityi
nrel
ati
ont
othepr
ovi
sionsof
Chapt
er6oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.

NewPatri
oti
cPar
tyvAttor
ney
-Gener
al(
CIBAcase)
Thepl
aint
if
f,i
nanact
ionagai
nstt
heAtt
orney
-Gener
al,
inv
okedt
heor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
onoft
heSupr
emeCour
t
underar
ti
cle2(
1)and130oft
he1992Const
it
uti
onf
oradecl
arat
iont
hatt
heCounci
lofI
ndi
genousBusi
ness
Associ
ati
onsLaw,
1993(
PNDCL312)wasi
nconsi
stentwi
thandacont
rav
ent
ionofar
ti
cles21(
1)(
e),
35(
1)and37(
2)(
a)and(
3)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
onandconsequent
lyv
oid.TheAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al,
howev
er,
r
aisedapr
eli
minar
yobj
ect
iont
otheact
ionont
hegr
oundst
hat(
a)onl
yanat
ural
per
soncoul
dbr
ingan
act
ionunderar
ti
cl
e2(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on;
and(
b)ar
ti
cles35(
1)and37(
2)(
a)and(
3)whi
chwer
epar
toft
he
pr
ovi
si
onsoft
heDi
rect
ivePr
inci
plesofSt
atePol
i
cyunderchapt
er6oft
he1992Const
it
uti
onwer
enot
j
ust
ici
abl
e.

HELD,perBamf
ord-
Addo JSC:1.The pl
aint
if
f had capaci
tyt
o br
ing t
he act
ion because under
ar
ti
cles3(
4)(
a)and41(
b)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
itwast
hedut
yofev
eryci
ti
zenbot
hnat
uralandl
egalt
odef
end
anduphol
dtheConst
it
uti
ont
hrought
heenf
orcementpr
ocedur
eunderar
ti
cle2(
1).

2.TheDi
rect
ivePr
inci
plesofSt
atePol
i
cywer
enotofandbyt
hemsel
vesl
egal
l
yenf
orceabl
ebyany
cour
t.Howev
er,
wher
ethosepr
inci
pleswer
ereadi
nconj
unct
ionwi
thot
herenf
orceabl
epr
ovi
sionsoft
he
Const
it
uti
on,
byr
easonoft
hef
actt
hatt
hecour
tswer
emandat
edt
oappl
ythem i
nthei
rint
erpr
etat
ivedut
y,
t
heywer
ejust
ici
abl
e.

Tuf
fuorvAttorney
-General
Theplai
nti
fffi
l
edawr itagai
nstt
heSpeakerofPar
li
amentandt
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
albef
oret
heCour
tof
Appeal
sit
ti
ngast
heSupr
emeCour
tundersect
ion3oft
heFi
rstSchedul
etot
heConst
it
uti
on,
1979,
fora
decl
arat
iont
hat
:(i
)ont
hecomi
ngi
ntof
orceoft
heConst
it
uti
on,
theHon.Mr
.Just
iceApal
oowasdeemedt
o
hav
ebeenappoi
ntedChi
efJust
iceandassuchbecamepr
esi
dentandamemberoft
heSupr
emeCour
t;(
ii
)
t
hepur
por
tedv
ett
ingandr
eject
ionofJust
iceApal
oobyPar
li
amentwer
eincont
rav
ent
ionoft
heConst
it
uti
on:
(
ii
i)Just
iceApal
oor
emai
nedChi
efJust
iceandt
her
ebypr
esi
dentoft
heSupr
emeCour
t.Att
hehear
ing,
the
At
tor
ney
-Gener
alr
aisedpr
eli
minar
yobj
ect
ionsast
othej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hecour
t,t
hecapaci
tyoft
hepl
aint
if
f
andt
hecompet
encyoft
heSpeakerast
hef
ir
stdef
endant
.

HELD:
Thepur
por
tedv
ett
ingandr
eject
ionofJust
iceApal
oowasi
ncont
rav
ent
ionoft
heConst
it
uti
on.
Just
iceApal
oo,
pert
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
he1979Const
it
uti
onwasdeemedt
ohav
ebeenappoi
ntedChi
ef
Just
iceupont
hecomi
ngi
ntof
orceoft
heConst
it
uti
on.

PerSowahJSC:
TheConst
it
uti
onhasi
tsl
ett
eroft
hel
aw.Equal
l
y,t
heConst
it
uti
onhasi
tsspi
ri
t.I
tist
he
f
ount
ain-
headf
ort
heaut
hor
it
ywhi
cheachoft
het
hreear
msofgov
ernmentpossessesandexer
cises.I
tisa
sour
ceofst
rengt
h.I
tisasour
ceofpower
.Theexecut
ive,
thel
egi
slat
ureandt
hej
udi
ciar
yar
ecr
eat
edbyt
he
Const
it
uti
on.Thei
raut
hor
it
yisder
ivedf
rom t
heConst
it
uti
on.Thei
rsust
enancei
sder
ivedf
rom t
he
Const
it
uti
on.I
tsmet
hodsofal
ter
ati
onar
especi
fi
ed.I
nourpecul
i
arci
rcumst
ances,
thesemet
hodsr
equi
re
t
hei
nvol
vementoft
hewhol
ebodypol
i
ticofGhana.I
tsl
anguage,
ther
efor
e,mustbeconsi
der
edasi
fitwer
e
al
i
vingor
gani
sm capabl
eofgr
owt
handdev
elopmentI
ndeed,
iti
sal
i
vingor
gani
sm capabl
eofgr
owt
hand
dev
elopment
,ast
hebodypol
i
ticofGhanai
tsel
fiscapabl
eofgr
owt
handdev
elopment
.

NewPatr
iot
icPart
yvAt t
orney-Gener
al31stDecember
( )
ThePr
ovi
sional
NationalDefenceCounci
ldeclar
ed31Decemberast
atut
orypubl
i
chol
i
day
.Accor
dingl
y,
eachy
eart
heanni
ver
sar
yoft
hecoupwascel
ebr
ated,
int
eral
i
a,byper
sonnel
oft
hesecur
it
yfor
ceswi
th
mi
l
itar
ypar
ades,
rout
emar
chesandcar
niv
alst
hroughoutt
hecount
ry.Theseact
ivi
ti
eswer
efi
nancedwi
th
publ
i
cfunds.On7Januar
y1993,
ther
eignoft
hePNDCcamet
oanendwi
tht
heassumpt
ionofpowerbya
ci
vi
li
angov
ernmentwhi
chhadbeenel
ect
edi
ntoof
fi
ceundert
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.Whenon19December
1993,
thegov
ernmentannouncedt
hat31December1993woul
dbeapubl
i
chol
i
dayandshoul
dbe
cel
ebr
atedandobser
vedassuch,
thepl
aint
if
f,oneoft
her
egi
ster
edpol
i
tical
par
ti
esi
nthecount
ry,
clai
ming
t
hatt
hecel
ebr
ati
onwoul
dbeunconst
it
uti
onal
,br
oughtanact
ionunderar
ti
cle2(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on1992
agai
nstt
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alf
oradecl
arat
iont
hatt
hepubl
i
ccel
ebr
ati
onoft
hecoupd'
etatof31December
outofpubl
i
cfundswasi
nconsi
stentwi
thori
ncont
rav
ent
ionoft
hel
ett
erandspi
ri
toft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992
par
ti
cul
arl
yar
ti
cles3(
3)-
(7)
,35(
1)and41(
f)andanor
dercompel
l
ingt
hegov
ernmentt
ocancel
the
pr
epar
ati
onsf
ort
hecel
ebr
ati
onandr
efr
ainf
rom car
ryi
ngoutt
he[
p.37]cel
ebr
ati
onwi
thpubl
i
cfunds.I
n
suppor
toft
hepl
aint
if
f'
scase,
itwascont
ended,
int
eral
i
a,t
hati
twascl
earf
rom t
her
elev
antpr
ovi
sionsof
t
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992t
hatt
hepeopl
eofGhanahadr
esol
vednev
ert
oal
l
owt
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992t
obe
ov
ert
hrownorunder
minedandsi
ncet
hei
ntendedcel
ebr
ati
onwoul
dgl
ori
fycoupsd'
etatandi
nther
esul
t
woul
dunder
minet
hepeopl
e'
sresol
vet
oresi
stcoups,
itwoul
dbeunconst
it
uti
onal
.Thedef
endanthowev
er
cont i
ended,nt
eral
i
a,t
hat(
i)t
hecel
ebr
ati
onof31Decemberasapubl
i
chol
i
daycoul
dnotbesai
dtobe
subv
ert
ingorov
ert
hrowi
ngt
heConst
it
uti
oni
ncont
rav
ent
ionofar
ti
cle3(
3)ast
orequi
reanydef
ensi
veact
ion
byany
oneunderar
ti
cl
e3(
4);
(ii
)theDi
rect
ivePr
inci
plesofSt
atePol
i
cycont
ainedi
nchapt
er6oft
he
Const
it
uti
on,
1992wer
enotj
ust
ici
abl
eandt
her
efor
ear
ti
cles35and41whi
chwer
epar
toft
hepr
inci
ples
coul
dnotgr
oundacauseofact
ion;
and(
ii
i)31Decemberwasast
atut
orypubl
i
chol
i
daybyv
irt
ueoft
he
Publ
i
cHol
i
day
sLaw,
1989(
PNDCL220)andmoney
swer
elawf
ull
yappr
opr
iat
edundert
he1993budget
est
imat
esappr
ovedbyPar
li
amentf
ori
tscel
ebr
ati
oni
nrecogni
ti
onoft
hehi
stor
ical
val
uesandgoodwor
ks
t
hatt
her
evol
uti
onst
oodf
orandt
her
efor
ethei
ntendedexpendi
tur
ewasl
awf
ul.

HELD:
1.(
PerAdadeJSC)TheDi
rect
ivePr
inci
plesofSt
atePol
i
cyar
ejust
ici
abl
ebecauset
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992asawhol
ewasaj
ust
ici
abl
edocumentandaccor
dingl
y,i
fanypar
twasnon-
just
ici
abl
e,t
heConst
it
uti
on
i
tsel
fhadt
oindi
cat
eit
.Butnopr
ovi
sioni
ntheConst
it
uti
onhadi
ndi
cat
edt
hatchapt
er6wasnotj
ust
ici
abl
e.
Yet
,theev
idencet
oest
abl
i
sht
henon-
just
ici
abi
l
ityoft
hepr
inci
pleshadt
obei
nter
nal
tot
heConst
it
uti
on
ot
her
wisei
twoul
dbei
nconf
li
ctwi
thi
tandt
husbev
oidandi
nadmi
ssi
ble.

2.Ar
ti
cl
e3(
4)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992conf
err
edt
wosepar
ateanddi
sti
nctr
ight
sonGhanai
ans:
fir
st,
t
hegener
alr
ightanddut
yunderar
ti
cle3(
4)(
a)t
odef
endt
heConst
it
uti
on;
andsecondl
y,t
hepar
ti
cul
arr
ight
anddut
yunderar
ti
cl
e34(
b)t
oresi
stany
onecommi
tt
ingorat
tempt
ingt
ocommi
torai
dingandabet
ti
ng
any
onet
ocommi
tanyv
iol
entov
ert
hrowoft
hegov
ernmentort
heConst
it
uti
onaspr
ohi
bit
edbyar
ti
cle
3(
3).Thecel
ebr
ati
onof31Decemberasapubl
i
chol
i
daywoul
dweakent
hepeopl
e'
sresol
vet
oenf
orcet
hei
r
r
ightorper
for
mthei
rdut
yunderar
ti
cle3(
4),
andwoul
dint
her
esul
tunder
mineandsubv
ertt
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.Accor
dingl
y,ev
ent
hought
hecel
ebr
ati
onmi
ghtnotbeav
iol
entmeansofsubv
ert
ingt
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992,
itsur
elywasanunl
awf
ulmeansunderar
ti
cle3(
4)(
a).Suchconductwoul
dcl
ear
lybei
nconsi
stentwi
th
t
hedut
ytodef
endt
heConst
it
uti
onandwoul
dbecl
ear
lyagai
nstt
hel
ett
erandspi
ri
toft
heConst
it
uti
on.

PerAdadeJSC:
Itseemst
omei
ncongr
uoust
hataf
tert
hispar
don(
insect
ion34oft
het
ransi
ti
onal
pr
ovi
si
ons)ofaconductconsi
der
edi
mpr
operandunl
awf
ul(
fort
her
ewoul
dbenoneedf
orapar
doni
fthe
conductwer
elawf
ulandpr
oper
),t
hepubl
i
cwi
l
lseekt
oromant
ici
set
hesameev
entwi
thcar
niv
alsandr
out
e
mar
ches.Anexhi
bit
ionofamor
einconsi
stentbehav
iourt
hant
hisi
napeopl
e,i
ncl
udi
ngmember
soft
he
gov
ernment
,cannotbei
magi
ned,
just
if
yingt
hepl
aint
if
f'
sact
ionunderar
ti
cle2(
1)(
b)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.

PerAdadeJSC(
regar
dingt
hef
unct
ionsoft
heSupr
emeCour
tunderar
ti
cles1and2)
:“…i
tbecomesonl
ytoo
appar
entt
hat
,gi
venourConst
it
uti
on,
1992,
andi
npar
ti
cul
arar
ti
cles1and2t
her
eof
,thi
scour
tcani
ssue
i
njunct
ionsagai
nstt
hePr
esi
dent
,andev
enagai
nstPar
li
ament
…OnceanActof
fendst
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992,
i
tisnul
landv
oid—aspr
ovi
dedbyar
ti
cle1.Andoncei
tisnul
landv
oid,
thePr
esi
dentort
heexecut
ivecanbe
r
est
rai
nedf
rom enf
orci
ngorobey
ingi
t.Besi
des,
byourConst
it
uti
on,
1992,
theexecut
ivecanber
est
rai
ned
byi
njunct
ionf
rom doi
nganyactwhi
chi
snoti
nconf
ormi
tywi
tht
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.
”

SECTI
ON15-ORGANSOFGOVERNMENTUNDERTHECONSTI
TUTI
ON
THEEXECUTI
VEORGAN

1.Ar
ti
cle 57,58 and ar
ti
cle 295 combi
ned on t
he execut
ive aut
hor
it
y,pr
esi
dent
iali
mmuni
tyand
def
ini
ti
onofgov
ernment
.

NewPat
ri
oti
cPar
tyvRawl
i
ngsAndAnot
her[
1993-
94]2GLR193

FACTS:On16Sept
ember1993t
heSupr
emeCour
tdeci
dedi
nNewPat
ri
oti
cPar
tyvEl
ect
oralCommi
ssi
on
[
1993-
94]1GLR124,SCt
hatel
ect
ionswhi
chwer
ethenduet
obehel
dbyt
heEl
ect
oralCommi
ssi
ont
o
appr
ovenomi
nat
ions,pur
por
ted t
o hav
ebeenmadebyt
hePr
esi
dentt
otheof
fenceofdi
str
ictchi
ef
execut
iveunderar
ti
cl
e243(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992wer
eunconst
it
uti
onalf
ort
her
easont
hatt
hedi
str
ict
assembl
i
essetupundersect
ion3(
1)oft
heLocalGov
ernmentLaw,
1988(
PNDCL207)hadnopowert
ogi
ve
suchappr
oval
.Howev
er,
thenextday
,itwasannouncedt
hatt
hesamenomi
neeshadbeenappoi
nteddi
str
ict
secr
etar
iesundersect
ion21(
1)ofPNDCL207.Thepl
aint
if
f,apol
i
ticalpar
tyr
egi
ster
edasabodycor
por
ate,
f
il
edawr
itagai
nstt
hePr
esi
dentandt
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alf
or(
a)adecl
arat
iont
hatt
heappoi
ntment
swer
e
i
nconsi
stentwi
thandi
ncont
rav
ent
ionofar
ti
cles242,243,246and247oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1992;(
b)an
or
derset
ti
ngasi
det
heappoi
ntment
s;and(
c)ani
njunct
ionr
est
rai
ningt
he[
p.194]Pr
esi
dentf
rom maki
ng
suchappoi
ntment
sint
hef
utur
e.I
nsuppor
tofi
tswr
itt
hepl
aint
if
fcont
endedt
hatsect
ion21ofPNDCL207
ceasedt
ohav
eef
fectupont
hecomi
ngi
ntof
orceoft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.I
tfur
therar
guedt
hatar
ti
cle243
oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992andsect
ion21ofPNDCL207wer
einconf
li
ctandcoul
dnotbyv
irt
ueofar
ti
cle1of
t
heConst
it
uti
on,1992st
andt
oget
her
;andt
hatsi
ncet
heConst
it
uti
on,1992super
sededPNDCL207,ar
ti
cle
243oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1992mustpr
evai
ldespi
tet
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
het
ransi
ti
onalpr
ovi
sionsoft
he
Const
it
uti
on,1992.Thedef
endant
snotonl
yresi
stedt
hepl
aint
if
f'
scl
aim but
,int
eral
i
a,al
soobj
ect
edt
othe
Pr
esi
dentbei
ngj
oinedasadef
endantont
hegr
oundt
hatbyv
irt
ueofar
ti
cle88(
5)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1992
t
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alwast
hepr
operdef
endantt
othesui
t.

HELD:PerAbbanJSCaf
fi
rmi
ngANDDI
SSENTI
NGI
NPART:I
tisnotev
erycaset
hatt
hePr
esi
dentofGhana
shoul
dbedr
aggedt
othecour
t-
room.Theof
fi
ceoft
hePr
esi
dentdeser
vesr
espect
.Thedi
gni
tyandt
heaur
a
ofr
espect
abi
l
ityi
nwhi
cht
heof
fi
ceoft
hePr
esi
denti
sshr
oudedoughtt
obemai
ntai
nedandpr
eser
ved:
whenev
ert
hePr
esi
dentcar
ri
esoutt
heexecut
ivedut
iesv
est
edi
nhi
m byt
heConst
it
uti
on,
hedoessoast
he
Gov
ernmentdut
iesv
est
edi
nhi
m byt
heConst
it
uti
on,hedoessoast
heGov
ernmentofGhana.
..The
Pr
esi
denti
sthef
ountofhonourandt
heper
sonoccupy
ingt
heseatmustdosoi
ndi
gni
tyandmaj
est
y..
.Soi
t
i
sthatt
heConst
it
uti
onseekst
omai
ntai
nthatawe,di
gni
tyandmaj
est
ywhi
chsur
roundst
heof
fi
ceand
seekst
oinsul
atei
tasf
araspossi
blef
rom t
hehumdr
um ofl
egalpr
ocesses.
..I
nhi
misper
soni
fi
edt
he
Gov
ernmentofGhana.
..Thought
hePr
esi
dencycannotbei
nduct
edi
ntot
hel
egalar
ena,t
heGov
ernmentof
Ghanacanbeanswer
abl
efort
hel
awf
ulper
for
manceoft
heexecut
ivepower
svest
edi
nthePr
esi
dent
.”(
The
emphasi
sismi
ne.
)Iti
sther
efor
eobv
ioust
hatt
heGov
ernmentofGhanai
sper
soni
fi
edi
nthePr
esi
dent
.Thi
s
doesnotmeant
hatt
hePr
esi
dentshoul
dbeadef
endantwhenev
eranyexecut
iveactoft
hegov
ernment
donei
nhi
snamei
sbei
ngchal
l
engedi
ncour
tpr
oceedi
ngs.

PER,JOYCEBAMFORD-
ADDOJSCdi
ssent
ingi
npar
t:ar
ti
cle57(
4)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1992t
hePr
esi
dent
canbesuedi
nrespectofcasesf
all
i
ngunderar
ti
cle2oft
he[
p.218]Const
it
uti
on,1992orbywayof
pr
erogat
ivewr
it
sforact
soromi
ssi
onsi
nrespectoft
heper
for
manceofhi
sfunct
ionsasPr
esi
dent
.Butt
hen
ar
ti
cle88(
5)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992i
mposesont
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alt
hedut
yofconduct
ingordef
endi
ng
ci
vi
lcasesonbehal
foft
hest
ateandal
lci
vi
lpr
oceedi
ngsagai
nstt
heSt
ateshal
lbei
nst
it
utedagai
nstt
he
At
tor
ney
-Gener
alasdef
endant
.

PerAbbanJSC:Ar
ti
cl
e57(
5)and(
6)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992gi
vescompl
etei
mmuni
tyi
nci
vi
landcr
imi
nal
pr
oceedi
ngst
othePr
esi
dentwhi
l
einof
fi
ce.Buti
tseemst
omet
hatt
hei
mmuni
tywhi
char
ti
cle57(
4)oft
he
Const
it
uti
on,1992gr
ant
stot
hePr
esi
denti
snotabsol
ute.Thati
s,ar
ti
cle57(
4)doesnotconf
ersubst
ant
ive
i
mmuni
tyi
nsof
arpr
erogat
ivewr
it
sandact
ionsbr
oughtunderar
ti
cle2oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1992ar
e
concer
ned.

Sal
l
ahvAG,
(1970)2G&G493(
CAsi
tt
ingasSC)
Fact
s:Thepl
aint
if
f,Mr
.Sal
l
ah,wasempl
oyedasamanageroft
heGhanaNat
ionalTr
adi
ngCor
por
ati
on
(
GNPC)i
nOct
ober1967undert
heNat
ionalLi
ber
ati
onCounci
l(NLC)
.InFebr
uar
y1970,6mont
hsaf
tert
he
comi
ngi
ntof
orceoft
he1969const
it
uti
on,hi
sappoi
ntmentwast
ermi
nat
edbyt
heBusi
aGov
ernment
accor
dingt
oSect
ion9(
1)oft
heTr
ansi
ti
onalPr
ovi
sionscont
ainedt
heSchedul
e1t
othe1969Const
it
uti
on.
Sect
ion9(
1)st
atest
otheef
fectt
hatanyper
sonact
ingi
nanyof
fi
ceest
abl
i
shedbyt
heNLC f
ort
he
admi
nist
rat
ionofGhana,i
npur
suanceofadecr
eeorbyt
heaut
hor
it
yoft
heNLC,shal
lbedeemedt
ohav
e
beenappoi
ntedasf
rom t
hecomi
ngi
ntof
orceoft
he1969const
it
uti
ont
ohol
doracti
nof
fi
cef
oraper
iodof
si
xmont
hs.

HELD:

PerSowahJA:"
ThePr
esi
denti
sthe'
fountofhonour
'andt
heper
sonoccupy
ingt
heseatmustdosoi
n
di
gni
tyandmaj
est
y..
.[
The]Const
it
uti
onseekst
omai
ntai
nthatawe,
digni
tyandmaj
est
ywhi
chsur
roundst
he
of
fi
ceandseekst
oinsul
atei
tasf
araspossi
blef
rom t
hehumdr
um ofl
egalpr
ocessesandev
enf
rom t
he
ar
enaofpol
i
ticall
i
fe.
..Thought
hePr
esi
dencycannotbei
nduct
edi
ntot
hel
egalar
ena,t
heGov
ernmentof
Ghana can beand i
sanswer
abl
efort
hel
awf
ulper
for
manceoft
heexecut
ivepower
svest
ed i
nthe
Pr
esi
dent
."

PerApal
ooJA:"
Itought
,howev
er,t
obebor
nei
nmi
ndt
hatt
hei
mmuni
tyf
rom l
egalpr
oceedi
ngsgr
ant
edt
o
t
hePr
esi
denti
ntheper
for
manceorpur
por
tedper
for
manceofhi
sconst
it
uti
onorot
herl
egaldut
yisnot
absol
ute.Hi
simmuni
tyf
rom cour
tpr
oceedi
ngsdoesnotext
endt
opr
oceedi
ngst
akenagai
nsthi
m byanyof
t
hepr
erogat
ivewr
it
s.I
twoul
dfol
l
owf
rom t
hist
hati
fthePr
esi
dentf
ail
edornegl
ect
edt
oper
for
m apubl
i
c
dut
yimposedonhi
m byl
aw,aper
sonaf
fect
edbyhi
sfai
l
urecancompelhi
mincour
tbyt
hepr
erogat
ive
or
derofmandamus.
"Inl
i
kemanner
,thei
mmuni
tydi
dnotext
endt
opr
oceedi
ngsf
ort
her
emov
alf
rom of
fi
ce
oft
hePr
esi
dentunderar
ti
cle47oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1969whi
chhadal
sobeenaccept
edf
rom t
heoper
ati
on
ofar
ti
cl
e36(
6)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1969.

PerAr
cherJA:
"ar
ti
cl
e36meant
hatt
heact
soft
hePr
esi
dentcannotbechal
l
engedi
nacour
tofl
aw?Idonot
t
hinkso.I
nmyv
iew,
thear
ti
cleconf
ersont
hePr
esi
dentnot
hingmor
ethanpr
ocedur
ali
mmuni
ty.Thear
ti
cle
doesnotconf
ersubst
ant
iali
mmuni
ty.I
tmeanst
hatt
heof
fi
cialact
soft
hePr
esi
dentcanbechal
l
engedbut
hecannotbemadeadef
endanti
njudi
cialpr
oceedi
ngsorbemadeper
sonal
l
yli
abl
efort
her
esul
toft
he
pr
oceedi
ngs.
""Thepol
i
cybehi
ndar
ti
cle36(
6),36(
7)and36(
8)i
stooobv
ious.I
sitpr
opert
hatt
heHeadof
St
ateshoul
dbedr
aggedi
ntot
hecour
t-
room whi
l
ehehol
dsof
fi
ce?Theansweri
sdef
ini
tel
yno.Thedi
gni
ty
andt
heaur
aofr
espect
abi
l
ityi
nwhi
cht
heof
fi
ceofPr
esi
denti
senv
elopedmustbepr
eser
ved.
..[
The]
sensi
bler
easonf
ornotsui
ngt
hePr
esi
denti
ncour
tist
opr
eser
vehi
sdi
gni
ty.
"

Ami
duvKuf
fuor
,[2001-
2002]2GLR510
FACTS:
Thecandi
dat
eoft
heNewPat
ri
oti
cPar
tyMrJ.
A.Kuf
uor(
JAK)wont
heDecember2000Pr
esi
dent
ial
El
ect
ionandwasswor
ninast
hePr
esi
denton7Januar
y2001.Subsequent
ly,
itwasannouncedbyt
he
medi
athatt
hePr
esi
denthadappoi
ntedJO-
L,EOandJHasChi
efofSt
aff
,Pr
esi
dent
ial
Adv
iseronPubl
i
c
Af
fai
rsandNat
ional
Secur
it
yAdv
iser
,respect
ivel
yint
heOf
fi
ceoft
hePr
esi
dent
.Ther
eupon,
thepl
aint
if
f
cl
aimi
ngt
hatt
heappoi
ntment
swer
eunconst
it
uti
onal
broughtanact
ionbef
oret
heSupr
emeCour
tunder
ar
ti
cle2oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992agai
nstJAKast
hef
ir
stdef
endant
;theAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alast
hesecond
def
endant
;andt
heappoi
ntees—JO-
L,EOandJH—ast
het
hir
d,f
our
thandf
if
thdef
endant
s,r
espect
ivel
yfora
decl
arat
iont
hatonat
rueandpr
operi
nter
pret
ati
onofar
ti
cles58(
1)and(
2)and295(
8)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992andsect
ions2–4oft
hePr
esi
dent
ial
Off
iceAct
,1993(
Act463),
JO-
L,EOandJHcoul
dnotbe
appoi
ntedbyt
hePr
esi
dentasst
affoft
heOf
fi
ceofPr
esi
dentwi
thoutconsul
tat
ionwi
tht
heCounci
lofSt
ate
asr
equi
redbyar
ti
cle91(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992;
andt
hatt
heconductofJAKi
nmaki
ngt
hose
appoi
ntment
swasi
nconsi
stentwi
thandi
ncont
rav
ent
ionoft
hel
ett
erandspi
ri
toft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.
TheAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al,
howev
er,
rai
sedapr
eli
minar
yobj
ect
ionagai
nstt
heact
ionont
hegr
ounds,
int
eral
i
a,
t
hat
:(1)t
hePr
esi
denthadunderar
ti
cle57(
4)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992i
mmuni
tyf
rom l
egal
proceedi
ngs
whi
l
einof
fi
ce;
and(
2)JO-
L,EOandJHhadbeennomi
nat
edbyt
hePr
esi
dentf
ormi
nist
eri
alappoi
ntment
s
andPar
li
amenthadappr
ovedt
hei
rnomi
nat
ionsf
ort
hoseposi
ti
onsandt
her
efor
etheact
ionagai
nstt
hem
wasmoot
.

HELD:Underar
ti
cl
e57(
4)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1992 t
heexecut
iveact
ionsoft
hePr
esi
dentmi
ghtbe
chal
l
engedbyanact
ioni
ntheSupr
emeCour
tei
therunderar
ti
cle2oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1992orbyt
he
pr
erogat
ivewr
it
s.Howev
er,ar
ti
cle88(
5)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1992pr
ovi
dedt
hatal
lci
vi
lact
ionsagai
nstt
he
St
ateshoul
dbei
nst
it
utedagai
nstt
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alast
hedef
endant
.Accor
dingl
y,t
hepl
aint
if
f’
sact
ion
agai
nstt
hePr
esi
dentper
sonal
l
ywasi
ncompet
ent
.

PerEdwar
dWi
reduCJ:
Gener
all
yspeaki
ng,
theheadofst
ate,
inmostj
uri
sdi
cti
ons,
isgr
ant
edabsol
ute
i
mmuni
tyf
rom l
egal
proceedi
ngsi
nanyci
vi
lorcr
imi
nal
act
ionswhi
l
einof
fi
ce.Butt
heheadofst
ate’
s
i
mmuni
tyf
rom l
egal
proceedi
ngsi
nrespectofact
ionsar
isi
ngf
rom t
heper
for
manceofhi
sof
fi
cial
dut
ies
whi
l
einof
fi
ce,
rai
sesani
nter
est
ingpr
obl
em. Aheadofst
ate,
iscer
tai
nlyt
hef
ir
stci
ti
zenofev
eryst
ate,
andasJust
iceWi
l
li
am Dougl
assai
dinYoungst
ownSt
reet&TubeCovSawy
er,
343US579at633(
1952)
.“..
.Repr
esent
sthepeopl
eandi
sthei
rspokesmani
ndomest
icandf
orei
gnaf
fai
rs.Theof
fi
cei
srespect
ed
mor
ethananyot
heri
nthel
and.I
tgi
vesaposi
ti
onofl
eader
shi
pthati
suni
que.Thepowert
ofor
mul
ate
pol
i
cesandmoul
dopi
nioni
nher
esi
nthePr
esi
dencyandcondi
ti
onsournat
ional
li
fe.
” Nowar
ti
cle57(
5)of
t
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992bar
sthei
nst
it
uti
onofci
vi
landcr
imi
nal
act
ionsagai
nstt
hePr
esi
dentwhi
l
einof
fi
ce.
Suchact
ionsmaybei
nst
it
utedwi
thi
nthr
eey
ear
soft
hePr
esi
dentl
eav
ingof
fi
ce:
seear
ti
cle57(
6)oft
he
Const
it
uti
on,
1992.Ar
ti
cle57(
4)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992deal
swi
thl
egal
act
ionsagai
nstt
hePr
esi
denti
n
t
heper
for
manceofhi
sdut
ieswhi
l
einof
fi
ce.Thecl
ausedeal
swi
tht
hreemat
ter
s:f
ir
st,
thepr
ovi
sionsof
ar
ti
cle2oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992;
secondl
y,t
heoper
ati
onsoft
hepr
erogat
ivewr
it
s;andf
inal
l
y,i
mmuni
ty
f
rom l
egal
proceedi
ngssubj
ectt
oact
ionsf
all
i
ngunderar
ti
cle2oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992andt
hoseoft
he
pr
erogat
ivewr
it
s.Pr
esi
denti
ntheper
for
manceofhi
sof
fi
cial
funct
ions.Apar
tfr
om act
ionsunderar
ti
cle2of
t
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992andt
hoseseeki
ngpr
erogat
iveor
der
sthePr
esi
denthasi
mmuni
tyf
rom l
egal
pr
oceedi
ngsi
ntheper
for
manceofhi
sfunct
ionsundert
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.Buti
tisi
mpor
tantt
o
emphasi
set
hatt
hegr
antofsuchi
mmuni
tyt
othePr
esi
dentdoesnotmeant
hatl
egal
proceedi
ngscannotbe
i
nst
it
utedf
orr
eli
efar
isi
ngf
rom anydamage,
har
m orot
her
wisecausedt
oani
ndi
vi
dual
int
heexer
ciseoft
he
execut
iveaut
hor
it
yoft
hePr
esi
dent
.Int
heev
entofsuchsi
tuat
ions,
act
ionsmaybei
nst
it
utedagai
nstt
he
At
tor
ney
-Gener
al,
whoaspr
ovi
dedi
nar
ti
cle88(
5)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992: Butwhati
smeantor
i
mpl
i
edby“
sui
ngt
hePr
esi
dentper
sonal
l
y?”Cer
tai
nlynotbyusi
ngt
heper
sonal
nameoft
hePr
esi
dent
,asi
s
donei
nthi
scase,
butbynami
ngt
hepr
esi
dencyast
hedef
endant
.Li
ke,
“Hi
sExcel
l
ency
,ThePr
esi
dentoft
he
Republ
i
cofGhana(
MrJAKuf
uor
).
”Forsol
ongashei
sinof
fi
ce,
hei
sent
it
ledt
obeaddr
essedpr
oper
ly
any
wher
ehei
sorment
ioned.Thus,
thei
mmuni
tygr
ant
edt
othepr
esi
dentunderar
ti
cle57i
snotabsol
ute
butqual
i
fied.
Fel
i
xKl
omegavTheAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al,GhanaPor
tsandHar
bour
sAut
hor
it
yMer
idi
anPor
tHol
dingsLi
mit
ed
andMer
idi
anPor
tSer
vicesLi
mit
edJ1/
10/2012
Fact
s: The second def
endanta st
atut
ory cor
por
ati
on est
abl
i
shed under t
he Ghana Por
ts
andHar
bor
sAut
hor
it
yAct1986,andt
het
hir
ddef
endant
,acompanyi
ncor
por
atedi
nEngl
andundert
he
Compani
esAct1985ent
eredi
ntoashar
ehol
der
’sagr
eementandaconcessi
on’
sagr
eementwi
tht
hef
our
th
def
endant
,acompanyr
egi
ster
edundert
heCompani
esAct1963.Accor
dingt
othepl
aint
if
f,bydoi
ngso,
the
seconddef
endant
,whi
cht
hepl
aint
if
fconsi
der
edt
obepar
tof“
gov
ernment
”perhi
sunder
standi
ngofar
ti
cle
181oft
he1992const
it
uti
on,wasi
nvi
olat
ionoft
hear
ti
cle.Thepl
aint
if
fcont
endedt
hataspar
toft
he
gov
ernmentofGhanat
heseconddef
endanthadt
obegr
ant
edpr
iorpar
li
ament
aryappr
ovalbef
oreent
eri
ng
i
ntot
heagr
eement
s,whi
chhebel
i
evedshoul
dwer
eint
ernat
ionaleconomi
ctr
ansact
ions,wi
tht
het
hir
dand
f
our
thdef
endant
.Byf
ail
i
ngt
odosot
hepl
aint
if
fbel
i
evest
hatt
heagr
eementbet
weent
hedef
endant
sisv
oid

HELD:
perAt
ugubaJSC:
Thecumul
ati
vepoi
ntsmadebyt
hedef
endant
sabov
eamountt
oani
rr
esi
sti
blecase
t
hati
nthecont
extofar
ti
cle181(
5)andt
hef
act
soft
hiscase,
the2nddef
endanti
snott
ober
egar
dedas
comi
ngwi
thi
nthemeani
ngof“
Gov
ernment
”.Aspoi
ntedoutbyt
hedef
endant
s,t
osubj
ectst
atut
ory
cor
por
ati
onswi
thcommer
cial
funct
ionst
othePar
li
ament
aryappr
oval
processpr
escr
ibedi
nar
ti
cl
e181(
5)
woul
dpr
obabl
yincr
easet
hewei
ghtofPar
li
ament
’sr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesi
nthi
sregar
dtoanunsust
ainabl
elev
el.
Accor
dingl
y,i
tisr
easonabl
etoi
nfert
hatt
hef
ramer
soft
he1992Const
it
uti
ondi
dnoti
ntendsuchar
esul
t.
Thus,
inourv
iew,
“Gov
ernment
”int
hecont
extofar
ti
cle181(
5)shoul
dmean,
ordi
nar
il
y,t
hecent
ral
gov
ernmentandnotoper
ati
onal
l
yaut
onomousagenci
esofgov
ernment
.Wher
eanagencyhasasepar
ate
l
egal
per
sonal
i
tydi
sti
nctf
rom cent
ral
gov
ernment
,itusual
l
ycomesundersect
ori
almi
nist
eri
alsuper
visi
on.
TheBoar
doft
hecor
por
ati
onandt
heappr
opr
iat
eMi
nist
ryshoul
dthenexer
ciseov
ersi
ghtov
eri
ts
i
nter
nat
ional
busi
nessoreconomi
cagr
eement
s.Thatov
ersi
ghtshoul
dbeexer
cisedwi
thi
nthecont
extof
t
hepr
ocur
ementl
awsoft
hiscount
ry.Par
li
amentwoul
dbesuckedi
ntounnecessar
ymi
nut
iaei
fitwer
eto
hav
ethef
unct
ionofappr
ovi
ngt
hei
nter
nat
ional
busi
nessoreconomi
cagr
eement
sofst
atut
orycor
por
ati
ons.
Thati
swhy“
Gov
ernment
”,i
nthecont
extofar
ti
cle181(
5),
shoul
dbei
nter
pret
edpur
posi
vel
ytoexcl
ude
cor
por
ati he2nddef
onssuchast endant
.Thi
sint
erpr
etat
ioni
stheonl
yreasonabl
eone,
ifoner
eadst
he
Const
it
uti
onasanor
gani
cwhol
e.AsAcquahJSC,
ashet
henwas,
sai
dinMensahvAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al[
1997-
98]1GLR227at270:

Bi
l
sonvRawl
i
ngsAndAnot
her[
1993-
94]2GLR413—428.

PerESSI
LFI
E-BONDZI
EJ.Bef
oreconcl
udi
ngmyr
uli
ng,Iwi
l
ldealwi
tht
hequest
ionwhet
herornott
hef
ir
st
def
endantaschai
rmanoft
hePNDCi
simmunef
rom ci
vi
lorcr
imi
nalpr
oceedi
ngsbef
oret
hiscour
t.Thi
s
mat
terwasr
aisedf
ort
hef
ir
stdef
endant
.Ar
ti
cle44(
1)oft
hesuspendedConst
it
uti
on,1979oft
heRepubl
i
c
ofGhanapr
ovi
des:"
44.(
1)t
her
eshal
lbeaPr
esi
dentoft
heRepubl
i
cofGhanawhoshal
lbet
heHeadof
St
ateandHeadofGov
ernmentandCommander
-i
n-Chi
efoft
heAr
medFor
cesofGhana.
"(Theemphasi
sis
mi
ne.
)Cur
rent
lyt
hef
ir
stdef
endanti
sthechai
rmanoft
hePNDCwhi
chi
sthepr
esentGov
ernmentofGhana.
I
tismyv
iewt
hathei
stheheadofst
ateaswel
last
heheadoft
hePNDCGov
ernment
.Al
thoughher
esi
gned
f
rom t
heGhanaAr
medFor
ces,
hei
sthecommander
-i
n-chi
efoft
heGhanaAr
medFor
ces.I
tismyj
udgment
t
hatal
thought
heposi
ti
onoft
hef
ir
stdef
endanti
sdesi
gnat
edaschai
rmanoft
hePNDCt
hatposi
ti
onhel
dby
hi
misanal
ogouswi
tht
hatoft
hePr
esi
dentofGhana.Theposi
ti
onoft
hePr
esi
dentcont
empl
atedbyar
ti
cle
44oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1979i
sthesameast
hatoft
hef
ir
stdef
endant
.Inmyv
iew,
ther
efor
e,si
ncet
hecour
ts
exi
sti
ngundert
heConst
it
uti
on,
1979wer
edebar
redf
rom ent
ert
aini
ngci
vi
landcr
imi
nalpr
oceedi
ngsagai
nst
t
heheadoft
heGov
ernmentofGhanai
nhi
sper
sonalcapaci
ty,t
hiscour
thasnopowert
oent
ert
aint
he
i
nst
antci
vi
lpr
oceedi
ngsagai
nstt
hef
ir
stdef
endant
,hebei
ngt
heheadoft
hePNDCGov
ernment
,inhi
s
per
sonalcapaci
tysol
ongasher
emai
nsi
nof
fi
ce.Ihol
dther
efor
ethatt
hef
ir
stdef
endantast
heheadoft
he
PNDCGov
ernmenti
simmunef
rom ci
vi
lpr
oceedi
ngsi
nthi
scour
t.

2.Ar
ti
cle59and60onabsentf
rom Ghanaandunabl
etoper
for
mfunct
ionsaspr
esi
dent

Asar
evAG,
[2003-
2004]SCGLR823.
FACTS:
On21Febr
uar
y2002,
thePr
esi
dentoft
heRepubl
i
cwr
otet
otheSpeakerofPar
li
ament
,inf
ormi
ngt
he
Speakert
hatt
hePr
esi
dentwoul
dbet
rav
ell
i
ngt
oAust
ral
i
atoat
tendt
heCommonweal
thHeadsof
Gov
ernmentMeet
ing,
schedul
edt
otakepl
acef
rom 2t
o5Mar
ch2002andt
hathewoul
dbeawayf
rom
Ghanaf
rom 24Febr
uar
yunt
il10Mar
ch.Hef
urt
heri
nfor
medt
heSpeakert
hatdur
ingt
hatper
iod,
because
t
heVi
ce-
Presi
dentwoul
dal
sobeabsentf
rom t
hecount
ryf
rom t
he24t
o27Febr
uar
y,t
heSpeakerwas,
pur
suantt
oar
ti
cle60(
11)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
toactasPr
esi
dentf
ort
hosef
ourday
s.Accor
dingl
y,on24
Febr
uar
y,t
heSpeakerswor
ethePr
esi
dent
ial
oat
handact
edf
ort
hePr
esi
dentf
rom t
he24t
o27Febr
uar
y.
Thepl
aint
if
fsor
tfor“
Adecl
arat
iont
hatuponat
rueandpr
operi
nter
pret
ati
onofar
ti
cle60(
11)oft
he1992
Const
it
uti
on,
thepur
por
tedswear
ing-
inoft
heSpeakerofPar
li
ament
,theRi
ghtHonour
abl
eMr
.Pet
erAl
a
Adj
etey
,asPr
esi
dentofGhana,
onoraboutMonday24Febr
uar
y2002,
isi
nconsi
stentwi
th,
ori
sin
cont
rav
ent
ionoft
hesai
dpr
ovi
sionoft
heConst
it
uti
onandi
sther
efor
eunconst
it
uti
onal
,voi
dandofno
ef
fect
.

HELD,
perDat
e-BahJSC:
Iti
sobv
ioust
hatar
ti
cles59and60oft
he1992Const
it
uti
onar
ebasedont
hese
pr
ovi
si
onsoft
he1979Const
it
uti
onwi
thwhi
cht
heyar
elar
gel
yinpar
imat
eri
a.Whatassi
stancet
othe
const
ruct
ionoft
hecur
rentpr
ovi
sionsi
stobegai
nedf
rom t
heseear
li
erpr
ovi
sions?Ar
ti
cle47(
7)oft
he1979
Const
it
uti
onpr
ovi
desst
rongerev
idence,
thant
hecur
rentpr
ovi
sion,
thatabsencef
rom Ghanai
sregar
dedby
t
hedr
aft
ersoft
heConst
it
uti
onasconst
it
uti
ngi
nabi
l
ityt
oper
for
mthef
unct
ionsoft
hePr
esi
dent
.For
,
wher
east
hecur
rentar
ti
cle60(
8)speaksi
nter
msoft
heVi
ce-
Presi
dentper
for
mingt
hef
unct
ionsoft
he
Pr
esi
dent
,"whenev
ert
hePr
esi
denti
sabsentf
rom Ghanaori
sforanyot
herr
easonunabl
etoper
for
mthe
f
unct
ionsofhi
sof
fi
ce""
unt
ilt
hePr
esi
dentr
etur
ns(
myemphasi
s)ori
sabl
etoper
for
m hi
sfunct
ions"
,the
1979pr
ovi
sionl
umpst
het
wosi
tuat
ionsi
ntoone,
prov
idi
ngt
hatt
heVi
ce-
Presi
denti
stoper
for
mthe
f
unct
ions"
unt
ilt
hePr
esi
denti
sabl
etoper
for
m hi
sfunct
ions.
"The1979pr
ovi
sioni
sthusast
ronger
st
atementt
hatabsencef
rom Ghanai
sasubsetofi
nabi
l
ityt
oexer
ciset
hef
unct
ionsoft
hePr
esi
dent
.Ist
he
changei
nlanguagei
nthe1992Const
it
uti
ont
ober
egar
dedasacl
ari
fi
cat
ionorachangei
npol
i
cy?Gi
vent
he
decl
arat
ionbyt
heCommi
tt
eeofExper
tsr
efer
redt
oabov
e,i
tismor
eli
kel
ytohav
ebeenacl
ari
fi
cat
iont
hana
changei
npol
i
cy.I
not
herwor
ds,
itwoul
dseem t
hatt
hedr
aft
ersoft
heConst
it
uti
onsofGhanasi
nce1969
hav
etakent
hev
iewt
hatt
heabsenceofaPr
esi
dentf
rom Ghanar
ender
shi
m unabl
etoper
for
mthe
f
unct
ionsofhi
sof
fi
ce.Accor
dingl
y,t
heVi
ce-
Presi
dent
,ori
nhi
sabsence,
theSpeaker
,ist
oexer
cisehi
s
f
unct
ionswhi
l
sthei
sthusdi
sabl
ed.Thepl
aint
if
f'
schal
l
engewoul
dappeart
obet
othewi
sdom oft
his
posi
ti
on.Thepl
aint
if
fasser
tsi
npar
agr
aphs(
5)ofhi
sar
gument
sofl
awt
hat
:Iti
sobv
ioust
hatar
ti
cles59
and60oft
he1992Const
it
uti
onar
ebasedont
hesepr
ovi
sionsoft
he1979Const
it
uti
onwi
thwhi
cht
heyar
e
l
argel
yinpar
imat
eri
a.

I
ntheor
y,t
her
eismuchper
suasi
vef
orcei
nthepl
aint
if
f'
scont
ent
iont
hatmer
elybecauset
hePr
esi
denti
s
awayf
rom Ghanadoesnotnecessar
il
ymeant
hathei
sunabl
etoper
for
mthef
unct
ionsofhi
sof
fi
ce,
par
ti
cul
arl
y,i
nthel
i
ghtofmoder
ntechnol
ogi
cal
dev
elopment
sint
hear
eaoft
elecommuni
cat
ionsandal
so
becauseofhi
saut
hor
it
ytodel
egat
epowert
oappr
opr
iat
esubor
dinat
es.I
npr
act
ice,
howev
er,
thi
sar
gument
,
r
aisest
heempi
ri
cal
quest
ionwhet
her
,gi
vent
heci
rcumst
ancesofcont
empor
aryGhanaandt
hemeansof
secur
ecommuni
cat
ionav
ail
abl
etot
hePr
esi
dentwhenabr
oad,
iti
sreal
i
sti
ctoexpectt
hePr
esi
dentt
o
exer
cisehi
sexecut
iveaut
hor
it
yfr
om abr
oad.Nei
therpar
typr
ovi
dedanyev
idenceont
hisi
ssue.Thecour
t,
t
her
efor
e,hasnotr
ecei
vedanyassi
stanceont
hisscor
e.Theexpr
esspr
ovi
sionoft
he1969Const
it
uti
on
whi
ch,
inmyv
iew,
ist
heul
ti
mat
eor
igi
noft
hecur
rentar
ti
cle60(
11)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
on,
car
ri
eswi
thi
t
t
hei
mpl
i
cat
ion,
tomymi
nd,
thatgi
vent
hemeansofcommuni
cat
ionav
ail
abl
etoaGhanai
anPr
esi
dentwhen
t
rav
ell
i
ngabr
oad,
iti
simpr
act
ical
toexpectt
hePr
esi
dentt
oremai
nful
l
yinchar
geoft
heexecut
ivebr
anchof
gov
ernment
.Thei
ssuear
isi
ngt
her
efor
eiswhet
hert
hisj
udgmentoft
hef
ramer
soft
her
ecentconst
it
uti
ons
ofGhanar
emai
nsv
ali
d.Noev
idencewasmadeav
ail
abl
etot
hiscour
ttor
ebutt
hisj
udgmentoft
hef
ramer
s.
Myassessmenti
sthatt
heal
l
egedmi
schi
efi
snotgr
eatast
orequi
redepar
ti
ngf
rom myi
nter
pret
ati
onoft
he
f
ramer
s'i
ntent
.Theper
ioddur
ingwhi
cht
heSpeakerwi
l
lor
dinar
il
yber
equi
redt
oactf
ort
hePr
esi
dentwi
l
lbe
shor
t.I
nthi
spr
esentcase,
itwasf
oronl
yfourday
s.Accor
dingl
y,suchshor
tper
iodsoft
heexecut
ivepower
bei
ngexer
cisedbyt
hepr
esi
dingof
fi
ceroft
hel
egi
slat
urear
eunl
i
kel
ytoi
mpai
rthel
ong-
ter
m under
lyi
ng
bal
anceoft
heConst
it
uti
on.Mor
eov
er,
inspi
teoft
heheadshi
poft
heexecut
iveandt
hel
egi
slat
uredev
olv
ing
ononeper
son,
thel
egi
slat
ure,
asani
nst
it
uti
on,
andt
heexecut
ive,
asani
nst
it
uti
on,
wil
leachmai
ntai
nthei
r
di
sti
nctandsepar
atezonesofaut
hor
it
y.I
nthi
sregar
d,i
twoul
dbedesi
rabl
eforaconv
ent
ionorpr
act
icet
o
beobser
vedwher
ebywhent
heSpeakeri
sper
for
mingt
hef
unct
ionsofPr
esi
dent
,hedoesnotatt
hesame
t
imeexer
ciset
hepower
soft
heSpeakerandhedev
olv
eshi
spr
esi
dingandot
herr
ulest
oadeput
y.Theopen
quest
ionsposedabov
erel
ati
ngt
owhet
hert
hePr
esi
dentcont
inuest
oshar
etheexecut
ivepowerwhi
l
ethe
Speakeri
sact
ingf
orhi
m,andi
fsot
heext
entoft
heshar
ingoft
hepower
,donotneedt
obeanswer
edi
nthi
s
case.Theyshoul
dber
eser
vedf
orf
utur
ecaseswhosedeci
sionr
equi
rest
hedet
ermi
nat
ionoft
hose
quest
ions.I
nthemeant
ime,
Par
li
ament
,suomot
u,oratt
hei
nst
igat
ionoft
heExecut
ive,
woul
ddowel
lto
addr
esst
hesequest
ionsandenactappr
opr
iat
egap-
fi
ll
i
ngl
egi
slat
ion.

PerKl
udzeJSC:
MyLor
ds,
theConst
it
uti
onof
fer
sit
sownmeani
ngf
ort
hephr
ase"
unabl
etoper
for
mthe
f
unct
ionsofhi
sof
fi
ce.
"Inar
ti
cle60(
8)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
iti
sobv
ioust
omet
hatt
heConst
it
uti
oni
nso
manywor
dsdecl
arest
hatt
heabsenceoft
hePr
esi
dentf
rom Ghanai
soneoft
hepossi
bleci
rcumst
ancesi
n
whi
chhebecomes"
unabl
e"t
odi
schar
get
hef
unct
ionsofhi
shi
ghof
fi
ce.Thewor
dsoft
heConst
it
uti
onshow
t
hatt
her
emaybeot
herr
easons,
apar
tfr
om absencef
rom Ghana,
whent
hePr
esi
dentmaybeunabl
eto
per
for
m hi
sfunct
ions.Thatdoesnotdi
rect
lyconcer
nusher
e.I
tisnotcl
earwhet
hert
hePr
esi
denti
sunabl
e
t
oper
for
mthef
unct
ionsofhi
sof
fi
cewhenhehasabadcol
d;orwhenhesuf
fer
sahear
tat
tack;
orwhenhe
hasdi
arr
hoea.Whet
hert
hePr
esi
denthast
obei
nacomaorani
ntensi
vecar
euni
tofahospi
tal
,orundert
he
car
eofanat
iveher
bal
i
st,
bef
orewecansayt
hathei
sunabl
etoper
for
mthef
unct
ionsofhi
sof
fi
ce,
isa
quest
ionwear
enott
oaddr
esst
hist
ime.Weonl
yknowf
rom t
hewor
dsofar
ti
cle60(
8)t
hatabsencef
rom
Ghanai
soneoft
hest
ipul
atedci
rcumst
anceswhi
cht
heConst
it
uti
onpr
esumest
omeant
hatt
hePr
esi
denti
s
unabl
etoper
for
mthef
unct
ionsofhi
sof
fi
ce.

Theot
herr
easonsar
enotar
ti
cul
ated,
nori
nst
ancesgi
venoft
hem.Howev
er,
thechoi
ceofphr
aseol
ogyi
n
ar
ti
cle60(
8)byt
hef
ramer
soft
heConst
it
uti
onmeanst
hat"
Whenev
ert
hePr
esi
denti
sabsentf
rom Ghana"
mustbeconst
ruedej
usdem gener
iswi
th"
foranyot
herr
easonunabl
etoper
for
mthef
unct
ionsofhi
sof
fi
ce.
"
Thef
ramer
soft
heConst
it
uti
oncoul
dhav
ewr
it
tenwor
dsl
i
ke:
"Whenev
ert
hePr
esi
denti
sabsentf
rom
Ghanaori
sunabl
etoper
for
mthef
unct
ionsofhi
sof
fi
ce.
..
"Int
hatcase,
"absentf
rom Ghana"coul
dbe
const
rueddi
sj
unct
ivel
yasanal
ter
nat
ivet
oinabi
l
ityt
oper
for
m hi
sfunct
ions.Thati
snott
hel
anguage
empl
oyedbyt
hewr
it
ersoft
heConst
it
uti
on.Thewor
dsoft
heConst
it
uti
onmakei
tcl
eart
hat"
unabl
eto
per
for
mthef
unct
ionsofhi
sof
fi
ce"i
sagenusofwhi
ch"
absentf
rom Ghana"i
soneoft
hespeci
esorsub-
set
s.Wher
etheconst
it
uti
onmakest
heposi
ti
onsoexpl
i
cit
ly,
wedonothav
etospecul
ateast
othemeani
ng
of"
absentf
rom Ghana"i
nthecont
extoft
hePr
esi
dent
'si
nabi
l
ityt
oper
for
m hi
sfunct
ions.Wecanar
gue
abouthowi
l
lthePr
esi
dentmaybebef
orei
tcanbesai
dthathei
sunabl
etoper
for
mthef
unct
ionsofhi
s
of
fi
ce.Butwecannotser
iousl
yar
gueaboutwhet
herhei
sunabl
etoper
for
mthef
unct
ionsofhi
sof
fi
cewhen
hei
s"absentf
rom Ghana"
,becauset
heConst
it
uti
onsay
ssopl
ainl
yincl
ause(
8)ofar
ti
cle60.The
expr
essi
on"
unabl
etoper
for
mthef
unct
ionsofhi
sof
fi
ce"occur
sint
hesamear
ti
clet
hati
sar
ti
cl
e60oft
he
Const
it
uti
ondeal
i
ngwi
tht
het
empor
arydev
olut
ionoft
hePr
esi
dent
'sf
unct
ions.I
nmyopi
nion,
thephr
ase
"
absentf
rom Ghana"
,usedej
usdem gener
iswi
th"
foranyot
herr
easonunabl
etoper
for
mthef
unct
ionsofhi
s
of
fi
ce"i
ncl
ause(
8)ofar
ti
cle60,
mustbeunder
stoodt
omeant
hesamet
hingi
ncl
ause(
11)oft
hesame
ar
ti
cle.Theexpr
essi
on"
absentf
rom Ghana"i
susedi
nthesamecont
extandi
nthesamear
ti
cleoft
he
Const
it
uti
on.I
tmustbeart
hesamemeani
ngasoneoft
her
easonswhyt
hePr
esi
dentmaybeconsi
der
ed
unabl
etoper
for
mthef
unct
ionsofhi
sof
fi
ce,
soast
omandat
ethedev
olut
ionofhi
sfunct
ionsundercl
auses
(
8)and(
11)ofar
ti
cl
e60.

3.Ar
ti
cle62onqual
i
ficat
iont
obecomepr
esi
dent
,readt
hist
oget
herwi
thar
ti
cle60and94.

Bi
l
sonvRawl
ingsAndAnot
her[
1993-
94]2GLR413—428.

I
nthewakeoft
he1992pr
esi
dent
ialel
ect
ionR,t
het
henchai
rmanoft
hePr
ovi
sionalNat
ionalDef
ence
Counci
l(PNDC)
,wasnomi
nat
edbyt
heNat
ionalDemocr
ati
cCongr
ess(
NDC)ast
hei
rpr
esi
dent
ialcandi
dat
e.
I
ncompl
i
ancewi
thsect
ion1oft
hePr
esi
dent
ialEl
ect
ionsLaw,1992(
PNDCL285)
,hef
il
edwi
tht
heI
nter
im
Nat
ionalEl
ect
oralCommi
ssi
on(
INEC)hi
snomi
nat
ionpaper
swhi
chi
ncl
udedast
atut
orydecl
arat
iont
othe
ef
fectt
hathewasaci
ti
zenofGhanabybi
rt
handdi
dnotoweal
l
egi
ancet
oanyf
orei
gncount
ry.The
st
atut
orydecl
arat
ionwasaccept
edbyI
NEC.Wher
eupont
hepl
aint
if
finst
it
utedanact
ioni
ntheHi
ghCour
t,
Accr
aagai
nstRandI
NECcl
aimi
ng,
int
eral
i
a,(
a)adecl
arat
iont
hathewasnotaci
ti
zenofGhana,
and(
b)an
or
derofi
njunct
ionagai
nstRandI
NECr
est
rai
ningt
hem f
rom t
aki
nganyf
urt
herst
epsi
nconnect
ionwi
tht
he
nomi
nat
ionofR.Pendi
ngt
hef
inaldet
ermi
nat
ionoft
hedi
sput
e,t
hepl
aint
if
ffi
l
edamot
ionf
orani
nter
im
i
njunct
iont
orest
rai
nthedef
endant
sfr
om pr
ocessi
ngt
henomi
nat
ion.I
nhi
spl
eadi
ngsandaf
fi
dav
iti
n
suppor
tofhi
scase,t
hepl
aint
if
fcont
endedt
hatt
hef
ir
stdef
endantwasunf
itanddi
squal
i
fiedunderPNDCL
285f
rom st
andi
ngf
ororhol
dingof
fi
ceasPr
esi
dentoft
heRepubl
i
cofGhanabecausehehadadual
nat
ional
i
ty,namel
yci
ti
zenshi
pofGhanaandaf
orei
gncount
ryort
heUKorbot
hbuthadnotr
enouncedt
he
l
att
erwhenheat
tai
ned21y
ear
sofage.Thepl
aint
if
fhowev
erf
ail
edt
ogi
vepar
ti
cul
arsi
nhi
spl
eadi
ngsof
howt
hef
ir
stdef
endantacqui
redt
hedual
nat
ional
i
ty.

HELD,
perESSI
LFI
E-BONDZI
EJ:Al
thought
hepl
aint
if
fhasal
l
egedt
hatt
hef
ir
stdef
endanti
sanon-
Ghanai
an,
hehasnotgi
venf
act
sint
hepl
eadi
ngst
osuppor
ttheal
l
egat
ion.I
tappear
sfr
om t
heaf
fi
dav
itt
hatatt
het
ri
al
hei
ntendst
orel
yont
hef
ir
stdef
endantt
opr
ovehi
snat
ional
i
tyal
thought
hel
att
erhasnotadmi
tt
edt
hathe
i
sanon-
Ghanai
an.Imustpoi
ntoutt
hatt
hel
awhasal
way
sbeent
hathewhoal
l
egest
hatcer
tai
nst
ateof
f
act
sexi
st,
mustpr
ovei
t.I
nthi
scase,
thepl
aint
if
fbei
ngt
heonewhohasi
nthesui
tbef
oret
hecour
tav
err
ed
t
hatt
hef
ir
stdef
endanti
sanon-
Ghanai
an,t
hel
aw pl
acesonhi
mthebur
denofpr
oof
.Andi
fhef
ail
edt
o
di
schar
get
heonusonhi
m,hecannotr
elyonanyweaknessi
nthef
ir
stdef
endant
'scase.Thepl
aint
if
fhas
madet
heav
erment
sthatt
hef
ir
stdef
endanti
saci
ti
zenofGhanaandaci
ti
zenoft
heUni
tedKi
ngdom
wi
thoutst
ati
nghowt
heseci
ti
zenshi
pswer
eacqui
red.I
tiswel
l
-knownt
hatci
ti
zenshi
pisacqui
redbybi
rt
h,by
r
egi
str
ati
onandbydescentandy
ett
hepl
aint
if
fcoul
dnotsaybyhi
spl
eadi
ngshow t
hef
ir
stdef
endant
acqui
redhi
sUni
tedKi
ngdom ci
ti
zenshi
p.Ishar
ethev
iewofl
ear
nedcounself
ort
hef
ir
stdef
endantt
hatt
he
pl
aint
if
foughtt
ohav
ebeenabl
etopl
eadt
hepar
ti
cul
arl
awoft
heUni
tedKi
ngdom onwhi
chhei
ntendst
o
r
elyt
opr
ovet
hatt
hef
ir
stdef
endanti
saci
ti
zenoft
heUni
tedKi
ngdom.

It
akej
udi
cialnot
iceoft
hef
actt
hatunt
ilSept
ember1992t
hef
ir
stdef
endantwasamemberoft
heGhana
Ar
medFor
ces.Al
so,
asheadofst
atehei
sthecommander
-i
n-chi
efoft
heGhanaAr
medFor
ces.Hehadbeen
amemberoft
wogov
ernment
soft
heRepubl
i
cofGhana.Cur
rent
ly,hei
stheheadofst
ateofGhana.I
tis
t
her
efor
etobeexpect
edt
hati
nthesecapaci
ti
eshehadonsev
eraloccasi
ons,swor
nal
l
egi
ancet
othe
Republ
i
cofGhana.Sot
hatev
eni
fonat
tai
ningt
heageof21t
henhehaddualci
ti
zenshi
p(whi
chi
snot
admi
tt
ed)t
hei
rr
esi
sti
blei
nfer
encewhi
cht
hiscour
tdr
awsf
rom t
heoat
hsofal
l
egi
ancehet
ookont
hese
sev
eraloccasi
ons,i
sthatt
hef
ir
stdef
endantdoesnotoweal
l
egi
ancet
oanyf
orei
gn[
p.424]gov
ernment
.
Thi
smustbesoespeci
all
yashei
sst
il
ltheheadofst
ateandamemberoft
heGov
ernmentoft
heRepubl
i
c
ofGhana.

4.Onar
ti
cle69,seeSal
l
ahvAGsupr
a:PerApal
ooJA:"
Itought
,howev
er,t
obebor
nei
nmi
ndt
hatt
he
i
mmuni
tyf
rom l
egalpr
oceedi
ngs gr
ant
ed t
othe Pr
esi
denti
nthe per
for
mance orpur
por
ted
per
for
mance ofhi
s const
it
uti
on orot
herl
egaldut
yis notabsol
ute.Hi
simmuni
tyf
rom cour
t
pr
oceedi
ngsdoesnotext
endt
opr
oceedi
ngst
akenagai
nsthi
m byanyoft
hepr
erogat
ivewr
it
s.I
t
woul
dfol
l
owf
rom t
hist
hati
fthePr
esi
dentf
ail
edornegl
ect
edt
oper
for
m apubl
i
cdut
yimposedon
hi
m byl
aw,aper
sonaf
fect
edbyhi
sfai
l
urecancompelhi
mincour
tbyt
hepr
erogat
iveor
derof
mandamus.
"Inl
i
kemanner
,thei
mmuni
tydi
dnotext
endt
opr
oceedi
ngsf
ort
her
emov
alf
rom of
fi
ce
oft
hePr
esi
dentunderar
ti
cle47oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1969whi
chhadal
sobeenaccept
edf
rom t
he
oper
ati
onofar
ti
cl
e36(
6)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1969.

5.Ar
ti
cle71

Emmanuel
Nobl
eKorv
.At
tor
neyGener
al&Anor
.No.Ji
/16/
2015
FACTS:Thei
nst
antcasei
sawr
itf
il
edatt
heSupr
emeCour
tchal
l
engi
ngt
hepoweroft
hePr
esi
dent
appr
ovi
ngt
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
her
epor
toft
hePr
ofessorMar
ianEwur
amaAddyPr
esi
dent
ialCommi
tt
ee
ont
heemol
ument
soft
heSuper
iorCour
tJudges,subj
ectt
oav
ari
ati
ont
hat“
Grat
uit
yshal
lbecal
cul
atedas
f
ourmont
hsconsol
i
dat
edsal
aryf
oreachy
ear(
orf
ract
iont
her
eof
)si
gnedonhi
sbehal
fbyt
heChi
efofSt
aff
.
Theseconddef
endanthav
inghav
ingi
nit
iat
edanact
ioni
ntheHi
ghCour
tforr
eli
efsr
elat
ingt
othi
ssame
mat
terwasonhi
sappl
i
cat
ion,j
oinedt
othi
ssui
t.ThePl
aint
if
fbyhi
swr
itchal
l
engest
hepoweroft
he
Pr
esi
dent
,H.
EJohnDr
amaniMahamat
ovar
ytheemol
ument
sandgr
atui
tyofar
ti
cle71of
fi
cehol
der
s
speci
fi
cal
l
ytheChi
efJust
iceandj
ust
icesoft
heSuper
iorCour
tsofJudi
cat
urecont
endi
ngt
hatt
hepr
esi
dent
doesnothav
ethepowert
ovar
yther
epor
tsubmi
tt
edbyt
hecommi
tt
eeappoi
ntedf
ort
hepur
poseof
det
ermi
ningt
hesal
ari
esandot
hercondi
ti
onsofser
vicesoft
heChi
efJust
iceandot
herJust
icesunder
ar
ti
cle71(
1)(
b).

HELD:perGBADEGBEJSC: Ev
ent
hought
hef
ormul
ati
onofar
ti
cle71(
1)i
ssomewhatr
ambl
i
ng,
wedonot
t
hinkt
hati
trequi
rest
hePr
esi
dentt
odet
ermi
net
heemol
ument
soft
heChi
efJust
iceandSuper
iorCour
t
Judgesi
naccor
dancewi
tht
headv
iceoft
heCounci
lofSt
ate. “
Ishal
lint
hisshor
tdel
i
ver
ydealwi
th
t
hei
ssuesi
ntheor
deri
nwhi
cht
heyar
osei
nthememor
andum ofi
ssues.I
nmyv
iew,i
tisunr
easonabl
eto
cont
endt
hatt
hePr
esi
denti
nwhom t
heexecut
ivepoweroft
hest
atei
svest
edcannotaf
terappoi
nti
ngt
he
commi
tt
eespeci
fi
edi
nar
ti
cle71(
1)v
ary
,al
terormodi
fyt
her
ecommendat
ionsbuti
sobl
i
gedt
ogi
veef
fect
t
osame.Thatcont
ent
ionseemst
ounder
minet
heaut
hor
it
yoft
hePr
esi
dentandl
eav
esi
nthehandsofan
unaccount
abl
ebody
,thecommi
tt
eesoappoi
ntedt
hesol
eresponsi
bil
i
tyofdet
ermi
ningt
heemol
ument
sof
ar
ti
cle71empl
oyees.Pausi
ngher
e,Iwi
sht
osayatoncet
hati
nmyv
iewt
hev
ersi
onoft
hemat
terpr
essed
onusbyt
hepl
aint
if
fsi
sunr
easonabl
easi
tseekst
orecogni
zet
heposi
ti
onoft
hePr
esi
dentast
heonei
n
whom byar
ti
cl
e58oft
heconst
it
uti
on,
theexecut
ivepoweroft
hest
atei
svest
ed,
andy
etseekst
owi
thhol
d
f
rom hi
mthemeansbywhi
chhecangi
veef
fectt
osuchpower
.It
hinkt
hatbyt
hecl
earpr
ovi
sionsofar
ti
cle
71(
1),t
hedet
ermi
nat
ionoft
heemol
ument
soft
hespeci
fi
edpubl
i
cof
fi
cer
sisamat
terf
ort
hePr
esi
dent
subj
ectt
orecei
vi
ng r
ecommendat
ionsf
rom acommi
tt
eeappoi
nted byhi
m f
ort
hatpur
pose.Ast
he
commi
tt
eei
sonl
yto maker
ecommendat
ionst
o hi
m,i
tseemsf
rom af
airr
eadi
ngoft
heappl
i
cabl
e
const
it
uti
onalpr
ovi
siont
hatt
hedet
ermi
nat
ionoft
heemol
ument
s,i
shi
sconst
it
uti
onalmandat
e.Theonl
y
l
i
mit
ati
onont
heexer
ciseofhi
spowerundert
hesai
dar
ti
cleconcer
nsonl
ythepr
ocessbywhi
cht
he
Pr
esi
dentconst
it
utest
hemember
shi
poft
hecommi
tt
ee;whi
chhei
srequi
redt
odoi
naccor
dancewi
tht
he
adv
iceoft
heCounci
lofSt
ate.Whent
her
ecommendat
ionsar
esubmi
tt
edt
ohi
m ast
heappoi
nti
ngaut
hor
it
y,
t
heconst
it
uti
onl
eav
est
ohi
m al
onet
hedet
ermi
nat
ionofwhatt
heemol
ument
sshoul
dbe.I
nmyopi
nioni
fit
wasi
ntendedt
hatt
heCounci
lofSt
atepl
ayanyf
urt
herr
olei
nthemat
ter
,expr
esspr
ovi
sionwoul
dhav
ebeen
madet
othatef
fect
.”I
nmyt
hinki
ngbyt
heuseoft ds“
hewor ……shal
lbedet
ermi
nedbyt
hePr
esi
dentont
he
r
ecommendat
ionsofacommi
tt
ee…”makesi
tqui
tecl
eart
hatt
hedet
ermi
nat
ionoft
heemol
ument
sisa
mat
terl
eftt
othedi
scr
eti
onoft
hePr
esi
dentsubj
ectt
ohi
mtaki
ngt
her
ecommendat
ionst
hatar
esubmi
tt
ed
t
ohi
mint
oaccount
.Iti
spl
ainf
rom t
hef
ormul
ati
onofar
ti
cle71(
1)t
hatt
her
efer
encet
otheCounci
lofSt
ate
i
sli
mit
edonl
ytoadv
isi
ngt
hePr
esi
dentont
hemember
shi
poft
hecommi
tt
eet
obeappoi
nted;oncet
he
commi
tt
eei
sappoi
ntedbyhi
m underar
ti
cle71(
1),t
heCounci
lofSt
atedoesnothav
eanyf
unct
ion
conf
err
edoni
tbyt
heconst
it
uti
oni
nregar
dtot
hedet
ermi
nat
ionoft
heemol
ument
s.I
tisobser
vedt
hatt
he
ds“
wor act
ingont
headv
iceoft
heCounci
lofSt
ate”
,whi
char
econt
ainedi
npar
tofar
ti
cle71(
1)ar
ein
r
elat
iont
otheappoi
ntmentoft
hecommi
tt
eeofnotmor
ethanf
iveper
sonst
omaker
ecommendat
ionst
o
hi
mtof
aci
l
itat
ehi
sdet
ermi
nat
ionoft
heemol
ument
soft
hespeci
fi
edpubl
i
cof
fi
cehol
der
s.Accor
dingl
y,any
const
ruct
ionoft
hear
ti
clewhi
chsubj
ect
sthedet
ermi
nat
ionoft
heemol
ument
sbyhi
mtobei
naccor
dance
wi
tht
headv
iceoft
heCounci
lofSt
atei
sast
rai
nedmeani
ngwhi
chIr
efuset
ogi
veef
fectt
o.

PerAt
ugubaJSC:I
tist
ri
teknowl
edget
hatt
heCommi
tt
eeofExper
tswhi
chpr
epar
edt
hepr
oposal
sfort
he
1992Const
it
uti
onst
atedt
hati
tlar
gel
ymai
ntai
nedt
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
he1969and1979Const
it
uti
onsof
Ghana.Mut
ati
smut
andi
sthi
shasbeenr
e-enact
edi
nar
ti
cle71oft
he1992Const
it
uti
on.

Headded:I
fitcanbecont
endedt
hatt
hispr
ovi
sionasi
tst
andsi
scapabl
eofr
equi
ri
ngt
hePr
esi
dentt
o
det
ermi
net
hesal
ari
esandal
l
owancesoft
heenumer
atedper
sonsi
naccor
dancewi
tht
headv
iceoft
he
Counci
lofSt
ate,i
tisal
socapabl
eofr
equi
ri
ngt
hePr
esi
denti
nappoi
nti
ngt
heCommi
tt
eeuponwhose
r
ecommendat
ionshei
stodet
ermi
net
hem t
oacti
naccor
dancewi
tht
headv
iceoft
heCounci
lofSt
ate.
Thatbei
ngsoi
twoul
dbeawkwar
dandi
ncoher
entf
ort
hatpr
ovi
siont
obeconst
ruedasr
equi
ri
ngt
he
Pr
esi
dentt
oacti
naccor
dancewi
tht
headv
iceoft
heCounci
lofSt
atewhenappoi
nti
ngt
hesai
dCommi
tt
ee
and t
her
eaf
teracti
n accor
dance wi
tht
he adv
ice oft
he Counci
lofSt
ate when det
ermi
ning t
hese
emol
ument
sont
her
ecommendat
ionsoft
hesai
dCommi
tt
ee.Thatconst
ruct
ionwoul
drenderv
irt
ual
l
yfut
il
e
t
her
oleoft
heCommi
tt
eet
hati
stomaket
her
ecommendat
ionsr
elat
ingt
othesai
demol
ument
s,f
ort
hey
woul
dhav
ebeen,
inef
fect
,super
sededbyt
headv
iceoft
heCounci
lofSt
ate.

Agai
n,i
tisnot
iceabl
ethati
tist
hesamecommi
tt
eet
hati
sadopt
edi
ncl
ause2ofar
ti
cle71t
omake
r
ecommendat
ionsast
otheemol
ument
soft
heper
sonst
her
einenumer
atedi
ncl
usi
veoft
heCounci
lofSt
ate
i
tsel
f.Thi
scl
ear
lyshowst
hatt
her
ecommendat
ionsoft
hesai
dCommi
tt
eecanandar
emeantt
ost
and
i
ndependent
lyoft
heCounci
lofSt
ate,f
orcl
ear
ly,cl
ause2doesnotr
equi
rePar
li
amenti
ndet
ermi
ningt
he
emol
ument
soft
heenumer
atedper
sonst
oacti
naccor
dancewi
thanyadv
iceoft
heCounci
lofSt
ate.I
t
woul
dpl
ainl
yhav
ebeenabsur
d,si
ncet
heCounci
lofSt
atei
soneoft
heenumer
atedper
sonsandi
nst
it
uti
ons
i
ncl
ause2.Pl
ainl
yitwoul
dber
ati
onalandnon-
discr
imi
nat
oryt
ohol
dthatcl
auses1and2ofar
ti
cle71hav
e
setoutt
omakeuse,
incommon,
oft
heCommi
tt
eet
hathasbeensetupbyt
hePr
esi
denti
naccor
dancewi
th
t
headv
iceoft
heCounci
lofSt
ate.I
tist
her
efor
etheappoi
ntmentoft
heCommi
tt
eet
hathast
obedonei
n
accor
dancewi
tht
headv
iceoft
heCounci
lofSt
ate.And,wedonott
hinkt
hatt
hePr
esi
denti
sinf
lexi
bly
boundbyt
her
ecommendat
ionsoft
heCommi
tt
eeot
her
wiset
hepowerconf
err
edonhi
mtodet
ermi
net
hose
emol
ument
swoul
dbeot
iosesi
ncehewoul
dthenhav
enot
hingr
eal
l
ytodet
er ne.Suchi
mi nfl
exi
bledut
yto
det
ermi
neamat
terar
isesunderar
ti
cle130(
2)oft
heConst
it
uti
on.Butcl
ear
lyt
her
e,t
hepowert
odet
ermi
ne
amat
terr
efer
redt
otheSupr
emeCour
tisamat
terf
ort
heexcl
usi
vej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heSupr
emeCour
t.Such
i
snott
he scenar
io her
e.We concl
ude t
hatt
he Pr
esi
dentbei
ng t
he det
ermi
ning of
fi
cialoft
he sai
d
emol
ument
scanv
aryt
her
ecommendat
ionsoft
hesai
dCommi
tt
eebuthav
ingr
egar
dtot
hei
ntent
,spi
ri
tand
pol
i
cybehi
ndt
hewor
dingofar
ti
cle71(
1)t
hePr
esi
dent
’sv
ari
ati
onshoul
dnei
thercont
rav
enear
ti
cle127(
5),
norex
ceedr
easonabl
ebounds,

6.Ar
ti
cle73and75;
readt
oget
herwi
thar
ti
cle40.

Mr
s.Mar
gar
etBanf
ulAndHenr
yNanaBoaky
ev.AGandMi
nist
ryofI
nter
ior
,J1/
7/2016.TheGuant
anamo
Case.22ndJune,
2017
FACTS:
Byanagr
eementmadei
n2016bet
weent
hegov
ernmentoft
heUSAandt
hePr
esi
dentoft
he
Republ
i
cofGhana,
twoYemeni
cit
izensnamel
y,MahmudUmarMuhammedBi
nAt
efandKhal
i
dMuhammad
Sal
i
hal
Dhubywhower
efor
mer
lyhel
dindet
ent
ionbyt
heUSAati
tsf
aci
l
iti
esatGuant
anamoBay
,wer
e
t
ransf
err
edt
oGhanaf
orset
tl
ement
.Thepl
aint
if
fsav
err
edt
hatt
hePr
esi
dentofGhanai
nagr
eei
ngt
othe
sai
dtr
ansf
eroft
hedet
aineesact
edwi
thoutpar
li
ament
aryr
ati
fi
cat
ionasdi
ctat
edbyar
ti
cle75oft
he
const
it
uti
onandt
her
efor
e,hi
sact
ionwasunconst
it
uti
onal
.Pl
aint
if
fsi
nvokedt
heor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
onoft
he
Supr
emeCour
tforadecl
arat
iont
hat
,onat
rueandpr
operi
nter
pret
ati
onofAr
ti
cle75oft
heconst
it
uti
onof
Ghana,
thepr
esi
dentbyagr
eei
ngt
othet
ransf
eroft
hesai
ddet
aineesneededar
ati
fi
cat
ionofanactof
[
par
li
amentandar
esol
uti
onofmor
ethanhal
foft
hemember
s.Byf
ail
i
ngt
odoso,
thepr
esi
dentwasi
n
br
eachoft
hesai
dpr
ovi
sionandhi
sact
ioni
sunconst
it
uti
onal
.

HELD,
perAkuf
foMs.JSC:
Thel
anguageofAr
ti
cle75i
sper
fect
lycl
ear
.Thear
ti
clef
ormspar
toft
hesetof
pr
ovi
si
onsgov
erni
ngt
her
oleoft
heExecut
ivear
m ofgov
ernmenti
nGhana’
sint
ernat
ional
rel
ati
ons.The
scopeoft
hear
ti
cl
edeal
swi
tht
reat
iesi
ngener
alandt
hebodyoft
het
extmakesr
efer
encet
otr
eat
ies,
agr
eement
sandconv
ent
ions.I
tisal
socl
eart
hatt
hei
nst
rument
sref
err
edt
orel
atet
oGhana’
sint
ernat
ional
r
elat
ionswi
thot
hercount
ri
esorgr
oupsofcount
ri
esandt
heAr
ti
cler
equi
rest
hatsuchi
nst
rument
smustbe
r
ati
fi
edbyPar
li
ament
.TheConst
it
uti
onmakesnoment
ionofanyf
ormal
dist
inct
ionst
hatar
edependenton
t
hef
ormal
i
tywi
thwhi
chsuchani
nst
rumenti
sfor
mat
tedorbr
oughti
ntobei
ng.Fr
om t
heaf
orement
ioned
pr
inci
plesofconst
it
uti
onal
int
erpr
etat
ioni
nGhana,
ther
eisnodoubtt
hatwher
e,byv
ari
ousf
ormsof
document
ati
on,
theGov
ernmentofGhanabi
ndst
heRepubl
i
cofGhanat
ocer
tai
nobl
i
gat
ionsi
nrel
ati
ont
o
anot
hercount
ryorgr
oupofcount
ri
es,
ani
nter
nat
ional
agr
eementcomesi
ntoexi
stence.Taki
ngi
ntoaccount
t
hesubst
anceofExhi
bitA,
wear
einnodoubtt
hat
,despi
tet
hef
ormi
nwhi
chi
thasbeendr
aft
edandt
he
t
extcouched,
iti
sint
endedt
ocr
eat
eanobl
i
gat
ionont
hepar
tofGhanat
otheUSAwher
eby
,int
eral
i
a,Ghana
bi
ndsher
sel
fto‘
recei
ve’
and‘
reset
tl
e’t
hesai
dtwoper
sons,
andassur
ethat
,‘
foratl
eastt
woy
ear
s,orl
onger
i
fwar
rant
edbyci
rcumst
ances,
’t
heseper
sonsar
ekeptundersuchcondi
ti
ons(
i.
e.moni
tor
edandsur
vei
l
led)
aswoul
daccor
dwi
th‘
thesecur
it
yassur
ancesi
nthi
sagr
eementt
obei
mpl
ement
ed’
.

Wi
thr
egar
dtot
heDef
endant
’ssubmi
ssi
ont
hat
,int
hecont
extofAr
ti
cle75,
‘agr
eement
’mustnecessar
il
y
t
akei
tsmeani
ngf
rom t
he‘
companyi
tkeeps’
i.
e.t
reat
yandconv
ent
ion,
wenot
ethet
ermsofAr
ti
cl
e1oft
he
Vi
ennaConv
ent
ionont
heLawofTr
eat
iesdef
ini
ngaTr
eat "
yas:Ani
nter
nat
ionalagr
eementconcl
uded
bet
weenst
atesi
nwr
it
tenf
orm andgov
ernedbyi
nter
nat
ionall
aw,
whet
herembodi
edi
nasi
ngl
einst
rument
ori
ntwoormor
erel
atedi
nst
rument
sandwhat
everi
tspar
ti
cul
ardesi
gnat
ion’
Aconv
ent
ioni
sanagr
eement
amongstnat
ions,
i.
e.amul
ti
lat
eral
treat
y,suchast
heVi
ennaConv
ent
ion.Anagr
eementi
sal
sof
ort
he
pur
posesoft
heAr
ti
cl
e1,
atr
eat
ybyt
hedef
ini
ti
onoft
reat
y(supr
a).I
not
herwor
ds,
ashasbeennot
edabov
e,
ourConst
it
uti
onbear
snodi
sti
nct
ionbet
weenexecut
iveandnon-
execut
iveagr
eement
s.

I
nthi
ser
aoft
echnol
ogy
,noSt
ateshoul
dpl
ayt
hepr
over
bial
ost
ri
chandpr
etendnott
oknoworbei
nter
est
ed
i
ntheaf
fai
rsofot
herSt
ateswi
thwhi
chi
tini
ti
atesdeal
i
ngsi
nthei
nter
nat
ional
env
ironment
,andt
her
eby
cont
ractbl
i
ndl
yint
hehopet
heot
herSt
ate-
par
tyact
singoodf
ait
handwi
thf
ull
capaci
ty.Suchr
egul
ari
ty
cannotbepr
esumedanyl
onger
,especi
all
yinademocr
ati
cdi
spensat
ion.ASt
atei
s,t
her
efor
e,dut
yboundt
o
conductt
henecessar
yduedi
l
igencewhenent
eri
ngi
ntoi
nter
nat
ional
agr
eement
swi
thGhanat
oensur
ethat
suchagr
eement
sar
einconsonancewi
thourConst
it
uti
onand,
ther
efor
e,enf
orceabl
e.

Consequent
ly,
wehol
dthat
,uponat
rueandpr
operi
nter
pret
ati
onofAr
ti
cle75oft
he1992Const
it
uti
onof
Ghana,
thePr
esi
dentoft
heRepubl
i
cofGhana,
inagr
eei
ngt
othet
ransf
erofMahmudUmarMuhammadBi
n
At
efandKhal
i
dMuhammadSal
i
hAl
-Dhubyt
otheRepubl
i
cofGhana,
requi
redt
her
ati
fi
cat
ionbyanActof
Par
li
ament
,orar
esol
uti
onofPar
li
amentsuppor
tedbyt
hev
otesofmor
ethanone-
hal
fofal
lthemember
sof
Par
li
ament
,andbyv
irt
ueoft
hef
ail
uret
oobt
ainsuchr
ati
fi
cat
iont
heagr
eementi
sunconst
it
uti
onal
.

PerAt
ugubaJSCdi
ssent
ing:Ineednotgof
urt
herexceptt
osayt
hati
ftheagr
eementber
egar
dednotasa
mat
teraf
fect
ingal
i
enssi
mpl
i
cit
erbuti
sinessenceasecur
it
yissue,t
hent
he1992Const
it
uti
onhav
ing
speci
fi
cal
l
yconf
idedt
hatmat
terf
orconsi
der
ati
onanddeci
siont
otheNat
ionalSecur
it
yCounci
lunder
Ar
ti
cles83-
84oft
he1992Const
it
uti
onoft
heRepubl
i
cofGhanacoul
dnothav
eal
socont
empl
atedt
he
appl
i
cabi
l
ityoft
hegener
alpr
ovi
sionofAr
ti
cle75t
oit
.Thatwoul
dpr
oduceaconf
li
ct.Toconcl
udej
ustasa
cust
omar
yagr
eementi
snott
urnedi
ntoacommonl
awagr
eementsi
mpl
ybecausei
thasbeencommi
tt
ed
i
nto wr
it
ing,an agr
eementconcer
ning t
he r
ecept
ion,r
esi
dence and expul
sion ofal
i
ens whi
ch i
s an
i
ndi
sput
abl
epowerofsov
erei
gnt
yofst
atesr
emai
nsassuch,
event
houghi
thast
hef
eat
uresofat
reat
y,and
i
snott
obepr
ejudi
cedorhel
dtobewi
thi
nthepur
view ofAr
ti
cle75oft
heConst
it
uti
on.I
ndeed,t
he
gov
ernmenti
sconst
it
uti
onal
l
yboundunderar
ti
cl
e73t
oconducti
tsaf
fai
rsi
nli
newi
thsuchi
nter
nat
ional
pr
inci
ples.

Thi hepassageof4th Juneand31stDecemberaspubl

swasont i
chol
i
day
s.Pl
aint
if
fchal
l
engedt
hati
tis
unconst
it
uti
onal
becausei
tbr
eaches,
art
icl
es1,
2,3andt
hechapt
ersi
xoft
heconst
it
uti
on.

PerBamf
ord-
AddoJSC:Thedi
ctat
esofaConst
it
uti
oncannotbesuper
sededbyanymuni
cipall
aw and
t
her
efor
ewhet
herornott
hesai
dinst
rument
shadbeenr
ati
fi
edbyGhanaunderAr
ti
cle75,
thepr
ovi
sionsof
Ar
ti
cle37(
3)mustbeappl
i
edbyt
hecour
tsi
nthei
rint
erpr
etat
ivedut
ies.

7.Ar
ti
cle78and79

J.H.MensahvAG[1997-98]1GLR227
Facts:
Thefi
rstt
erm ofof
fi
ceofPresi
dentRawl
i
ngscamet
oanendon6Januar
y1997.Howev
er,
hav
ing
beenel
ect
edf
orasecondt
erm hewasswor
nint
oof
fi
ceon7Januar
y1997.I
twast
henannouncedt
hatt
he
Pr
esi
denthaddeci
dedt
oret
aini
nof
fi
cesomeofhi
spr
evi
ousmi
nist
ersanddeput
ymi
nist
ersofst
ateand
si
ncet
heywer
eappr
ovedbyt
hepr
evi
ousPar
li
amentoft
hef
ir
stt
erm oft
heFour
thRepubl
i
c,t
heywoul
dnot
bepr
esent
edt
othenewPar
li
amentf
ort
hei
rappr
oval
.Oneoft
hoser
etai
nedmi
nist
erswasKwamePepr
ah,
t
heMi
nist
erofFi
nance.Themi
nor
it
ygr
oupi
nPar
li
amentopposedt
hedeci
sionont
hegr
oundt
hatundert
he
Const
it
uti
on,
1992noonecoul
dbeappoi
ntedoractasami
nist
erordeput
ymi
nist
erofst
atedur
ingt
he
secondt
erm oft
heFour
thRepubl
i
cwi
thoutbei
ngv
ett
edbyt
henewPar
li
amentsi
ncet
het
enur
eofof
fi
ceof
pr
evi
ousmi
nist
ersanddeput
ymi
nist
ersofst
ateendedwi
tht
hedi
ssol
uti
onoft
hatPar
li
amenton6Januar
y
1997.Subsequent
ly,
itwasannouncedt
hatKwamePepr
ah,
inhi
scapaci
tyast
heMi
nist
erofFi
nance,
was
goi
ngt
opr
esentt
othenewPar
li
amenton7Febr
uar
y1997,
thenat
ion’
sbudget
.Thepar
li
ament
arymi
nor
it
y
l
eader
,thepl
aint
if
f,br
oughtanact
ionagai
nstt
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alf
oradecl
arat
iont
hat
:(a)onat
rueand
pr
operi
nter
pret
ati
onofar
ti
cles57(
3),
58(
1)and(
3),
66(
1)76(
1)and(
2)78(
1),
79(
1),
80,
81,
97(
1),
100(
1)
and113(
1)and(
3)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992,
noper
soncoul
daf
ter6Januar
y1997actasami
nist
eror
deput
ymi
nist
erofst
atewi
thoutt
hepr
iorappr
oval
oft
heSecondPar
li
amentoft
heFour
thRepubl
i
cofhi
s
appoi
ntment
;(i
i
)anecessar
yinci
dentofpr
iorappr
oval
wast
heconsi
der
ati
onandv
ett
ingofeachnomi
nee
f
ormi
nist
eri
alappoi
ntmentbyt
heSecondPar
li
amentoft
heFour
thRepubl
i
c;(
ii
i)accor
dingl
y,anyper
son
whohadnotbeensoappr
ovedandappoi
ntedcoul
dnotl
awf
ull
yactorhol
dhi
msel
foutasami
nist
eror
deput
ymi
nist
erofst
ate.TheAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alhowev
err
aisedapr
eli
minar
yobj
ect
iont
otheact
ionont
he
gr
oundst
hat
:(a)ont
hebasi
soft
hepl
aint
if
f’
scl
aim,
hecoul
dnoti
nst
it
uteanact
ionagai
nstt
heAt
tor
ney
-
Gener
alsi
ncet
heper
sonact
ingi
nthatcapaci
tywasal
soar
etai
nedmi
nist
erwhohadal
sonothadpr
ior
appr
oval
;and(
b)t
hequest
ionsr
aisedf
ordet
ermi
nat
ionwer
emootsi
ncet
hegov
ernmenthadr
etr
act
edi
ts
posi
ti
onbysubmi
tt
ingt
henamesoft
her
etai
nedmi
nist
erst
otheSecondPar
li
amentf
ori
tspr
iorappr
oval
.
Andi
nhi
sdef
ence,
theAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alcont
ended,
int
eral
i
a,t
hat
:(a)underar
ti
cle81oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992t
het
enur
eofami
nist
erordeput
ymi
nist
erdi
dnotcomet
oanendont
hedi
ssol
uti
onoft
hePar
li
ament
whi
chgav
epr
iorappr
oval
tot
heappoi
ntmentoft
hatmi
nist
erordeput
ymi
nist
er.Thus,
unl
esssomeoft
he
ev
ent
sspeci
fi
edi
nar
ti
cle81occur
red,
ami
nist
erordeput
ymi
nist
er·woul
dcont
inuet
obei
nof
fi
ce;
(b)no
l
awcur
rent
lyi
nfor
cecal
l
edf
orv
ett
ingofnomi
neesaspar
toft
hegi
vi
ngofpr
iorappr
oval
tot
hei
r
appoi
ntment
;and(
c)t
hepr
ocessbywhi
chPar
li
amentexer
cisedi
tssov
erei
gnpower
singi
vi
ngappr
oval
to
t
hePr
esi
dent
’snomi
neescoul
dnotbequest
ionedbyt
hecour
t.Thei
ssueswhi
chf
ell
fordet
ermi
nat
ionwer
e
t
her
efor
e:(
1)Di
dapr
esi
dent
ial
nomi
neef
ormi
nist
eri
alappoi
ntmentr
equi
ret
hepr
iorappr
oval
ofPar
li
ament
bef
orehecoul
dactorhol
dhi
msel
foutasami
nist
erordeput
ymi
nist
erofst
ate?
;(2)Doest
her
equi
rement
ofpr
iorpar
li
ament
aryappr
oval
ext
endt
oal
lnomi
nees,
whet
herr
etai
nedornew?
;and(
3)I
s“pr
iorappr
oval
”a
t
erm ofar
t?I
fso,
whatwasi
tsmeani
ng?

HELD:
Alt
hought
heexpr
essi
on“
pri
orappr
oval
”wasnotdef
inedi
ntheConst
it
uti
on1992,
itcoul
dnothav
e
beent
hei
ntent
ionoft
hef
ramer
soft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992t
hati
tshoul
dnecessar
il
yimpl
yconsi
der
ati
onand
v
ett
ingwhenev
eri
thadbeenusedi
nanypr
ovi
sionoft
heConst
it
uti
onbecauseoft
hev
ari
etyofdef
ini
ti
ons
t
hewor
ld[
sic]
(1)“
appr
ove”hadbeengi
veni
ntheConsul
tat
iveAssembl
yandf
urt
her
mor
e,t
hati
nter
pret
ati
on
coul
dnotbeconsi
stent
lyappl
i
edi
nal
lthepr
ovi
sionsoft
heConst
it
uti
onwher
etheexpr
essi
on“
pri
or
appr
oval
”wasused.Thus,
thet
erm“
pri
orappr
oval
”wasnotat
erm ofar
t.Butt
hecommonsense
i
mpl
i
cat
ionoft
heexpr
essi
onwast
oobt
ainaconsentoft
her
elev
antaut
hor
it
y.Wher
ethataut
hor
it
ywas
Par
li
ament
,ar
ti
cl
e110(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
onempower
edi
tbyst
andi
ngor
der
stor
egul
atei
tsownpr
ocedur
e
pr
ovi
dedt
heydi
dnoti
nfr
ingeapr
ovi
sionoft
heConst
it
uti
on.Thus,
thecour
tcoul
dnotunderar
ti
cl
e2and
130(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
ondi
rectPar
li
amentonhowt
oconducti
tspr
oceedi
ngswhengr
ant
ing“
pri
or
appr
oval
”underar
ti
cl
e78(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.

Ar
ti
cles78and79(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1992whi
chpr
ovi
dedt
hatt
hePr
esi
dentshoul
dappoi
nthi
s
mi
nist
ersanddeput
ymi
nist
erswi
tht
hepr
iorappr
ovalofPar
li
amentdi
dnotdr
aw adi
sti
nct
ionbet
ween
f
reshand r
eappoi
ntedcandi
dat
es.Consequent
ly,
bot
haneworr
eappoi
ntedcandi
dat
eshoul
dobt
ain
t
hepr
iorappr
oval
ofPar
li
ament
.

TheConst
it
uti
on,1992,ar
ts58(
1)and(
4),60,78and79cr
eat
edagov
ernmentofanExecut
ivePr
esi
dent
.
And t
hus,t
het
erm ofof
fi
ceoft
heExecut
ivePr
esi
dentwast
het
erm ofof
fi
ceoft
hatgov
ernment
.
Accor
dingl
y,t
het
erm ofof
fi
ceoft
heExecut
ivePr
esi
dentwast
het
erm ofof
fi
ceoft
hosewhoconst
it
uted
t
hegov
ernment
,i.
e.t
heVi
ce-
Presi
dent
,mi
nist
ersanddeput
ymi
nist
ers.Thus,t
het
erm ofami
nist
eror
deput
ymi
nist
erwascot
ermi
nouswi
tht
hatoft
hegov
ernmentwhi
chappoi
ntedhi
m orher
.Thusar
ti
cle81of
t
heConst
it
uti
on,1992pr
ovi
dedf
orci
rcumst
ancesunderwhi
cht
heof
fi
ceofami
nist
erordeput
ymi
nist
er
woul
dbecomev
acantwi
thi
nthet
enur
eofof
fi
ceoft
hegov
ernmentunderwhi
chheorshewasser
ving.
Accor
dingl
y,t
hecont
ent
iont
hatunl
esst
heof
fi
ceofami
nist
erordeput
ymi
nist
erbecamev
acanti
nanyof
t
heway
spr
ovi
dedf
ori
nar
ti
cle81oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1992hehadani
ndef
ini
tet
erm ofof
fi
ce,was
unt
enabl
eandi
nconsi
stentwi
tht
hegov
ernmentst
ruct
urepr
ovi
dedf
ori
ntheConst
it
uti
on,
1992.

PerAmpi
ahJSC:
Thewor
ds“
pri
orappr
oval
”ar
enott
ermsofar
t;t
heyar
eor
dinar
ywor
dswhi
chmustbe
i
nter
pret
edi
nthei
ror
dinar
ysense.Thewor
ds“
pri
orappr
oval
”..
.appearatv
ari
ouspor
ti
onsoft
he
Const
it
uti
on,
1992.“
Pri
or”means—comi
ngbef
orei
nti
me;
and“
appr
oval
”means—f
eel
i
ngorshowi
ngor
say
ingt
hatonet
hinkssomet
hingi
sgoodoraccept
abl
eorsat
isf
act
ory.
..Thewor
ds“
pri
orappr
oval
”
t
her
efor
emeanssi
mpl
ythatbef
oret
hePr
esi
dentappoi
ntsami
nist
erofst
ateordeput
ymi
nist
erheorshe
mustbeputbef
orePar
li
amentt
ofeel
,showorsayt
hatsuchper
soni
sgood,
accept
abl
eorsat
isf
act
ory
.
Whi
l
ethewor
d“pr
ior
”connot
esaccept
ancebef
oreanappoi
ntmentbecomesv
ali
d,“
appr
oval
”si
mpl
i
cit
er
connot
esanaccept
anceaf
tert
heappoi
ntment
.

PerAcquahJSC:
Aret
hequest
ionsr
aisedf
ordet
ermi
nat
ionmootsi
ncet
hegov
ernmenthasr
etr
act
edi
ts
posi
ti
onbysubmi
tt
ingt
henamesoft
her
etai
nedmi
nist
erst
otheSecondPar
li
amentf
ori
tspr
iorappr
oval
?
Ther
ear
ethusnol
i
vequest
ionst
obedet
ermi
ned.Thepr
inci
plegui
dingt
hecour
tinr
efusi
ngt
odeci
demoot
quest
ionsi
squi
teset
tl
ed.I
fthequest
iont
houghmoot
,iscer
tai
nlynotl
i
kel
ytor
ecur
,thecour
tswi
l
lnot
wast
ethei
rti
met
odet
ermi
nequest
ionsandi
ssueswhi
char
edeadandbur
iedf
orev
er.Butwher
eiti
snotso
est
abl
i
shed,
thecour
tswoul
dgoi
ntot
hequest
ionst
ofor
est
all
amul
ti
pli
cit
yofsui
ts.Thus,
foracour
tto
decl
i
nedeci
dingamootquest
ion,
itmustbeest
abl
i
shedorshown,
asst
atedi
nUni
tedSt
atesvConcent
rat
ed
Phosphat
eExpAssn,
393US201(
1968)
;andUni
tedSt
atesvW TGr
antCo,
345US629(
1953)t
hat
:
"
subsequentev
ent
smadei
tabsol
utel
ycl
eart
hatt
heal
l
egedl
ywr
ongbehav
iourcoul
dnotr
easonabl
ybe
expect
edt
orecur
."Nosuchpr
oofhasbeenest
abl
i
shedi
nthi
scase,
nei
theram Icer
tai
nthatt
hei
ssuemay
notr
ecur
.

JUDI
CIALORGAN
Ar
ti
cle126ont
hest
ruct
ureoft
hecour
ts;
andar
ti
cle129and136ont
hepr
inci
pleofst
aredeci
sis

Republ
icvNati
onalHouseofChi
efs,
ExPart
eOdenehoKr
ukokoAkr
ofaii(
Osagyef
oKwamenaEnemilvi
)
2010SCGLR134
FACTS:Theappl
icantcl
aimst
obetheOmanheneoft
heWassaFi
aseTradi
ti
onal
Areai
ntheWest
ernRegi
on.
hewasenst
ool
edt
heOmanheneoft
hatt
radi
ti
onalar
eai
nJune1994i
naccor
dancewi
thcust
om andusage.
Hi
snameandpar
ti
cul
arswer
ethendul
yrecor
dedi
ntheNat
ional
Regi
sterofChi
efsbyt
heNat
ional
Houseof
Chi
efs.I
nNov
ember1994,t
wocousi
nsoft
heappl
i
cantbr
oughtapet
it
ioni
ntheWest
ernRegi
onHouseof
Chi
efschal
l
engi
nghi
snomi
nat
ionasOmanhene. Theappl
i
cant
’saf
fi
dav
itev
idencedecl
aredt
hatt
his
pet
it
iont
oget
herwi
thani
nter
imi
njunct
ionr
est
rai
ninghi
mfr
om hol
dinghi
msel
foutasOmanheneand
Pr
esi
dentoft
heWassaFi
aseTr
adi
ti
onalCounci
lwer
enev
erser
vedonhi
m.Nev
ert
hel
ess,
inMay1995,
the
appl
i
cantt
oget
herwi
thhi
smot
her
,theQueenmot
her
,andal
lhi
ski
ngmaker
swer
econv
ict
edofcont
emptby
t
heHi
ghCour
t,Sekondi
,fori
nfr
ingi
ngt
hesai
dint
eri
minj
unct
ion.Thi
sconv
ict
ionwassubsequent
lyquashed
byt
heSupr
emeCour
tinDecember1995.
InNov
ember1998,
theappl
i
cantwasagai
nconv
ict
edofcont
empt
oft
heRegi
onalHouseofChi
efsbyt
heHi
ghCour
t,Sekondi
,i
nrespectofani
nci
denti
nvol
vi
nghi
srecei
vi
ng
anoat
hofal
l
egi
ancef
rom aDi
vi
sionalChi
ef.Thi
sconv
ict
ionwasal
sosetasi
debyt
heCour
tofAppeali
n
Apr
il1999.Fi
nal
l
y,t
heappl
i
cantwasconv
ict
edbyt
heHi
ghCour
t,Sekondi
,inApr
il2002f
orcont
inui
ngt
o
hol
dhi
msel
foutasOmanhenei
nspi
teoft
hei
nter
imi
njunct
ionof1994.Theappl
i
cantwassent
encedt
o14
day
simpr
isonment
,wi
thoutt
heopt
ionofaf
ine,
andheser
ved14day
sint
heCent
ralPr
ison,
Sekondi
.Whi
l
st
t
heappl
i
cantwasi
npr
ison,hewasi
nfor
medt
hatt
heRev
erendWi
l
li
am Chi
kaMor
ganhadbeennomi
nat
ed,
el
ect
edandi
nst
all
edast
henewOmanheneofWassaFi
asebyper
sonswho,
accor
dingt
otheappl
i
cant
,had
nor
ightt
odoso.Thi
snewOmanhenei
sOsagy
efoKwamenaEni
milVI
,thei
nter
est
edpar
tyi
nthi
ssui
t.On
hi
srel
easef
rom pr
ison,
theappl
i
cantl
ear
ntf
urt
hert
hatt
henameoft
henewOmanhenehadbeenr
ecor
ded
i
nthe Nat
ionalRegi
sterofChi
efs and t
he appl
i
cant
’s name del
eted f
rom i
t,wi
thoutt
he necessar
y
consul
tat
ionwi
tht
heResear
chCommi
tt
eeoft
heWest
ernRegi
onHouseofChi
efsandt
heResear
ch
Commi
tt
eeoft
heNat
ionalHouseofChi
efs.I
nJul
y2003,t
heappl
i
cant
’sconv
ict
ionf
orcont
emptwasal
so
setasi
debyt
heCour
tofAppeal
.Whati
sbef
oret
hisCour
tisanappealf
rom pr
oceedi
ngst
hatwer
eini
ti
ated
byanexpar
temot
ionf
orl
eav
etoappl
yforanor
derofmandamuswhi
chwashear
datt
heHi
ghCour
t,
Kumasi
.Themot
ionwasf
iedon6th Sept
l ember2004andi
t soughtl
i
ber
tyt
oappl
yforanor
derof
mandamusr
equi
ri
ngt
her
espondent
,namel
ytheNat
ionalHouseofChi
efs:(
1)“
todel
etef
rom t
heNat
ional
Regi
sterofChi
efst
henameandpar
ti
cul
arsofOsagy
efoKwamenaEni
milVIasOmanheneoft
heWassa
Fi
aseTr
adi
ti
onalAr
ea,
and(
2)t
ore-
inst
atei
nthesai
dRegi
stert
henameandpar
ti
cul
arsoft
heAppl
i
cantas
t
hePar
amountChi
efoft
heWassaFi
aseTr
adi
ti
onal
Area,

HELD:PerDat
e-Baah,
afewgener
alpr
inci
plesofl
awar
isef
orconsi
der
ati
onandel
uci
dat
ionbef
oret
heyar
e
appl
i
edt
othedet
ermi
nat
ionoft
hisappeal
.Thesei
ncl
udet
hescopeoft
hedoct
ri oppelperr
neofest em
j
udi
cat
am andwhet
heri
tappl
i
est
oint
erl
ocut
oryr
uli
ngsandj
udgment
s. Al
soneedi
ngt
obecl
ari
fi
edi
sthe
scopeoft
hedoct
ri
neofj
udi
cialpr
ecedenti
nGhanaandt
heext
entt
owhi
cht
heCour
tofAppeali
sboundby
i
tsownpr
evi
ousdeci
sions.Thi
rdl
y,t
her
eisneedt
oexami
net
hepr
econdi
ti
onsf
ort
hei
nvocat
ionoft
he
emedyofmandamus.NB.
r ,hi
sst
atementi
sto si
gni
fyt
hatt
hiscasei
snotonl
yachi
eft
aincycase
det
ermi
ned.

PerDor
tseJSC,
del
i
ver
ingt
hemaj
ori
tydeci
sionont
hej
udi
cialpr
ecedenceandst
ruct
ureoft
hecour
t,st
ated:
Whenoneconsi
der
sthepr
ovi
sionsofSect
ion3(
1)oft
het
ransi
ti
onalpr
ovi
sionsoft
heConst
it
uti
on1992,
t
hei
mpr
essi
oni
sthatal
ltheSuper
iorCour
tsi
nexi
stencebef
oret
hecomi
ngi
ntof
orceoft
heConst
it
uti
on
1992ar
edeemedt
obei
nexi
stenceundert
heConst
it
uti
on1992.I
tdoest
her
efor
eappeart
omet
hat
,si
nce
t
her
ehasbeennoconst
it
uti
onalbr
eakorv
acuum i
ntheCour
tsSt
ruct
ureundert
heConst
it
uti
on1979
t
hrought
hePNDCer
atot
henewConst
it
uti
on1992,t
her
ecannotbeadi
ff
erencei
nthewei
ghtt
oat
tacht
o
deci
si
onsoft
heCour
tofAppealori
ndeedanyoft
her
egul
arCour
tspr
eJanuar
y1993andpostJanuar
y,
1993.
"

PerDat
e-BaahJSC,
dissent
ingont
heabov
edeci
sionbyDor
tseJSCst
ated:Thecombi
nedef
fectofar
ti
cles
136(
5)and129(
3)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1992i
sthatt
heCour
tofAppeali
scompel
l
edt
ofol
l
owi
tspr
evi
ous
deci
si
ons,i
fthosedeci
sionsar
enoti
nconf
li
ctwi
thaSupr
emeCour
tdeci
sionont
hesamepoi
ntofl
aw.
”
ALSO:Acur
rentHi
ghCour
tjudgemaydepar
tfr
om aCour
tofAppealdeci
sion,
giv
enpr
iort
oJanuar
y1993,
if
t
her
ear
egoodgr
oundsf
ordoi
ngso. Suchdeci
sionsar
eofhi
ghper
suasi
veaut
hor
it
yandmaynotbe
depar
tedf
rom l
i
ght
ly,buti
fther
ear
ecogentr
easonsf
ordoi
ngso,aHi
ghCour
tmaydeci
denott
ofol
l
ow
t
hem.Tosayt
hatt
heexi
sti
ngcour
tsoft
odaymaydepar
tfr
om pr
e-Januar
y1993casesi
snott
odenyt
hei
r
st
atusaspr
ecedent
s.Theycont
inuet
obepr
ecedent
s,t
houghonl
yofper
suasi
vev
alue,
andnotbi
ndi
ng.For
t
heav
oidanceofdoubt
,Imustdecl
aret
hatIcompl
etel
yagr
eewi
tht
hel
ear
nedChi
efJust
ice,
inPi
ani
m(No.
3)vEkwam andAnor
.[1996-
97]SCGLR431.Casesdeci
dedbef
ore1993i
ntheSuper
iorCour
tsr
emai
n
pr
ecedent
sthatshoul
dbef
oll
owed. Theonl
ydi
sti
nct
iont
hatIhav
esoughtt
odr
aw abov
eisbet
ween
bi
ndi
ngandper
suasi
vepr
ecedent
s.I
npr
act
ice,mostoft
het
imeourcour
tsf
oll
owj
udi
cialpr
ecedent
s,not
becauset
heyar
eabsol
utel
ybi
ndi
ngont
hem,
butbecauset
heyar
eper
suasi
veandagoodsour
ceoft
hel
aw.
I
tisonl
yinaf
ewcasest
hatt
hedoct
ri
neofbi
ndi
ngpr
ecedent
scomesi
ntopl
ay.Thi
sist
hesi
tuat
ionwhena
cour
t,i
fitwer
efr
eet
odoso,
woul
ddeci
deot
her
wiset
hanpr
escr
ibedi
napr
evi
ousbi
ndi
ngdeci
sion.Ev
eni
n
suchsi
tuat
ions,i
twi
l
lof
tenbepossi
blet
odi
sti
ngui
sht
hel
atercasef
rom t
heear
li
ercaseori
nter
prett
he
r
ati
odeci
dendioft
heear
li
ercasei
nsuchawayt
hati
tisnotani
mpedi
mentt
odeci
dingt
hel
atercasei
nthe
wayt
hatt
hecour
twant
stodeci
det
hei
ssueconcer
nedi
nthel
atercase.Thei
nter
pret
ati
onoft
hedoct
ri
ne
ofj
udi
cialpr
ecedentwhi
chIhav
esetoutabov
ewi
l
ltendt
okeept
hepoolofabsol
utel
ybi
ndi
ngpr
ecedent
s
smal
landt
her
efor
ether
ewi
l
lbef
eweroccasi
onsonwhi
chasuper
iorcour
twi
l
ldecl
aret
hati
tthi
nksa
pr
evi
ousdeci
si
oni
swr
ong,buti
tisboundt
ofol
l
owi
t.Idonott
hinkt
hatt
hisout
comei
sachi
evedatt
oo
gr
eatacosti
ncer
tai
ntyandpr
edi
ctabi
l
ityoft
hel
aw,
sincet
hebul
koft
hej
udi
cialpr
ecedent
swi
l
lcont
inuet
o
bef
oll
owed,
ashasal
way
sbeent
hepr
act
ice.

DATE-
BAAH ADDED:I
tispossi
blet
oar
guet
hatasuccessorcour
tshoul
dbeabsol
utel
yboundbyt
he
deci
dedcasesoft
hecour
ttowhi
chi
tsucceeded.Howev
er,Idonotf
indt
hatt
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
he1992
Const
it
uti
onr
equi
remet
oreacht
hisr
esul
tand,
fort
hepol
i
cyr
easonal
readysetoutabov
e,Iconsi
dert
hata
mor
edesi
rabl
epur
posi
vei
nter
pret
ati
onoft
her
elev
antpr
ovi
sionsoft
heConst
it
uti
oni
stohol
dthatt
he
cour
tsest
abl
i
shedundert
he1992Const
it
uti
onar
eonl
yabsol
utel
yboundbydeci
sionsofot
hercour
ts
est
abl
i
shedundert
hesameConst
it
uti
on. Ar
ti
cle126oft
he1992Const
it
uti
onest
abl
i
shest
heSuper
ior
Cour
tsofJudi
cat
ure.Iconsi
dert
heset
obenewcour
ts,
alt
houghsect
ion3(
1)oft
heTr
ansi
ti
onalPr
ovi
sions
oft
heConst
it
uti
on(
theFi
rstSchedul
e)pr
ovi
dest
hat
:“TheSupr
emeCour
t,t
heCour
tofAppealandt
heHi
gh
Cour
tinexi
stencei
mmedi
atel
ybef
oret
hecomi
ngi
ntof
orceoft
hisConst
it
uti
onshal
lbedeemedt
ohav
e
beenest
abl
i
shedundert
hisConst
it
uti
onandshal
lper
for
mthef
unct
ionsoft
heSupr
emeCour
t,t
heCour
tof
Appealandt
heHi
ghCour
tspeci
fi
edr
espect
ivel
yinChapt
er11oft
hisConst
it
uti
on.
”Thi
sdeemi
ngpr
ovi
sion
doesnotal
tert
hechar
act
eroft
hecour
tsest
abl
i
shedbyAr
ti
cle126asnewcour
ts.Al
thought
heSupr
eme
Cour
t,Cour
tofAppealandHi
ghCour
tsucceededt
opr
evi
ouscour
tsbear
ingt
hesamenames,t
her
eisno
l
ogi
cal
necessi
tyf
ort
henewcour
tst
obeabsol
utel
yboundbyt
hecasesdeci
dedbyt
hesepr
evi
ouscour
ts.

BOOK:t
heRef
lect
ionofSupr
emeCour
t2015byDr
.Dat
e-Bah:maki
ngr
efer
encet
otheabov
edi
ctum of
Dot
seJSCst
ated:
InJust
iceDot
se'
svi
ew,
theabov
epr
ovi
sionsgi
veacl
eari
ndi
cat
iont
hatt
hef
ramer
soft
he
Const
it
uti
ondi
dnoti
ntendanyv
acuum bet
weent
heSuper
iorCour
tsofJudi
cat
urei
nexi
stencebef
oret
he
comi
ng i
ntof
orce oft
he 1992 Const
it
uti
on on 7t
h Januar
y,1993 and t
hose i
n exi
stence af
tert
he
Const
it
uti
on'
sent
ryi
ntof
orce.Het
her
efor
einsi
stsoncont
inui
tyi
nthej
uri
sdi
cti
on,composi
ti
on,f
unct
ions
andscopeoft
heSuper
iorCour
tsf
rom pr
eJanuar
y7t
h1993t
opost7t
hJanuar
y1993.
Thatbei
ngt
hecase,
t
hepr
ovi
si
onsofar
ti
cl
e136(
5)oft
heConst
it
uti
on199232woul
dappl
yequal
l
ytoal
ldeci
sionsoft
heCour
tof
Appealpr
iort
oJanuar
y7t
h1993andt
hepr
inci
pleofj
udi
cialpr
ecedentest
abl
i
shedt
her
einwoul
dappl
y
equal
l
y.Thi
smeanst
hatal
lthedeci
sionsoft
heCour
tofAppealpr
e-Januar
y1993woul
dal
sobebi
ndi
ngnot
onl
yont
heCour
tofappeal
itsel
f,butal
soonal
lCour
tsbel
owt
heCour
tofAppeal
.

8.Ar
ti
cle130andar
ti
cle2ont
heor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
onoft
heSupr
emecour
t.

NewPatri
oti
cPar
tyvAG(31stDecembercase)(
1993-94)2GLR35
FACTS:
on31December1981, t
heGovernmentofGhana,dul
yel
ect
edundert
heConst
it
uti
on,
1979was
ov
ert
hrowni
nacoupd’
état
.Subsequent
ly,
themi
l
itar
yregi
mewhi
cht
ookov
ert
her
einsofgov
ernment
,the
Pr
ovi
sional
Nat
ional
Def
enceCounci
l
,decl
ared31Decemberast
atut
orypubl
i
chol
i
day
.Accor
dingl
y,each
y
eart
heanni
ver
sar
yoft
hecoupwascel
ebr
ated,
int
eral
i
a,byper
sonnel
oft
hesecur
it
yfor
ceswi
thmi
l
itar
y
par
ades,
rout
emar
chesandcar
niv
alst
hroughoutt
hecount
ry.Theseact
ivi
ti
eswer
efi
nancedwi
thpubl
i
c
f
unds.On7Januar
y1993t
her
eignoft
hePNDCcamet
oanendwi
tht
heassumpt
ionofpowerbyaci
vi
li
an
gov
ernmentwhi
chhadbeenel
ect
edi
ntoof
fi
ceundert
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.Whenon19December1993
t
hegov
ernmentannouncedt
hat31December1993woul
dbeapubl
i
chol
i
dayandshoul
dbecel
ebr
atedand
obser
vedassuch,
thepl
aint
if
f,oneoft
her
egi
ster
edpol
i
tical
par
ti
esi
nthecount
ry,
clai
mingt
hatt
he
cel
ebr
ati
onwoul
dbeunconst
it
uti
onal
,br
oughtanact
ionunderAr
ti
cle2(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on1992agai
nst
t
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alf
oradecl
arat
iont
hatt
hepubl
i
ccel
ebr
ati
onoft
hecoupd’
étatof31Decemberoutof
publ
i
cfundswasi
nconsi
stentwi
thori
ncont
rav
ent
ionoft
hel
ett
erandspi
ri
toft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992
par
ti
cul
arl
yAr
ti
cles3(
3)–(
7),
35(
1)and41(
f)andanor
dercompel
l
ingt
hegov
ernmentt
ocancel
the
pr
epar
ati
onsf
ort
hecel
ebr
ati
onandr
efr
ainf
rom car
ryi
ngoutt
hecel
ebr
ati
onwi
thpubl
i
cfunds.

HELD:
Aiki
nsJSC,
del
i
ver
ingt
hemaj
ori
tydeci
sionst
atedi
nhi
sconcur
ri
ngopi
nion:
Par
li
amentnowhasno
uncont
rol
l
edr
ightt
opassl
awsonpubl
i
chol
i
day
s,anymor
ethani
thast
odecl
area“
one-
par
tyst
ate,
or
makeapar
tyl
eaderPr
esi
dentf
orl
i
feorcr
ownhi
m emper
or.Ast
hef
undament
alorbasi
claw,
the
Const
it
uti
on,
1992cont
rol
sal
ll
egi
slat
ionanddet
ermi
nest
hei
rval
i
dit
y.I
tisf
ort
hecour
ts,
ast
heguar
dians
ofl
egal
i
ty,
toensur
ethatal
lagenci
esoft
heSt
atekeepwi
thi
nthei
rlawf
ulbounds.I
nmyv
iew,
event
hough
Par
li
amenthast
her
ightt
olegi
slat
e,t
hisr
ighti
snotwi
thoutal
i
mit
,andt
her
ightt
oenactal
awt
hat4June
and31Decembershoul
dbedecl
aredpubl
i
chol
i
day
scannotbel
eftt
oli
ngeri
nther
eal
m ofpubl
i
cpol
i
cy.
Suchl
egi
slat
ionmustbewi
thi
nthepar
amet
ersoft
hepowerconf
err
edont
hel
egi
slat
ure,
andunderAr
ti
cle
1(
2)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992anyl
awf
oundt
obei
nconsi
stentwi
thanypr
ovi
sionoft
heConst
it
uti
onshal
lto
t
heext
entofsuchi
nconsi
stency
,bev
oid.Thi
sconst
it
uti
onal
cri
ter
ioni
swhati
susedt
otestt
hev
ali
dit
yor
ot
her
wiseofal
lst
atut
esorl
aws,
andi
tisagai
nstt
hiscr
it
eri
ont
hatPNDCL220mustbet
est
ed.

PerAmua-
Seky
iJSCal
soi
nsuppor
toft
hemaj
ori
tydeci
sionsai
d:“
Par
li
amentnowhasnouncont
rol
l
edr
ight
t
opassl
awsonpubl
i
chol
i
day
s,anymor
ethani
thast
odecl
area‘
onepar
ty’
stat
e,ormakeapar
tyl
eader
Pr
esi
dentf
orl
i
feorcr
ownhi
m Emper
or.Ast
hef
undament
alorbasi
claw,
theConst
it
uti
on,
1992cont
rol
sal
l
l
egi
slat
ionanddet
ermi
nest
hei
rval
i
dit
y.I
tisf
ort
hecour
ts,
ast
heguar
diansofl
egal
i
ty,
toensur
ethatal
l
agenci
esoft
heSt
atekeepwi
thi
nthei
rlawf
ulbounds.
”
PerAr
cherJSCdi
ssent
ing:
"TheConst
it
uti
on,
1992gi
vest
hej
udi
ciar
ypowert
oint
erpr
etandenf
orcet
he
Const
it
uti
on,
1992andIdonott
hinkt
hatt
hisi
ndependenceenabl
est
heSupr
emeCour
ttodowhati
tli
kesby
under
taki
ngi
ncur
sionsi
ntot
err
it
oryr
eser
vedf
orPar
li
amentandt
heexecut
ive.Thi
scour
tshoul
dnotbehav
e
l
i
keanoct
opusst
ret
chi
ngi
tsei
ghtt
ent
acl
esher
eandt
her
etogr
aspj
uri
sdi
cti
onnotconst
it
uti
onal
l
ymeant
f
ori
t.Ihol
dthatt
hiscour
thasnoconst
it
uti
onal
powert
opr
eventt
heexecut
ivef
rom pr
ocl
aimi
ng31
Decemberasapubl
i
chol
i
daybecauset
heexecut
ivet
henwoul
dbeappl
yi
nganexi
sti
ngl
awi
nPNDCL
220whi
chcanonl
ybeamendedbyPar
li
ament
."

Not
e:Thi
srepr
esent
edar
athernar
rowandr
est
ri
ctedconcept
ionoft
heSupr
emeCour
t'
spower
sofj
udi
cial
r
evi
ew.

NewPat
ri
oti
cPar
tyvAt
tor
neyGener
al(
1997-
1998)1GLR378-
461,
(CI
BAcase)

FACTS:Thepl
aint
if
f,apol
i
ticalpar
tyr
egi
ster
edasabodycor
por
ate,i
nanact
ionagai
nstt
heAt
tor
ney
-
Gener
ali
nvokedt
heor
igi
nalj
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heSupr
emeCour
tunderar
ti
cle2(
1)and130oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992f
oradecl
arat
iont
hatt
heCounci
lofI
ndi
genousBusi
nessAssoci
ati
onsLaw,1993(
PNDCL312)was
i
nconsi
stentwi
thandacont
rav
ent
ionofar
ti
cles21(
1)(
e),35(
1)and37(
2)(
a)and(
3)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992andconsequent
lyv
oid.TheAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al,howev
er,r
aisedapr
eli
minar
yobj
ect
iont
otheact
ionon
t
hegr
oundst
hatonl
yanat
uralper
soncoul
dbr
inganact
ionunderar
ti
cle2(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on;and
ar
ti
cles35(
1)and37(
2)(
a)and(
3)whi
chwer
epar
toft
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
heDi
rect
ivePr
inci
plesofSt
ate
Pol
i
cyunderchapt
er6oft
heConst
it
uti
on,1992wer
enotj
ust
ici
abl
e.Fur
ther
mor
e,t
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al
cont
ended,i
nteral
i
a,ont
hemer
it
sthatsi
ncePNDCL312hadbeenenact
edupont
hepet
it
ionoft
he
associ
ati
onsspeci
fi
edi
ntheschedul
etot
heLawt
oenabl
ethem t
ofr
eel
yoper
ateundert
heumbr
ell
aofa
counci
lsi
mil
art
otheTr
adesUni
onCongr
ess,i
twasnoti
nbr
eachoft
hei
rri
ghtt
ofor
m orj
oinany
associ
ati
onoft
hei
rchoi
ceunderar
ti
cles21(
e)and37(
2)(
a)oft
heConst
it
uti
on.

HELD:deci
dingont
hei
ssueofl
ocus,Bamf
ordAddo,JSCasshet
henwasst
ated;“
Iti
sev
identf
rom t
his
passaget
hatav
erywi
deef
fectwasi
ntendedt
oenabl
eal
lper
sonst
oresor
ttoj
udi
cialr
evi
ew f
ort
he
enf
orcementoft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.Ther
efor
e,underar
ti
cle2(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992ot
hert
hant
he
ci
ti
zenshi
prequi
re¬ment
,nol
i
mit
ati
oni
spl
acedont
henat
ureofper
sonswhomayi
nvoket
heor
igi
nal
j
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heSupr
emeCour
t.I
fthi
sbet
hecaset
heni
tseemst
omet
hatt
her
ewoul
dbenol
ogi
cal
r
easonf
orr
est
ri
cti
ngt
her
esor
ttot
heor
igi
nalj
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hiscour
ttoonl
ynat
uralper
sons.Ont
he
cont
rar
y,i
twoul
dbemor
ebenef
ici
alandi
naccor
dancewi
tht
hei
ntent
ionoft
hef
ramer
soft
heConst
it
uti
on
andi
nthepubl
i
cint
erestt
oopent
hedoorwi
del
ytoper
mitbot
hnat
uralandl
egalper
sons,l
i
ket
hepl
aint
if
f,
accesst
othecour
t.Iwoul
dthi
nkt
hatcor
por
atebodi
esbyr
easonoft
hei
rimpor
tantpl
acei
nsoci
etyar
e
mostsui
tedbot
hfi
nanci
all
yandot
her
wiset
ounder
taket
hedef
enceoft
heconst
it
uti
onalor
derbyr
esor
tto
j
udi
cial
rev
iewwhent
heconst
it
uti
onal
orderi
sbei
ngt
hreat
ened.
”

PerSof
iaAkuf
foMs.JSC:i
tisaxi
omat
ict
hataci
ti
zenofGhananeedsnol
ocusst
andit
odef
endt
he
const
it
uti
onofGhana.

Eduseiv
.AG,[1998-
99)SCGLR753
FACTS:Bef
orethecomingi
ntof
orceoft
he1992Const
it
uti
on,
itwasal
l
egedbyt
heGhanai
ansecur
it
y
agenci
est
hatt
hepl
aint
if
f,aGhanai
anci
ti
zen,
hadengagedi
nespi
onageact
ivi
ti
esagai
nstt
heGov
ernment
ofGhanaonbehal
foft
heUni
tedSt
atesofAmer
ica.Subsequent
ly,
theGov
ernmentofGhanaagr
eedwi
tht
he
Gov
ernmentoft
heU.
S.A.t
oexchanget
hepl
aint
if
fwi
thanot
herGhanai
anwhohadbeenar
rest
edi
ntheUSA
f
orspy
ingf
ort
heGov
ernmentofGhana.Bef
oret
hepl
aint
if
f'
sdi
spat
cht
otheUSA,
hisGhanai
anpasspor
t
wassei
zedbyt
heGov
ernmentofGhana.I
n1994,
thepl
aint
if
fdeci
dedhewant
edt
oret
urnt
oGhanaand
t
her
efor
einst
ruct
edhi
ssol
i
cit
orst
odemandhi
spasspor
tbackf
rom t
heGov
ernment
.Hi
ssol
i
cit
orswr
otet
o
t
heMi
nist
ryofFor
eignAf
fai
rsandt
heBur
eauofNat
ional
Inv
est
igat
ionf
ort
her
etur
noft
hepasspor
t.These
agenci
esdi
dnotr
espondt
ohi
srequest
.Accor
dingl
y,hebr
oughtact
ioni
ntheSupr
emeCour
t,i
nvoki
ngi
ts
or
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
onf
oradecl
arat
iont
hat
:1."
sect
ion5(
1)and12(
3)oft
hePasspor
tsandTr
avel
Cer
ti
fi
cat
es
Decr
ee,
1967(
NLCD155)
whi
chsoughtt
ogi
vet
heMi
nist
erf
orFor
eignAf
fai
rswi
dedi
scr
eti
onar
ypower
sin
t
hegr
ant
,ref
usal
,rev
ocat
ion,
cancel
l
ati
onori
mpoundi
ngofpasspor
tsandt
rav
elcer
ti
fi
cat
es;
sect
ion5(
2)(
a)
and(
b)(
ii
)and(
ii
i)whi
chpr
ovi
dedt
hatt
heMi
nist
ershoul
dnoti
ssueapasspor
ttospeci
fi
edcat
egor
iesof
per
sonsandal
sosect
ion17(
e)oft
heDecr
eewer
einconsi
stentwi
thandi
ncont
rav
ent
ionoft
hel
ett
erand
spi
ri
toft
heConst
it
uti
on,
especi
all
yar
ti
cles17(
1)-
(3)
and21(
1)(
g)andt
husv
oidandunenf
orceabl
e;andi
i
.
Thatasaci
ti
zenofGhanabybi
rt
h,hehadt
heconst
it
uti
onal
rightt
oent
erandl
eav
eGhanaandaf
ort
ior
itoa
passpor
ttoenabl
ehi
m exer
ciseandenj
oyt
hatr
ight
."TheAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al,
thedef
endant
,rai
seda
pr
eli
minar
yobj
ect
iont
othej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heSupr
emeCour
tint
hismat
ter
,ar
gui
ngt
hatunderar
ti
cles33(
1)
and130(
1)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
on,
itwast
heHi
ghCour
t,andnott
heSupr
emeCour
t,whi
chhadexcl
usi
ve
j
uri
sdi
cti
ont
oheart
hissui
t,whi
chi
nsubst
ancewasanact
iont
oenf
orcet
hepl
aint
if
f'
sri
ghtt
ofr
eedom of
mov
ement
.

PerKpegahJSC:
"..
.al
thoughi
tcanbesai
dther
eissomeuncer
tai
ntyaboutwhatt
hiscour
twi
l
lconsi
dert
o
beanexcept
ional
cir
cumst
ancewar
rant
ingar
evi
ewofanear
li
erdeci
sion,
Ithi
nki
tcanbesai
dthat
j
uri
sdi
cti
oni
sfundament
ali
nanyl
egal
orj
udi
cial
proceedi
ngs;
ther
efor
ewheni
tiswr
ongf
ull
yassumedor
decl
i
ned,
itwoul
dconst
it
uteanexcept
ional
cir
cumst
ancef
orapar
tyt
osuccessf
ull
ymakeacasef
ora
r
evi
ew.
"

I
nint
erpr
eti
ngar
ti
cle130t
oget
herwi
thar
ti
cle33t
omeanconcur
rentj
uri
sdi
cti
on,
Just
iceAt
ugubasai
d:'
The
phr
ase"
subj
ectt
o"doesnotmean"
sav
eas"or"
exceptas"
,thought
hel
att
ert
woexpr
essi
onsmeanoneand
t
hesamet
hing.Nori
s"Subj
ectt
o..
.shal
lhav
eexcl
usi
vej
uri
sdi
cti
on"t
hesameas"
sav
eas(
or'
exceptas'
)..
.
shal
lhav
eor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
on,
tot
heexcl
usi
onofal
lot
hercour
ts.
"Int
hel
att
ercasei
tist
her
esi
dueoft
he
or
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
onl
esswhathasal
readybeent
akenoutofi
tbyt
heexpr
opr
iat
ingwor
ds,
"sav
eas"or
"
exceptas"t
hatt
henbecomesexcl
usi
ve,
but"
shal
lhav
eexcl
usi
veor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
on"cannotmeannot
hav
ingor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
on;
ther
eisor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
on,
buti
tshoul
dnotbeexcl
usi
vewher
eiti
s"subj
ectt
o"
t
heor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
onofanot
hercour
t.
"

Ont
heor
igi
nal
benchi
n1996-
1997SCGLR1,
Just
iceAmua-
Seky
isai
d:'
Theef
fectofar
ti
cle130i
sthat
al
thought
heSupr
emeCour
thast
hepr
imar
yresponsi
bil
i
tyofenf
orci
ngori
nter
pret
ingt
heConst
it
uti
onor
maki
ngpr
onouncement
sont
hev
ali
dit
yofenact
ment
s,aper
sonmay
,subj
ectt
otheusual
right
sofappeal
,
seekenf
orcementoft
hehumanr
ight
spr
ovi
sionsi
ntheHi
ghCour
t.Readt
oget
her
,itwi
l
lbeseent
hat
ar
ti
cles33and130donomor
ethanconf
erconcur
rentj
uri
sdi
cti
onont
heHi
ghCour
tinmat
ter
srel
ati
ngt
o
t
heenf
orcementoft
hehumanr
ight
spr
ovi
sionsoft
heConst
it
uti
on:
Grant
edt
hisi
nter
pret
ati
onhassome
l
i
ngui
sti
cpl
ausi
bil
i
ty,
itnev
ert
hel
esshast
hepot
ent
ial
toov
erl
oadt
hef
inal
cour
toft
hel
andwi
thsi
mpl
e
casest
hatdonotr
equi
ret
heat
tent
ionoft
hehi
ghestcour
t.'
I
tis,
ofcour
se,
necessar
ytobeari
nmi
ndt
he
Pr
act
iceDi
rect
ion(
Pract
iceandPr
ocedur
eoft
heSupr
emeCour
t)[
1981]GLR1,
cont
ainedi
nJudi
cial
Ci
rcul
arNo146/
12of15June1981whendeal
i
ngwi
thcasesi
nwhi
cht
heHi
ghCour
thasconcur
rent
j
uri
sdi
cti
onwi
tht
heSupr
emeCour
t.Ther
elev
antpor
ti
onr
eadsasf
oll
ows(
asst
atedi
nthe[
1981]GLR1at6:
u6.
Iti
sal
sot
obenot
edt
hatwher
eacauseormat
tercanbedet
ermi
nedbyasuper
iorcour
t,ot
hert
hant
he
Supr
emeCour
t,t
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hel
owercour
tshal
lfi
rstbei
nvoked.
..
"(Theemphasi
sismi
ne.
)Int
he
l
i
ghtoft
heabov
e,wher
ethepar
ti
est
oadi
sput
etakedi
ff
eri
ngposi
ti
onsont
hei
nter
pret
ati
onoft
hehuman
r
ight
spr
ovi
sionsoft
he1992Const
it
uti
onandt
her
ear
enobi
ndi
ngdeci
sionsoft
heSupr
emeCour
twhi
ch
mayber
eli
edoni
npr
oceedi
ngsbef
oret
heHi
ghCour
t,i
twoul
dbepr
opert
ocommencet
heact
ioni
nthe
Supr
emeCour
t.Howev
er,
wher
enoser
iousi
ssuei
srai
sedast
othei
nter
pret
ati
onoft
heConst
it
uti
on,
the
Hi
ghCour
tist
hepr
operf
orum.

Maj
ori
tydeci
si
oni
nbot
htheor
igi
nal
andr
evi
ewbenchoft
hesupr
emecour
tHel
dint
eral
i
a:t
heenf
orcement
oft
hef
undament
alhumanr
ight
sandf
reedomswasexcl
udedf
rom t
heor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
onconf
err
edont
he
Supr
emeCour
tbyar
ti
cle130(
1)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
on.I
twasassi
gned,
inst
ead,
tot
heHi
ghCour
t.The
act
ionbr
oughtbyt
hepl
aint
if
fwasi
nsubst
anceonet
hatsoughtt
heenf
orcementofhi
sfundament
alr
ight
s
andf
reedoms,
rat
hert
hanani
nter
pret
ati
onoft
heConst
it
uti
on.

PerKpegahJSCont
heor
dinar
ybenchsai
d:Aper
sonaggr
iev
edbyadet
ermi
nat
ionoft
heHi
ghCour
tmay
appeal
tot
heCour
tofAppeal
wit
hther
ightofaf
urt
herappeal
tot
heSupr
emeCour
t.Thi
scl
earpr
ovi
sionwi
l
l
si
nki
ntoat
rophyi
fthi
scour
tcl
aimsandexer
cisesanor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
oni
nsuchmat
ter
s.

PerAcquahJSCcount
eri
ngAt
ugubaJSC:
Thei
ssueoft
heexcl
usi
vi
tyoft
heHi
ghCour
t'
sjur
isdi
cti
oni
nthe
enf
orcementoff
undament
alhumanr
ight
sandf
reedomshadal
readybeenset
tl
edbyapr
evi
ousdeci
sionof
t
heSupr
emeCour
toft
hesecondr
epubl
i
cinGbedemahv
.AwunorWi
l
li
ams.I
nthatcase,
theCour
tofAppeal
,
si
tt
ingast
heSupr
emeCour
tandi
nter
pret
ingapr
ovi
sioni
npar
imat
eri
awi
thar
ti
cle33oft
he1992
Const
it
uti
on,
hel
dthatt
heHi
ghCour
tal
onewasv
est
edwi
thor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
oni
nmat
ter
saf
fect
ingt
he
l
i
ber
tyoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
.thel
anguageofar
ti
cle33(
1)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
onexpr
essl
yvest
edi
ntheHi
gh
Cour
tanexcl
usi
vej
uri
sdi
cti
onr
elat
ingt
otheenf
orcementofhumanr
ight
svi
olat
ions.Thel
anguageofar
ti
cle
33(
1)i
snotper
missi
veanddi
dnotspeci
fi
cal
l
yexcl
udet
heor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
onoft
hesupr
emecour
t.

"
Wit
houtpr
ejudi
cet
oanyot
heract
iont
hati
slawf
ull
yav
ail
abl
e"r
efer
stoanypossi
blecausesofact
ion
ar
isi
ngf
rom av
iol
ati
onofav
ict
im'
sfundament
alr
ight
sandf
reedoms,
independentoft
hatv
ict
im'
s
const
it
uti
onal
rightt
oseekr
edr
essf
orabr
eachoft
heConst
it
uti
on.Fori
nst
ance,
avi
cti
m coul
doptt
o
r
egar
dhi
sorherunl
awf
uldet
ent
ionasapr
ivat
eci
vi
lwr
ongandsuei
ntor
tforf
alsei
mpr
isonment
,inst
eadof
cl
aimi
ngabr
eachofhi
sorherconst
it
uti
onal
right
s.

Fi
nal
l
y,headded,
thepassi
vel
anguage"
mayappl
y"i
nar
ti
cle33(
1),
thati
tgi
vest
hev
ict
im ofahumanr
ight
s
v
iol
ati
ont
heopt
ionofgoi
ngt
ocour
ttoseekr
edr
ess.Heorshei
snotobl
i
gedt
oseekr
edr
ess.'
The"
may
"
i
ndi
cat
est
hef
reedom oft
hev
ict
imt
odeci
deonwhatt
odo.For
,tocompel
suchav
ict
imt
oseekr
edr
essi
n
cour
twoul
dequal
l
yamountt
oav
iol
ati
onofhi
sfundament
alr
ightandf
reedom oft
hought
,consci
enceand
bel
i
efasguar
ant
eedi
nar
ti
cle21(
1)(
b)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.Buti
f,howev
er,
thev
ict
im deci
dest
ogot
o
cour
tforr
edr
ess,
thenheoughtt
oappl
ytot
heHi
ghCour
taspr
ovi
dedi
nar
ti
cle33(
1)andconf
ir
medi
n
ar
ti
cle140(
2)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992whi
chpr
ovi
des:
"140(
2)TheHi
ghCour
tshal
lhav
ejur
isdi
cti
ont
o
enf
orcet
heFundament
alHumanRi
ght
sandFr
eedomsguar
ant
eedbyt
hisConst
it
uti
on.
"Innoot
hercour
tin
t
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992i
ssuchor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
onv
est
ed.Tocont
endt
her
efor
ethatt
het
woex
pressi
ons
di
scussedabov
ear
eper
missi
veanddonotexcl
udet
heor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
onoft
heSupr
emeCour
tisnotonl
y
unt
enabl
e,butwoul
dev
enl
eadt
otheabsur
dresul
tthatal
lot
hercour
tscan,
byt
hatar
gumentexer
cisesuch
j
uri
sdi
cti
on.

Adj
ei-
Ampof
o(no1)vAccr
aMetropoli
tanAssembl
y&AttorneyGener
al (
no1),18[2007-
2008]SCGLR611
TheSupr
emeCour
thel
dbyexpl
i
catingonthelawpr
ovi
dedintheEduseicasesupraas:Theexcl
usi
onofit
s
or
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
onappl
i
esonl
ywher
eav
ict
im ofahumanr
ight
svi
olat
ioni
ssui
ngi
nrel
ati
ont
othewr
ong
donehi
m.Wher
ehowev
erapl
aint
if
fseeksani
nter
pret
ati
onofapr
ovi
sioni
nChapt
er5oft
heConst
it
uti
on
onf
undament
alhumanr
ight
sandf
reedomsf
ort
hepubl
i
cgoodandnoti
nrel
ati
ont
oaspeci
fi
cwr
ongdone
hi
m,t
heSupr
emeCour
t'
sor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
oncoul
dbev
ali
dlyi
nvoked.'
Hence,
art
icl
es2(
1)and33(
1)ar
enot
di
ff
erentsi
desoft
hesamecoi
n;r
athert
heyar
eint
endedt
oser
vet
woent
ir
elydi
ff
erentpur
poses.
..
.Whi
l
st
t
heout
comeofanact
ionunderar
ti
cle2(
1)i
s,i
nvar
iabl
y,pr
imar
il
yofbenef
itt
otheci
ti
zensi
ngener
al,
itmay
notnecessar
il
yinur
etot
hedi
rectbenef
itoft
hepl
aint
if
fther
ein.Theobj
ect
iveofar
ti
cle2(
1)i
stoencour
age
al
lGhanai
anst
ohel
pensur
etheef
fect
ivenessoft
heConst
it
uti
on,
asawhol
e,t
hrough l
egal
act
ioni
nthe
Supr
emeCour
t.Fort
hatr
eason,
ther
efor
e,ev
eryGhanai
an,
nat
ural
orar
ti
fi
cial
,hasl
ocusst
andi
toi
nit
iat
ean
act
ioni
ntheSupr
emeCour
ttoenf
orceanypr
ovi
si
onoft
heConst
it
uti
on.I
nrespectofar
ti
cle33(
1),
howev
er,
t
heobj
ect
ivei
stof
aci
l
itat
etheenf
orcementbyanyper
sonofhi
sorheri
ndi
vi
dual
fundament
alhumanr
ight
s
andf
reedomsunderchapt
er5oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
thr
oughaccesst
otheHi
ghCour
t,i
nthef
ir
sti
nst
ance,
for
r
edr
ess.Thi
sist
heunder
lyi
ngr
ati
onal
efort
hecour
t'
sdeci
sioni
nthecaseofEdusei
vAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al
[
1996-
97]SCGLR1.Thecour
thel
dint
hatcaset
hatt
heef
fectofar
ti
cles33(
1)and130(
1)wast
ovesti
nthe
Hi
ghCour
texcl
usi
vej
uri
sdi
cti
oni
ntheenf
orcementoft
hef
undament
alhumanr
ight
sandf
reedomsoft
he
i
ndi
vi
dual
.'
Thi
squot
ati
onneat
lysummar
izest
hecur
rentst
ateoft
hel
awbasedont
hel
andmar
k
aut
hor
it
ati
vepr
onouncementoft
hel
awi
ntheEdusei
case.I
tisundoubt
edl
yal
eadi
ngcasewhi
chset
tl
edt
he
ar
chi
tect
uref
orhumanr
ight
sli
ti
gat
ioni
nGhana.

9.Ar
ti
cle141

Republ
icvHighCour
t,Denu:Expar
teKumapl
ey
HELD:perTwum JSC"Inthi
scountr
y,t
hecommonl
aw pr
erogat
ivebasi
soft
hesuper
visor
yjur
isdi
cti
onof
ourHi
ghCour
twasj
ett
isonedi
nfav
ouroft
heconst
it
uti
onalpr
ovi
si
oncont
ainedi
nar
ticl
e114oft
he1969
Const
it
uti
on.Byt
his,t
heHi
ghCour
twasgi
vensuper
visor
yjur
isdi
cti
onov
eral
linf
eri
orandt
radi
ti
onalcour
ts
i
nGhanaandanyadj
udi
cat
ingaut
hor
it
y.The1979Const
it
uti
onr
evi
sedt
hatj
uri
sdi
cti
ont
oreadov
eral
l
i
nfer
iorcour
tsi
nGhanaandanyadj
udi
cat
ingaut
hor
it
y.Thecur
rentf
ormul
aist
obef
oundi
nar
ticl
e141of
t
he1992Const
it
uti
on.Thej
uri
sdi
cti
oni
stobeexer
cisedov
erl
owercour
tsandanyot
herl
oweradj
udi
cat
ing
aut
hor
it
y.I
tiscl
eart
hatt
hissuper
visor
yjur
isdi
cti
onhasbeendel
i
ber
atel
yrehashedt
odel
imi
tit
sambi
t.
Fr
om t
hewayl
ear
nedcounsel
fort
hei
nter
est
edpar
tyar
gued,
heappear
stohav
ebeent
empor
ari
l
yobl
ivi
ous
oft
hef
actt
hatt
hec
ommonl
awpowerhasbeen"
over
lapped"byar
ti
cl
e141.I
nanyev
ent
,ar
ticl
e1(
2)oft
he
1992Cons
tit
uti
oni
sst
illext
ant
,whi
chpr
ovi
dest
hatt
heConst
it
uti
onshal
lbet
hesupr
emel
awofGhanaand
anyot
herl
aw f
oundt
obei
nconsi
stentwi
thanypr
ovi
si
onoft
heConst
it
uti
oni
stot
heex
tentoft
hat
i
nconsi
stency
,voi
d."
 10.
Art
icl
e125(
4)andar
ti
cle146

FrankAgyeiTwum vAt
tor
ney-
Gener
alBr
ightAkwet
ey[
12thJul
y2006]Wri
tNo.J1/7/2006
FACTS:Theseconddef
endant
,whoi
salawyerandaci
ti
zenofGhana,
on16t
hJanuar
y2006sentapet
it
ion,
dat
ed13t
hJanuar
y2006,
tot
hePr
esi
dent
,wi
thacopyt
otheChi
efJust
ice.Fur
thercopi
eswer
eal
sosentt
o
t
heSecr
etar
yoft
heGhanaBarAssoci
ati
on,
theAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alandt
heJudi
cial
Secr
etar
y.Thepet
it
ion
soughtt
her
emov
aloft
heChi
efJust
iceont
hegr
oundsofj
udi
cial
misconductandabuseofpower
.On
Mar
ch9t
h2006,
thePr
esi
dent
’sPr
essSecr
etar
yissuedapubl
i
cst
atementt
hati
ncompl
i
ancewi
thar
ti
cle
146oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
thePr
esi
dentwasset
ti
ngupacommi
tt
eet
oinqui
rei
ntot
hepet
it
ion.ThePl
aint
if
f
compl
ainedt
hatt
heappoi
ntmentofacommi
tt
eebyt
hePr
esi
dentt
oinqui
rei
ntot
hepet
it
ioni
sunwar
rant
ed
andunconst
it
uti
onal
.Het
her
efor
einv
okedt
heor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
onoft
hisCour
t,i
nhi
scapaci
tyasaci
ti
zen
ofGhana,
cit
ingAr
ti
cles2(
1);
146(
1)and146(
6);
127(
1),
(2)and(
3);
and17,
andsought
,int
eral
i
a,t
he
f
oll
owi
ngdecl
arat
ions:

(
iv)ADecl
arat
iont
hatAr
ti
cle146(
6)oft
heConst
it
uti
onshal
lbeconst
ruedconcur
rent
lywi
thAr
ti
cle
146(
3)and(
4)whi
chr
equi
rest
heest
abl
i
shmentofapr
imaf
aci
ecasepr
iort
otheset
ti
ngupofa
Commi
tt
eet
oinv
est
igat
ecompl
aint
sinapet
it
ionagai
nstaJust
iceoft
heSuper
iorCour
tbecauset
he
Chi
efJust
icei
sfi
rstandf
oremostaJudgeoft
heSuper
iorCour
t.(
v)ADecl
arat
iont
hatbyv
irt
ueofsuch
const
ruct
ion,t
heconsul
tat
ionbyt
hePr
esi
dentwi
tht
heCounci
lofSt
atei
nrespectoft
heappoi
ntment
ofaCommi
tt
eet
oinqui
rei
ntoapet
it
ionf
ort
her
emov
aloft
heChi
efJust
iceshal
lfi
rstdet
ermi
ne
whet
hert
hesai
dpet
it
iondi osesapr
scl imaf
aci
ecasebef
oret
heCommi
tt
eei
sappoi
nted.
”(v
i)A
Decl
arat
ion t
hatt
he publ
i
cat
ion i
nthe medi
a oft
he 2nd def
endant
’s pet
it
ion t
othe Pr
esi
dent
cont
rav
enesAr
ti
cl
e146(
8)oft
heConst
it
uti
onwhi
chpr
ovi
dest
hatal
lpr
oceedi
ngsr
elat
ingt
othe
r
emov
alofaJust
iceoft
heSuper
iorCour
tshal
l di
behel ncamer
a."

HELD:
perDat
e-BaahJSC:
IfImaybeper
mit
tedt
obegr
aphi
c,Iwoul
dsayt
hati
nthi
scase,
int
hegr
een
cor
ner
,asi
twer
e,t
obor
rowaboxi
ngt
erm,
ist
hel
i
ter
alappr
oacht
oconst
it
uti
onal
int
erpr
etat
ionandi
nthe
r
edcor
nert
hepur
posi
veappr
oach.Thet
woappr
oachesar
eaboutt
obeunl
eashedi
ncombatt
odet
ermi
ne
t
heout
comeononeoft
hei
ssuesi
nthi
scase.Thecont
esti
sbet
weenal
i
ter
ali
sti
nter
pret
ati
onofar
ti
cle
146(
6),
whi
chl
eadst
oabsur
dconsequences,
andapur
posi
vei
nter
pret
ati
onoft
hatpr
ovi
sioni
ntendedt
o
av
ertt
hesai
dabsur
dconsequences.Putanot
herway
,theCour
tisconf
ront
edwi
thwhet
hert
oaccept
cer
tai
nconst
it
uti
onal
l
yunpal
atabl
epol
i
cyconsequencesf
lowi
ngf
rom al
i
ter
alr
eadi
ngofar
ti
cle146(
6)or
whet
hert
oint
erpr
ett
hisconst
it
uti
onal
prov
isi
onpur
posi
vel
yinawayt
hatav
oidst
heseundesi
rabl
e
consequences.Theseundesi
rabl
econsequencesi
ncl
udet
hel
i
kel
i
hoodofunder
mini
ngt
woi
nter
rel
ated
st
ruct
ural
pil
l
arsoft
heConst
it
uti
on,
namel
y,t
hei
ndependenceoft
hej
udi
ciar
yandt
hesepar
ati
onofpower
s.

Thus,
forasl
ongast
heChi
efJust
icei
sinof
fi
ce,
ther
ightt
oconst
it
utepanel
soft
heSupr
emeCour
tis
exer
cisabl
ebyhi
m asoneoft
headmi
nist
rat
ivei
nci
dent
sofhi
sof
fi
ce.I
ndeed,
hisi
snotonl
yar
ight
,butal
so
anobl
i
gat
ion,
toconst
it
utesuchpanel
s.Thedi
ff
icul
tyofcompul
sor
il
ytaki
ngawayt
hisf
unct
ionoft
heChi
ef
Just
ice,
inr
elat
iont
oapar
ti
cul
arcase,
isev
idencedbyt
hef
actt
hatnoendeav
ourt
odosohassof
ar
succeededi
nthehi
stor
yofourcour
tssi
ncei
ndependence.Howev
er,
ther
ehasbeennodear
thofl
awsui
ts
agai
nsti
ncumbentChi
efJust
ices.I
tispr
obabl
yfort
hisr
easont
hatt
heseconddef
endantpet
it
ionedt
he
Pr
esi
dentt
osuspendt
hecur
rentChi
efJust
icef
rom of
fi
ce.Byal
ett
erdat
ed27t
hApr
il2006,
acopyof
whi
chi
sappendedt
otheseconddef
endant
’swr
it
tenpr
eli
minar
yobj
ect
ion,
her
equest
sthePr
esi
dentt
o
suspendt
heChi
efJust
ice,
pur
suantt
oAr
ti
cle146(
10)
(a)oft
heConst
it
uti
on"
topr
eventhi
mfr
om bei
nga
r
efer
eeandapl
ayeratt
hesamet
ime.
"Wi
thoutsuchsuspensi
on(
whi
cht
hePr
esi
denthasnotcar
ri
edout
),i
t
i
sanuphi
l
ltaskt
oseekt
opr
ohi
bitaser
vingChi
efJust
icef
rom const
it
uti
ngt
hepanel
soft
heSupr
emeCour
t,
ev
eni
ftheexer
ciseoft
hef
unct
iongi
vesani
mpr
essi
onofaconf
li
ctofi
nter
est
.Anexpl
anat
ionf
ort
he
r
eluct
ancebyt
hisCour
t(andi
tspr
edecessor
s)t
oint
erf
erewi
tht
hisf
unct
ionoft
heChi
efJust
icei
spr
obabl
y
t
obef
oundi
nthej
udi
ci
aloat
hoft
hej
udges.Supr
emeCour
tjudgesar
enotmal
l
eabl
ecl
ayi
nthehandsof
t
heChi
efJust
ice.Thej
udgesoft
heCour
tar
eli
kel
ytobel
i
evet
hatwhi
chev
eroft
hei
rnumberar
eempanel
ed
wi
l
lacti
ndependent
ly.Ther
efor
e,notmuchhangsont
heexer
ciseoft
hismi
nist
eri
al,
ascont
rast
edwi
tht
he
j
udi
cial
,poweroft
heChi
efJust
ice.Ihav
efoundnomer
iti
ntheseconddef
endant
’spr
eli
minar
yobj
ect
ion.I
bel
i
evet
hatt
hedoct
rneofst
i aredeci
sisr
equi
rest
hisCour
ttohol
dthatt
heChi
efJust
icei
sent
it
ledt
o
empanel
theCour
tascur
rent
lyconst
it
uted.Thecasei
swel
lwi
thi
nthepr
inci
pleofnecessi
tyear
li
er
est
abl
i
shedbyt
hecasel
aw.I
nmyv
iew,
theseconddef
endanthasnotmadeaconv
inci
ngcasef
ort
his
Cour
ttodepar
tfr
om t
hispr
inci
pleofnecessi
ty,
whi
chwast
hemai
nel
ementi
nther
ati
odeci
dendioft
he
Quashi
e-I
duncase,
andoft
hisCour
t’
spr
evi
ousbi
ndi
ngdeci
si nTsat
oni suTsi
kat
avChi
efJust
iceand
At
tor
ney
-Gener
al.I
nanycase,
asshowni
ntheBi
l
soncase,
thecasei
snotev
enwi
thi
nthescopeoft
he
nat
ural
just
icedoct
ri
ne.Thel
awsof
ardi
scussedi
str
it
e;t
her
eisnot
hingnewi
nit
.Counsel
bef
oret
his
Cour
tshoul
dkeepi
nmi
ndt
hatt
her
eisnoadv
ant
agei
ncont
inui
ngt
ofl
ogt
hispar
ti
cul
ardeadhor
se.

HEADDED:
Inmyv
iew,
theobj
ect
ivepur
poseandspi
ri
toft
he1992Const
it
uti
onr
equi
ret
hataChi
efJust
ice
begi
vent
hebenef
itofapr
iordet
ermi
nat
ionast
owhet
hert
her
eisapr
imaf
aci
ecaseest
abl
i
shedagai
nst
hi
m orher
,bef
oret
hePr
esi
dentmayest
abl
i
shaCommi
tt
eet
oconsi
derapet
it
ionf
orhi
sorherr
emov
al.A
compar
ati
veexami
nat
ionoft
her
elev
antpr
ovi
sionsdeal
i
ngwi
thpet
it
ionsf
ort
her
emov
alofot
herSuper
ior
Cour
tJust
ices(
inar
ti
cles146(
3)and146(
4))r
eveal
sanomi
ssi
oni
nthepl
ainl
anguageofar
ti
cle146(
6)
r
elat
ingt
othei
mpeachmentpr
ocessoft
heChi
efJust
icewhi
ch,
inmyv
iew,
coul
dnothav
ebeeni
ntendedby
t
hef
ramer
soft
heConst
it
uti
on.Theomi
ssi
ont
opr
ovi
def
orapr
iordet
ermi
nat
ionofapr
imaf
aci
ecase
l
eadst
oamani
festabsur
dit
ywhi
cht
hiscour
thaspowert
oav
ert
.Inef
fect
,onei
ssay
ingt
hatt
her
eisa
l
ogi
cal
gapori
nadv
ert
entmi
stakei
nAr
ti
cle146(
6)whi
cht
hisCour
tshoul
dcor
rect
,byi
nter
pret
ati
on.The
pur
poseofar
ti
cl
e146(
6)i
stoenabl
ecr
edi
bleal
l
egat
ionsast
otheChi
efJust
ice’
sst
atedmi
sbehav
iour
,
i
ncompet
enceori
nfi
rmi
tyofbodyormi
nd(
seear
ti
cle146(
1))t
obei
nvest
igat
ed.Nor
easonabl
eint
erpr
eter
coul
dreacht
heconcl
usi
ont
hati
tspur
poseal
soi
ncl
udespr
ovi
dingaf
orum f
ort
hev
ent
il
ati
onoff
ri
vol
ousor
v
exat
iouspet
it
ions.Theseobser
vat
ionsr
egar
dingt
hepur
poseofar
ti
cle146(
6)ar
eobv
iousl
ytobet
aken
i
ntoaccounti
ndet
ermi
ningt
hemeani
ngoft
hepr
ovi
sion.Thus,
iti
scl
eart
hatt
heCommi
tt
eeofExper
ts
whi
chf
ormul
atedt
heor
igi
nal
draf
toft
he1992Const
it
uti
oni
ntendedt
hatt
heChi
efJust
iceshoul
dal
sohav
e
t
hebenef
itofapr
imaf
aci
edet
ermi
nat
ion,
bef
oreacommi
tt
eewasempanel
l
edt
oexami
neapet
it
ionf
orhi
s
orherr
emov
al.TheConsul
tat
iveAssembl
y,i
nchangi
ngt
heappoi
nti
ngaut
hor
it
yfort
hecommi
tt
eef
rom t
he
Judi
ci
alCommi
tt
eeoft
heCounci
lofSt
atet
othePr
esi
dent
,omi
tt
edt
her
efer
encet
otheneedf
ort
he
appoi
nti
ngaut
hor
it
ytosat
isf
yit
sel
fthatt
her
eisapr
imaf
aci
ecase.Thei
ssuewhi
char
isesi
swhet
hert
he
omi
ssi
onwasi
ntent
ional
orwast
her
esul
tofi
nadv
ert
ence.Gi
vent
heabsur
dconsequencesoft
heomi
ssi
on,
Iam i
ncl
i
nedt
obel
i
evet
hatt
heomi
ssi
onwast
her
esul
tofi
nadv
ert
ence.

Thef
actt
hatacount
ryhasawr
it
tenconst
it
uti
ondoesnotmeant
hatonl
yit
slet
termaybei
nter
pret
ed.The
cour
tshav
ether
esponsi
bil
i
tyf
ordi
sti
l
li
ngt
hespi
ri
toft
heConst
it
uti
on,
from i
tsunder
lyi
ngphi
l
osophy
,cor
e
v
alues,
basi
cst
ruct
ure,
thehi
stor
yandnat
ureoft
hecount
ry’
slegal
andpol
i
tical
syst
emset
c.,
inor
dert
o
det
ermi
newhati
mpl
i
citpr
ovi
sionsi
nthewr
it
tenconst
it
uti
onf
lowi
nexor
abl
yfr
om t
hisspi
ri
t.

Not
e:I
nal
l
,Int
hel
eadj
udgmentr
eadbyDat
e-BahJSC,t
heSupr
emeCour
thel
dthatt
hatt
hePr
esi
dent
's
appoi
ntmentofacommi
tt
eet
oinv
est
igat
etheal
l
egedact
sofi
mpr
opr
iet
yont
hepar
toft
heChi
efJust
ice
wasunconst
it
uti
onalasnopr
imaf
aci
ecasehadbeenmade.i
twoul
dhav
eundesi
rabl
econsequencesand
af
fectt
hebal
anceofpoweri
fthegapi
nar
ti
cle146(
6)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
onwasnotf
il
ledt
oimpl
ya
pr
imaf
aci
ecaseasapr
erequi
sit
etot
heset
ti
ngupofacommi
tt
eet
oinv
est
igat
eal
l
egedwr
ongdoi
ngoft
he
Chi
efJust
ice.t
hedut
yofdet
ermi
ningapr
imaf
aci
ecaseshoul
drestwi
tht
heCounci
lofSt
atewhi
chshoul
d
est
abl
i
shaconv
ent
ionofengagi
ngi
ndependentandr
eput
abl
elawy
erst
oadv
iset
hem ont
heev
idence.On
t
hepet
it
ionsentt
othePr
esi
dent
,Modi
boOcr
anJSCexpr
essedt
hev
iewt
hati
tscont
ent
swer
esecondand
t
hir
dgener
ati
onal
l
egat
ionswi
thl
i
ttl
eev
idenceoff
ir
st-
handknowl
edgeandl
ackedt
hesor
tofser
iousness
t
hatoughtt
obeat
tachedt
osuchanact
ionandassuchi
twasdi
ff
icul
ttochar
act
eri
zei
tasapet
it
ionwi
thi
n
t
heambi
tofar
ti
cl
e146oft
he1992Const
it
uti
on.Asi
amahJSCdescr
ibedi
tas"
mer
especul
ati
ngmusi
ngs
andconj
ect
ure"whi
ch,
ifent
ert
ainedbyt
hecour
ts,
woul
dfuelmi
str
usti
nthej
udi
ciar
yandi
nst
it
utepr
ocedur
al
t
err
ori
sm i
ntheadmi
nist
rat
ionofj
ust
ice.

GhanaBarAssoci
ati
onvAtt
orney
-Gener
alandAnor.[
1995-
96]1GLR598(Ghanabarcase)
FACTS:thePresi
denton15Februar
y1995,acti
nginpursuanceofar
ti
cles91(
1)and144(1)oft
he1992
Const
it
uti
on,andi
nconsul
tat
ionwi
tht
heCounci
lofSt
ate,nomi
nat
edJust
iceI
KAbban,aSupr
emeCour
t
j
udge,f
orappr
ovalbyPar
li
amentast
henew Chi
efJust
iceofGhanai
nsuccessi
ont
oJust
iceAr
cher
,the
i
ncumbentChi
efJust
ice,whowassoont
oret
ir
e.Par
li
amentgr
ant
edt
heappr
ovalunderacer
ti
fi
cat
eof
ur
gencyandJust
iceAbbanwasdul
yappoi
ntedbyt
hePr
esi
denton22Febr
uar
y1995.Thepl
aint
if
fs,
inv
oki
ng
t
he or
igi
nalj
uri
sdi
cti
on oft
he Supr
eme Cour
tunderar
ti
cles2(
l)
(a)and (
b)and 130(
1)oft
he 1992
Const
it
uti
on,
broughtt
hei
nst
antact
ionagai
nstt
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alasf
ir
stdef
endantandJust
iceAbbanas
seconddef
endant
.

HELD,
perBamf
ord-
AddoJSC:
"Inr
eli
efs(
3)and(
4),
thepl
aint
if
frequest
sforani
njunct
iont
orest
rai
nthe
Chi
efJust
icef
rom act
ingassuchandadecl
arat
iont
hatt
hewar
ranti
snul
landv
oidandacancel
l
ati
onof
samebyt
hiscour
t.Whatt
hepl
aint
if
finact
ual
facti
sseeki
ngf
rom t
hiscour
tist
her
emov
aloft
heChi
ef
Just
icef
rom of
fi
cesi
nceani
njunct
ionandacancel
l
ati
onofhi
swar
rantofappoi
ntmentwoul
dresul
tinhi
s
r
emov
al.Thef
actt
hatr
eli
efs(
3)and(
4)ar
enotsocouchedmakesnodi
ff
erencet
othet
ruenat
ureoft
he
cl
aim.I
tist
hedut
yoft
hecour
ttodeci
det
het
ruenat
ureofacl
aim howev
ercamouf
lagedordi
sgui
sedi
n
anot
herf
orm,
inor
dert
odeci
dewhet
herornoti
tiscl
othedwi
tht
her
equi
sit
ejur
isdi
cti
ont
oent
ert
aint
hat
caseunderar
ti
cle130oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992andot
herpr
ovi
sionsoft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.
"

PerWi
reduJSCi
nmaki
ngapoi
ntt
hati
tisnott
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hecour
ttoassesst
hepet
it
ionf
ort
he
r
emov
al,
stat
ed:
"Thecour
tdoesnothav
eor
igi
nal
concur
rentj
uri
sdi
cti
onwi
tht
hebodyempower
edt
o
exer
cisej
uri
sdi
cti
ont
oadj
udi
cat
eonmat
ter
spr
oper
lyf
all
i
ngwi
thi
nthepar
amet
ersofar
ti
cle146oft
he
Const
it
uti
on,
1992.
"
PerKpegahJSC:
"Thegoodsensei
ntheconst
it
uti
onal
prescr
ipt
iont
hati
mpeachmentpr
oceedi
ngsbehel
d
i
ncamer
a,ar
ever
yobv
iousandneednotber
eci
tedher
e;suf
fi
cei
ttosayt
hatt
hej
udi
ciar
y,asani
nst
it
uti
on,
t
hri
vesont
heheal
thyest
imat
ioni
nwhi
chi
tishel
dbyt
hepeopl
eitser
ves.I
tist
her
efor
enotsaf
etoi
mpugn
t
hei
ntegr
it
yofaj
udgei
npubl
i
cincaset
heal
l
egat
iont
urnsoutt
obeunf
ounded;
hencet
heconst
it
uti
onal
pr
ovi
si
ont
hatsuchpr
oceedi di
ngsbehel ncamer
a."

NB.
,theoppor
tuni
tyf
ort
hecour
ttoi
nter
prett
hephr
ase"
highmor
alchar
act
erandpr
ovenabi
l
ity
"asst
ated
i
nar
ti
cle128(
4)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
onwasl
ost
.

EmmanuelNobleKorv.Att
orneyGener
al&Anor.No.JI
/16/2015
t
h
I
SSUE:WhetheraSuperi
orCourtJudgewhoret
iresf
rom 7 Januar
y2009i
sent
it
ledt
ohav
ehi
s/hergr
atui
ty
cal
cul
atedont
hebasi
soft
henewf
ormul
ainExhi
bitD(
a)f
rom t
hedat
eofhi
s/herappoi
ntmentor(
b)f
rom
7thJanuar
y2009.

HELD,perAt
ugubaJSC:Theaf
orement
ionedf
ormul
aforcal
cul
ati
ngt
hegr
atui
tyofar
eti
redSuper
iorCour
t
Judgeappl
i
esi
nrespectofr
eti
rement
soccur
ri
ngf
rom 7thJanuar
y2009basedont
het
erm ofser
viceoft
he
j
udgeconcer
nedasf
rom t
hedat
eofhi
sappoi
ntment
,subj
ectt
othepr
ovi
sionsofar
ti
cle155.I
tshoul
dbe
not
edt
hatt
hesai
dfor
mul
arel
atest
other
eti
ri
ngst
ageoft
heJudgeandt
her
eti
rementi
sbasedonhi
s
per
iodofser
viceasaSuper
iorCour
tJudgewi
thoutl
osi
ngsi
ghtofar
ti
cle155af
oresai
d.

PerGbedemahJSC:Thecomput
ati
onoft
her
eti
rementbenef
it
sofsuper
iorcour
tjudges.Bef
oreus,i
thas
beencont
endedt
hatt
hecor
rectmodeofcomput
ingt
hebenef
it
sshoul
dnoti
ncl
udeanyper
iodser
vedby
suchr
eti
ri
ngj
udgesbef
oreJanuar
y07,2009.I
tisf
urt
hercont
endedt
hati
nthepr
emi
ses,t
hef
ormul
a
cont
ained i
nthe l
ett
ersi
gned byt
he Chi
efofSt
affdat
ed Januar
y04,2013 bywhi
ch f
ourmont
hs
consol
i
dat
edsal
aryi
stobeusedf
oreachy
earorpar
tther
eofser
vedbyr
eti
ri
ngsuper
iorcour
tjudgescan
onl
ybeut
il
izedi
nrel
ati
ont
oper
iodsofser
viceef
fect
ivef
rom Januar
y07,
2009andnotbef
oresuchdat
e.I
n
myv
iew,
thesai
dcont
ent
ionunder
minest
heconceptofj
udi
ciali
ndependence,
whi
chi
nit
snat
urei
snotonl
y
l
i
mit
edt
opr
otect
ingj
udgesf
rom i
nter
fer
encei
ntheexer
ciseoft
hei
rfunct
ionsasj
udgesbutal
soext
endst
o
af
for
dingsuchj
udgespar
it
yint
reat
menti
nthei
rcondi
ti
onsofser
vicesuchassal
ari
esandr
eti
ri
ngbenef
it
s.
I
ntheCanadi
ancaseofBodnervAl
ber
ta[
2005]2SCR286,t
heSupr
emeCour
tofCanadaconf
ir
medt
hat
f
inanci
alsecur
it
yini
tsi
nst
it
uti
onalandi
ndi
vi
dualcomponent
siswi
thsecur
it
yoft
enur
eandadmi
nist
rat
ive
i
ndependence,oneoft
het
hreecor
echar
act
eri
sti
csofj
udi
ciali
ndependence.Fi
nanci
alsecur
it
y,i
tseemst
o
mei
sameansbywhi
chj
udi
ciali
ndependencei
sat
tai
ned and t
her
efor
enot
hing shoul
d bedonet
o
compr
omi
sei
tasi
nthel
ongr
un,i
tsat
tai
nmentendur
est
othebenef
itoft
hepubl
i
cbyensur
ingt
hat
compet
entper
sonsar
eat
tract
edt
othebench.Judi
ciali
ndependencei
sint
egr
alt
other
uleofl
aw,whi
chi
s
anessent
ialcondi
ti
onf
ort
hepr
otect
ionofr
ight
sofi
ndi
vi
dual
sandt
her
efor
eonecansayt
hatasacor
e
char
act
eri
sti
cofj
udi
ci
ali
ndependence,
financi
alsecur
it
yisanessent
ial
pre-
requi
sit
etot
her
eal
i
zat
ioni
nany
moder
nsoci
etyoft
her
uleofl
aw.I
tfol
l
owst
hati
tsabsencecr
eat
esanenv
ironmenti
nwhi
chonecannot
r
easonabl
yimagi
nei
ndi
vi
dual
shav
ingt
angi
blehumanr
ight
scapabl
eofbei
ngenf
orcedagai
nstt
hest
ate.
Theexi
stenceoff
inanci
alsecur
it
yist
husassai
dear
li
eri
nthecour
seoft
hisdel
i
ver
yisbenef
ici
alt
othe
publ
i
casi
tpr
ovi
desar
easonabl
eassur
anceofi
mpar
ti
ali
tybycour
tsi
nscr
uti
nizi
ngcasesi
nvol
vi
nghuman
r
ight
svi
olat
ions.Whi
l
econcedi
ngt
hati
tisconsi
stentwi
tht
heconceptofj
udi
ciali
ndependencet
opay
di
ff
erentsal
ari
est
ojudgesdependi
ngonwhi
chcour
ttheyar
eappoi
ntedt
o,i
tisunr
easonabl
eandi
ndeed,
i
ncompat
ibl
ewi
thi
ttopr
ovi
dedi
ff
erent
ialr
eti
rementschemesf
orj
udgesev
enatt
hesamel
eveldependi
ng
onwhet
hert
heper
iodser
vedwasbef
oreoraf
terJanuar
y07,
2009.

Ihav
etr
iedi
nthecour
seoft
hei
nst
antpr
oceedi
ngst
oappl
ymymi
ndf
air
lybyaski
ngwhet
hert
her
eisi
n
pr
inci
pleanyr
easonwhyt
hesai
dmeani
ngi
sbei
ngur
gedonusbutt
hemor
eIgi
vet
houghtt
othequest
ion
t
hemor
etol
erabl
ycl
eari
tseem t
omet
hatnotonl
yist
her
eanybutt
hatt
oyi
eldt
othesai
dcont
ent
ionwi
l
l
hav
etheef
fectofunder
mini
ngt
heconceptofj
udi
cial
independence.Icannotdi
scer
nwhyj
udgeswhodot
he
samewor
kandsuf
fert
hesamedepr
ivat
ionsandenj
oyt
hesamepr
ivi
l
egeswi
l
lbeputapar
twheni
tcomes
t
othei
rret
ir
ementbenef
it
s.I
nmyopi
nion,ar
ti
cl
e155env
isagesequal
i
tyoft
reat
mentt
osuper
iorcour
t
j
udgesi
nthei
rret
ir
ingawar
dshencet
hepr
ovi
si
onmadei
ncl
ause(
1)(
b)oft
hear
ti
clet
opr
ovi
depar
it
yof
t
reat
mentf
orj
udgeswhowoul
dnothav
eser
vedatl
eastt
encont
inuousy
ear
sassuper
iorcour
tjudges
bef
oret
hei
rret
ir
ementbyt
aki
ngi
ntoaccountt
went
yyear
s’ser
vicei
nthepubl
i
csect
orofwhi
chf
ive
cont
inuousy
ear
swoul
dhav
ebeenassuper
iorcour
tjudges.I
tist
obeobser
vedt
hatsuchaschemeof
di
ff
erent
ialr
eti
rementschemewoul
dnat
ural
l
ybeav
erset
osomesuper
iorj
udgesanddet
ract
sfr
om t
he
const
it
uti
onalpr
ovi
si
on cont
ained i
n ar
ti
cle 127(
5)t
hatpr
ecl
udes t
hei
rsal
ari
es,pensi
on and ot
her
condi
ti
onsofser
vicef
rom bei
ngv
ari
edt
othei
rdi
sadv
ant
age.Ther
ecanbenodoubtt
hatj
udgeswhomi
ght
beadv
ersel
yaf
fect
edbyt
hedi
ff
erent
ial
schemewi
l
lgot
hroughmoment
soff
inanci
alanxi
etyandi
mpacton
t
hei
rabi
l
ityt
odi
schar
get
hei
rfunct
ionsi
mpar
ti
all
yander
odeacor
echar
act
eri
sti
cofj
udi
ciali
ndependence
namel
ysecur
it
yoft
enur
e.Iam i
ngr
eatdi
ff
icul
tycompr
ehendi
nghowwecanbei
nvi
tedt
ogl
ossov
erar
ti
cle
127(
5)whi
chseekst
osecur
eequal
i
tyi
nret
ir
ingawar
dsofj
udgesasweat
temptt
odet
ermi
net
hequest
ion
f
orourdeci
sionwhi
cht
urnsont
hei
ssuenumber
edas6i
nthemat
terher
ein.Thesai
dpr
ovi
sionshoul
dput
usonani
nqui
rybypr
ovi
dinguswi
thausef
ulgui
deast
othecl
eari
ntendmentoft
heconst
it
uti
oni
nregar
dto
equal
i
tyofr
eti
ri
ngbenef
it
stor
eti
ri
ngsuper
iorcour
tjudges.Accor
dingl
y,Iam oft
hev
iewt
hatt
hef
ormul
a
appr
ovedf
ort
hecomput
ati
onoft
her
eti
ri
ngawar
dsappl
i
est
oal
lsuper
iorcour
tjudgeswhor
eti
reaf
tert
he
ef
fect
ivedat
eofJanuar
y07,
2009.

NB:
SeeNppvRawl
i
ngssupr
aforar
ti
cle130andar
ti
cle2oft
heconst
it
uti
onandt
hei
ssueofpr
ohi
bit
ion
wr
it
s.

LEGI
SLATURE
11.
Int
erpr
etat
ionofar
ti
cle181(
5),
seeFel
i
xKl
omegahvAGsupr
aandf
ort
heconcl
usi
onoft
hecase
bel
ow:

“
Thi
sist
hef
if
thcasei
nwhi
cht
heSupr
emeCour
thashadt
oint
erpr
etAr
ti
cle181(
5)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
on.
I
tishopedt
hatt
hisCour
t’
sel
uci
dat
ionoft
hepr
ovi
siont
hroughi
tscasel TheAt
aw( tor
ney
-Gener
alvFar
oe
At
lant
icCo.Lt
d.[
2005- TheAt
2006]SCGLR271; tor
ney
-Gener
alvBal
kanEner
gyGhanaLt
d.2or
s.unr
epor
ted,
16thMay
, Ami
2012; duvAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al,
Wat
erv
il
leandWoy
ome,
unr
epor
t 14thJune2013andAmi
ed, duv
At
tor
ney
-Gener
al,
Isof
oton&For
son,
unr
epor
t 21stJune2013)hasl
ed, aidt
hef
oundat
ionf
ordet
ermi
ningt
he
pr
ovi
si
on’
smeani
ngpr
edi
ctabl
y.Wi
tht
hedet
ermi
nat
ionoft
hiscase,
iti
snowourexpect
ati
ont
hatAr
ti
cle
181(
5)wi
l
llendi
tsel
ftoappl
i
cat
ionbyt
heHi
ghCour
t,r
athert
hant
ofur
theri
nter
pret
ati
onbyt
hisCour
t.
Legal
adv
iser
stof
orei
gnent
it
iest
hatcont
ractwi
tht
heGov
ernmentofGhananeedt
obeawar
eoft
his
i
mpor
tantcasel
awi
nor
dert
ogui
det
hem appr
opr
iat
elyont
heGhanai
anl
awont
hisi
ssue.I
tisal
sohoped
t
hatPar
li
amentwi
l
lactsoont
omaket
hemodi
fi
cat
iont
oar
ti
cle181whi
chi
snecessar
ywheni
tisappl
i
edt
o
t
hesubj
ect
-mat
terofar
ti
cle181(
5).Thi
sisamodi
fi
cat
ioncont
empl
atedbyt
heexpr
essl
anguageoft
hat
cl
ause,
inor
dert
ocl
ari
fyf
urt
hert
hisar
eaofl
aw.
”

12.
Art
icl
e99and94

I
nthemat
terofaPar
li
ament
aryel
ect
ionf
orWul
ensiconst
it
uency

Anot
icepubl
i
shedi
ntheGazet
teNo1ofJanuar
y5t
h2000,decl
aredt
heappel
l
ant
,SamuelNy
imakant
he
dul
yel
ect
edMemberofPar
li
ament(
MP)f
ort
heWul
ensi
Const
it
uencyi
ntheNor
ther
nRegi
on.Fol
l
owi
ngt
his,
t
her
espondenti
nst
it
utedpr
oceedi
ngsi
ntheHi
ghCour
tTamal
eforadecl
arat
iont
hatt
heappel
l
antwas,at
t
het
imeofhi
sel
ect
ionnotqual
i
fiedt
obeel
ect
edasanMPandconsequent
lyt
hathi
spur
por
tedel
ect
ion
wasv
oidandmustbesetasi
de.Theact
ion,whi
chwasbr
oughtunderAr
ti
cle94(
1)(
b)ofourConst
it
uti
on
andS16oft
heRepr
esent
ati
onoft
hePeopl
eLaw1992PNDCL284wasbasedont
hreegr
oundsnamel
ythat
:
(
I)(
i)“Hewasnotr
esi
denti
ntheWul
ensiConst
it
uency
,norhadbeenr
esi
dentt
her
eatf
orat
otalper
iodof
f
ive(
5)y
ear
sint
het
en(
10)y
ear
simmedi
atel
ypr
ecedi
ng7t
hDecember2000.(
ii
)(i
i
)Ny
imakanSamuel
does
nothai
lfr
om t
heWul
ensiConst
it
uency
”(par3oft
hepet
it
ionr
efer
s):Af
terhear
ingev
idence,
thel
ear
nedt
ri
al
j
udgef
oundf
ort
her
espondentandhel
dthatt
heappel
l
antwasnotqual
i
fiedunderourel
ect
orall
awsf
or
el
ect
ion.Heaccor
dingl
ydecl
aredhi
spur
por
tedel
ect
ionasanMPv
oid.I
tisagai
nstt
hisdeci
si
ont
hatt
his
i
nst
antappeal
hasbeenl
odged.

HELD:I
naf
fi
rmi
ngt
hedeci
sionoft
heHi
ghcour
t,WooJAobser
vedt
hat
,hai
lfr
om meansor
igi
nat
efr
om as
t
heHi
ghcour
tjudgeobser
vedt
hat
,hai
lfr
om meanscomesf
rom orhomet
own.Al
so,
"Ar
ti
cle94(
1)(
b)set
s
outt
hreesi
tuat
ionsf
orqual
i
ficat
iont
ost
andasacandi
dat
einaConst
it
uency
:-namel
ygener
alr
esi
dence,
r
esi
dencef
orf
iveoutoft
eny
ear
simmedi
atel
ypr
ecedi
ngt
heel
ect
ionandhai
l
ingf
rom t
heconst
it
uency
.A
candi
dat
eisqual
i
fiedt
ost
andf
orel
ect
ioni
fhecansat
isf
yanyoneoft
hesesi
tuat
ions.I
nthecour
seoft
his
case,t
her
espondentdi
dnotf
il
eanypaper
,whi
chshowswhi
choft
het
hreesi
tuat
ionsher
eli
edonashi
s
qual
i
ficat
iont
ost
andasacandi
dat
eforWul
ensi
Const
it
uency
.

Mart i
nAl
amisiAmiduvAG,WATERVILLEHOLDINGS(BVI)andALFREDAGBESIWOYOMENo.JI/15/2012.
TH
14 JUNE, 2013
FACTS:Tothejoyofthemanyl
over
sofsocceri
nGhana,Ghanawon,inJul
y2004,
ther
ightt
ohostt
he2008
Af
ri
canCupofNat
ionsf
oot
bal
ltour
nament
,popul
arl
yknownasCAN2008.Thi
scasei
saboutoneoft
he
consequencesofGhana’
ssuccessf
ulbi
dtohostCAN2008.Asar
esul
tofwi
nni
ngt
her
ightt
ohostCAN
2008,
theGov
ernmentofGhanabecameobl
i
gedt
orehabi
l
itat
efoot
bal
lst
adi
aandot
herspor
ti
ngf
aci
l
iti
esi
n
Ghana.I
nor
dert
oful
fi
llt
hisobl
i
gat
ion,i
tseti
nmot
ioni
nJanuar
y2005apr
ocur
ementpr
ocessf
ort
he
awar
dofappr
opr
iat
econt
ract
sinaccor
dancewi
tht
hePubl
i
cPr
ocur
ementAct
,2003(
Act663)
.Vamed
Engi
neer
ingGmbh& CO KG (
ref
err
edt
o subsequent
lyas‘
Vamed’
)wasoneoft
hecompani
eswhi
ch
submi
tt
edat
enderf
ort
heawar
dofacont
ractt
orehabi
l
itat
ethest
adi
aspeci
fi
edbyt
heGov
ernmentof
Ghana. Vamedbecameoneoft
wocompani
eswhi
chwer
eshor
tl
ist
edbyt
heGov
ernment
’sev
aluat
ion
commi
tt
ee. Meanwhi
l
e,byal
ett ed1st Jul
erdat y2005,Vamedpur
por
tedt
oassi
gnal
lit
sri
ght
sand
obl
i
gat
ionsi
ntheCAN 2008st
adi
atenderandanot
herspeci
fi
edpr
ojectt
otheseconddef
endant
. The
seconddef
endant
,byanundat
edl
ett
erf
rom Andr
eaOr
landi
,adi
rect
oroft
hecompany
,toVamedaccept
ed
t
hispur
por
tedassi
gnment
. Ther
elev
antEnt
it
yTenderCommi
tt
eer
ecommendedVamed/
Wat
erv
il
let
othe
Cent
ralTenderRev
iew Boar
dfort
heawar
doft
hecont
ractbecausei
tst
enderwasi
nthei
rvi
ew t
hemost
compet
it
ive.TheCent
ralTenderRev
i don5thAugust2005gav
ewBoar e“concur
rentappr
ovalf
ort
heawar
d
oft
hecont
ractt
oMessr
sVAMEDEngi
neer
ing.
”Howev
er,byal
ett ed22ndAugust2005addr
erdat essedt
o
t
heManagi
ng-
Dir
ect
orofVamed,t
heMi
nist
erf
orEducat
ion,Yout
handSpor
tspur
por
tedt
oter
minat
ethe
pr
ocur
ementpr
ocess“
duet
othehi
ghcommi
tment
simpl
i
edi
nthesubmi
ssi
ons,t
hei
nconcl
usi
veandt
he
non-
assur
ing nat
ureoft
hef
inanci
alsubmi
ssi
ons”
. Thesecond def
endantmadesev
eralpr
otest
sto
Gov
ernmenti
nrespectoft
hispur
por
tedabr
ogat
ion.I
tent
eredi
ntonegot
iat
ionwi
thGov
ernmentr
egar
ding
t
he pur
por
ted abr
ogat
ion whi
ch r
esul
ted i
n a Memor
andum ofUnder
standi
ng bet hem on 30th
ween t
Nov
ember2005.TheMOUst
atedt
hatt
heGov
ernmentwoul
dawar
dtheOheneDj
anandElWakst
adi
a
pr
ojectonat
urnkeybasi
stot
heseconddef ,On26thApr
endant il
,2006t
heGov
ernmentofGhanasi
gnedt
wo
separ
atebutsi
mil
aragr
eement
swi
tht
heseconddef
endantf
ort
her
ehabi
l
itat
ionoft
heOheneDj
anandEl
Wakst
adi
ainAccr
aandt
heBabaYar
ast
adi
um i
nKumasi
,respect
ivel
y. Theset
woagr
eement
sbot
h
expr
essl
yspeci
fi
edcondi
ti
onspr
ecedentt
othei
rcomi
ngi
ntof
orce.I
nspi
teoft
hef
actt
hatt
heagr
eement
s
wer
ethusnoty
eti
nfor
ce,t
heGov
er ,on6th Febr
nment uar
y2006,ev
enbef
oret
hef
ormalsi
gni
ngoft
he
agr son26th Apr
eement il
,2006,aut
hor
isedt
heseconddef
endant
’saccesst
othesi
tesoft
hest
adi
a.The
Deput
yMi
nist
erofEducat
ionandSpor
ts,
byal
ett ed6thFebr
erdat uar
y2006,
inf
ormedt
heManagi
ng-
Dir
ect
or
ofWat
erv
il
le,t
hati he2nd Def
s,t endant
,thathi
sMi
nist
erhad “
no obj
ect
ion t
oyourmov
ing t
othe
const
ruct
ionsi
test
ocommenceev
acuat
ionanddemol
i
tionexer
cisesf
ort
her
ehabi
l
itat
ionandupgr
adi
ngof
t
heAccr
a,KumasiandEl
-Wakst
adi
a.Byt
hisnot
ice,wear
einf
ormi
ngt
heaut
hor
it
iesoft
hest
adi
aandEl
-
Wakt
ogr
antaccesst
otheconst
ruct
iont
eamsf
ort
heagr
eedi
nit
ialexer
cise.
”Thus,
theseconddef
endant
commencedwor
ksi
nvol
vi
ngt
hedemol
i
tionofst
ruct
uresandt
heexcav
ati
onandcl
ear
ingoft
hesi
tes.
Subsequent
ly,on1stAugust2006,t
heGov
ernmentt
ermi
nat
edt
heagr
eement
swi
tht
heseconddef
endant
,
byal
ett
eroft
hatdat
ewr
it
tenbyt
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al.Thatl
ett
err
efer
redt
ocl
ause17oft
heAgr
eement
s
(
quot
edabov
e)andi
ndi
cat
edt
hatt
heseconddef
endantwasbei
nggi
vennot
icet
hat“
sincet
hecont
ract
sdi
d
notr
ecei
veappr
ovalf
rom Cabi
neti
naccor
dancewi
thCl
ause17oft
heCont
ract
s,t
heCont
ract
shav
enev
er
becomeef
fect
ive.
”Byt
hisl
ett
er,
theGov
ernmentofGhanai
nef
fectwal
kedawayf
rom t
het
woagr
eement
sit
hadsi
gned.I
tthenent
eredi
ntonegot
iat
ionswi
tht
hesub-
cont
ract
or he2nd def
soft endant
,Mi
chel
ett
iand
CoLt
dandConsarLt
d,t
ocont
inuewi
tht
her
ehabi
l
itat
ionandr
efur
bishmentoft
heOheneDj
an,BabaYar
a
andElWakst
adi
a.Theagr
eementr
eachedwi
tht
hem wast
hatGov
ernmentwoul
dpayt
hesub-
cont
ract
ors
t
he v
alue oft
he wor
k al
ready execut he 2nd def
ed by t endantbef
oret
he dat
e oft
akeov
erby t
he
sub–cont
ract
orsoft
hewor
k.Thesub-
cont
ract
orswoul
dt he2nddef
henpayt endantt
hev
alueoft
hewor
kit
hadunder
taken.I
nhi
sSt
at he1stdef
ementofCase,t endantst
atesasf
oll
owsont
hismat
ter(
inpar
a27)
:
“
Asar
esul
tGoGi
nst
ruct
edt
heConsul
tant
sfort
hePr
oject
,Bui
l
dingI
ndust
ryConsul
tant
sLt
d.(
BIC)t
oval
ue
t
hewor he2nd Def
kdonebyt endantf
rom t
het
imeofent
ryont
othedat
eoft
het
akeov
erbyt
hesub-
cont
ract
ors. I
twasagr
eedt
hatGoG wi
l
lremi
ttot
hesub-
cont
ract
orsal
ltheent
it
lement he2nd
sduet
Def
endantascer
ti
fi
ed byBI
Cforcol
l
ect
i he2nd Def
onbyt endant
.”Thev
alueoft
hewor
kpr
evi
ousl
y
under
t he2nddef
akenbyt endantwast
husdul
ycer
ti
fi
edbyt
heconsul
tant
sfort
hepr
oject
,Bui
l
dingI
ndust
ry
Consul
tant
sLt
d(her
eaf
terr
efer
redt
oas“
BIC”
).TheGov
ernmentofGhanasubsequent
lypai
dforal
lthe
wor
kcer
ti
fi
edbyBI
C,t
otal
i
ngsomeE22,
365,
624.
40.Thi
spay
mentwaspr
obl
emat
icsi
ncei
tappear
stohav
e
used a r
est
it
uti
onar
yrout
eto by
pass t
he l
egalconsequences ofan i
nchoat
eint
ernat
ionalbusi
ness
t
ransact
iont
owhi
cht
heGov
ernmentwasapar
ty,whi
chhadnoty
etbeenappr
ovedbyPar
li
amenti
nter
ms
ofar
ti
cl
e181(
5).

Agai
nstt
hebackdr
opoft
hef
act
ssetoutabov
e,t
hePl
aint
if
fhassuedt
hedef
endant
sint
hisact
ioni
nvoki
ng
t
heor
igi
nalj
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hisCour
t.ThePl
aint
if
fisaf
ormerAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alwhohasdecl
aredt
hathe
seekst
hepubl
i
cint
erestt
hrought
hissui
t. Hi
swr
it
,or
igi
nal
l
yissuedon22nd June2012,wasamended
pur
suantt
oanor
deroft
hi tmadeon11thApr
sCour il2013.I
tseekst
hef
oll
owi
ngr
eli
efs:(
I)“
Adecl
arat
ion
t
hatt
heAgr
eementent
it
led“
Cont
ractf
ort
heRehabi
l
itat
ion ofBabaYar
aSpor
tsSt
adi
um i
nKumasi
,Ghana”
ent
eredi
ntoon26thApr
il2006bet
weent
heRepubl
i
cofGhanaandWat
erv
il
leHol
dings(
BVI
)Li
mit
edofP.O.
Box3444RoadTownTor
tol
a,Br
it
ishVi
rgi
nIsl
andsi
sani
nter
nat
ionalbusi
nessoreconomi
ctr
ansact
ion
underAr
ti
cl
e181(
5)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
ont
hatcoul
donl
yhav
ebecomeoper
ati
veandbi
ndi
ngont
he
Gov
ernmentofGhanaaf
terbei
ngl
aidbef
oreandappr
ovedbyPar
li
ament
.Samedecl
arat
ional
sot
othe
OheneDj
anSpor
tsSt
adi
um andt
heUpgr
adi
ngoft
heElWakSt
adi
um i
nAccr
a,t
hus,nul
l
,voi
dandwi
thout
oper
ati
veef
fectwhat
soev
er.

HELD:perDat
e-BahJSC:I
fhei
srel
yi
ngonadi
ff
erentcont
ract
,then,ofcour
se,t
hisCour
twoul
dhav
eno
j
uri
sdi
cti
oni
nthi
smat
terbecauset
her
ewoul
dbenoi
ssueofconst
it
uti
onali
nter
pret
ati
on.Thet
askwoul
d
f
allt
otheHi
ghCour
ttodet
ermi
net
heexi
stenceorot
her
wiseoft
hecont
ractunderwhi
chhei
smaki
nghi
s
cl
aim.I
f,howev
er he3rddef
,t endanti
srel
yi
ngonar
est
it
uti
onar
ycl
aimr
elat
edt
othei
nef
fect
iveCAN2008
st
adi
aagr
eement
s,ani
ssuear
isesast
othei
mpactonsuchcl
aim ofar
ti
cle181(
5)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
on
whi
chv
est
sjur
isdi
cti
oni
nthi
sCour
ttoi
nter
prett
hepr
ovi
sioni
nor
dert
odet
ermi
nei
tsscope. Ther
ightt
o
r
est
it
uti
onmayar
isei
nrel
ati
ont
oa“
sit
uat
ionwher
ethedef
endanthasacqui
redabenef
itf
rom orbyt
heact
oft
hepl
aint
if
f”.(
SeeGof
f&Jones,TheLawofRest
it
uti 6thed.
on( ,2002)p.175.“
Thepl
aint
if
f’
sgr
oundof
r
ecov
erymaybet
hathewasmi
staken,t
hathewascompel
l
edt
odowhathedi
d,t
hatheact
edoutof
necessi
ty,
thatt
heconsi
der
ati
onf
orhi
spay
menthadwhol
l
yfai
l
ed,
ort
hatt
hedef
endanthadf
reel
yaccept
ed
t
heser
viceswhi
chhehadr
ender
edort
hegoodswhi
chhehaddel
i
ver
ed.
”(I
bid.
)Thel
astbutonesi
tuat
ioni
n
t
hisl
i
stofsi
tuat
ionsi
swhati
srel
evantont
hef
act
soft
hiscase.I
not
herwor
ds,hast
heSt
ate(
i. he1st
e.t
def
endant
)fr
eel
yaccept
edser
vicesr
ender he3rd def
edbyt endant
?Ifso,doest
heConst
it
uti
onper
mitt
he
St
atet
omakepay
mentf
ort
hoseser
vices. Acont
ractwhi
chbr
eachesar
ti
cle181(
5)oft
heConst
it
uti
on
i
snul
landv
oidandt
her
efor
ecr
eat
esnor
ight
s. t
her
eist
hehi
gheror
dercount
erv
ail
i
ngar
gumentt
hatt
he
enf
orcementoft
heConst
it
uti
onshoul
dnotbeunder
minedbyal
l
owi
ngt
heSt
ateandi
tspar
tner
sanav
enue
oroppor
tuni
tyf
ordoi
ngi
ndi
rect
lywhati
tisconst
it
uti
onal
l
ypr
ohi
bit
edf
rom doi
ngdi
rect
ly.Thesupr
emacy
oft
heConst
it
uti
oni
nthehi
erar
chyofl
egalnor
msi
nthel
egalsy
stem hast
obepr
eser
vedandj
eal
ousl
y
guar
ded. Thus,t
hef
lexi
bil
i
tyt
hatt
heSupr
emeCour
tint
roducesi
ntheCCWLcasei
stobeexer
cised
spar
ingl
yint
hecaseofbr
eachesoft
heConst
it
uti
on.Ther
equi
rementt
hati
nter
nat
ionalbusi
nesscont
ract
s
t
owhi
cht
heGov
ernmenti
sapar
tyshoul
dbeappr
ovedbyPar
li
amenthasapur
poseandi
tshoul
dbemade
cl
eart
oGov
ernmentandi
tspar
tner
sthatnon-
compl
i
ancewi
tht
her
equi
rement
,di
rect
lyori
ndi
rect
ly,wi
l
l
hav
econsequences.Wear
eaccor
dingl
yincl
i
nedt
othev
iewt
hat
,wher
ear
ti
cle181(
5)hasbeenbr
eached,
a
r
est
it
uti
onar
yremedywoul
dbei
nconf
li
ctwi
tht
heConst
it
uti
onandt
her
efor
enotav
ail
abl
e.

Thus,ar
ti
cle181(
5)cov
ersr
est
it
uti
onar
ycl
aimsconnect
edt
ocont
ract
soragr
eement
swi
thi
ntheambi
tof
t
hepr
ovi
sion.

Headded:The2nd def
endant
’ssubmi
ssi
onsont
hisi
ssueoft
hePl
aint
if
f’
scapaci
tyar
e,wi
thr
espect
,il
l
-
f
ounded.Thef
actt
hatt
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alhasbr
oughtaci
vi
lact
iononapar
ti
cul
ari
ssuecannotder
ogat
e
f
rom aci
ti
zen’
sri
ghtunderAr
ti
cle2(
1)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
ont
oseekadecl
arat
ionandconsequent
ial
or
der
sfr
om t
heSupr
emeCour
tinr
elat
iont
othesamei
ssuei
fiti
nvol
vesanyactoromi
ssi
onwhi
cht
he
ci
ti
zenal
l
egest
obei
nconsi
stentwi
th,ori
ncont
rav
ent
ionof
,apr
ovi
sioni
ntheConst
it
uti
on. Whati
s
necessar
yfort
heci
ti
zent
odoi
stoest
abl
i
sht
hatheorshecomeswi
thi
nthepar
amet
ersl
aiddowni
n
Ar
ti
cles2(
1)and130(
1).I
fheorshedoest
his,t
hemer
efactt
hatt
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
ali
sconduct
ing
l
i
tigat
ioni
ntheHi
ghCour
twhi
chi
sli
nkedt
othesubj
ect
-mat
terofhi
sorheract
ionwi
l
lnotor
dinar
il
ybeabar
t
otheact
ion.

Al
so,ont
heor
igi
nalj
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hesupr
emecour
t:her
efer
redt
o:Ourpr
efer
redl
ocuscl
assi
cusont
he
or
igi
nalj
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hisCour
t,but
tressi
ngt
heposi
ti
onadopt
edabov
e,r
emai
nst
hewor
dsofAni
nJA,i
n
Republ
i
cvSpeci
alTr
ibunal
;Expar
teAkosah[
1980]GLR592at605,
wher
ehesai
dofapr
evi
ouspr
ovi
sioni
n
par
imat
eri
awi
tht
hecur
rentpr
ovi
sionst
hat
:

“
From t
hef
oregoi
ngdi
cta,
wewoul
dconcl
udet
hatani
ssueofenf
orcementori
nter
pret
ati
onofapr
ovi
sion
oft
heConst
it
uti
onunderar
ti
cle118(
1)(
a)ar
isesi
nanyoft
hef
oll
owi
ngev
ent
ual
i
ties:

(
a) wher
ethewor
dsoft
hepr
ovi
sionar
eimpr
eci
seoruncl
earorambi
guous.Puti
n
anot
herway
,itar
isesi
fonepar
tyi
nvi
test
hecour
ttodecl
aret
hatt
hewor
dsof
t
he ar
ti
cle hav
e a doubl
e-meani
ng orar
e obscur
e orel
se mean somet
hing
di
ff
erentf
rom ormor
ethanwhatt
heysay
;

(
b) wher
ether
ivalmeani
ngshav
ebeenpl
acedbyt
hel
i
tigant
sont
hewor
dsofany
pr
ovi
sionoft
heConst
it
uti
on;

(
c) wher
ether
eisaconf
li
cti
nthemeani
ngandef
fectoft
woormor
ear
ti
clesoft
he
Const
it
uti
on,
andt
hequest
ioni
srai
sedast
owhi
chpr
ovi
sionshoul
dpr
evai
l
;

(
d) wher
eont
hef
aceoft
hepr
ovi
sions,t
her
eisaconf
li
ctbet
weent
heoper
ati
onof
par
ti
cul
ari
nst
it
uti
onssetupundert
heConst
it
uti
on,
andt
her
ebyr
aisi
ngpr
obl
ems
ofenf
orcementandofi
nter
pret
ati
on.

NB.Thebel
owposi
ti
onbyHi
sLor
dshi
pandt
hemaj
ori
tyi
nthecasehasbeenr
evi
ewed/
rev
ersedi
nthesame
casebyt
her
evi
ew panel
,perDot
seJSC,i
nor
dert
oenabl
ethel
owercour
tsexer
ciset
hei
renf
orcement
power
stot
hepr
ovi
si
onsi
ntheconst
it
uti
on.Thebel
owgoesasf
oll
ows:

Hi
sLor
dshi
pfur
therst
atedandemphasi
zedi
nHi
sBook,
“Ref
lect
ionoft
heSupr
emeCour
t,
”that
:The
j
ust
if
icat
ionar
ti
cul
atedf
ort
hisposi
ti
oni
nthel
eadj
udgmentwast
hatonl
ytheSupr
emeCour
tmay
det
ermi
neabr
eachoft
heConst
it
uti
on.TheCour
thel
dthat
:"Weobser
vet
hati
tisonl
ythi
sof
fi
ceoft
he1st
Respondentt
hathasbeenment
ionedspeci
fi
cal
l
yint
heConst
it
uti
onamongt
heot
hercabi
netposi
ti
ons.A
per
usal
ofar
ti
cl
e88(
1)t
hrought
o(6)i
ndi
cat
equi
teconcl
usi
vel
ythatt
hedut
iescastont
hatof
fi
cear
e
oner
ousandi
ndeedv
eryr
esponsi
ble.Ourownunder
standi
ngoft
her
oleofanAt
tor
ney
-Gener
ali
sthatt
he
occupi
eroft
hatposi
ti
oni
ssoi
mpor
tantt
hati
tshoul
dbel
i
kenedt
othatofCaesar
'swi
feandmustt
her
efor
e
bedeemedt
obeabov
erepr
oach.I
nvi
ewoft
hei
mmenser
esponsi
bil
i
tiest
hatar
ecastont
heof
fi
ceoft
heI
"
Respondent
,itwi
l
lindeedbeat
rav
est
yofj
ust
icet
osayt
hatnegl
i
genceonherpar
tinf
ail
i
ngt
odeci
deona
const
it
uti
onal
requi
rementwhi
chhasl
edt
oabr
eachoft
heConst
it
uti
on1992whi
chonl
ythi
scour
thas
j
uri
sdi
cti
ont
odeci
dei
samat
terf
oranot
herf
orum,
possi
blyt
heHi
ghCour
t.

Hence,
theabov
eposi
ti
onofAni
nYeboahi
smai
ntai
ned.

Att
orneyGener
alvFar
oeAt
lant
icCo.Lt
d.[2005-
6]SCGLR271
FACTS:Thi
swasacasewhereaUnit
edKingdom companysuedt
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alofGhanaonapower
pur
chaseagr
eementwi
tht
heGov
ernmentofGhana.I
tobt
ainedsummar
yjudgmentagai
nstt
hedef
endantat
t
het
ri
alHi
ghCour
tandl
aterappl
i
edf
oranor
derf
rom t
heHi
ghCour
ttobeal
l
owedt
ogi
veev
idenceoni
ts
cl
aimf
ordamages.TheHi
ghCour
tal
l
owedev
idencet
obel
edandawar
dedt
hepl
aint
if
fdamages.The
def
endantappeal
edt
otheCour
tofAppeal
andf
ort
hef
ir
stt
imer
aisedt
heconst
it
uti
onal
issuet
hatt
he
powerpur
chaseagr
eementhadnotr
ecei
vedPar
li
ament
aryappr
oval
andwast
her
efor
einbr
eachofar
ti
cle
181(
5)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
on.TheCour
tofAppeal
rej
ect
edt
hisar
gumentont
hegr
oundt
hatnotonl
yhad
t
hedef
endantnotr
aisedt
hei
ssueasagr
oundofappeal
,butal
sot
hedef
endanthadf
ail
edt
oappeal
agai
nst
t
hesummar
yjudgmentandt
her
efor
eitwast
ool
atet
orai
set
heconst
it
uti
onal
issuebef
oret
heCour
t.Ona
f
urt
herappeal
tot
heSupr
emeCour
t,t
hatCour
twasoft
hev
iewt
hatt
houghgener
all
yapoi
ntofl
awt
hathad
notbeenr
aisedatt
het
ri
alcour
tmi
ghtnotber
aisedonappeal
,theCour
twasobl
i
gedt
ouphol
dthe
Const
it
uti
on.Accor
dingl
y,i
twoul
dent
ert
aint
heconst
it
uti
onal
argument
,ev
ent
houghnotr
aisedatt
het
ri
al
cour
t.TheCour
tthenwentont
oint
erpr
etar
ti
cle181(
5)oft
heConst
it
uti
oni
nal
andmar
kdeci
sionwhi
chhas
hadapr
ofoundi
mpactont
her
ulesgov
erni
ngt
hel
egal
i
tyandenf
orceabi
l
ityofi
nter
nat
ional
transact
ionst
o
whi
cht
heGov
ernmentofGhanai
sapar
ty.

HELD:
PerAkuf
foJSC:
TheConst
it
uti
oni
sthesupr
emel
awoft
hel
andandar
ti
cle1(
1)makesi
tcl
eart
hat
'
…thepower
sofgov
ernmentar
etobeexer
cisedi
nthemannerandwi
thi
nthel
i
mit
slai
ddowni
nthi
s
Const
it
uti
on.
'Ast
hesupr
emel
awoft
hel
and,
theConst
it
uti
oni
sappl
i
cabl
eatal
lti
mesandal
lact
sand
t
hings,
par
ti
cul
arl
ythosedonef
orandonbehal
foft
heRepubl
i
cofGhana,
mustal
way
sbet
est
edagai
nsti
ts
pr
ovi
si
ons.I
nthecour
seofj
udi
cial
proceedi
ngs,
iti
sincumbentuponev
eryJudget
okeepi
tspr
ovi
sionsi
n
mi
ndt
oassur
ecompl
i
ance,
notonl
ybyt
hepar
ti
esbef
orei
t,butal
sobyt
hecour
tit
sel
f.

Shecont
inued:
taki
ngi
ntoaccounti
ts(
art
icl
e181)l
anguage,
theov
eral
lef
fecti
sthat
,aswi
thl
oans,
i
nter
nat
ional
busi
nessoreconomi
ctr
ansact
ionst
owhi
cht
heGov
ernmenti
sapar
tyal
sor
equi
re
par
li
ament
aryaut
hor
izat
ion.Wher
etheConst
it
uti
onst
ipul
atest
hatpar
li
ament
aryaut
hor
izat
ionshal
lbe
r
equi
redf
orcer
tai
ntr
ansact
ions,
thenanyt
ransact
iont
owhi
cht
hepr
ovi
sionsar
eappl
i
cabl
ethati
s
concl
udedwi
thoutt
heaut
hor
izat
ionofPar
li
amentcannott
akeef
fectwi
thoutsuchaut
hor
izat
ion.Iagr
ee
wi
thmyest
eemedbr
otherDr
.Dat
e-Baht
hatt
her
ecanbenodoubtt
hati
nthi
scase,
theAgr
eementwasan
i
nter
nat
ional
busi
nesst
ransact
ion.Hence,
itwasnotenoughf
ort
heCour
tofAppeal
todi
sposeoft
hei
ssue
r
aisedbyst
ati
ngt
hat
:—"
Ifpar
li
ament
aryappr
oval
wasnotobt
ained,
itappear
stome,
itwasbecauset
he
Appel
l
antdi
dnotev
inceanyi
ntent
ionofhonour
ingt
heagr
eementbet
weent
hepar
ti
esi
nthet
ermssought
byt
heRespondent
s,t
hati
sbyamendi
ngt
hePPAt
oref
lectt
hechangei
nthegener
ati
ngpl
ant
."Ar
ti
cle181(
5)
speci
fi
cal
l
ydeal
swi
thi
nter
nat
ional
busi
nessoreconomi
ctr
ansact
ions,
rat
hert
hanl
oans.Whenone
cont
ract
ingpar
tyagr
eest
osuppl
yandt
heot
herpar
tyagr
eest
opur
chaseandpayf
ort
het
hingsuppl
i
ed,
is
t
her
enotabusi
nesst
ransact
ion?Ibel
i
evet
her
eis.Andi
fthesuppl
i
eri
sanon-
Ghanai
anent
it
yandt
hepar
ty
oft
heot
herpar
tist
heGov
ernmentofGhana,
iti
sani
nter
nat
ional
busi
nesst
ransact
ion. The
pr
ovi
si
ont
henbecomesappl
i
cabl
e,r
egar
dlessofwhet
heri
nthev
iewoft
heMi
nist
ryofFi
nance,
oranyot
her
per
sonori
nst
it
uti
on,
itdoesnot
.Theappl
i
cabi
l
ityofconst
it
uti
onal
prov
isi
onsi
snotopt
ional
andi
snot
pr
edi
cat
edonanyper
son'
sopi
nionsi
nthatr
egar
d.

PerDat
e-BahJSC:
Iti
sasacr
eddut
yoft
hiscour
tal
way
stor
emembert
hisdual
rol
eoft
heSupr
emeCour
t.
Decl
ari
ngast
atut
orypr
ovi
sionv
oidt
otheext
entofi
tsi
nconsi
stencywi
tht
heConst
it
uti
oni
swi
del
y
r
ecogni
zedl
ocal
l
yandi
nter
nat
ional
l
yasaqui
ntessent
ial
judi
cial
actofaconst
it
uti
onal
cour
tandnotasan
usur
pat
ionofal
egi
sl
ati
ver
oleandwemustnotbet
imor
ousaboutper
for
mingt
hatdut
y.I
tal
sobehoov
es
t
hisCour
tnott
orecoi
lfr
om audaci
tyi
nthepr
otect
ionofhumanr
ight
sandi
nkeepi
ngal
i
vet
hehopeoft
hose
whoseekt
hisCour
t'
senf
orcementoft
hei
rconst
it
uti
onal
right
s."

PerDat
e-BahJSC:
"Thepl
ainmeani
ngofar
ti
cle181(
5)woul
dappeart
obet
hatwher
etheGov
ernmentof
Ghanaent
ersi
nto"
ani
nter
nat
ional
busi
nessoreconomi
ctr
ansact
ion"i
tmustcompl
ywi
tht
her
equi
rement
s,
mut
ati
smut
andi
s,i
mposedbyar
ti
cle181oft
heConst
it
uti
on.Thoser
equi
rement
scl
ear
lyi
ncl
udet
hel
ayi
ng
oft
her
elev
antagr
eementbef
orePar
li
ament
.Theagr
eementi
snott
ocomei
ntooper
ati
onunl
essi
tis
appr
ovedbyar
esol
uti
onofPar
li
ament
."

Byanal
ogy
,onecanl
egi
ti
mat
elyi
nfert
hatt
hepur
poseoft
hef
ramer
soft
heexpansi
onoft
hepr
ovi
sionwas
t
oensur
etr
anspar
ency
,opennessandPar
li
ament
aryconsenti
nrel
ati
ont
othi
saddi
ti
onal
cat
egor
yof
cont
ract
sal
so.Thi
spur
pose,
tomymi
nd,
isachi
evedbyt
hepl
ainmeani
ngoft
hepr
ovi
sion.I
tisal
sot
obe
deducedf
rom t
hest
atedpur
poseoft
hef
ramer
soft
he1969pr
ovi
sionandt
hepr
oposal
in1991,
byt
he
Commi
tt
eeofConst
it
uti
onal
Exper
ts,
toexpandt
heambi
toft
hepr
ovi
siont
ocov
ert
headdi
ti
onal
cat
egor
yof
cont
ract
.Unf
ort
unat
ely
,theRepor
toft
heCommi
tt
eeofExper
ts(
Const
it
uti
on)onPr
oposal
sforaDr
aft
Const
it
uti
onofGhana(
1991)
,whi
chconst
it
utedt
hepr
oposal
soutofwhi
cht
he1992Const
it
uti
onemer
ged,
doesnotpr
ovi
deanyexpr
esscommentont
hepur
poseoft
heexpansi
onofambi
t.Theexpansi
oni
s
pr
oposed,
wit
houtexpl
anat
ionorcomment
,incl
ause17(
5)ofAppendi
xM t
otheRepor
t.Thi
sAppendi
x
deal
swi
thEconomi
candFi
nanci
alOr
der
.Thepr
oposal
addst
hef
oll
owi
ngcl
auset
otheor
igi
nal
prov
isi
on:
"
Thi
sar
ti
cleshal
l
,wi
tht
henecessar
ymodi
fi
cat
ions,
appl
ytoani
nter
nat
ional
busi
nessoreconomi
c
t
ransact
iont
owhi
cht
heGov
ernmenti
sapar
tyasi
tappl
i
est
oal
oan.
"Myi
nter
pret
ati
onoft
hispr
oposal
,
whi
chwas,
insubst
ance,
adopt
edbyt
heConsul
tat
iveAssembl
ywhi
chdel
i
ber
atedont
hepr
oposal
s
f
ormul
atedbyt
heExper
tsandi
sembodi
edi
nar
ti
cle181oft
hecur
rentConst
it
uti
on,
ist
hati
nter
nat
ional
busi
nessoreconomi
ctr
ansact
ionsar
etobet
reat mut
ed, ati
smut
andi
s,ast
hesameasl
oanagr
eement
s,
f
rom t
hepoi
ntofv
iewoft
her
equi
rement
scont
ainedi
nar
ti
cle181.Thi
s,t
omymi
nd,
meanst
hatan
i
nter
nat
ional
busi
nesst
ransact
ionori
nter
nat
ional
economi
ctr
ansact
iont
owhi
cht
heGov
ernmenti
sapar
ty
mustbesubmi
tt
edt
oPar
li
amentf
orappr
oval
,ev
ent
hought
henat
ureoft
heobl
i
gat
ionembodi
edi
nsuch
t
ransact
ioni
snotoneofdebt
.Thi
sconst
it
uti
onal
prov
isi
on,
inmyv
iew,
isaper
empt
orynor
mthathast
obe
heededbyt
hisCour
t.Tobor
rowf
rom t
hel
anguageofpubl
i
cint
ernat
ional
law,
itmaybev
iewedas
anal oai
ogoust uscogenswhoseenf
orcementcannotbei
mpededbyt
henor
mal
rul
es.

I
nal
l
,hest
ated:
TheOf
fi
ceoft
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alhasaspeci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tyi
nuphol
dingt
heConst
it
uti
on
oft
hisl
andandshor
tcomi
ngsi
nthatOf
fi
cecanembar
rasst
heSt
ateandt
hepeopl
eofGhana.ANDThePPA,
nothav
ingpassedt
hrought
hisaci
dtest
,iti
sinef
fect
ive,
andanul
l
ity
,cr
eat
ingnobenef
it
sori
mposi
ngno
l
i
abi
l
ityononepar
tyort
heot
her
.

13.
Art
icl
e64and49

El
ecti
onpetit
ion(NanaAkuf
o-Addo&OthersvJohnMahama&Ot hers)
FACTS:Pl
aint
iffwaschal
l
engingt
heel
ecti
onofthefi
rstdef
endant
,thati
twast
arr
edwi
thel
ect
oral
mal
pract
icesandi
rr
egul
ari
ti
esandonapr
operaccountt
hef
ir
stappl
i
cantwasr
ight
ful
l
ythewi
nneroft
he
el
ect
ions.Thecour
tdeci
dedt
oheart
hef
oll
owi
ngi
ssues,

1.Whet
herornott
hepi
nksheet
shaddi
ff
erentser
ial
number
s?

2.Whet
herornott
heabsenceoft
hesi
gnat
ureoft
hepr
esi
dingOf
fi
cernul
l
ifi
edt
her
esul
ts?

3.On2ndApr
il2013,
theSupr
emeCour
tsetdownf
ort
ri
alt
hef
oll
owi
ngt
woi
ssues:
(i)
whet
heror
not
t
her
ewer
evi
olat
ions,
omi
ssi
ons,
mal
pract
icesandi
rr
egul
ari
ti
esi
ntheconductoft
hePr
esi
dent
ial
El
ect
ionhel
don7t
hand8t
hDecember2012;
(ii
)whet
herornott
hesev
iol
ati
ons,
omi
ssi
ons,
mal
pract
icesandi
rr
egul
ari
ti
es,
ifany
,af
fect
edt
her
esul
tsoft
heel
ect
ion.

HELD:
ther
eisapr
ovi
sioni
nRul
e4(
b)(
i)oft
heSupr
emeCour
tRul
es,
19965r
equi
ri
ngt
heRegi
str
aroft
he
Cour
ttokeepar
egi
steroft
hev
ari
ouscausesandmat
ter
s;t
hispr
ovi
sionobl
i
gest
heRegi
str
art
orecor
d,
undert
heheadi
ngoft
heor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
onoft
heCour
t,mat
ter
srel
ati
ngt
othechal
l
engeoft
heel
ect
ionof
t
hePr
esi
dentunderAr
ti
cle64(
1).Accor
dingl
y,t
heCour
tconcl
udedt
hatachal
l
engeoft
heel
ect
ionofa
Pr
esi
denti
scl
assi
fi
edundert
heCour
t'
sor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
on.

1.Percur
ium:
thepi
nksheet
shaddi
ff
erentser
ial
number
sbutdi
dnotnul
l
ifyt
heel
ect
ionoft
hef
ir
st
def
endant
.

2.PerAt
ugubaJSC:
Thecour
tadopt
edapur
posi
veappr
oacht
othei
nter
pret
ati
onoft
heconst
it
uti
on
andst
atut
eashasbeenent
hronedpar
ti
cul
arl
ybyDr
.Dat
e-BahJSCast
hedomi
nantr
ulef
or
const
ruct
ionofourconst
it
uti
on.t
hev
otesatpol
l
ingst
ati
onswher
ethePr
esi
dingOf
fi
cer
sfai
l
edt
o
si
gnt
hepi
nksheet
sshoul
dnotbeannul
l
ed.t
hei
ssueoft
hel
egal
eff
ectoft
hef
ail
ureofpr
esi
ding
of
fi
cer
stosi
gnt
hepi
nksheet
swast
heonewhi
chhadmostengagedanddi
vi
dedt
hecour
t.By
appl
yi
ngapur
posi
veappr
oacht
othei
nter
pret
ati
onofar
ti
cle49(
3),
Just
iceAt
ugubast
atedt
hat
f
ail
uret
osi
gnt
hepi
nksheet
sshoul
dnotl
eadt
otheannul
mentoft
hev
otesdecl
aredbyt
henon-
compl
yi
ngpr
esi
dingof
fi
cer
s."
ent
hroned"i
ntheSupr
emeCour
tast
hedomi
nantr
ulef
ort
he
const
ruct
ionoft
heConst
it
uti
on.
"Hi
sar
gumentwast
hatsi
mpl
ybecauseapr
ovi
sioni
nthe
Const
it
uti
oni
scl
eardoesnotexcl
udet
heobl
i
gat
ionofacour
ttosear
chf
orandf
indt
hepur
pose
meantt
obeser
vedbyt
hatpr
ovi
sioni
nor
dert
hatt
hepr
ovi
sionmaybei
nter
pret
edsoast
opr
omot
e
t
hatpur
pose.I
not
herwor
ds,
thecl
ari
tyofapr
ovi
sioni
snotnecessar
il
yabart
otheappl
i
cat
ionoft
he
 pur
posi
veappr
oacht
oiti
nor
dert
oav
oidanuni
ntendedr
esul
twhi
chi
sinconf
li
ctwi
thi
tspur
pose,
di
sti
l
ledf
rom i
tscont
ext
.

3.Just
iceRoseOwusuexpr
essi
ngt
hemi
nor
it
yvi
ew:
"Thegol
denr
uleofi
nter
pret
ati
oni
sthatwor
ds
mustbegi
vent
hei
ror
dinar
ymeani
ngunl
esssameshal
ll
eadt
oabsur
dit
y.Thecl
ausei
scl
earand
unambi
guousanddoesnotcal
lfort
hei
nter
pret
ati
onj
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hiscour
t.Noneoft
hecondi
ti
ons
asl
aiddowni
nRepubl
i
cvSpeci
alTr
ibunal
;Expar
teAkosah[
1980]GLR592,
CAi
spr
esenther
eandI
woul
dther
efor
enotev
enat
temptt
oembar
kont
hatexer
ciseofi
nter
pret
ingt
he"
shal
l
"orf
indr
easons
whyt
hepr
esi
dingof
fi
cermi
ghthav
efai
l
edt
osi
gn.
"!
'Thef
ail
urebyt
hepr
esi
dingof
fi
cer
stosi
gnt
he
pi
nksheet
sshoul
dresul
tint
heannul
mentoft
hev
otesdecl
aredbyt
hem.Thus,
ther
eshoul
dbear
e-
r
unoft
heel
ect
ionatt
heaf
fect
edpol
l
ingst
ati
onsdespi
tet
heuphol
dingoft
her
elev
antdecl
arat
ionof
r
esul
tssi
mpl
i
cit
er.

4. Just
iceAni
nYeboahsuppor
ti
ngt
hemi
nor
it
yvi
ew:"
Inmyopi
nion,
thear
ti
cleunderconsi
der
ati
on,
t
hati
s,ar
ti
cl
e49(
3)i
sver
ycl
earandunambi
guous;
iti
str
it
elawt
hatwhent
hepr
ovi
sionofast
atut
e
andConst
it
uti
onf
ort
hatmat
ter
,iscl
earandunambi
guous,
iti
snott
hedut
yofacour
tofl
awunder
t
hegui
seofi
nter
pret
ati
on,
toscant
hepr
ovi
siont
oint
erpr
ett
hecl
earandunambi
guouspr
ovi
sions.
"

HI
SLORDSHI
PBAFFOE-
BONNI
EJSCsuppor
ti
ngAt
ugubaJSCont
hemaj
ori
tyv
iew:
“Tost
ri
ctl
yint
erpr
et
ar
ti
cle49(
3)t
hewayt
hepet
it
ioner
sar
eseeki
ngt
odoi
stot
aket
hei
mpor
tanceawayf
rom t
hev
oterand
gi
vi
ngsamet
otheper
sonswhor
unt
heel
ect
ions.I
ftheabsenceoft
hesi
ngl
esi
gnat
ureoft
hepr
esi
ding
of
fi
cercanl
eadt
otheannul
mentoft
hev
otesofhundr
edsoft
housandsofv
oter
s,t
hent
heel
ect
ionceases
t
obeaboutt
hev
oter
sandshi
ft
stot
hepr
esi
dingof
fi
cer
.“Sot
hati
fapr
esi
dingof
fi
cer
,ei
therf
rom pr
essur
e
ofwor
k,ov
ersi
ght
,orpl
ainmi
schi
eff
ail
stosi
gn,
thenf
atal
l
y,hundr
edsofv
oter
sar
edi
senf
ranchi
sed.Agai
n,
acor
ruptpol
i
tici
anneedsonl
ytot
eam upwi
thaf
ewhundr
edpr
esi
dingof
fi
cer
sinanopponent
’sst
ronghol
d,
andbi
ngo!f
ort
unesar
etur
ned.Thi
swi
l
lbecar
ryi
ngst
ri
cti
nter
pret
ati
ont
oabsur
dli
mit
s.

BAFFOE-
BONNI
EJSC:
“Thepet
it
ioner
scl
aimt
hatt
her
ewer
eindi
cat
ionst
hati
nqui
teanumberofpol
l
ing
st
ati
onst
her
ewasov
erv
oti
ng.Andt
hisi
sev
identont
hef
aceoft
hepi
nksheet
.Thepet
it
ioner
sgi
vet
hree
mai
ndef
ini
ti
onsofov
erv
oti
ng:

1. Wher
ethebal
l
otsf
oundi
nthebal
l
otboxexceedt
henumberofbal
l
otpaper
sissuedt
othepol
l
ing
st
ati
on;

2. Wher
ethebal
l
otpaper
sfoundi
nthebal
l
otboxexceedt
henumberofper
sonsREGI
STEREDt
ovot
ein
t
hepol
l
ingst
ati
on;
or

3. Wher
ethebal
l
otsf
oundi
ntheboxexceedt
heper
sonsact
ual
l
yver
if
iedt
ovot
e,i
.e.Thoser
egi
ster
ed
andact
ual
l
yappear
ingatt
hepol
l
ingst
ati
on,
ver
if
iedandgi
venbal
l
otpaper
stov
oteandact
ual
l
yvot
ing.

“
Ther
espondent
sdi
sput
edt
hist
hree-
ti
erdef
ini
ti
onandsai
dthecl
assi
cal
def
ini
ti
onofov
erv
oti
ngi
swher
e
t
hebal
l
otpaper
sact
ual
l
yexceedt
henumberofper
sonsact
ual
l
yregi
ster
edatt
hepol
l
ingst
ati
on.
”

14.
Art
icl
e63
RojoMett
leNunoo,SquadronLeader(
Rtd)Cl
endSowu&KofiPortuphyV.TheEl
ectoralCommissi
on
(Supr
emeCourt)SuitNo.JS/6/
2006
FACTS:Thepl
ainti
ff
swr ot
etothedefendant
’schai
rmani
nOctober2005topubl
ishintheGhanaGazet
tet
he
f
ullr
esul
tsoft
heDecember2004Pr
esi
dent
ialEl
ect
ions.Thedef
endantr
epl
i
edt
hatbyt
hepubl
i
cat
ioni
nthe
GhanaGazet
teoft
heDECLARATI
ONOFPRESI
DENTELECTI
NSTRUMENT,
2004,
C.I
.49,
ithaddi
schar
gedi
ts
const
it
uti
onaldut
ieswi
thr
egar
dtot
hedecl
arat
ionoft
her
esul
tsofaPr
esi
dent
ialEl
ect
ion.Notsat
isf
ied
wi
tht
hisr
esponse,t
hepl
aint
if
fsi
ssuedawr
itofSummonsagai
nstt
hedef
endantcl
aimi
nganumberof
r
eli
efs.Att
heAppl
i
cat
ionf
orDi
rect
ionsst
ageoft
hepr
oceedi
ngst
hatf
oll
owedt
hei
nit
iat
ionoft
hisact
ion,
t
hedef
endantsetdownaddi
ti
onali
ssuesf
ort
ri
alwhi
chbor
der
edont
hei
nter
pret
ati
onofar
ti
cles63(
9)and
64(
1)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
on. Thedef
endantappl
i
edt
otheHi
ghCour
ttohav
ethesei
ssuesr
efer
redt
o
t
heSupr
emeCour
tfori
nter
pret
ati
on. Whent
heHi
ghCour
trul
edagai
nsti
tsappl
i
cat
ion,t
hedef
endant
appeal
ed agai
nsti
tand appl
i
ed t
othe Supr
eme Cour
tinv
oki
ng i
ts super
visor
yjur
isdi
cti
on t
o st
ay
pr
oceedi
ngsi
ntheHi
ghCour
tandt
ohav
ethet
hreei
ssuesi
dent
if
iedabov
eref
err
edt
otheCour
tfor
i
nter
pret
ati
on.TheSupr
emeCour
tr edonMay24th,2006t
ul hatgenui
nei
ssuesofi
nter
pret
ati
onhadbeen
r
aisedont
hepl
eadi
ngsandt
her
efor
ethet
hreei
ssuesshoul
dber
efer
redt
oitf
ori
nter
pret
ati
on.

Thei
ssueswer
eon

a)Whet
herornotuponat
rueandpr
operi
nter
pret
ati
onofAr
ti
cle63(
9)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
ont
he
def
endantf
ull
ydi
schar
gedt
heconst
it
uti
onaldut
ywi
tht
hepubl
i
cat
ionoft
hedecl
arat
ionofPr
esi
dent
El
ectI
nst
rument
,200

b)Whet
herornotuponat
rueandpr
operi
nter
pret
ati
onofAr
ti
cle64(
1)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
onany
ci
ti
zenwhowasaggr
iev
edbyordi
ssat
isf
iedwi
tht
hedecl
arat
ioncont
ainedi
nthedecl
arat
ionoft
he
Pr
esi
dentEl
ectI
nst
rument
,2004,
had21day
swi
thi
nwhi
cht
opr
esentaPet
it
iont
otheSupr
emeCour
t
i
nchal
l
engeoft
hedecl
arat
ion.

c)Whet
herornotuponat
rueandpr
operi
nter
pret
ati
onofAr
ti
cle64(
1)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
on,t
he
pl
aint
if
fsar
eest
oppedf
rom at
tempt
ingnowt
ochal
l
enget
hev
ali
dit
yoft
hePr
esi
dentEl
ect
ion.

HOLDI
NG(
S):

a)Uponat
rueandpr
operi
nter
pret
ati
onofAr
ti
cle63(
9)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
ont
hedef
endantf
ull
y
di
schar
gedt
heconst
it
uti
onal
dut
ywi
tht
hepubl
i
cat
ionoft
hedecl
arat
ionofPr
esi
dentEl
ectI
nst
rument
,
2004.

b)Uponat
rueandpr
operi
nter
pret
ati
onofAr
ti
cle64(
1)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
onanyci
ti
zenwhowas
aggr
iev
edbyordi
ssat
isf
iedwi
tht
hedecl
arat
ioncont
ainedi
nthedecl
arat
ionoft
hePr
esi
dentEl
ect
I
nst
rument
,2004,di
dnothav
e21day
swi
thi
nwhi
cht
opr
esentaPet
it
iont
otheSupr
emeCour
tin
chal
l
engeoft
hedecl
arat
ion.

c)Uponat
rueandpr
operi
nter
pret
ati
onofAr
ti
cle64(
1)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
on,t
hepl
aint
if
fsar
e
est
oppedf
rom at
tempt
ingnowt
ochal
l
enget
hev
ali
dit
yoft
hePr
esi
dent
ial
Elect
ion.

REASONI
NG(
S):

a)PerDat
e-Bah(
JSC)
,thepur
poseofAr
ti
cle63(
9)i
nit
scont
exti
sthati
tist
oenabl
etheEl
ect
oral
 Commi
ssi
ont
odecl
aredef
ini
ti
vel
ywhot
hewi
nneroft
hepr
esi
dent
ialel
ect
ioni
s.Theev
idenceon
whi
cht
hedecl
arat
ioni
sbasedneednotbepar
toft
hedecl
arat
ion.Thel
i
ter
all
anguageofAr
ti
cle63(
9)
doesnotr
equi
ret
hisandt
hecour
t’
svi
ewoft
hepur
poseoft
hepr
ovi
siondoesnotr
equi
rei
tei
ther
.If
t
heel
ect
ionsy
stem oper
atedbyt
heDef
endantcoul
dnotf
unct
ionwi
thoutsuchapubl
i
cat
ion,t
he
Cour
tcoul
dhav
ebeenper
suadedt
oimpl
ysuchapubl
i
cat
ioni
nor
dert
omaket
hesy
stem wor
kabl
e.
Ar
ti
cle63(
9)i
slanguagei
naConst
it
uti
onandconsequent
lyhast
obei
nter
pret
edl
i
ber
all
yandf
lexi
bly
t
ogi
veef
fectt
oit
sunder
lyi
ngpur SeeTuf
pose.( fuorvAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al[
1980]GLR637,Asar
ev
At
tor
ney
-Gener
al[ 2004]SCGLR823andAgy
2003- eiTwum vAt
tor
neyGener
alandAnor[
2005-
2006]
SCGLR732)
.

b) I
fthepl
aint
if
fswer
etosucceedi
nthei
rcont
ent
ionont
hef
ir
sti
ssue,al
thoughi
twoul
dresul
tina
decl
arat
ionwhi
chi
nef
fectwoul
dmeant
hatnoPr
esi
denthadbeendecl
aredel
ect
ed,i
twoul
dnot
meant
hatt
heel
ect
ioni
tsel
foft
hePr
esi
dentwasi
nval
i
d.Theunder
lyi
ngel
ect
ionr
esul
tscoul
dst
il
lbe
per
fect
lyv
ali
d,andt
hedef
endant
’sr
esponsi
bil
i
tywoul
dbet
odecl
aret
hem i
nthepr
operf
orm.The
decl
arat
ionwoul
dmeanmer
elyt
hataPr
esi
denthadnoty
etbeenpr
oper
lydecl
aredel
ect
ed,wi
thout
pr
ejudi
cet
othev
ali
dit
yoft
hesubst
ant
iveel
ect
ionr
esul
tst
hemsel
ves. I
nvi
ew oft
hecour
t,t
he
pl
aint
if
f’
sact
ioni
snotanel
ect
ionpet
it
ionandt
het
imel
i
mitspeci
fi
edi
nAr
ti
cle64(
1)doesnotappl
y
t
oit
.

15.
Art
icl
e70,
144,
91

GhanaBarAssoci
ati
onandanotherv
.AGandJudici
alCouncilJ1/
26/2015,
J1/
21/2015ANDJ1/ 22/
2015
TH
DATE:20 JULY,2016
FACTS:acasebot
heri
ngaboutt
heappoi
ntmentofsomejust
icestothesupr
emecourtbenchbyt
he
pr
esi
dentbutdonotheedt
otheent
ir
eadv
isegi
venbyt
hej
udi
cial
counci
landt
hedef
endantt
oget
herwi
th
t
hepl
aint
if
faf
fi
rmedt
hat
,si
nce1992,
nopr
esi
denthashel
dhi
msel
fboundbyt
headv
iceoft
hecounci
l
.

HELD,
perAt
ugubaJSC:
Thepr
operi
nter
pret
ati
onofar
ti
cle91(
2)and(
3)i
sthatar
ti
cle91(
3)r
elat
ingt
o“any
mat
terbei
ngconsi
der
edordeal
twi
thbyt
hePr
esi
dent
”isagener
alorr
esi
dual
clausedeal
i
ngwi
thsi
tuat
ions
wher
ethePr
esi
denti
s,undert
het
ermsoft
her
elev
antpr
ovi
sionr
equi
ri
ngt
headv
ice,
notboundbyt
he
Counci
lofSt
ate’
sadv
ice.Howev
er,
itmustbeemphasi
zedt
hatnoappoi
ntmentcanbemadebyt
he
Pr
esi
dentt
otheSupr
emeCour
twi
thoutar
ecommendat
iont
othatef
fectbyt
heJudi
cial
Counci
lpur
suantt
o
whi
cht
heappoi
ntmentcant
henbemadeaf
terconsul
tat
ionwi
tht
heCounci
lofSt
ateandt
heappr
oval
of
Par
li
amentunderar
ti
cl
e144(
2).Whati
scl
earhowev
eri
sthatal
ltheaut
hor
it
iesi
nvol
vedi
nthepr
ocessf
or
appoi
ntmentofSupr
emeCour
tJust
icesar
eboundi
ntheexer
ciseoft
hei
rvar
iouspower
sbyar
ti
cles128(
4),
and296(
a)and(
b)oft
heConst
it
uti
on.

Concur
ri
ngopi
nionbyDot
seJSC:
Asamat
teroff
act
,thePr
esi
denti
snotboundbyanysuchadv
ice.The
onl
ythi
ngi
sthat
,thePr
esi
dentcanal
sonotgoout
sidet
henamesorl
i
stsofper
sonsr
ecommendedt
ohi
m
byt
hesebodi
es.

Whent
het
wowor
dsandphr
asese.
g.act
ingont
headv
icear
eputt
oget
her
,acl
ear
ermeani
ngoft
her
oleof
t
heJudi
cial
Counci
lgi
vi
nganadv
isor
yopi
nioni
sappar
entandt
hist
her
efor
einmyopi
nionmakessuchan
adv
icei
nthet
ruemeani
ngoft
hewor
dsnotbi
ndi
ng.Ther
efor
e,asi
mpl
e,or
dinar
yandcommonsense
r
eadi
ngoft
hesepr
ovi
sionsi
ndi
cat
est
hatt
hePr
esi
dentmustatal
lcosthav
ethi
sadv
icef
rom t
heJudi
cial
Counci
landi
fhedoesnothav
ethi
sadv
ice,
theappoi
ntment
soft
heJust
iceswi
l
lnotbev
ali
d.Butatal
l
t
imes,
thi
sremai
nsanadv
iceandt
hePr
esi
dent
,inmyopi
nioni
snotboundt
ofol
l
owi
t.

ThePr
esi
denti
sdi
rect
lyel
ect
edbyt
hepeopl
eandt
her
efor
eaccount
abl
etot
hepeopl
eofGhana.Hei
stobe
enabl
edt
odi
rectt
heaf
fai
rsofGov
ernmentt
hroughper
sonswhobel
i
evei
nhi
sideol
ogy
,phi
l
osophyandar
e
compet
entt
odel
i
verhi
sgoal
sandobj
ect
ives.Butchecksandbal
ancesar
ever
yimpor
tantt
oensur
ethat
cer
tai
nbasi
cpr
inci
plesofcompet
ence,
independenceandmer
itsuchasar
eincor
por
atedi
nint
ernat
ional
pr
inci
pleswhi
chhav
ebeenadopt
edbyt
heCommonweal
th,
knownast
he(
Lat
imerHouse)Pr
inci
plesar
enot
ov
erl
ooked.TheseLat
imerHousepr
inci
plesonJudi
cial
Appoi
ntment
sst
atesasf
oll
ows:

“
Jur
isdi
cti
onsshoul
dhav
eanappr
opr
iat
eindependentpr
ocessi
npl
acef
orj
udi
cialappoi
ntment
s.Wher
eno
i
ndependentsy
stem al
readyexi
sts,
appoi
ntment
sshoul
dbemadebyaJudi
cialSer
vicesCommi
ssi
on
(
est
abl
i
shedbyt
heConst
it
uti
onorbyst
atut
e)orbyanappr
opr
iat
eof
fi
cerofst
ateact
ingont
he
r
ecommendat
ionofsuchacommi
ssi
on.

Theappoi
ntmentpr
ocess,
whet
herornoti
nvol
vi
nganappr
opr
iat
elyconst
it
utedandr
epr
esent
ati
veJudi
cial
Ser
vicesCommi
ssi
on,
shoul
dbedesi
gnedt
oguar
ant
eet
hequal
i
tyandi
ndependenceofmi
ndoft
hose
sel
ect
edf
orappoi
ntmentatal
ll
evel
soft
heJudi
ciar
y.Judi
cialappoi
ntment
stoal
ll
evel
soft
heJudi
ciar
y
shoul
dbemadeonmer
itwi
thappr
opr
iat
epr
ovi
sionf
ort
hepr
ogr
essi
ver
emov
alofgenderi
mbal
anceandof
ot
herhi
stor
icf
act
sofdi
scr
imi
nat
ion.Judi
cialappoi
ntment
sshoul
dnor
mal
l
ybeper
manent
;whi
l
sti
nsome
j
uri
sdi
cti
onscont
ractappoi
ntment
smaybei
nev
itabl
e,suchappoi
ntment
sshoul
dbesubj
ectt
oappr
opr
iat
e
secur
it
yoft
enur
e.

I
nGhana,
theConst
it
uti
on1992,
hasi
nar
ti
cles153t
o154pr
ovi
dedf
ort
hecomposi
ti
onandf
unct
ionsoft
he
Judi
ci
alCounci
l
,whi
chasst
atedi
nvar
iousar
ti
clesoft
heConst
it
uti
on,
per
for
msv
eryi
mpor
tantr
olesi
nthe
appoi
ntmentpr
ocessofJudgesatal
ll
evel
s.

Iwantt
orei
ter
atet
hepoi
ntt
hat
,whi
l
stt
hePr
esi
denti
smandat
edt
oseekt
headv
iceoft
heJudi
cial
Counci
l
,
andconsul
twi
tht
heCounci
lofSt
atei
ntheappoi
ntmentpr
ocessofSupr
emeCour
tJudgeswi
tht
he
appr
oval
ofPar
li
ament
,thoseadv
isor
yopi
nionsar
enotbi
ndi
ngont
hePr
esi
dent
.Hei
sent
it
ledt
odi
sregar
d
t
headv
ice,
buthecanal
sonotappoi
ntanyper
sonwhohasnotgonet
hrought
het
hree-
ti
erpr
ocessof
r
ecommendat
ion,
i.
e.Judi
cial
Counci
l
,Counci
lofSt
ateandPar
li
ament
aryappr
oval
.Car
emustal
way
sbe
t
akent
oensur
ethatt
heLat
imerHousePr
inci
pleswhi
chhav
ebeenadopt
edi
nourConst
it
uti
onar
ecompl
i
ed
wi
th.

Quot
ingJohnAdamssai
d:“
Judges,
ther
efor
e,shoul
dbeal
way
smenofl
ear
ningandexper
iencei
nthel
aws,
ofexempl
arymor
als,
greatpat
ience,
cal
mness,
cool
nessandat
tent
ion.Thei
rmi
ndsshoul
dnotbedi
str
act
ed
wi
thj
arr
ingi
nter
est
s,t
heyshoul
dnotbedependentuponanymanorbodyofmen.
”Emphasi
sIt
hinki
tisi
n
t
hepur
sui
toft
heabov
eobj
ect
ivest
hatJudgesshoul
dbei
ndependentandr
eal
l
yseent
obei
ndependenti
n
t
hedi
schar
geoft
hei
rwor
k.Thi
siswhyi
tispr
udentt
ohav
etheappoi
ntmentpr
ocesssomewhati
nsul
ated
agai
nstexcessi
veexecut
ivecont
rol
andi
ntermeddl
i
ng.I
tisonl
yint
hisway
,thatt
hei
ndependenceoft
he
Judi
ci
ary
,whi
chi
sav
eryi
mpor
tantpr
inci
pleandt
akesi
tsr
ootf
rom t
hesepar
ati
onofpower
sasembodi
ed
i
nar
ti
cles125(
1)and127(
1)and(
2)oft
heConst
it
uti
onwi
l
lbecompl
i
edwi
th.Uponat
rueandpr
oper
i
nter
pret
ati
onofAr
ti
cl
e63(
9)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
thedef
endantf
ull
ydi
schar
gedi
tsconst
it
uti
onal
dut
ywi
th
t
hepubl
i
cat
ionoft
he“
DECLARATI
ONOFPRESI
DENT-
ELECTI
NSTRUMENT2004”(
C.I
.49)
.Theexpr
essi
on
ofdi
ssat
isf
act
ion(
thr
oughal
egal
sui
tbyt
hepl
aint
if
fs)wi
tht
hef
orm andcont
ent
soft
hesai
d
DECLARATI
ONOFPRESI
DENT-
ELECTI
NSTRUMENTdoesnotnecessar
il
yamountt
oachal
l
engeoft
he
Pr
esi
dent
ial
Elect
ioni
tsel
f.Accor
dingl
y,t
het
imel
i
mitpr
escr
ibedi
nAr
ti
cle64(
1)f
orachal
l
enget
othe
v
ali
dit
yoft
heel
ect
ionofaPr
esi
dentdoesnotappl
ytoachal
l
enget
othef
orm andcont
ent
soft
he
decl
arat
ion,
wher
esuchchal
l
engei
snoti
ntendedt
ochal
l
enget
hesubst
ant
iveel
ect
ioni
tsel
f.Thepl
aint
if
fs
ar
eaccor
dingl
ynotest
oppedordebar
redf
rom chal
l
engi
ngt
hev
ali
dit
yoft
heDECLARATI
ONOFPRESI
DENT-
ELECTI
NSTRUMENT.Butt
hen,
thei
rchal
l
engef
ail
sont
hemer
it
s.

I
nal
l
,thepr
esi
denti
snotboundbyt
headv
icegi
venbyt
her
espect
ivebodi
esundert
heconst
it
uti
onf
or
appoi
ntment
ssuchast
hecounci
lofst
ateandt
hej
udi
cial
counci
l
.

Seet
hecl
eari
dent
if
icat
ionoft
hest
ruct
uredposi
ti
onoft
hePr
esi
dent
’sappoi
ntmentpr
ocessesandpower
s
i
nthi
scasebyDot
seJSC.

SECTI
ON16-CI
TIZENSHI
P
THELAW ONCI
TIZENSHI
PINGHANA

Rel
evantl
aw:
Cit
izenshi
pAct
,2000(
ACT591

Sect
ion3.Per
sonsbor
nbef
ore6/
3/57

Aper
sonbor
nbef
ore6thMar
ch,
1957i
saci
ti
zenbybi
rt
hift
hatper
son

a.wasbor
ninGhanaandatl
eastoneoft
hepar
ent
sorgr
andpar
ent
swasbor
ninGhana,
or

b.wasbor
nout
sideGhanaandoneoft
hepar
ent
swasbor
ninGhana.

Sect
ion4.Per
sonsbor
nonoraf
ter6/
3/57butbef
ore22/
8/69

1.Aper
sonbor
nonoraf
ter6th Mar
ch,1957andbef
ore22ndAugust
,1969i
saci
ti
zenbybi
rt
hift
hat
per
son

a. wasbor
ninorout
sideGhanaandei
theroft
hepar
ent
s,andal
sooneatl
eastoft
hegr
andpar
ent
s
orgr
eat
-gr
andpar
ent
s,wasbor
ninGhana,
or

b.i
nthecaseofaper
sonbor
ninGhananei
therofwhosepar
ent
swasbor
ninGhana,
atl
eastoneof
t
hegr
andpar
ent
swasbor
ninGhana.

2.Aper
soni
snotaci
ti
zenf
ort
hepur
posesofsubsect
ion(
1),i
fatt
het
imeoft
hebi
rt
hthepar
ent
,
gr
andpar
entorgr
eat
-gr
andpar
entt
hroughwhom t
heci
ti
zenshi
piscl
aimedhasl
ostt
heci
ti
zenshi
pof
Ghana.

3.Aper
sonbor
nonoraf
ter6th Mar
ch,1957andbef
ore22nd August
,1969i
saci
ti
zenbybi
rt
hift
hat
per
son.

a.wasbor
ninGhanaandatt
het
imeoft
hebi
rt
hei
theroft
hepar
ent
swasaci
ti
zenbyr
egi
str
ati
onor
 nat
ural
i
sat
ion,
or

b.wasbor
nout
sideGhanaandatt
het
imeoft
hebi
rt
hbot
hoft
hepar
ent
swer
eci
ti
zensby
r
egi
str
ati
onornat
ural
i
sat
ion.

Sect
ion5.Per
sonsbor
nonoraf
ter22/
8/69—Const
it
uti
on1969

Aper
soni
saci
ti
zenbybi
rt
hift
hatper
sonwasbor
ninorout
sideGhanaonoraf
ter22ndAugust
,1969and
bef
ore24thSept
ember
,1979andatt
hedat
eoft
hebi
rt
hei
theroft
hepar
ent
swasaci
ti
zen.

Sect
ion6.Per
sonsbor
nonoraf
ter24/
9/79—Const
it
uti
on1979

Aper
sonbor
nonoraf
ter24th Sept
ember
,1979andbef
ore7th Januar
y,1993i
saci
ti
zenbybi
rt
hift
hat
per
son

a. wasbor
ninGhanaandatt
hedat
eoft
hebi
rt
hei
theroft
hepar
ent
soronegr
andpar
entwasa
ci
ti
zen,
or

b. wasbor
nout
sideGhanaandatt
hedat
eoft
hebi
rt
hei
theroft
hepar
ent
swasaci
ti
zen.

Sect
ion7.Per
sonsbor
nonoraf
ter7/
1/93—Const
it
uti
on1992

Aper
soni
saci
ti
zenbybi
rt
hift
hatper non7thJanuar
sonwasbor y,1993orbor
naf
tert
hatdat
einorout
side
Ghanaandatt
hedat
eoft
hebi
rt
hei
theroft
hepar
ent
soronegr
andpar
entwasori
saci
ti
zen.

CASESUMMARI
ES
Ol
ympiov
.Commi
ssi
onerf
orTheI
nter
ior2G.&G.1159(
2d)HC
Wi
reduJ.

Fact
s:Pl
aint
if
frecei
vedal
ett
erf
rom t
hepr
inci
palsecr
etar
yoft
heMi
nist
ryofI
nter
iorst
ati
ngt
hathi
s
per
missi
ont
oremai
ninGhanahadbeenwi
thdr
awnandt
hathemustl
eav
ewi
thi
n48hour
s.Pl
aint
if
fbr
ought
anact
ioni
ntheHi
ghCour
tseeki
ngadecl
arat
iont
hathewasaci
ti
zenofGhanabydescent
,thathecoul
dnot
t
her
efor
ebedepor
tedf
rom Ghanaandt
hather
equi
rednoper
missi
onf
rom t
hedef
endanti
nor
dert
oremai
n
i
nGhana.

Hel
d:Thepl
aint
if
f’
smot
her
,gr
andmot
herandgr
eatgr
andmot
herwer
eal
lbor
ninKet
aandwer
eBr
it
ishand
Ghanai
anci
ti
zensbyv
irt
ueofN.
L.C.
D.191of1957,andBr
it
ishNat
ional
i
tyAct
,1948Of(
N.L.
C.D)
191,t
he
pl
aint
if
fwasaGhanai
anci
ti
zenbydescent
.

Pr
inci
ple:Aper
sonbor
nbef
ore6th Mar
ch1957i
saci
ti
zenbybi
rt
hift
hatper
sonwasbor
nout
sideGhana
andoneoft
hepar
ent
swasbor
ninGhana.

Brucev
.Att
orneyGener
al2G.&G.342(2d)
;[1967]GLR170(AC)
VanLareAg.C.
J.,
Granvi
ll
eShar
pJ.
A.andAdumua- BossmanJ.

Fact
s:Pl
aint
if
fwasdepor
tedi
naccor
dancewi
thaDepor
tat
ionOr
dermadebyOr
deri
nCounci
land
pur
por
tedt
ohav
ebeenmadeundert
heAl
i
ensOr
dinanceoft
heLawsoft
heGol
dCoast
.Pl
aint
if
fint
he
i
nst
antcaseav
err
edt
hatt
hedepor
tat
ionor
dermadeagai
nsthi
m,i
snul
landv
oidandt
hesai
ddepor
tat
ion
or
derber
evoked,
ont
hegr
oundst
heor
dermadeagai
nsthi
m appl
yonl
ytoal
i
ens,
buthe,
anat
iveoft
heGol
d
Coastdi
dnotf
all
undert
heambi
toft
heor
der
,andt
hatt
hepower
shadbeenexer
cisedul
tr
avi
res.

Hel
d:t
hatpl
aint
if
fwasbor
natAbol
ovei
ntheKet
aDi
str
ictandt
hatbot
hhi
sfat
herandgr
andf
atherwer
e
nat
ural
bor
nBr
it
ishsubj
ect
s.Hei
sther
efor
eaci
ti
zenoft
heGol
dCoast
.

Adumuah-
BossmanJ;i
tseemst
ome,wi
tht
heut
mostr
espectt
othel
ear
nedt
ri
alj
udge,t
hatpr
evar
icat
ion
byt
hewi
tnessonanent
ir
elyi
rr
elev
antmat
terast
hatment
ionedbyt
hej
udge-
ir
rel
evanti
nthesenset
hat
whet
herbor
ninAccr
aorAf
lao,
thewi
tnesswasi
ndi
sput
abl
yanat
uralbor
nBr
it
ishsubj
ectbybi
rt
h..
.andi
n
anyev
entt
hewi
tness’
sownpl
aceofbi
rt
handnat
ional
i
tywasi
mmat
eri
alt
othequest
ionoft
hepl
aceof
bi
rt
hoft
hepl
aint
if
fwhi
chwast
hesubj
ectofi
nqui
ry.
..
”

Capt
anv .Mi
nist
erofI
nter
ior2G.&G.1237(2d)
Akuf
o-AddoC.J.CJAzuCrabbe,
Sir
iboe,
Ani
nandAcherJJA

Fact
s:Pl
aint
if
f,aLebanesewasgr
ant
edr
esi
denceper
mitt
oresi
dei
nGhanaf
oraper
iodoft
ime.The
Mi
nist
erofI
nter
ioract
ingundert
heAl
i
ensAct
,1963r
evokedt
her
esi
denceper
mitbef
orei
thadr
uni
ts
cour
seandwi
thoutassi
gni
nganyr
easonsf
ort
her
evocat
ion.Thequest
ionst
hatcameupf
ordet
ermi
nat
ion
i
nteral
i
awer
ewhet
hert
heconst
it
uti
onconf
ersonanal
i
eni
mmuni
tyf
rom expul
sionf
rom Ghanaand
whet
hert
hemi
nist
eri
nexer
cisi
nghi
sdi
scr
eti
onar
ypowert
oexpelanal
i
enmustassi
gnr
easonsf
ort
he
expul
sion.

Hel
d:ani
ndependentsov
erei
gnst
atehast
hepoweri
nher
enti
nsov
erei
gnt
ytodeci
dewhatf
orei
gnnat
ional
s
t
oadmi
tini
tscommuni
ty,
whatcondi
ti
onst
oimposeonsuchadmi
ssi
onandt
oexpelatanyt
imeanyal
i
en
admi
tt
edi
ntor
esi
dence.Ast
atecannotbehel
dtohav
edi
vest
edi
tsel
fofanypar
tofi
tsi
nher
entsov
erei
gn
power
ssav
ebyexpr
esspr
ovi
sionst
othatef
fect
,andwher
esuchpr
ovi
sionsexi
st,t
hecour
tsoft
hest
ate
wi
l
lbeboundt
ogi
veef
fectt
othem.Agai
n,anal
i
endoesnothav
eanequalr
ightwi
thaci
ti
zenont
he
quest
ionofent
ryi
nto,
andr
esi
dingi
n,Ghana.

Shal
abiv
.Att
orneyGener
al[
1972]1GLR259(
HC)
Hayf
ron-
Benj
aminJ

Fact
s:Pl
aint
if
fswer
ebot
hbor
nint
het
henGol
dCoastt
oLebanesepar
ent
sandbyv
irt
ueoft
hei
rbi
rt
hina
cr
owncol
onywer
eBr
it
ishsubj
ect
s.Pl
aint
if
fshel
dBr
it
ishpasspor
tsandl
aterGhanai
anpasspor
tswhen
NLCD191waspassed.Lat
erwhent
heGhanai
anI
nvest
mentpr
omot
ionActwaspassed,
plai
nti
ff
swhower
e
oper
ati
ngat
ranspor
tbusi
nesscoul
dnotpr
oceedwi
thi
tbecauset
heywer
eal
i
ens.Pl
aint
if
fsi
nli
euoft
his,
t
ookoutawr
itf
oradecl
arat
iont
hatt
heyar
eGhanai
anci
ti
zensandent
it
ledt
ocar
ryonr
unni
ngt
hei
r
t
ranspor
tfi
rm wi
thoutl
etorhi
ndr
ance.Thequest
iont
hatcameupt
ober
esol
vedbyt
hecour
twaswhet
her
ci
ti
zenshi
ponceconf
err
edcanbewi
thdr
awnbypr
ocessesot
hert
hant
hosespeci
fi
cal
l
yment
ionedatt
he
t
imeoft
heacqui
si
ti
onofsuchci
ti
zenshi
p.

Hel
d:Ci
ti
zenshi
ponceconf
err
edcanonl
ybel
ostbyt
hepr
ocessesspeci
fi
cal
l
yst
atedi
nthei
nst
rument
conf
err
ingt
hatci
ti
zenshi
p.Tot
heext
entt
hatt
heGhanaNat
ional
i
tyAct
,der
ogat
esf
rom t
heconst
it
uti
on
1969,
iti
svoi
dandofnoef
fect
.Pl
aint
if
fsar
eci
ti
zensofGhana.

Not
abl
equot
e:PerHay
fron-
Benj
ami
n,“
Cit
izenshi
pisman'
sbasi
cri
ghtf
ori
tisnot
hingl
esst
hant
her
ightt
o
hav
eri
ght
s.Remov
ethi
spr
icel
esspossessi
on and t
her
eremai
nsa st
atel
essper
son,di
sgr
aced and
degr
adedi
ntheey
esofhi
scount
rymen.Hehasnol
awf
ulcl
aimt
opr
otect
ionf
rom anynat
ion,
andnonat
ion
mayasser
tri
ght
sonhi
sbehal
f.Hi
sver
yexi
stencei
satt
hesuf
fer
anceoft
hest
atewi
thi
nwhosebor
der
she
happenst
obe.I
nthi
scount
ryt
heexpat
ri
atewoul
dpr
esumabl
yenj
oy,atmost
,onl
ythel
i
mit
edr
ight
sand
pr
ivi
l
egesofal
i
ens,andl
i
ket
heal
i
enhemi
ghtev
enbesubj
ectt
odepor
tat
ionandt
her
ebydepr
ivedoft
he
r
ightt
oasser
tanyr
ight
s.”

Bil
sonvRawlingsandAnot
her[
1993-
94]2GLR413
Essi
lf
ie-
BondzieJ

Fact
s:Jer
ryJohnRawl
i
ngs(
Fir
stdef
endant
)hav
ingbeennomi
nat
edt
hepr
esi
dent
ialcandi
dat
eoft
he
Nat
ionalDemocr
ati
cCongr
essf
ort
he1992pr
esi
dent
ialel
ect
ions,submi
tt
edhi
snomi
nat
ionpaper
stot
he
I
nter
im Nat
ionalEl
ect
oralCommi
ssi
on(
seconddef
endant
)inaccor
dancewi
tht
her
elev
antpr
ovi
sionsf
or
t
heconductoft
heel
ect
ions.Pl
aint
if
finst
it
utedanact
ioni
ntheHi
ghCour
t,Accr
aar
gui
ngi
nteral
i
aa
decl
arat
iont
hatf
ir
stdef
endantwasnotaci
ti
zenofGhanaandt
her
efor
edi
squal
i
fiedundert
hePr
esi
dent
ial
El
ect
ionsLaw,andanor
derofi
nter
imi
njunct
ionagai
nstpl
aint
if
fsr
est
rai
ningt
hem f
rom t
aki
nganyf
urt
her
st
epsi
nconnect
ionwi
tht
henomi
nat
ionoff
ir
stdef
endantandconductoft
heel
ect
ionspendi
ngt
hef
inal
det
ermi
nat
ionoft
hedi
sput
e.

Hel
d:Pl
aint
if
fhasnotdi
schar
gedt
hest
ri
ctr
uleofpr
oofi
ntheal
l
egat
iont
hatdef
endanthasdual
cit
izenshi
p
orowesal
l
egi
ancet
oGhanaandanot
herf
orei
gnpowerort
heUni
tedKi
ngdom.Pl
aint
if
fhav
ingbeena
memberoft
heGhanaAr
medFor
cesandascur
rent
lychai
rmanoft
hePNDCwhi
chi
sanal
ogoust
oheadof
st
ateofGhanaandt
hecommander
-i
n-chi
efoft
heGhanaAr
medFor
ces,hasi
nthesecapaci
ti
esswor
n
al
l
egi
ancet
otheRepubl
i
cofGhanasot
hati
fev
enhehaddualci
ti
zenshi
p(whi
chi
snotadmi
tt
ed)t
he
i
rr
esi
sti
blei
nfer
encedr
awnf
rom t
heoat
hsofal
l
egi
ancehet
ookont
heseoccasi
onsshoul
dbeconst
ruedas
acl
earev
idenceofr
enunci
ati
onofanyot
heral
l
egi
ancehemi
ghtowet
oaf
orei
gncount
ry.

ProfessorStephenKwakuAsar
evAt t
orneyGeneral
[2012]GHASC 31
Coram:At ugubaJSC,Akuf
fo(Mrs.
)JSC,BrobbeyJSC,Date-
BahJSC,AnsahJSC,
Owusu(
Mrs)JSC,
Yeboah
JSC,
GbadegbeJSC,
Bamf
oJSC.

Fact
s:Thepl
aint
if
f,a Ghanai
an ci
ti
zen or
dinar
il
yresi
denti
ntheUni
ted St
atesofAmer
ica,upon t
he
i
ntr
oduct
ion ofnew pr
ovi
sionsi
ntot
he Const
it
uti
on,1992 byt
he passi
ng oft
he Republ
i
cofGhana
Const
it
uti
on(
Amendment
)Act
,1996(
Act527)i
ntendedt
orepealandsubst
it
utet
hepr
ovi
sionsofAr
ti
cle8
oft
heconst
it
uti
on,
inv
okedt
heor
igi
nalj
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heSupr
emeCour
tseeki
ngadecl
arat
iont
hatt
hesai
d
amendmentandsubsequentenact
mentofSubsect
ion2ofSect
ion16oft
heCi
ti
zenshi
pAct
,2000(
Act591)
whi
chsoughtt
orest
ri
ctGhanai
answi
thdualnat
ional
i
tyf
rom hol
dingcer
tai
nof
fi
cesasunconst
it
uti
onaland
adecl
arat
iont
hatt
otheext
entofi
tsder
ogat
ionf
rom Ar
ti
cles15(
1),
17and55(
10)oft
heconst
it
uti
on1992,
i
tisnul
l
,voi
dandofnoef
fect
.

Hel
d:Ar
ti
cl
e8(
2)oft
heRepubl
i
cofGhanaConst
it
uti
on(
Amendment
)Act
,1996(
Act527)i
sincompat
ibl
e
wi
tht
hel
ett
erandspi
ri
toft
heconst
it
uti
onandsameshoul
dbest
ruckoutandt
hatSect
ion16(
2)(
m)oft
he
Ci
ti
zenshi
pAct
,2000(
Act591)i
sunconst
it
uti
onal
.

PerDat
e-BahJSC,“
..
.Iconsi
dert
hatt
hespi
ri
tofar
ti
cle55(
10)l
i
mit
sthedi
scr
eti
onoft
heMi
nist
ert
o
di
squal
i
fydualnat
ional
sfr
om publ
i
c of
fi
ce,al
way
s assumi
ng t
hatt
he del
egat
ion oft
his powerof
di
squal
i
ficat
iont
otheMi
nist
eri
sconst
it
uti
onal
.Ift
heMi
nist
erbyt
heexer
ciseofhi
sorherdi
scr
eti
on
excl
udesdualnat
ional
sfr
om suchawi
der
angeofpubl
i
cof
fi
ceast
oimpai
rthei
rri
ghtt
opar
ti
cipat
ein
pol
i
ticalact
ivi
tyi
ntendedt
oinf
luencet
hecomposi
ti
onandpol
i
ciesoft
heGov
ernment
,thent
hatwoul
dbe
unconst
it
uti
onal
.Butbey
ondt
his,t
her
eisaser
iousquest
ionast
owhet
hersect
ion16(
2)(
m)ofAct591i
s
const
it
uti
onal
.Iti
sagai
nstt
hespi
ri
toft
heConst
it
uti
onf
orPar
li
amentt
odel
egat
etot
heMi
nist
ert
he
aut
hor
it
ywhi
chPar
li
amenti
tsel
fhadr
ecei
vedbydel
egat
ionf
rom t
heConst
it
uti
on.Thi
sisagai
nstt
hesound
pol
i
cyembodi
edi
nt m:del
hemaxi egat
usnonpot
estdel
egar
e.I
not
herwor
ds,myi
nter
pret
ati
onofar
ti
cle
8(
2)(
g)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
oni
sthatt
hemandat
eitgi
vest
oPar
li
amentt
ospeci
fyof
fi
cesf
rom whi
chdual
nat
ional
sar
eexcl
udeddoesnoti
ncl
udeamandat
etof
urt
herdel
egat
ethataut
hor
it
ytoaMi
nist
ert
oexer
cise
byLegi
slat
iveI
nst
rument
.Iam t
husi
ncl
i
nedt
oadj
udgesect
ion16(
2)(
m)t
obeunconst
it
uti
onal
.
”

Bal
ogunvEdusei
3WALR(
1958)
;[1959]GLR452

Ol
l
ennuJ

Fact
s:Pl
aint
if
fswer
edepor
tedf
rom Ghanabyanor
deri
ssuedundert
heDepor
tat
ionAct
,1957wher
eupon
t
hepl
aint
if
fsi
ssuedawr
itasco-
plai
nti
ff
sagai
nstt
heMi
nist
eroft
heI
nter
ior
,cl
aimi
ngdecl
arat
ionst
hatt
he
Depor
tat
ionOr
der
swer
enul
landv
oidont
hegr
oundt
hateachpl
aint
if
frespect
ivel
ywasaci
ti
zenofGhana,
becauseatt
hedat
eoft
hecommencementoft
heGhanaNat
ional
i
tyandCi
ti
zenshi
pAct
,1957eachwasa
ci
ti
zen oft
he Uni
ted Ki
ngdom and t
he f
ormerGol
d Coast(
incl
udi
ng t
he f
ormerNor
ther
n Ter
ri
tor
ies
Pr
otect
orat
e)

Hel
d:Theuncont
radi
ctedev
idencei
sconcl
usi
vet
hateachoft
hef
ourpl
aint
if
fsi
saci
ti
zenofGhana,and
t
hatt
hedepor
tat
ionofeachoft
hem i
spr
ohi
bit
edbysect
ion3sub-
sect
ion(
1)oft
heDepor
tat
ionAct
.

PerOl
l
ennuJ,“
Iti
snotdeni
edbyt
hedef
endantt
hatbyv
irt
ueoft
hepl
aceswher
ethepl
aint
if
fsandt
hei
r
par
ent
sandgr
and-
par
ent
swer
ebor
naspr
oved,t
hepl
aint
if
fswer
eci
ti
zensoft
heUni
tedKi
ngdom andt
he
Col
oni
esorBr
it
ishpr
otect
edper
sonsi
mmedi
atel
ybef
oret
hecommencementoft
heGhanaNat
ional
i
tyand
Ci
ti
zenshi
pAct
,andmustbyv
irt
ueofsect
ion4sub-
sect
ion(
1)oft
hatActeachbeaci
ti
zenofGhana.
”

Lar
danvAt
tor
neyGener
al3WALR(
1958)(
No.1)

Fact
s:Al
haj
iAl
ufaOsmanuLar
danLal
emi
e(Pl
aint
if
f)wasdepor
tedunderadepor
tat
ionor
dersi
gnedbyt
he
Mi
nist
eroft
he I
nter
iorand Just
ice wher
eupon he i
nst
it
uted an act
ion f
oran i
njunct
ion agai
nsthi
s
depor
tat
ioncl
aimi
ngt
hathewasaci
ti
zenofGhanaandt
her
efor
enotl
i
abl
etodepor
tat
ionundert
he
Depor
tat
ionAct
;andt
hatt
hedepor
tat
ionor
dermadei
snul
landv
oid

Hel
d:That t
he i
nter
locut
oryi
njunct
ion be di
schar
ged as pl
aint
if
f has not demonst
rat
ed on t
he
pr
eponder
anceofev
idencehi
scl
aim ofbi
rt
hinKumasi
andt
hathi
smot
heri
sfr
om Kr
achi
.

PerSmi
thJ,
“Itseemst
omewr
ongt
hati
nacasewher
esuchanor
derast
hishas-
beenmade,
thatt
hepar
ty
concer
nedcan,
ifhesopr
efer
s,puthi
msel
fint
her
oleofpl
aint
if
f,f
il
eaci
vi
lwr
itandobt
ainani
nter
locut
ory
i
njunc¬t
ionandt
hensi
tbackcomf
ort
abl
yunt
ilt
heor
dinar
yrout
ineofci
vi
lpr
ocedur
eisexhaust
ed.That
mi
ghtdr
agonf
ormont
hsoray
earandi
twoul
dbeani
mpossi
blesi
tuat
ionf
orwhat
evergov
ernmenti
sin
power
-wher
ethatgov
ernmenti
sresponsi
blef
ort
hesaf
etyoft
hecount
ryandhasmadeanor
derwhi
chi
t
deemsnecessar
yfort
hepubl
i
cgood.Thi
spr
ocedur
ewoul
drendert
heDepor
tat
ionActunwor
kabl
eorat
l
eastnul
l
ifyi
tsef
fect
...
.Icannothol
dthatsuchshoul
dbet
heposi
ti
on.
”

Lar
danvAt
tor
neyGener
al3WALR(
1958)(
No.2)

Fact
s:Par
li
amentofGhanapassedanActonAugust23,1957,t
heshor
tti
tl
eofwhi
chi
stheDepor
tat
ion
(
OthmanLar
danandAmaduBaba)Act
,1957,gi
vi
ngpowert
otheMi
nist
err
esponsi
blef
ordepor
ta¬t
iont
o
or
dert
hedepor
tat
ionf
rom Ghanaoft
heset
woper
sons.Or
der
swer
einf
actdul
ymade.Att
het
imeoft
he
passi
ngoft
heActt
her
ewer
ependi
ngi
ntheKumasiDi
vi
sionalCour
tsubst
ant
iveact
ionsbypl
aint
if
fand
anot
hernamedi
ntheAct
.Pl
aint
if
fbr
oughtanact
ionf
oradecl
arat
oryor
derorj
udgmentt
hatbei
ngaci
ti
zen
ofGhanabyv
irt
ueoft
heGhanaNat
ional
i
tyandCi
ti
zenshi
pAct
,1957,
hei
snotbyv
irt
ueoft
hepr
ovi
sionsof
t
heDepor
tat
ionAct
,1957,subj
ectt
odepor
tat
ionandt
hatanydepor
ta¬t
ionor
deri
ssuedi
nrespectof
pl
aint
if
fisnul
landv
oid.
"

Hel
d:Par
li
amenthast
hepowert
omakel
awsf
ort
hepeaceandgoodgov
ernanceoft
hecount
rysof
arasi
t
doesnotcont
rav
eneanyexpr
esspr
ovi
sioni
ntheconst
it
uti
on.

PerSmi
thJ,“
Iconsi
der
,'t
her
efor
e,t
hatanyl
awwhi
chcomeswi
thi
ntheambi
toft
heGhana(
Const
it
uti
on)
Or
deri
nCounci
l
,s.31,andwhi
chdoesnotcont
rav
eneanyot
herpr
ovi
sioni
ntheconst
it
uti
oncanonl
ybe
chal
l
engedi
nacour
tofl
awi
fitv
iol
atesorpur
por
tst
ovi
olat
esub¬sect
ion(
2)or(
3)oft
hesect
ion.On'
that
v
iew,t
heActdepor
ti
ngt
heset
woper
sons,notbei
ngi
ncont
rav
ent
ionofanyexpr
essedl
i
mit
ati
oni
nthe
Ghana(
Const
it
uti
on)Or
deri
nCounci
l
,1957,
isamat
terf
orPar
li
ament
.

SECTI
ON17-RIGHTSANDDUTI
ESOFPERSONS/
CITI
ZENSUNDERTHE
CONSTITUTI
ON
5mai
nar
easunderwhi
cht
hedi
scussi
onont
her
ight
sanddut
iesofci
ti
zenundert
he1992Const
it
uti
onwi
l
l
f
ocuson;

1.RI
GHTS&CATEGORI
ESUNDER1992CONSTI
TUTI
ON

2.DUTI
ES&HOW THEYARECATEGORI
SED/
IMPOSED

3.NATURALVARTI
FICI
ALPERSONUNDER1992CONSTI
TUTI
ON

4.GENERALLAWS

RI
GHTS&CATEGORI
ES
Ther
ear
e3cat
egor
iesofr
ight
s;

I
. Nat
ural

I
I. I
nal
i
enabl
e

I
II
. Const
it
uti
onal
i.
e.t
hosepr
ovi
dedbyl
aw

Keywor
dsf
rom t
hepr
eambl
eoft
he1992const
it
uti
onsupr
atot
hissect
ioni
ncl
ude;
• Nat
ural
andI
nal
i
enabl
eri
ght

• Fr
eedom

• Li
ber
ty

• ThePr
inci
pleofUni
ver
sal
Adul
tSuf
frage;

• TheRul
eofLaw

• Thepr
otect
ionandpr
eser
vat
ionofFundament
alHumanRi
ght
sandFr
eedoms

+Ar
ti
cles13,
14,
15and16combi
nedonnat
ural
right
s,f
reemov
ement
,di
gni
tyandl
abour

Dext
erEddi
eJohnsonvt
heRepubl
i
c(2011)2SCGLR601
SUPREMECOURT

S.
K.DATE-
BAH,
R.C.OWUSU(
MS)
,J.DOTSE,
ANI
N-YEBOAH,
B.TARYEETEY

FACTS:
TheAppel
l
antwaschar
gedwi
thot
her
s(atl
arge)ont
wocount
sofconspi
racyt
ocommi
tcr
ime,
namel
y,mur
derandmur
dercont
rar
ytosect
ions23(
1)and46and46r
espect
ivel
yoft
heCr
imi
nal
Off
ences
Act1960(
ACT29)
.Hewast
ri
edbyJur
y,f
oundgui
l
tyonbot
hcount
sandsent
encedt
odeat
hont
hechar
ge
ofmur
der
.Ev
ent
hought
hej
uryconv
ict
edhi
m ont
heconspi
racychar
ge,
thet
ri
alJudgeacqui
tt
edand
di
schar
gedhi
m ont
hatcount
.Di
ssat
isf
ied,
theappel
l
antappeal
edagai
nstbot
hsent
enceandconv
ict
iont
o
t
heCour
tofAppeal
andt
hent
otheSupr
emeCour
t,whent
heCour
tofAppeal
aff
ir
medt
hedeci
si
onoft
he
Hi
ghCour
tar
gui
ngi
nteral
i
athatt
hedeat
hsent
encev
iol
atest
her
ightt
opr
otect
ionf
rom ar
bit
rar
y
depr
ivat
ionofl
i
feunderAr
ti
cle13(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on.

HELD:
PerDat
e-BahJSC“
Itshoul
dbenot
edt
hatt
her
ightofanaccusedt
oaf
airt
ri
alhasal
sobeen
guar
ant
eedbyv
ari
ousconst
it
uti
onal
prov
isi
onscont
ainedi
nar
ti
cles14(
2)and19oft
heConst
it
uti
on1992
j
ustt
oment
ionaf
ew.Thepr
inci
plecanv
erywel
lbef
ormul
atedt
hatdespi
tet
heser
iousnessofacr
imej
ust
ashappenedi
nthei
nst
antcase,
ift
heaccept
abl
epr
inci
plesandr
equi
rement
sonbur
denofpr
oofsetdown
byl
awar
enotsat
isf
iedandorappl
i
edasl
aiddowni
ntheConst
it
uti
on,
theEv
idenceActandt
hedeci
ded
cases,
then,
justl
i
kehappenedi
ntheEgbet
orwokporcase,
iti
sbet
terf
orgui
l
typer
sonst
owal
kawayf
ree
t
hanf
orani
nnocentper
sont
obepuni
shedori
ncar
cer
ated”

PerR.
C.Owusu(
Ms)JSC“
Imustadmi
tthatt
hedeci
dedcasesr
eli
eduponbyt
heAppel
l
antar
ever
yfor
cef
ul
andat
tract
ivebutIam notper
suadedbyt
hem i
nthel
i
ghtoft
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
heconst
it
uti
onandsect
ion
46oft
hecr
imi
nal
off
encesActwhi
chIhav
efoundt
obei
nconf
ormi
tywi
thAr
ti
cle13(
1)oft
he
const
it
uti
on…….ev
eni
fthi
scour
thadcomet
otheconcl
usi
ont
hatt
hemandat
orydeat
hpenal
tyi
s
unconst
it
uti
onal
andt
hatasi
ntheMut
isocase,
theshal
lshoul
dbeconst
r omeanmay
uedt ,gi
vent
hecour
t
t
hedi
scr
eti
ont
odeci
deont
hesent
ence,
Iam oft
hev
iewt
hatnot
hingshor
tofdeat
hshal
lbet
heappr
opr
iat
e
sent
encet
hatanycour
tofl
awshoul
dimposeont
heAppel
l
anthav
ingr
egar
dtot
hegr
uesomenat
ureoft
he
mur
derandt
hemot
ivebehi
ndi
t”
PerDot
seJSC“
….t
heConst
it
uti
on1992,
despi
tet
hef
actt
hati
tcont
ainssev
eral
prov
isi
onsont
he
pr
otect
ionandenj
oymentoff
undament
alhumanr
ight
ssuchasar
epr
ovi
dedf
ori
nar
ti
cles13,
15(
2),
19
i
ncl
udi
ngal
li
tssub-
clauses,
justt
oment
ionaf
ew,
nonet
hel
esspr
ovi
desdeat
haspuni
shmentf
ort
he
of
fenceofHi
ghTr
eason.Oncet
heConst
it
uti
on1992cont
ainspr
ovi
sionsmandat
ori
l
yimposi
ngt
hedeat
h
sent
enceonanyper
sonwhohasbeenconv
ict
edoft
heof
fenceofhi
ght
reasonasspel
toutundert
he
Const
it
uti
oni
tsel
f,i
tmeanst
hatt
heConst
it
uti
on1992doesnotdi
rect
lyori
ndi
rect
lyabhororf
rownupont
he
i
mposi
ti
onoft
hedeat
hsent
enceont
hecl
assofcaseswher
ethel
awpr
ovi
desf
ori
t.Thi
smeanst
hatany
per
sonwhohasbeenchar
gedbef
oreadul
yconst
it
utedcour
twher
eduepr
ocesshasbeenf
oll
owedandi
s
conv
ict
ed,
ift
hesent
encef
ort
heof
fencef
orwhi
chhehasbeenconv
ict
edi
soneofdeat
h,t
hent
he
i
ntent
ional
depr
ivat
ionoft
hel
i
feofsuchaper
soni
sconsi
stentnotonl
ywi
tht
hisConst
it
uti
onbutal
sot
he
cr
imi
nal
jur
ispr
udenceoft
hiscount
ry”

Mart
inKpebuvAG[
2016]J1/
13/
2015
SUPREMECOURT

WOODCJ(
MRS)PRSEI
DING,
ADI
NYI
RA(
MRS)
,DOTSE,
YEBOAH,
GBADEGBE,
BENI
N,AKAMBAJJSC

FACTS:
Apr
ivat
elegal
pract
it
ioneri
nGhanaMrMar
ti
nKpebuf
il
edapet
it
ionatt
heSupr
emeCour
tofGhana
asanappl
i
cat
ioni
nvoki
ngt
heor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
onoft
heSupr
emeCour
tunderAr
ti
cle130f
ori
nter
pret
ati
on
t
hatt
hemandat
oryst
atut
orypr
ovi
sionofsect
ion96(
7)oft
heCr
imi
nal
andOt
herOf
fences(
Procedur
e)Act
1960(
Act30)cont
rav
enesAr
ti
cle14(
1),
15(
2)and19(
2)oft
heGhanai
anConst
it
uti
on1992andt
hata
per
sonchar
gedwi
tht
heof
fenceofmur
der(
afi
rstdegr
eef
elony
)isent
it
ledt
obegr
ant
edbai
lpendi
nghi
s
t
ri
al.

HELD:
PerBeni
nJSC:
“UnderAr
ti
cle14(
1)(
g),
iti
str
uet
hel
i
ber
tyofaper
sonwhohascommi
tt
edori
s
r
easonabl
ysuspect
edt
ohav
ecommi
tt
edanof
fencemaybecur
tai
l
ed.Thatpr
ovi
sionmustnotber
eadi
n
i
sol
ati
on,
buti
nconj
unct
ionwi
thAr
ti
cles14(
3)and(
4)aswel
las19(
2)(
c).I
ndeedAr
ti
cle14(
1)shoul
dbe
r
eadasawhol
e.Thesai
dpr
ovi
sion,
thati
s14(
1),
doesnotsay
,expr
essl
yorbynecessar
yimpl
i
cat
ion,
thata
per
sondet
ainedi
ntheci
rcumst
ancesdescr
ibed,
isnotent
it
ledt
obegr
ant
edbai
l
.Nosuchwor
dsshoul
dbe
i
mpor
tedi
ntot
hatpr
ovi
sion.I
tdoesnotj
ust
if
ytheexi
stenceofsect
ion96(
7)ofAct30whi
chpr
ohi
bit
sthe
consi
der
ati
onofbai
l
,cont
rar
ytoar
ti
cle14(
1)(
g)whi
chper
mit
sthedet
ent
ionofaper
soni
ncer
tai
nsi
tuat
ions,
wi
thoutpr
ohi
bit
ingsuchaper
sonf
rom bei
ngconsi
der
edf
orr
eleaseonbai
l
.Thi
spr
ovi
sioni
nar
ti
cl
e14(
1)(
g)
whet
herst
andi
ngoni
tsownorwhenr
eadi
nconj
unct
ionwi
thAr
ti
cle14(
4)i
scl
eart
hati
twasnoti
ntended
t
hataper
sonhel
dundert
hef
ormercoul
dnotbegr
ant
edbai
latal
li
ncer
tai
nspeci
fi
edof
fences,
whi
ch
sect
ion96(
7)pur
por
tst
odo.
”

PerAdi
nyi
raJSC“
Thecr
uci
alpowert
odepr
iveaper
sonofhi
sper
sonal
li
ber
tyi
saj
udi
cial
actwhi
chdeci
sion
i
stakenaf
terduepr
ocessi
naccor
dancewi
thr
ulesofpr
ocedur
esetouti
nSect
ion96ofAct30.Sect
ion
96(
7)ofAct30whi
chr
est
ri
ctst
hegr
antofbai
li
nsomespeci
fi
cof
fencesl
i
kemur
der
,ter
ror
ism,
nar
cot
ics
andr
apei
sconsi
stentwi
thar
ti
cle14andar
ti
cle21oft
heConst
it
uti
on.Thepr
obl
em i
snott
hewor
dingof
t
heSect
ion96(
7)ofAct30butwi
tht
heat
ti
tudeofsomeoft
hecour
tsr
efusi
ngt
ogr
antbai
li
ntheof
fences
l
i
stedt
her
eindespi
tet
hecl
earwor
dingofar
ti
cle14(
4).Thi
sisnotasoundr
easont
ost
ri
kedownsect
ion
96(
7).
”

PerWoodCJ“
Giv
ingourar
ti
cle14asui
gener
isconst
ruct
ion,
iti
stobenot
edt
hatbai
l
,notbei
ngan
i
nal
i
enabl
eri
ght
,ar
ti
cl
e14(
4)doesnotconf
eron“
aper
sonar
rest
ed,
rest
ri
cted,
ordet
ainedunderpar
agr
aph
(
a)or(
b)ofcl
ause(
3)ofar
ti
cle14”
,anaut
omat
icabsol
uter
ightt
obai
li
nal
lcasesandunderal
l
ci
rcumst
ances.Butnei
therdoesi
tpr
ovi
def
ort
hecompl
eteopposi
te,
namel
yanaut
omat
icdeni
alofbai
l
.”

Marti
nKpebuvAG18thDecember2019J1/22/
2016
(
breachof48-
hourr
uleasr
egar
dsholi
days)

SUPREMECOURT

AKUFFOCJ(
PRESI
DING)
,ANSAHJSC,
YEBOAHJSC,
BAFFOE-
BONNI
EJSC,
GBADEGBEJSC,
BENI
NJSC,
KOTEYJSC

FACTS:Thepl
aint
if
fexer
cisi
nghi
sri
ghtunderAr
ti
cle2(
1)suedt
heAGi
nvoki
ngt
heor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
onof
t
heSupr
emecour
tunderAr
ti
cle130(
1)f
orat
rueandpr
operi
nter
pret
ati
onofAr
ti
cle14(
3)undert
he1992
Const
it
uti
on.Thepl
aint
if
fasser
tsi
nteral
i
athatt
hecombi
nedef
fectofsect
ion4oft
hePubl
i
cHol
i
day
sAct
,
2001(
Act601)
,Sect
ions33,
35(
3)and42oft
heLabourAct
,2003(
Act651)andOr
der79r
ule3(
2)oft
he
Hi
ghCour
t(Ci
vi
lPr
ocedur
e)Rul
es,
2004(
C.I
.47)byv
irt
ueofwhi
cht
hest
ipul
atednor
mal
wor
kingday
sof
t
heCour
tsofl
awar
eor
dinar
il
yMonday
stoFr
iday
sforamaxi
mum numberofei
ghthour
sisi
nconsi
stent
wi
thAr
ti
cle14(
3)and(
4)andsi
mil
ari
nter
nat
ional
obl
i
gat
ionsGhanasubscr
ibest
owhi
chr
equi
ret
hata
per
soni
ncust
odymustbebr
oughtt
oCour
twi
thi
n48hour
sandt
othatext
entbedecl
arednul
landv
oidi
n
accor
dancewi
thAr
ti
cle1(
2)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.Thedef
endantnotonl
yresi
stedt
hepl
aint
if
f’
scl
aim
buti
nteral
i
a,asser
tst
hatnor
easonabl
einf
erenceshoul
dbedr
awnf
rom t
hepr
ovi
sionsofAr
ti
cle14oft
he
Const
it
uti
ont
hatt
hef
ramer
soft
heConst
it
uti
oni
ntendedt
her
eckoni
ngoft
he48hour
sincl
udedt
imesand
day
swhencour
tsoft
hel
anddonot
,orcannot
,si
ttodobusi
nesssuchasweekends,
publ
i
chol
i
day
s,t
imes
out
sidet
henor
mal
wor
kinghour
sandper
iodsofci
vi
lunr
est
.Accor
dingl
y,i
tissuf
fi
cientt
hataper
sonunder
ar
rest
,whoi
snotpl
acedbef
oreacour
t,duet
othef
actt
hatt
he48hour
sexpi
resonaweekend,
apubl
i
c
hol
i
dayordur
ingaper
iodofci
vi
lunr
esti
sbr
oughtbef
oret
heCour
tont
henextwor
kingdaydur
ingCour
t
dur
ingnor
mal
wor
kinghour
s

HELD:
PerAkuf
fo(
Mrs)CJ“
……anyr
ight
sguar
ant
eedunderast
atut
e,suchassect
ion42oft
heLabourAct
,
2003(
Act651)r
egar
dingweekl
yrestper
iod(
forpr
efer
encest
art
ingf
rom Sat
urdayandendi
ngont
he
Sundayf
oll
owi
ng)
,ar
esubser
vientt
other
ight
senshr
inedunderAr
ti
cle14(
3)oft
heConst
it
uti
on.I
nthe
samev
ein,
tot
heext
entt
hatsub-
sect
ion3ofsect
ion35ofAct651andOr
der79Rul
e2(
3)ofC.
I.47bart
he
Cour
tsf
rom si
tt
ingonpubl
i
chol
i
day
sandweekendst
odet
ermi
nei
ssuesofper
sonal
li
ber
tyunderAr
ti
cle
14(
3),
thesub-
sect
ionandt
heRul
ear
eunconst
it
uti
onal
”

“
Theexpr
essi
on“
wit
hinf
ort
y-ei
ghthour
s”i
nAr
ti
cle14(
3)oft
heConst
it
uti
oni
ncl
udesal
lday
s–publ
i
c
hol
i
day
s,weekends,
per
iodsofst
ri
keact
ionorci
vi
lunr
est
,subj
ectt
other
easonabl
eassur
anceoft
hesaf
ety
andsecur
it
yofJudi
ci
alOf
fi
cer
sandSer
viceSt
aff
.Cour
tSer
vicesmustbeav
ail
abl
eont
heaf
orement
ioned
day
stodet
ermi
nei
ssuesper
tai
ningt
oper
sonal
li
ber
ty,
induecompl
i
ancewi
thAr
ti
cle14(
3)oft
he
Const
it
uti
on.Ther
eist
heneedf
ort
henecessar
yadmi
nist
rat
iveadj
ust
ment
stobemadet
omakei
tpossi
ble
f
ort
he48-
hourr
ulet
obecompl
etel
ycompl
i
edwi
th.
”

+ARTI
CLE17and19onequal
i
ty,
fai
rtr
ial

AyehvtheSt
ate2G&G.
88(
2d)
SUPREMECOURT

Sar
kodee-
Addoo,
C.J,
Mil
l
s–Odoi
andAkol
atseJJSC.

FACTS:
Theappel
l
antwaschar
gedwi
thpubl
i
shi
ngf
alsenewsandsent
enced.Heappeal
ed.

Hel
d:appeal
all
owedandconv
ict
ionsandsent
encessquashedbecauseoft
hef
ail
uret
opr
ovest
ated
st
andar
ds

Pr
inci
ple:
itmustbepr
ovenbey
ondal
lreasonabl
edoubtt
hataper
soni
sgui
l
ty.Ther
efor
e,t
hepar
tywho
oughtt
odi
schar
get
heonusofpr
oveoughtt
odi
schar
gei
tful
l
y.

Gli
gah&At
siavTheRepubl
i
c(2011)SCGLR601
SUPREMECOURT

BROBBEY,
ANSAH,
DOTSE,
YEBOAH,
BAFFOE-
BONNI
EJJSC

FACTS:
Theappel
l
ant
shadbeenchar
gedwi
tht
heof
fenceofRape,
cont
rar
ytosect
ion97oft
heCr
imi
nal
andot
herof
fencesAct
,1960,
Act29asamendedbyAct458.(
1993)
,tr
iedandconv
ict
edbyaCour
twi
thj
ury
andsent
encedt
o15y
ear
simpr
isonmenteach,
wit
hhar
dlabouront
he18t
hdayofJul
y,2003byAv
ril
Ani
n-
YeboahJ(
Mrs)
.Ont
he13t
hdayofNov
ember2008,
anappeal
agai
nstt
heconv
ict
ionandsent
enceoft
he
accusedper
sonswasunani
mousl
ydi
smi
ssedbyt
heCour
tofAppeal
.Iti
sagai
nstt
hisCour
tofAppeal
deci
si
ont
hatt
heaccusedper
sonshav
eappeal
ed.

PerDot
seJSC“
…iti
simpor
tantf
ort
hisCour
ttobeari
nmi
ndt
hatt
heConst
it
uti
on1992ar
ti
cle19(
2)(
c)
pr
esumesev
ery
onei
nnocentunt
ilt
hecont
rar
yispr
oved.I
not
herwor
ds,
whenev
eranaccusedper
soni
s
ar
rai
gnedbef
oreanycour
tinanycr
imi
nal
tri
ali
tist
hedut
yoft
hepr
osecut
iont
opr
ovet
heessent
ial
i
ngr
edi
ent
soft
heof
fencechar
gedagai
nstt
heaccusedper
sonbey
ondanyr
easonabl
edoubt
.Thebur
denof
pr
oofi
sther
efor
eont
hePr
osecut
ionandi
tisonl
yaf
terapr
imaf
aci
ecasehasbeenest
abl
i
shedbyt
he
Pr
osecut
iont
hatt
heaccusedper
soni
scal
l
edupont
ogi
vehi
ssi
deoft
hest
ory
.”

NiiBoy
eJohn,Ni
iKor
met
tehOkangandNi
iKpewi
eSowahvNi
iBoy
eKumahAnd5Ot
her
s27t
hMar
ch,
2019
BFA20/2012
HIGHCOURT

FACTS:
Thepar
ti
est
othesui
tar
emember
soft
heAshi
aWef
ami
l
ycont
est
ingamongot
heri
ssueswhoi
s
t
hequal
i
fiedHeadofFami
l
y.TheCour
tissei
zedwi
thdet
ermi
ningt
hel
egal
issuessur
roundi
ngt
hei
r
member
shi
pincl
udi
ngi
nteral
i
aadecl
arat
iont
hatt
her
eisnosubst
ant
iveheadofAshi
aWeandt
hatt
he1at
Def
endantwasonl
yappoi
ntedasacar
etakerheadoff
ami
l
yofAshi
aWeFami
l
yandnoti
tshead.
HELD:
PerKwekuT.Ackaah-
Boaf
oJ“
Iwi
sht
ost
atet
hatIhav
enodi
ff
icul
tyi
ndi
smi
ssi
ngt
hePl
aint
if
fsbasi
s
f
orchal
l
engi
ngt
he1stDef
endant
’squal
i
ficat
ionast
heheadonf
ami
l
yont
hegr
oundt
hathei
slef
t-
handed.
Fi
rstnoaccept
abl
ecust
omar
yev
idencewaspr
ovi
dedt
otheCour
ttosuppor
tthecont
ent
ionandt
her
efor
e
t
heal
l
egat
ionr
emai
nedunpr
oven.Secondl
y,i
nmyr
espect
ful
viewanysuchcust
omar
ybel
i
efi
snotonl
y
r
epugnantt
ogoodconsci
enceandcommonsensebutwoul
dbei
nconsi
stentwi
tht
he1992Const
it
uti
onas
t
hesupr
emel
awoft
hel
andandt
otheext
entoft
hei
nconsi
stencyi
sofnol
egal
eff
ect
.TheConst
it
uti
on
pr
ovi
desunderAr
ti
cl
e17asf
oll
ows:

(
1)Al
lper
sonsshal
lbeequal
bef
oret
hel
aw.

(
2)Aper
sonshal
lnotbedi
scr
imi
nat
edagai
nstongr
oundsofgender
,race,
col
our
,et
hni
cor
igi
n,r
eli
gion,
cr
eedorsoci
aloreconomi
cst
atus.

(
3)Fort
hepur
posesoft
hisar
ti
cle,
"di
scr
imi
nat
e"meanst
ogi
vedi
ff
erentt
reat
mentt
odi
ff
erentper
sons
at
tr
ibut
abl
eonl
yormai
nlyt
othei
rrespect
ivedescr
ipt
ionsbyr
ace,
placeofor
igi
n,pol
i
tical
opi
nions,
col
our
,
gender
,occupat
ion,
rel
i
gionorcr
eed,
wher
ebyper
sonsofonedescr
ipt
ionar
esubj
ect
edt
odi
sabi
l
iti
esor
r
est
ri
cti
onst
owhi
chper
sonsofanot
herdescr
ipt
ionar
enotmadesubj
ectorar
egr
ant
edpr
ivi
l
egesor
adv
ant
ageswhi
char
enotgr
ant
edt
oper
sonsofanot
herdescr
ipt
ion

Appl
yi
ngt
heabov
eConst
it
uti
onal
prov
isi
onst
othef
act
soft
hiscase,
Iam oft
hev
iewt
hatt
heef
fectoft
he
Pl
aint
if
fs’
posi
ti
oni
stodenyanyci
ti
zenwhosephy
sical
make-
upi
ncl
udesbei
ngal
eft
-handedper
sonf
rom
par
ti
cipat
ingandhol
dingaf
ami
l
yposi
ti
onsuchasaheadoff
ami
l
y.Toconf
ir
mthei
rwei
rdposi
ti
ont
he
Pl
aint
if
fsar
einCour
ttor
ecr
uitt
heCour
ttopar
ti
cipat
einandgi
vei
tsi
mpr
imat
urt
othei
rdi
scr
imi
nat
ory
ent
erpr
ise.Si
tt
ingasaj
udgeIcannotacceptt
hati
nvi
tat
ionbecausei
tref
lect
sst
ereot
ypi
cal
viewsofagr
oup
basedupont
hei
rper
sonal
char
act
eri
sti
cs,
thuspr
omot
ingt
hev
iewt
hatt
hosewhoar
elef
t-
handedorhav
e
cer
tai
nphy
sical
att
ri
but
esar
elesswor
thyofr
ecogni
ti
onasmember
soft
heGasoci
etyorGhanai
anSoci
ety
gener
all
y.Thi
siscl
ear
lynotar
easonabl
eli
mit
ati
oni
naf
reeanddemocr
ati
csoci
etyandIunequi
vocal
l
y
r
ejectsame”

CenterforJuveni
l
eDelinquencyvGhanaRevenueAut
hor
ityandt
heAt t
orneyGener
al30t
hJul
y,2019
J1/61/2018
ADINYIRA( MRS)(PRESIDI
NG) ,
DOTSE,YEBOAHBAFFOE-BONNIE,BENIN,PWAMANG, AMEGATCHERJJSC

FACTS:
Thepl
aint
if
finv
oki
ngt
heexcl
usi
veor
igi
nal
int
erpr
etat
ivej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heSupr
emecour
t,br
ought
anact
ionf
ori
nteral
i
a,adecl
arat
iont
hatpar
agr
aphs1(
9),
2(8)and2(
9)oft
heFi
rstSchedul
eoft
he
Rev
enueAdmi
nist
rat
ionAct
,2016(
Act915)whi
chpr
ohi
bit
saper
sonf
rom f
il
ingacasei
ncour
tor
conduct
inganyof
fi
cial
busi
nesswi
tht
hecour
tsunl
esst
hatper
sonquot
est
heTaxpay
erI
dent
if
icat
ion
Number(
TIN)i
ssuedi
nrespectoft
hatper
sonundert
heTI
NSy
st he1stDef
em oft endantasi
nconsi
stent
wi
thandi
ncont
rav
ent
ionoft
hespi
ri
toft
heConst
it
uti
onpar
ti
cul
arl
yAr
ti
cles2(
1),
33(
1),
48(
2),
130(
1),
132,
133(
1),
135,
137(
1),
140,
273(
1),
273(
5)and280oft
he1992Const
it
uti
onwhi
chguar
ant
eesaper
son’
s
r
ightt
oaccesst
ocour
tandhencenul
l
,voi
dandunenf
or e.The2ndDef
ceabl endant
’spr
eli
minar
yobj
ect
ionas
t
othepr
operi
nvocat
ionoft
heSupr
emeCour
t’
sjur
isdi
cti
onwasdi
smi
ssedont
hegr
oundst
hatt
he
combi
nedef
fectofAr
ti
cles2(
1)and130empower
sanyper
sonwhoal
l
egest
hatanenact
mentcont
rav
enes
t
heConst
it
uti
on,
topr
oceedt
oCour
ttohav
eitdecl
aredv
oidort
otheext
entoft
hei
nconsi
stency

HELD:
PerAdi
nyi
ra(
Mrs)JSC“
Acar
dinal
pri
nci
pleoft
heRul
eofLawi
sequal
i
tybef
oret
hel
awandt
her
efor
e
Ar
ti
cle17(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
onguar
ant
eesal
lper
sonsequal
i
tybef
oret
hel
awwhi
chi
ncl
udesequal
access
t
ocour
tsi
nor
dert
opr
osecut
eordef
endacl
aim orav
iol
ati
onofar
ight
.Thi
sri
ghtr
equi
rest
heaccesst
obe
adequat
e,ef
fect
iveandmeani
ngf
ul.
”

NB:
Wher
east
oA.
V.Di
ceyequal
i
tymeansnoonei
sabov
elawandt
hatev
eryper
sonwhat
everhi
srankor
condi
ti
onsi
ssubj
ectt
othej
uri
sdi
cti
onofor
dinar
ycour
ts,
SirI
vorJenni
ngsar
guesequal
i
tybef
orel
aw
meanst
hatamongequal
s,t
hel
awshoul
dbeequal
andshoul
dbeequal
l
yadmi
nist
ered.Theequal
pr
otect
ionofl
awdoesn’
tmeant
hatt
hesamel
awshoul
dappl
ytoal
lper
sonsorev
eryl
awmusthav
ea
uni
ver
sal
appl
i
cat
ionwi
thi
nthecount
ryi
rr
espect
iveofdi
ff
erencesofci
rcumst
ances.

Edusei
vAt
tor
neyGener
alandAnot
her[
1997-
1998]2GLR1
SUPREMECOURT

BAMFORD-
ADDO,
CHARLESHAYFRON-
BENJAMI
N,AMPI
AH,
KPEGAH,
ADJEBENG,
ACQUAHANDATUGUBA
JJSC

FACTS:
Theappl
i
cant
,aGhanai
anci
ti
zen,
hadhi
spasspor
twi
thdr
awnf
oll
owi
ngi
nvest
igat
ionsi
ntosomeof
hi
sact
ivi
ti
esbyt
hesecur
it
yagenci
es.Ther
eaf
tert
heappl
i
cantwassentof
ftot
heUni
tedSt
atesi
nexchange
f
oranot
herper
sonwhohadbeenar
rest
edi
ntheUni
tedSt
atesonespi
onagechar
gesofspy
ingf
ort
he
Gov
ernmentofGhana.Af
terst
ayi
ngf
orsomet
imei
ntheUni
tedSt
atest
heappl
i
cant
,whosoughtt
oret
urn
t
oGhana,
inst
ruct
edhi
ssol
i
cit
orsi
nGhanat
orequestf
rom t
heFor
eignMi
nist
ryandt
heBur
eauofNat
ional
I
nvest
igat
ionf
ort
her
est
orat
ionofhi
sol
dpasspor
t.Af
terwai
ti
ngf
orsomet
imewi
thoutanyr
esponsef
rom
t
hesai
daut
hor
it
ies,
hef
il
edsui
tinv
oki
ngt
heor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
onoft
heSupr
emeCour
tforadecl
arat
i i
on,nt
er
al
i
a,t
hat
:(i
)sect
ions5(
1),
5(2)
(a)
,(b)(
ii
)and(
ii
),and17(
e)oft
hePasspor
tandTr
avel
Cer
ti
fi
cat
esDecr
ee,
1967(
NLCD155)wer
einconsi
stentwi
thandi
ncont
rav
ent
ionoft
hel
ett
erandspi
ri
tofcer
tai
npr
ovi
sionsof
t
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992andwer
econsequent
lynul
landv
oid;
(ii
)asaci
ti
zenofGhanabybi
rt
htheappl
i
cant
hadaconst
it
uti
onal
rightt
oent
erandl
eav
eGhanaandaf
ort
ior
itoapasspor
ttoenabl
ehi
m execut
eand
enj
oyt
hatr
ightand(
ii
i)anor
derdi
rect
ingt
heMi
nist
erofFor
eignAf
fai
rsandt
heDi
rect
oroft
heBur
eauof
Nat
ional
Inv
est
igat
ionst
oret
urnt
otheappl
i
canthi
sol
dpasspor
ttoenabl
ehi
m appl
yforanewpasspor
t.

HELD:
Ther
eisnoGhanai
ancasel
awset
ti
ngoutt
hemeani
ngofdi
gni
typerAr
t15(
1).Thus,
ther
eisadanger
i
nanov
er-
expansi
vei
nter
pret
ati
onr
esul
ti
ngi
nvaguer
ight
swhoseboundar
iesar
edi
ff
icul
ttodet
ermi
ne.
Hence,
Art15(
1)shoul
dbei
nter
pret
edonacasebycasebasi
susi
ngt
hecommonl
awappr
oach.Ar
ti
cle17
hasbeenunani
mousl
yint
erpr
etedperNar
teyvGat
i[2010]SCGLR745t hatequal
omeant i
tybef
oret
hel
aw
r
equi
resequalt
reat
mentoft
hosesi
mil
arl
ypl
aced,
impl
yi
ngdi
ff
erentt
reat
menti
nrespectoft
hosewi
th
di
ff
erentchar
act
eri
sti
cswhi
chi
swi
del
yrecogni
sed.Hence,
inr
eadi
ngt
oget
herAr
t17(
1)(
2)t
heconcl
usi
on
ar
ri
vedati
nthei
nst
antcasei
sthatt
hemer
efactt
hatdual
cit
izensar
etr
eat
eddi
ff
erent
lyf
rom i
ndi
genesi
s
notnecessar
il
yabr
eachofAr
t17.I
nsof
arast
hel
egi
slat
ivei
ntentoft
heobj
ecti
sjust
if
iabl
eint
hepubl
i
c
i
nter
esti
naccor
dancewi
thAr
t12(
2)andnoti
rr
econci
l
abl
ewi
tht
hel
ett
erandspi
ri
tofAr
t17,
then
accor
dingt
othet
estadopt
edbyt
heSupr
emeCour
tinNar
teyvGat
i(supr
a),
Art8(
2)i
sconsi
stentwi
th
Ar
ti
cle17oft
he1992Const
it
uti
on

+ARTI
CLE18and20onpr
oper
tyr
ight
s

Angl
ogol
dAshant
iLi
mit
edvChar
lesFosu&2Ot
her
s26t
hFebr
uar
y,2018H1/
02/
2018
COURTOFAPPEAL,KUMASI

ADUAMAOSEIJ.
A(PRESI
DING)
,DZAMEFEJ.A.
,WELBOURNE(
MRS)J.
A.

FACTS:
TheAppel
l
anti
sami
ningcompanywhoseoper
ati
onsar
egov
ernedbyt
heMi
ner
alsandMi
ningAct
,
2006(
Act703)
.TheRespondent
s,ar
efar
mer
sbasedatNhy
iaesoandApi
ti
kokov
il
lagesnearObuasi
.Inor
ar
ound2008/
2009t
heRespondent
srepor
tedt
otheAppel
l
antt
hati
tsgol
dmi
ningact
ivi
ti
eshascaused
massi
vedest
ruct
ionont
hei
rcocoaandoi
lpal
m seedl
i
ngs.TheRespondent
sasser
tthatt
hei
rver
yli
vel
i
hood
wasdest
roy
edandt
hishadaf
fect
edt
hei
reconomi
cfor
tunesandt
hrownt
hem i
ntoabj
ectpov
ert
y.A
cont
rov
ersywi
thr
elat
iont
other
ateofpr
icef
orseedl
i
ngst
obedul
ypai
d,aswel
las,
pay
mentof
compensat
ionduet
heRespondent
s,andsamehasnotbeendul
ypai
dbyv
irt
ueofadel
ayi
nther
equi
sit
e
pr
ocess.Ef
for
tst
ogett
heAppel
l
antt
opayt
hecompensat
ionwer
efacedwi
thf
rust
rat
ions.Respondent
s
hadt
ri
edasmuchaspossi
blet
oengaget
heAppel
l
antt
opayt
hecompensat
ioni
ncl
udi
ngapet
it
iont
othe
Mi
nist
erf
orMi
ner
alsandMi
ningasr
equi
redbyl
awundert
heMi
ner
alsandMi
ningAct
,2006(
Act703)but
samewast
onoav
ail
.Subsequent
ly,
legal
act
ionwasbr
oughti
ntheHi
ghCour
tagai
nstt
heappel
l
ant
s.The
deci
si
onoft
heCour
twasagai
nstt
heappel
l
antwhohassubsequent
lyi
nst
it
utedanact
ionf
oran
i
nter
locut
oryi
njunct
ioni
nteral
i
aagai
nstt
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heHi
ghCour
ttodet
ermi
net
hemat
ter
.

HELD:
PerWel
bour
neJA“
Thement
ionofAr
ti
cle20(
2)(
a)asagui
det
otheMi
nist
erast
ohowt
oaddr
esst
he
det
ermi
nat
ionoft
hecompensat
ion,
reasonabl
yindi
cat
est
hatsuchamat
terascr
ibest
otheFundament
al
HumanRi
ght
sasespousedi
nChapt
er5oft
heconst
it
uti
onoft
heRepubl
i
cofGhana,
1992.I
tist
her
eby
wor
thyt
onot
ethatt
heHi
ghcour
thasbeenal
l
ott
edt
heexcl
usi
veor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
oni
ntheenf
orcementof
t
heFundament
alHumanRi
ght
sandFr
eedomsguar
ant
eedbyt
heConst
it
uti
on-perAr
ti
cle140(
2).Al
so,
per
Ar
ti
cle140(
1),
TheHi
ghCour
thasbeencl
othedwi
thsuchor
igi
nal
,appel
l
ateandot
herj
uri
sdi
cti
onasmay
beconf
err
edoni
tbyt
hisConst
it
uti
onoranyot
herl
aw,
albei
tsubj
ectt
othepr
ovi
sionsoft
hisConst
it
uti
on,
t
ohav
ejur
isdi
cti
oni
nal
lmat
ter
sandi
npar
ti
cul
ar,
inci
vi
landcr
imi
nal
mat
ter
s.Last
ly,
ont
hej
uri
sdi
cti
on,
the
Hi
ghCour
thasbeenpr
ovi
dedast
hecour
tofl
asti
nst
ance(
subj
ectt
oappeal
howev
er)oft
hepr
ocedur
eto
at
tai
none’
scompensat
ionaf
tert
heexhaust
ionoft
hest
atut
orycondi
ti
onspr
ecedentaspr
ovi
dedf
ori
n
sect
ion75ofMi
ner
alsandMi
ningAct
,2006(
Act703)
.It
,ther
efor
e,woul
dbei
ncor
rectandunj
ustt
o
concl
usi
vel
ypr
oposet
hatt
heHi
ghCour
tlackst
hej
uri
sdi
cti
ont
odet
ermi
net
hemat
terasi
tsodi
d.”

TheRepubli
cvs.GhanaNat
ionalGasCompanyLtdExPart
e:KingsCi
tyDev
elopmentCompany[
Land
Commission-I
nter
est
edParty
]13thJanuar
y,2020GJ/
1535/2019
HIGHCOURT

FACTS:
TheAppl
i
canti
sal
i
mit
edl
i
abi
l
itycompany
,engagedi
nthebusi
nessofconst
ruct
ionand
dev
elopmentofi
ntegr
atedmi
xed-
useci
typr
oject
sinGhana.TheRespondenti
sal
soal
i
mit
ed
l
i
abi
l
itycompanyi
ncor
por
atedundert
hel
awsofGhanaandcar
ryi
ngont
hebusi
nessofbui
l
dingand
oper
ati
ngi
nfr
ast
ruct
uref
ort
hegat
her
ing,
processi
ng,
transpor
tat
ionandmar
ket
ingofnat
ural
gas
r
esour
ceswhi
l
est
hei
nter
est
edpar
tyi
sast
atut
oryagencywhosef
unct
ioni
ncl
udesov
erseei
ngt
he
sust
ainabl
edev
elopment
,managementandadmi
nist
rat
ionofpubl
i
candv
est
edl
andsi
nGhana.Asa
dev
elopmentandconst
ruct
ionout
fi
t,t
heAppl
i
cant
,hadobt
ainedl
andf
rom t
heTakor
adi
manSt
ool
int
he
West
ernRegi
onandobt
ainedal
lthenecessar
yper
mit
sinor
dert
ounder
takei
tspr
oject
s.Whi
l
ethe
Appl
i
cantwasi
nef
fect
iveoccupat
ionandpossessi
onofsame,
theRespondentunder
tookcer
tai
nact
sin
accor
dancewi
thi
tsmandat
ewhi
chwer
einconsi
stentwi
tht
heAppl
i
cant
’sl
awf
ulpossessi
on.Subsequent
ly,
t
heSt
atebyanExecut
iveI
nst
rument(
E.I47)acqui
redt
hoseaf
fect
edpor
ti
onsofAppl
i
cant
’sl
andst
oget
her
wi
thsomeot
her
scompul
sor
il
y.Howev
er,
theRespondentf
ail
edt
opaycompensat
ionduet
heAppl
i
cant
af
terv
ali
dassessmenthadbeenunder
takendespi
teal
lat
tempt
sbyt
heAppl
i
cantt
ohav
eitdoso.
Accor
dingl
y,anappl
i
cat
ionf
orj
udi
cial
rev
iewwasf
il
edbyt
heAppl
i
cantf
oranor
derofmandamusagai
nst
t
heRespondentf
ort
hepay
mentofasum cer
tai
nascompensat
ionf
ort
hecompul
sor
yacqui
sit
ionofl
and
bel
ongi
ngt
otheappl
i
cant
.

HELD:
PerJust
iceJenni
ferDadzi
e“Si
nceAr
ti
cle20(
2)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992enj
oinspr
omptpay
mentof
t
hecompensat
ion,
inmyopi
nion,
thr
ee(
3)mont
hs,
at l
east
,af
terduenot
icehadbeengi
venandwi
thi
n
whi
chnor
epl
ywasf
ort
hcomi
ngi
ssuf
fi
cientconductt
oest
abl
i
shar
efusal
toact
.If
indt
hatt
her
ewasa
demandandacoor
dinat
eref
usal
tomakeduet
henecessar
ypay
ment
.Iti
smyf
urt
herf
indi
ngandIsohol
d,
t
hatt
heAppl
i
canti
swel
lwi
thi
nthest
atut
oryper
iodi
nbr
ingi
ngt
hisappl
i
cat
ion.
”

Wanky
iwaav
.Wer
eduwaaAndAnot
her[
1963]1GLR332
HI
GHCOURT

FACTS:
Inanal
ter
cat
ionbet
weent
hepl
aint
if
fandt
hedef
endant
,thedef
endantspokeandpubl
i
shedoft
he
pl
aint
if
fthat“
herv
agi
nast
inks.
”Thepl
aint
if
fobt
ainedj
udgmentagai
nstt
hedef
endantf
ordamagesf
or
sl
anderi
nthemagi
str
ate’
scour
t.Onappeal
theci
rcui
tcour
tdi
smi
ssedt
hepl
aint
if
f’
scl
aim ont
hegr
ound
t
hatsi
ncet
hev
ulgarabusewasspokeni
nheati
tcoul
dnotgr
oundanact
ionf
ordef
amat
ion.Thepl
aint
if
f
appeal
edt
otheHi
ghCour
t.

HELD:
Thewor
dsspokenconst
it
utedmer
evi
tuper
ati
onwhi
chi
snotr
edr
essi
bleatcommonl
aw,
butby
sect
ion15oft
heLocal
Cour
tsAct
,1958,
theci
rcui
tcour
tshoul
dhav
edeci
dedt
hemat
terbycust
omar
ylaw
andnotbycommonl
awpr
inci
ples.

PRI
NCI
PLE:
Atcust
omar
ylawabuseorv
ituper
ati
onpersei
saci
vi
lwr
ongr
edr
essi
blebyapecuni
aryawar
d.

PerApal
ooJ;
“Sl
anderi
sessent
ial
l
yawr
ongagai
nstt
heper
sonofani
ndi
vi
dual
or,
toputi
tinBl
ackst
one’
s
wor
ds,
apr
ivat
ewr
ong.I
fitwast
houghtser
iousenought
ober
egar
dedasapubl
i
cwr
ongandv
isi
tabl
eby
cr
imi
nal
puni
shmentatt
hei
nst
anceoft
hecommuni
tyatl
arge,
iti
sdi
ff
icul
ttoseeasamat
terofpr
inci
ple,
whyt
hei
ndi
vi
dual
whoser
ighti
sthusi
nfr
ingedcannoti
nst
it
utepr
oceedi
ngst
oobt
ainr
edr
ess.I
ndeed,
iti
s
di
ff
icul
ttoconcei
veanywr
ongsagai
nstt
heper
son

whi
char
epuni
shabl
ebyt
heSt
ateascr
imi
nal
wrongs,
whi
chdonotatt
hesamet
imeconst
it
utepr
ivat
e
wr
ongsr
edr
essi
blebyci
vi
lpr
oceedi
ngs,
att
hesui
toft
heper
sonwr
onged.
”
DUTI
ES&HOW THEYARECATEGORI
SED
+ARTI
CLES21,
23,
41combi
nedondef
ini
ti
onoff
reedomsasr
elat
est
oobl
i
gat
ions,
rest
ri
cti
onson
f
reedoms,
just
ici
abi
l
ityofChapt
er6andadmi
nist
rat
ivej
ust
ice

+Rest
ri
cti
ononFr
eedom ofMov
ement

-
Imposi
ti
ononRest
ri
cti
onsAct
,2020(
ACT1012)asi
trel
atest
oAr
ti
cle21(
4)st
atest
hati
ti anactt
s“ o
pr
ovi
def
ort
hei
mposi
ti
onofr
est
ri
cti
onsi
naccor
dancewi
thpar
agr
aphs(
c),
(d)and(
e)ofcl
ause(
4)of
ar
ti
cle21oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
andf
orr
elat
edmat
ter
s”

-
Publ
i
cOr
derAct
,1994(
ACT491)s.4asi
trel
atest
oAr
ti
cle21(
4)st
at 1)Wher
es“( etheMi
nist
er
r
esponsi
blef
ort
heI
nter
iorconsi
der
sthati
tisr
easonabl
yrequi
redi
nthei
nter
estofpubl
i
cdef
ence,
publ
i
c
saf
ety
,publ
i
cheal
th,
ther
unni
ngofessent
ialser
vicesort
hepr
otect
ionoft
her
ight
sandf
reedomsofany
ot
herper
sonst
oimposeacur
fewi
napar
toft
heRepubl
i
c,t
heMi
nist
ermay
,byexecut
ivei
nst
rument
,
i
mposeacur
fewi
nthatpar
tonl
yasshal
lbespeci
fi
edi
nthei
nst
rument
.”

+Admi
nist
rat
ivebodi
esandadmi
nist
rat
iveof
fi
cial
sshal
lactf
air
lyandr
easonabl
yandcompl
ywi
tht
he
r
equi
rement
simposedont
hem byl
awandper
sonsaggr
iev
edbyt
heexer
ciseofsuchact
sanddeci
sions
shal
lhav
ether
ightt
oseekr
edr
essbef
oreacour
torot
hert
ri
bunal
.

NB:
Ref
ert
ocasesonNat
ural
Just
icei
nthi
sregar
d

Republ
i
cvMensa-
BonsuAndOt
her
s;ExPar
teAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al[
1995-
96]1GLR377
SUPREMECOURT

ARCHERCJ,
ADADE,
AMUA-
SEKYI
,AI
KINS,
BAMFORD-
ADDO,
CHARLESHAYFRON-
BENJAMI
NANDAMPI
AH
JJSC

FACTS:
TheAt
tor
ney
-Gener
ali
nit
iat
edcont
emptpr
oceedi
ngsagai
nstt
her
espondent
satt
heSupr
emeCour
t
i
nrespectoft
hepubl
i
cat
ioni
ntheFr
eePr
essofbei
ngcont
umaci
ousandscandal
ousconcer
ningMrJust
ice
Abban,
aSupr
emeCour
tjudgeandcal
cul
atedt
oer
odepubl
i
cconf
idencei
ntheadmi
nist
rat
ionofj
ust
iceand
t
hel
awandt
oimpai
rtheaut
hor
it
yoft
hej
udi
ciar
y.Thesai
djudgewasoneoft
hemember
sofapanel
ofni
ne
j
udgeswhi
chhear
dthecaseofNewPat
ri
oti
cPar
tyvAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al[
1993-
94]2GLR35,
SCpopul
arl
y
cal
l
edt
he“
31stDecembercase.
”Int
hei
ropposi
ti
ont
othemot
ion,
ther
espondent
scont
ended,
int
eral
i
a,
t
hatt
hepubl
i
cat
ionshadnotscandal
i
sedt
hecour
tbecauset
heywer
e(i
)publ
i
shedofJust
iceAbbani
nhi
s
per
sonal
capaci
ty;
(ii
)tr
uei
nsubst
ancehav
ingr
egar
dtot
heconductofJust
iceAbban;
and(
ii
i)publ
i
shedi
n
goodf
ait
handwi
thoutmal
i
ce

HELD:
Inpar
t“Nowr
ongwascommi
tt
edbyanymemberoft
hepubl
i
c,i
ncl
udi
ngt
hepr
ess,
whoex
erci
sed
f
reel
ytheor
dinar
yli
ber
tyofcr
it
ici
singt
emper
atel
yandf
air
lyi
ngoodf
ait
hinpr
ivat
eori
npubl
i
canycase
whi
chhadbeenconcl
uded.Thus,
prov
idedmember
soft
hepubl
i
cref
rai
nedf
rom i
mput
ingi
mpr
opermot
ives
t
othoset
aki
ngpar
tint
headmi
nist
rat
ionofj
ust
iceandwer
egenui
nel
yexer
cisi
ngt
hei
rri
ghtofcr
it
ici
sm
wi
thoutmal
i
ce,
theywer
eimmunef
rom at
tachmentf
orcont
empt
.Howev
er,
int
hei
nst
antcase,
thewor
ds
usedbyt
her
espondent
stoi
mput
eder
ogat
oryconductt
oJust
iceAbban—al
i
ar,
acr
imi
nal
,onepr
act
isi
ng
j
udi
cial
andpol
i
tical
chi
caner
yandapar
ti
alj
udge—wer
epr
egnantwi
thmal
i
ceandwer
eint
ent
ional
l
y
publ
i
shed.Si
ncet
heyamount
edt
othecont
emptofscandal
i
singt
hecour
t,t
hecour
twasdut
yboundt
o
puni
sht
her
espondent
ssoast
omai
ntai
nit
sdi
gni
tyandpr
eventanyi
nter
fer
encewi
tht
headmi
nist
erat
ionof
j
ust
ice.
”

PerAmua-
Seky
i I
JSC“nexer
cisi
ngt
hepowert
ocommi
tforcont
empt
,ourcour
tsmusthav
eregar
dal
sot
o
t
her
ightofev
eryper
sont
oexpr
esshi
msel
ffr
eel
yandopenl
yonal
lmat
ter
sofpubl
i
cconcer
nwhet
hert
hey
per
tai
ntoact
ionsoft
heexecut
ive,
thel
egi
slat
ureort
hej
udi
ciar
y.Onecanunder
standwhyi
tist
hatwhi
l
ea
casei
spendi
ngi
ncour
tther
ightt
ocommentt
her
eonoughtt
obecur
tai
l
edi
nthei
nter
est
sofaf
airt
ri
al
whi
cht
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992guar
ant
eesf
orev
eryi
ndi
vi
dual
;buti
tcanhar
dlybesai
dthatwhenav
erdi
cti
s
gi
ven,
thej
udges.
..shoul
dbeshi
eldedf
rom cr
it
ici
sm.Theor
dinar
ylawsofl
i
bel
,whi
chpr
ohi
bitt
hemaki
ng
off
alsedef
amat
oryst
atement
saboutot
hermember
soft
hecommuni
ty,
aret
heonl
ycheckonanyabuseof
t
her
ightoff
reespeechi
nci
rcumst
ancessuchast
hese.
”

PerAmua-
Seky
i UnderourConst
JSC“ it
uti
on,
1992t
her
ightt
ofr
eedom ofspeechandexpr
essi
onmaybe
cur
tai
l
edf
ort
hepur
poseofsaf
eguar
dingourpeopl
eagai
nstt
het
eachi
ngandpr
opagat
ionofdoct
ri
nes
whi
chi
nci
tehat
redagai
nstot
hermember
soft
hecommuni
ty.Whatmaybepr
oscr
ibedundert
hisheadar
e
r
eli
giousandpol
i
ticaldoct
ri
neswhi
cht
endt
odi
vi
det
henat
ionandt
urnonesect
ionoft
hecommuni
ty
agai
nstanot
her
.Thepr
ovi
siondoesnotsanct
iont
hecur
tai
l
mentoft
her
ightt
ofr
eedom ofspeechand
expr
essi
onf
ort
hepur
poseofmai
ntai
ningt
hedi
gni
tyoraut
hor
it
yoft
hecour
t.
”

AwunivWestAf
ri
canExami
nat
ionsCounci
l[
2001-
2002]1GLR25
Supr
emeCourt

KpegahJSC,
Sophi
a-Akuf
foJSC,
BrobbeyJSC,
Twum JSC,
Dat
e-BaahJSC

Fact
s:Theappel
l
ant
shadt
hei
rent
ir
eexami
nat
ionr
esul
tscancel
l
edbyt
her
espondent
s

Pr
inci
ple:
Admi
nist
rat
ivebodi
eshav
ethedut
ytoactf
air
lyandr
easonabl
yint
het
aki
ngofper
ti
nentdeci
sion
whi
chaf
fectt
her
ight
sofpr
ospect
iveci
ti
zens

PerKpegahJSC“
Thephr
ase"
toactf
air
lyandr
easonabl
y"i
nmyopi
nionnecessar
il
yimpor
tsadut
yto
obser
vet
hecommonl m ofaudi
awmaxi alt
eram par
tem andot
herpr
inci
plesofnat
ural
just
icewhi
chi
sver
y
muchpar
tofourj
uri
spr
udenceandar
eimpl
i
citi
ntheconst
it
uti
onal
prov
isi
onsi
nar
ti
cle23.
”

PerSophi
aAkuf
foJSC“
Iti
s,t
her
efor
e,myv
iewt
hat
,unt
ilsuchr
uleshav
ebeenmade,
theHi
ghCour
tmust
begui
dedbyt
het
ermsoft
hear
ti
clei
tsel
fpl
uscommonsenseandpr
agmat
ism.Thi
sist
heonl
ymeansby
whi
cht
hej
udi
ciar
ycanassur
ether
eal
i
sat
ionoft
heobj
ect
iveoft
hear
ti
cle.I
ndeed,
iti
smyr
espect
ful
view
t
hat
,gi
vent
hespeci
alnat
ureoft
hej
uri
sdi
cti
oncr
eat
edbyar
ti
cle33(
1),
thef
orm oft
heappl
i
cat
ioni
snot
necessar
il
ycr
uci
al,
sol
ongast
heHi
ghCour
tbecomesawar
eoft
hecl
aim(
oral
l
egat
ion)
,byonepr
ocedur
al
meansort
heot
her
,it
sjur
isdi
cti
onmustbedeemedt
ohav
ebeenpr
oper
lyi
nvoked.
”

PerDat
eBaahJSC“
Tomymi
nd,
ther
efor
e,"
admi
nist
rat
ivebodi
es"and"
admi
nist
rat
ionof
fi
cial
s"shoul
dbe
i
nter
pret
edasr
efer
encest
obodi
esandi
ndi
vi
dual
s,r
espect
ivel
y,whi
chorwhoexer
cisepubl
i
cfunct
ions
whi
chaf
fecti
ndi
vi
dual
s.Thesei
ndi
vi
dual
sar
eent
it
ledt
opr
otect
ionf
rom t
hecour
tsi
nthei
rint
eract
ionwi
th
suchpubl
i
cbodi
esort
hei
rempl
oyees.
”
Aboagy
evGhanaCommer
cial
Bank[
28/
11/
01]CA10/
2000
Supr
emeCour
t

AMPI
AH,
J.S.
C.ADJABENG,
J.S.
C.ACQUAH,
J.S.
CADZOE,
J.S.
C.

Fact
s:t
heappel
l
antwasdi
smi
ssedf
rom hi
sjobbyt
her
espondent
,theGCBwi
thoutt
hechanceofbeen
hear
d.

Hel
d:al
l
owi
ngt
heappeal
,ther
espondenthadbr
eachedbot
hrul
esofnat
ural
just
icewhi
chwer
enecessar
yto
t
her
eal
i
sat
ionofadmi
nist
rat
ivef
air
nessandr
easonabl
eness.Ther
efor
e,t
hedeci
sionsoft
heDi
sci
pli
nar
y
Commi
tt
ee,
theExecut
iveCommi
tt
eeandt
heBoar
dwer
enul
lvoi
dandofnoef
fect
.

NB:
Ther
espondenthadact
edul
tr
avi
resi
tsSt
affr
ulesbyf
ail
i
ngt
ogr
antaper
sonal
hear
ingt
otheappel
l
ant
.

PerAgj
abengJSC“
Inmyv
iew,
iti
sthedut
yofanyadj
udi
cat
ingaut
hor
it
ytoactf
air
lyandwi
tht
ranspar
ency
”

Pr
inci
ple:
Ther
eisadut
yont
hepar
tofadmi
nist
rat
ivebodi
est
oactf
air
lyandr
easonabl
y.Thedut
ytoact
f
air
lyandr
easonabl
eent
ail
sthedut
ytot
akei
ntoconsi
der
ati
ont
hepr
inci
plesofnat
ural
just
ice(
audi
alt
eram
par
tem andnemoj
udexi
ncausasua)
.Thepr
inci
pleofaudi
alt
eram par
tem i
ncl
udest
heobl
i
gat
ionof
i
nfor
mingt
heaccusedofhi
sof
fence,
cri
me,
caseorchar
gei
nor
dert
oful
fi
lawar
eness,
prepar
ati
onand
def
ence.

Feder
ati
onofYout
hAssoci
ati
onOfGhana(
Fedy
ag)vPubl
i
cUni
ver
sit
iesOfGhana3Or
s[3/
2/2010]J1/
5/09
SUPREMECOURT

ATUGUBA(
PRESI
DING)
,ADI
NYI
RA(
MRS)
,ANNI
NYEBOAH,
GBADEGBE,
AKOTO-
BAMFOJJSC

FACTS:
Thepl
aint
if
f,descr
ibi
ngi
tsel
fasaci
ti
zenofGhanaandar
egi
ster
edy
out
hfeder
ati
onundert
hel
aws
oft
heRepubl
i
cofGhana,
commencedanact
ion,
byawr
it
,inv
oki
ngt
heor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
onoft
hecour
t
agai
nstt
hef
ir
stdef
endant
,Publ
i
cUni
ver
sit
iesofGhana,
theseconddef
endant
,theMi
nist
ryofeducat
ion,
the
t
hir
ddef
endantNat
ional
Counci
lforTer
ti
aryEducat
ionandt
hef
our
thdef
endant
,theAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alf
or(
a)
adecl
arat
iont
hatt
hef
eepay
ingpol
i
cybei
ngi
mpl
ement
edbyt
hepubl
i
cuni
ver
sit
iesofGhanai
sinconsi
stent
wi
th,
ori
ncont
rav
ent
ionoft
hel
ett
erandspi
ri
toft
he1992Const
it
uti
onandmor
epar
ti
cul
arl
yar
ti
cl
es17(
2)
(
3)(
4)(
a)23,
25,
(1)(
c),
34(
1),
38(
1)(
3)(
a)(
c)and41(
b)(
d)t
her
eofand(
b)anor
derpr
ohi
bit
inganyf
urt
her
i
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
hef
eepay
ingpol
i
cybyt
hef
ir
stdef
endant
sher
einandquashi
ngsame.The1st
def
endant
srai
sedapr
eli
minar
ylegal
obj
ect
ionquest
ioni
ngt
hecapaci
tyoft
hepl
aint
if
f,ont
hegr
oundst
hat
i
tisnotar
egi
ster
edbodyundert
heCompani
esCode.ThePl
aint
if
fhowev
eri
nresponsecl
aimedi
twasa
r
egi
ster
edbodyandat
tachedt
oit
sst
atementaCer
ti
fi
cat
eofI
ncor
por
ati
onunderi
tsacr
ony
m FEDYAG.

PerAdi
nyi
raJSC“
Ihav
enodi
ff
icul
tyi
ndi
smi
ssi
ngt
hel
egal
obj
ect
ionasundersect
ion32oft
he
I
nter
pret
ati
onAct
,C.
A.4,
a“per
son”i
sdef
inedt
o“i
ncl
udeabodycor
por
atewhet
heracor
por
ati
onaggr
egat
e
oracor
por
ati
onsol
eandani
ncor
por
atedbodyofper
sonsaswel
lasani
ndi
vi
dual
.
”

PerAt
ugubaJSC“
Ther
eisnodoubtt
hati
nessencet
hepl
aint
if
f’
scont
ent
ionsar
ebasedonpr
ovi
sionsoft
he
const
it
uti
onf
all
i
ngunderorr
elat
ingt
otheFundament
alHumanRi
ght
sassetouti
nchapt
er5oft
he
Const
it
uti
on.Theonl
yar
ti
cleswhi
chdonotphy
sical
l
yfal
lwi
thi
nthesai
dchapt
er5ar
ear
ti
cles34,
38and41.
Thesef
all
(underchapt
er6)
,theDi
rect
ivePr
inci
plesofSt
atePol
i
cy,
whi
char
ti
cle34r
equi
rest
hati
nappl
yi
ng
ori
nter
pret
ingt
heconst
it
uti
on,
thei
rgui
dancecannotbedi
scount
edandt
her
efor
ear
ti
cle38r
elat
ingt
o
educat
ioncannotbedi
scount
edi
nconsi
der
ingeducat
ional
right
sunderchapt
er5norcanar
ti
cl
e41(
b)and
(
d)bedi
scount
ed.
”

PerAdi
nyi
raJSC“
Thei
ssuesbei
ngr
aisedi
nthi
sact
ioni
swhet
herornot
,ont
hepr
operi
nter
pret
ati
onof
ar
ti
cles17(
2)(
3)(
4)(
a),
23,
25(
1)(
c),
34(
1),
38(
1)(
3)(
a)(
c)and41(
b)(
d),
thef
eepay
ingpol
i
cybei
ng
i
mpl
ement
edbyt
hepubl
i
cuni
ver
sit
iesi
nfr
ingest
hef
undament
alhumanr
ightofequal
i
tyandf
reedom f
rom
di
scr
imi
nat
ionandeducat
ional
right
sofGhanai
ans.Suchi
ssueswi
thduer
espectar
emat
ter
sofgr
eatpubl
i
c
i
nter hatanynat
estt uralorar
ti
fi
cialper
soni
nGhanahasar
ightt
oseekani
nter
pret
ati
onanddecl
arat
ion
bef
oret
heSupr
emeCour
t.
”

A-
GvOt
uAndKwapong,
(1969)2G&G416
HI
GHCOURT

FACTS:
Thedef
endant
s,Ai
rMar
shal
lOt
uandNav
alLi
eut
enantKwapong,
wer
ear
rest
edandser
vedhol
ding
char
gesf
oral
l
egedl
yengagi
ngwi
tht
hepr
oscr
ibedConv
ent
ionPeopl
esPar
ty(
CPP)i
nact
ivi
ti
esai
medat
ov
ert
hrowi
ngt
hegov
ernmentoft
heNat
ional
Liber
ati
onCounci
l(NLC)
.ACommi
ssi
onofEnqui
rywassetup
byt
heNLC,
aboutamont
haf
tert
hear
restofOt
uandKwapong,
todet
ermi
neamongot
her
stheext
entt
o
whi
cht
hedef
endant
swer
einv
olv
edi
nsubv
ersi
veact
ivi
ti
eswi
tht
hepr
oscr
ibedCPP.Thedef
endant
s
r
efusedt
ogi
veev
idencet
otheCommi
ssi
onont
hegr
oundst
hatt
heyhadbeenaccusedofsubv
ersi
onand
woul
dbepr
ejudi
cedi
nthepr
oceedi
ngsoft
heCommi
ssi
oni
ftheyt
ookpar
t.TheCommi
ssi
onsawt
hei
r
r
efusal
asanof
fenceundert
heCommi
ssi
onsofEnqui
ryAct1965(
Act250)
,sect
ion7(
1)whi
chi
dent
if
ies
r
efusal
tot
akeoat
horr
efusal
toanswerquest
ionsl
egal
l
yrequi
redbyaCommi
ssi
onofEnqui
ryasof
fences
whi
chmustbeenqui
redi
ntobyaHi
ghCour
t

HELD:
Noof
fencewascommi
tt
edi
nther
efusal
oft
hedef
endant
stot
akeoat
handgi
veev
idenceatt
he
Commi
ssi
onofEnqui
ryduet
othepecul
i
arci
rcumst
ancesoft
hecase.I
nthi
scaseaCommi
ssi
onofEnqui
ry
whosedut
yist
oinv
est
igat
eal
l
egat
ionsandr
umor
s;hadbeensetupt
oenqui
rei
ntot
hedegr
eeof
subv
ersi
onoft
hedef
endant
swhohadal
readybeenaccusedofsubv
ersi
on.Anyev
idencet
hedef
endant
s
mi
ghthav
egi
venmayhav
ebeenusedagai
nstt
hem i
nat
ri
alcour
t,si
gni
fyi
ngadangert
othedef
endant
s

PRI
NCI
PLE:
Awi
tnessi
sent
it
ledt
othepr
ivi
l
egeofsi
l
encei
fther
eisr
easonabl
egr
oundf
ort
hewi
tnesst
o
appr
ehenddangerbyt
hegi
vi
ngofev
idence

Mensi
mavAttor
ney
-Gener
alandOt
her
s[1997-
98]1GLR159
SUPREMECOURT

BAMFORD-
ADDO,
AMPI
AH,
KPEGAH,
ACQUAHANDATUGUBAJJSC

Bamf
ordAddoandKpegahdi
ssent
ing.

Fact
s:Thepl
aint
if
fswi
thdr
ewt
hei
rmember
shi
pfr
om ar
egi
ster
eddi
sti
l
ler
s’gi
nco-
oper
ati
vesoci
ety
.The
soci
etysoughtt
ohar
asst
hem ont
hebasi
sthatt
hei
ract
ionwascont
rar
yori
ncont
rav
ent
ionofr
egul
ati
on
3(
1)ofLI239.Thepl
aint
if
fsbr
oughtt
heact
ionf
oradecl
arat
iont
hatt
hesai
dsect
ioni
naddi
ti
ont
oanot
her
r
egul
ati
on,
(20ofLI239)wer
eunconst
it
uti
onal
.
 d:PerAcquahandAt
Hel ugubaJJSC.Ar
ti
cles21(
1)(
e)and24(
3)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992ent
it
ledev
ery
wor
kert
ofor
m orj
oinat
radeuni
onofhi
schoi
cef
ort
hepr
omot
ionandpr
otect
ionofhi
seconomi
cand
soci
ali
nter
est
.Howev
er,
art
icl
e24(
4)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992l
egi
ti
mised,
int
eral
i
a,l
awswhi
chwer
e
r
ea¬sonabl
ynecessar
ytomai
ntai
ntheequi
l
ibr
ium bet
weent
hecompet
ingi
nter
estandr
ight
soft
he
i
ndi
vi
dual
andt
hatoft
heSt
ate.Thussi
ncer
egul
ati
on3(1)ofLI239i
nmaki
ngi
tmandat
oryf
oranappl
i
cant
f
oradi
sti
l
ler
'sl
i
cencet
obel
ongt
oar
egi
ster
eddi
sti
l
ler
sco-
oper
ati
vei
nfr
ingedt
heappl
i
cant
'
sri
ghtt
ojoi
nan
associ
ati
onofhi
schoi
ce,
theonusofpr
ovi
ngbyapr
eponder
anceofpr
obabi
l
iti
est
hatt
hatr
egul
ati
onwas
r
eason¬abl
ynecessar
ywasont
hedef
endant
s.Howev
er,
itwascl
earf
rom sect
ion2oft
heCo-
oper
ati
ve
Soci
eti
esDecr
ee,
1968(
NRCD252)t
hatt
heobj
ect
iveoft
her
egi
ster
edco-
oper
ati
vewast
hepr
omot
ionof
t
heeconomi
cint
erest
sofi
tsmember
sandnott
hepr
omot
ionoft
heheal
thandsecur
it
yoft
heconsumi
ng
publ
i
c.I
ndeed,
elabor
atepr
ovi
sionshadbeenmadei
nAct33IandLI239t
oensur
etheheal
thsaf
etyand
secur
it
yoft
hepubl
i
c.Andi
nal
lthosepr
ovi
sionsar
egi
ster
eddi
sti
l
ler
sco-
oper
ati
vepl
ayednopar
t.Thus,
the
def
encet
hatt
hemember
shi
prequi
¬rementofar
egi
ster
eddi
sti
l
ler
sco-
oper
ati
vewasnecessar
yfort
he
saf
ety
,secur
it
yandheal
thoft
hepubl
i
cwaspat
ent
lyun¬f
oundedandunsuppor
tedbyNLCD252,
Act331
andLI239.Si
ncet
hecompul
sor
yrequi
rementofmember
shi
pcoul
dnotbej
ust
if
iedi
nter
msofar
ti
cle
21(
4)(
c)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992,
regul
ati
on3(
I)ofLI239wasi
nconsi
stentwi
tht
hel
ett
erandspi
ri
toft
he
Const
it
uti
on,
1992,
par
ti
cul
arl
yar
ti
cle21(
1)(
e)t
her
eof
.

PerBamf
ordAddoJSC“
Fur
ther
,thecl
earmeani
ngofar
ti
cle33(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992i
sthatapar
ty
whochoosest
oseekt
heenf
orcementofhi
sfundament
alhumanr
ight
satt
heHi
ghCour
t,mayal
soappl
yto
anyot
hercour
tforot
herr
eli
efs,
eveni
font
hesamef
act
s,l
awf
ull
yav
ail
abl
etohi
m.”

PerAcquahJSC“
thescopeoft
her
ightt
ofr
eedom ofassoci
ati
onmustbedet
ermi
nedbygi
vi
ngawi
de
i
nter
pret
ati
on.
”

PerAt
ugubaJSC“
Int
hatcase(
NPPvI
GP)cer
tai
npr
ovi
sionsoft
hePubl
i
cOr
derDecr
ee,
1972(
NRCD68)
wer
edecl
aredunconst
it
uti
onal
ont
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
inci
ples:
fir
st,
thesai
dpr
ovi
sionsar
eobsol
ete,
(perAr
cher
CJandEdwar
dWi
reduJSC)
.Secondl
y,t
heyt
endt
ocur
tai
lrat
hert
hanr
est
ri
ctt
her
ighti
nvol
ved(
perAi
ki
ns
JSC)orasChar
lesHay
fron-
Benj
ami
nJSCputi
tat500:

"i
nar
ti
cle21(
4)(
c)t
hepowerasr
equi
redt
ocont
rol
thosesi
tuat
ionsment
ionedt
her
einmustbegr
ant
edby
al
awwhi
chi
mposesr
easonabl
erest
ri
cti
onsont
hef
undament
alf
reedomsbutdoesnotdenyt
heci
ti
zent
he
f
undament
alf
reedomst
owhi
chhei
sent
it
led.I
not
herwor
ds,
theci
ti
zen'
sfr
eedomsmayber
est
ri
ctedby
l
awont
hegr
oundsst
atedi
ntheConst
it
uti
on,
1992butt
heycannotbedeni
ed.Anysuchdeni
alwi
l
lbe
unconst
it
uti
onal
andv
oid.
"

Thi
rdl
y,t
heyar
eunnecessar
y,hav
ingr
egar
dtot
heci
rcumst
ancesoft
hepar
ti
cul
arr
est
ri
cti
on.AsChar
les
Hay
fron-
Benj
ami
nJSCputi
tat507:

Four
thl
y,t
heygi
veanunf
ett
eredorcapr
ici
ouspowert
oanof
fi
¬ci
al.Char
lesHay
fron-
Benj
ami
nJSC
comment
ingonsect
ion7(
2)oft
hePubl
i
cOr
derDecr
ee

Pr
inci
ple:
ther
ightoff
reedom ofassoci
ati
onmustbeenf
orcedorguar
ant
eedwi
thoutunnecessar
y
r
est
ri
cti
onspl
acedbyt
heconst
it
uti
on
NewPatr
iot
icPar
tyvAt
tor
neyGener
al[
1993-
94]2GLR(
31stDecemberCase)
SUPREMECOURT

ARCHERCJ,
ADADEFRANCOI
S,ABBAN,
AMUA-
SEKYI
,AI
KINS,
BAMFORD-
ADDO,
HAYFRON-
BENJAMI
NAND
AMPI
AHJJSC

FACTS:
TheNewPat
ri
oti
cPar
ty(
NPP)br
oughtanact
ionunderar
ti
cle2(
1)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
onagai
nst
t
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alf
oradecl
arat
iont
hatt
hepubl
i
ccel
ebr
ati
onoft
hecoupd'
étatof31stDecember1981
outofpubl
i
cfundswasi
nconsi
stentwi
thori
ncont
rav
ent
ionoft
hel
ett
erandspi
ri
toft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992
par
ti
cul
arl
yar
ti
cles3(
3)-
(7)
,35(
1)and41(
f)andanor
dercompel
l
ingt
hegov
ernmentt
ocancel
the
pr
epar
ati
onsf
ort
hecel
ebr
ati
onandr
efr
ainf
rom car
ryi
ngoutt
hecel
ebr
ati
onwi
thpubl
i
cfunds.I
nhi
s
def
enceont
heot
herhand,
thedef
endantsubmi
tedi
t nteral
i
a,t
hatt
heDi
rect
ivePr
inci
plesofSt
atePol
i
cy
cont
ainedi
nchapt
er6oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992wer
enotj
ust
ici
abl
eandt
her
efor
ear
ti
cles35and41whi
ch
wer
epar
toft
hepr
inci
plescoul
dnotgr
oundacauseofact
ion.Oneoft
hei
ssuest
heSupr
emeCour
thadt
o
r
esol
vet
her
efor
ewaswhet
herornott
heDi
rect
ivePr
inci
plesofSt
atePol
i
cycont
ainedi
nthe1992
Const
it
uti
onwer
ejust
ici
abl
e.I
na5-
4maj
ori
tydeci
sion,
theSupr
emeCour
thel
dthatChapt
er6oft
he
Const
it
uti
onwasj
ust
ici
abl
e

HELD: Idonotsubscr
PerAdadeJSC“ ibet
othev
iewt
hatchapt
er6oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992i
snot
j
ust
ici
abl
e:i
tis.Fi
rst
,theConst
it
uti
on,
1992asawhol
eisaj
ust
ici
abl
edocument
.Ifanypar
tist
obenon-
j
ust
ici
abl
e,t
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992i
tsel
fmustsayso.Ihav
enotseenany
thi
ngi
nchapt
er6ori
nthe
Const
it
uti
on,
1992gener
all
y,whi
cht
ell
smet
hatchapt
er6i
snotj
ust
ici
abl
e.Theev
idencet
oest
abl
i
sht
he
non-
just
ici
abi
l
itymustbei
nter
nalt
otheConst
it
uti
on,
1992,
notot
her
wise,
fort
hesi
mpl
ereasont
hati
fthe
pr
off
eredpr
oofi
sext
ernalt
otheConst
it
uti
on,
1992,
itmustofnecessi
tyconf
li
ctwi
thi
t,andbev
oidand
i
nadmi
ssi
ble:wecannotaddwor
dst
otheConst
it
uti
on,
1992i
nor
dert
ochangei
tsmeani
ng.
”

“
Theposi
ti
onbecomesev
encl
ear
eri
frel
atedt
othedut
iescr
eat
edbyar
ti
cle41oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.
Howi
sthej
udi
ci
aryt
oassi
storf
aci
l
itat
etheper
for
manceofaci
ti
zen'
sdut
yto,
egcombatmi
suseofpubl
i
c
f
unds"asr
equi
redbyar
ti
cle41(
f)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992,
ift
hisi
snoti
nthecour
seofenf
orci
nganot
her
ci
ti
zen'
sdut
ynott
omi
susepubl
i
cfunds?Puti
l
lust
rat
ivel
y,ci
ti
zenA,
indi
schar
geofhi
sdut
yunderar
ti
cle
41(
f)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992t
ri
est
ost
opci
ti
zenBf
rom mi
susi
ngpubl
i
cfunds.Canci
ti
zenAt
urnt
othe
j
udi
ciar
yforhel
p?I
fno,
whynot
,gi
vent
hewor
dingofar
ti
cle34(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992?I
fyes,
whatr
ole
wi
l
lthej
udi
ci
arybepl
ayi
ng,
shor
tofenf
orci
ngar
ti
cle41(
f)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992?.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Icannot
seet
hatt
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992wi
l
limposeadut
ybyar
ti
cle41andt
hent
urnr
oundt
othwar
tit
sper
for
mance.
Suchabi
zar
rei
ntent
ionmustbeshownbyexpr
esswor
dsorani
mpl
i
cat
iont
hati
simper
ati
ve”
.

MayorAgbl
eze&2Ot
her
svt
heAt
tor
neyGener
alAndEl
ect
oral
Commi
ssi
on28t
hNov
ember
,2018
J1/
28/2018
SUPREMECOURT

ADI
NYI
RA(
MRS)
,JSC(
PRESI
DING)
,DOTSE,
YEBOAH,
MARFUL-
SAU,
DORDZI
E(MRS)
,AMEGATCHER,
KOTEY
JJSC

FACTS:
ThePr
esi
dent
,fol
l
owi
ngv
ari
ouspet
it
ionsf
ornewr
egi
onst
obecr
eat
edoutoft
heWest
ern,
Vol
ta,
Br
ong-
Ahaf
oandNor
ther
nregi
ons,
inaccor
dancewi
thAr
ti
cle5(
2)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992r
efer
redt
he
pet
it
ionst
othecounci
lofSt
ateuponwhoseadv
ise,
acommi
ssi
onofi
nqui
ry(
BrobbeyCommi
ssi
on)was
set
upwhi
chcameupwi
thcer
tai
nrecommendat
ions.Thepl
aint
if
fsi
nvokedt
heor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
onoft
he
cour
tunderAr
ti
cles2(
1)and130(
1)f
oradecl
arat
ioni
nteral
i
athatt
her
ecommendat
ionoft
heBr
obbey
Commi
ssi
ont
ohol
dther
efer
endum onl
yint
hepl
aceswher
ethepr
oposednewr
egi
onsar
etobecr
eat
ed
andsubsequent
lyt
her
efer
endum conduct
edasar
esul
twasunconst
it
uti
onal
uponat
rueandpr
oper
i
nter
pret
ati
onofAr
ti
cl
es5and41oft
heConst
it
uti
on.

HELD:
PerJust
iceKot Thr
ey“ oughoutt
heConst
it
uti
on,
discr
eti
onhasbeenv
est
edi
nper
sonsorbodi
es
char
gedwi
tht
her
esponsi
bil
i
tyt
oexer
ciseonepowerort
heot
her
.Wher
ethedi
scr
eti
onar
ypoweri
snot
exer
cisedaccor
dingt
olaw,
ther
ecour
sebyanaggr
iev
edpar
tyl
i
esi
nsomeot
herr
emedypr
ovi
dedf
ori
nthe
Const
it
uti
onandnotani
nvi
tat
iont
oinv
oket
heor
igi
nalj
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hiscour
t,assubmi
tt
edbyt
he
Pl
aint
if
fs“
tocheckbyj
udi
ciali
nter
pret
ati
onorr
evi
ewt
hepowersot
hati
tisexer
cisedi
nanon-
arbi
tr
aryand
r
easonabl
emanner
.”

AbuRamadanandEvansNimakovs.El
ect
oral
Commissi
onandTheAtt
orneyGener
alI
nRe:1.TheOwnerof
theStat
ion–Mont
ieFm 2.Sal
i
fuMaase@ Mugabe3.Al
i
stai
rNel
son4.GodwinAkoGunn5t
hJuly,
2016
J8/108/
2016
SUPREMECOURT

AKUFFOJSC[
PRESI
DING]
,ANSAHJSC,
YEBOAHJSC,
BENI
NJSC,
PWAMANGJSC

FACTS:
Thecont
emnor
swer
ebr
oughtbef
oret
hisCour
t,byi
tsownsummons,
fort
hem t
oshowcausewhy
t
heyshoul
dnotbecommi
tt
edt
opr
isonf
orcont
emptofcour
tont
hreegr
oundsnamel
y;(
a)Scandal
i
zingt
he
cour
t,(
b)Def
yingandl
ower
ingt
heaut
hor
it
yoft
hiscour
tand(
c)Br
ingi
ngt
heaut
hor
it
yoft
hiscour
tint
o
di
sreput
e.I
nar
adi oadcastonMont
obr ieFM,
theydef
ied,
insul
tedandl
ower
edt
heaut
hor
it
yoft
heCour
t
whent
heyst
atedt
hatt
heywi
l
lnotacceptt
hedeci
sionoft
hecour
tont
hev
oter
s’r
egi
sterandt
heyi
nci
ted
l
i
stener
sint
hegener
alpubl
i
ctor
ejecti
t.Theat
tack,
whi
chwasdi
rect
edatt
heChi
efJust
iceoft
heRepubl
i
c
ofGhanaandt
heApexCour
toft
hel
and,
amount
stocr
imi
nal
cont
emptoft
heJudi
ciar
y.Theowner
soft
he
r
adi
ost
ati
onwer
esummonedaswel
lbecause,
iti
str
it
elawt
hatwher
eacor
por
ati
oni
shel
dincont
emptof
cour
t,i
tist
hedi
rect
orsandof
fi
cer
swhoanswerf
ori
t,si
ncet
heyconst
it
utet
hehumanf
aceoft
hel
egal
ent
it
y.

HELD:
PerCur
iam “
Weneedt
oremi
ndpeopl
ewhodeci
det
ocr
it
ici
zet
heJudi
ciar
ythatwi
thi
nther
ightt
o
publ
i
shandt
ransmi
t,wi
thi
nthef
reedom ofexpr
essi
on,
ther
eisal
i
net
hatoughtnott
obecr
ossed.Thi
sis
encapsul
atedi
ntheDi
rect
ivePr
inci
plesofSt
atePol
i
cy,
Art
icl
e41whi
chst
ates,
int
eral
i
a,t
hat
:“Theexer
cise
andenj
oymentofr
ight
sandf
reedomsi
sinsepar
abl
efr
om t
heper
for
manceofdut
iesandobl
i
gat
ions,
and
accor
dingl
y,i
tshal
lbet
hedut
yofev
eryci
ti
zen-

a)t
opr
omot
ethepr
est
igeandgoodnameofGhanaandr
espectt
hesy
mbol
soft
henat
ion;
b)t
ouphol
dand
def
endt
hisConst
it
uti
onandt
hel
aw;
c)t
ofost
ernat
ionaluni
tyandl
i
vei
nhar
monywi
thot
her
s;d)t
orespect
t
her
ight
s,f
reedomsandl
egi
ti
mat
eint
erest
sofot
her
s,andgener
all
ytor
efr
ainf
rom doi
ngact
sdet
ri
ment
al
t
othewel
far
eofot
herper
sons;
e)t
owor
kconsci
ent
iousl
yinhi
slawf
ull
ychosenoccupat
ion;
i.
toco-
oper
ate
wi
thl
awf
ulagenci
esi
nthemai
ntenanceofl
awandor
der
AkoAdjeiandWi
l
li
am Samuel
Johnson(
Appel
l
ant
)vt
heKi
ng(
Respondent
)2G&G.236(
2D)
CousseyAgCJ

Fact
s:Thef
ir
stappel
l
antwast
heManagi
ngDi
rect
oroft
heAf
ri
canNat
ional
Times.Thesecondappel
l
ant
whowast
hemanagi
ngedi
torandact
ingedi
torwr
oteandcausedt
obepr
int
edcer
tai
nwor
dsofl
i
bel
agai
nst
t
heSy
riancommuni
tyi
ntheGol
dCoast
.

Hel
d:byt
heSt
atut
eLawRev
isi
onOr
dinance,
CAP2,
theLi
bel
Actal
readyr
efer
redt
ohadbeendecl
arednot
t
obei
nfor
cei
ntheGol
dCoast
.Pr
oofofknowl
edgeormensr
eaont
hepar
toft
hepubl
i
sherwasnotpl
aced
ont
hepr
osecut
ionandt
hepr
opr
iet
ori
sanswer
abl
ecr
imi
nal
l
yfort
hepubl
i
cat
ionofl
i
bel
,al
thoughhehad
not
hingt
odowi
tht
hepubl
i
cat
ionandt
hewhol
eisr
ecor
dedbyhi
sser
vant
s.(
vicar
iousl
i
abi
l
ity
).

Nati
onalMedi
aCommi ssi
onvAt
tor
ney-
Gener
al[
1999-
2000]2GLR577
FACTS:TheNati
onal
MediaCommissi
on(NMC),
aconsti
tut
ional
bodysetupunderar
ti
cle166oft
he
Const
it
uti
on,
1992t
o,i
nteral
i
a,pr
omot
eandensur
ethef
reedom andi
ndependenceoft
hemedi
aformass
communi
cat
ionandi
nfor
mat
ion,
obser
vedar
ound1994t
hatt
hePr
esi
dentwi
thoutr
egar
dforAr
ti
cl
e166was
maki
ngappoi
ntment
stopubl
i
ccor
por
ati
onst
hatf
ell
undert
heNMCspur
view.Subsequent
ly,
a
memor
andum wassubmi
tt
edandameet
ingschedul
edwi
tht
heAGwhodecl
aredt
hatt
hePr
esi
dentwas
wel
lwi
thi
nhi
sri
ght
sunderAr
ti
cle195oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992t
omakesuchappoi
ntment
s.Consequent
ly,
t
heNMCi
nst
it
utedanact
ionatt
heSupr
emeCour
ttosecur
eanor
dert
hatonat
rueandpr
operconst
ruct
ion
oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992andspeci
fi
cal
l
yofar
ti
cles168and195(
1)t
her
eof
,thepower
stoappoi
ntt
he
chai
rmenandot
hermember
soft
hegov
erni
ngbodi
esofpubl
i
ccor
por
ati
onsmanagi
ngst
ate-
ownedmedi
a,
i
ncl
udi
ngt
hechi
efexecut
iveswhower
emember
sofsuchgov
erni
ngbodi
es,
wasv
est
edexcl
usi
vel
yint
he
Nat
ional
Medi
aCommi
ssi
onact
ingi
nconsul
tat
ionwi
tht
hePr
esi
dent

HELD:
Onat
rueandpr
operi
nter
pret
ati
onoft
hepr
ovi
sionofar
ti
cle168oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992t
he
aut
hor
it
ytoappoi
ntt
hechai
rmenandot
hermember
soft
hegov
erni
ngbodi
esofpubl
i
ccor
por
ati
ons
managi
ngt
hest
ate-
ownedmedi
a,i
ncl
udi
ngt
hechi
efexecut
iveswhoar
emember
sofsuchgov
erni
ngbodi
es,
wasexcl
usi
vel
ytheNat
ional
Medi
aCommi
ssi
onact
ingi
nconsul
tat
ionwi
tht
hePr
esi
dent

PRI
NCI
PLE:
Inpol
i
tical
theor
y,t
hemedi
aser
vesasav
ehi
clef
orsel
f-
expr
essi
on;
asar
efl
ect
ionofpubl
i
c
opi
nion;
asani
nfor
meroft
hepubl
i
casapar
ti
cipanti
nthef
ormat
ionofpubl
i
copi
nionsandasawat
chdog
oft
hegov
ernment
.Themedi
aist
hemedi
um andact
ori
nthepr
ocessoff
ormi
ngpubl
i
copi
nion.

PerAcquahJSC“
….i
tisi
mpor
tantt
oremi
ndour
sel
vest
hatwear
edeal
i
ngwi
thournat
ional
Const
it
uti
on,
1992notanor
dinar
yActofPar
li
ament
.Iti
sadocumentt
hatexpr
essesoursov
erei
gnwi
l
landembodi
esour
soul
.Itcr
eat
esaut
hor
it
iesandv
est
scer
tai
npower
sint
hem.I
tgi
vescer
tai
nri
ght
stoper
sonsaswel
las
bodi
esofper
sons,
andi
mposesobl
i
gat
ionsasmuchasi
tconf
erspr
ivi
l
egesandpower
s.Al
lthesedut
ies,
obl
i
gat
ions,
power
s,pr
ivi
l
egesandr
ight
smustbeexer
cisedandenf
orcednotonl
yinaccor
dancewi
tht
he
l
ett
er,
butal
sot
hespi
ri
toft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992”

Nkrumah&Anot
herv
.Manu[
1971]1GLR176
HIGHCOURT

FACTS:
Adi
str
ictmagi
str
ateawar
dedt
her
espondentN¢80.
00asspeci
aldamagesf
orhav
ingbeeni
nsul
ted
anddef
amedwi
thoutj
ustcausebyt
heappel
l
ant
s.Al
lthepar
ti
eswer
eGhanai
ans.I
twasnotdi
sput
edt
hat
dur
ingaheat
edquar
rel
ther
espondentwascal
l
edasl
ave.Onappeal
itwassubmi
tt
edt
hatal
thoughi
twas
notcl
earwhet
hert
heact
ionhadbeenbr
oughtundercust
omar
yorcommonl
aw,
thei
mpl
i
cat
ionwast
hat
commonl
awwasappl
i
edbecauseoft
heawar
dofspeci
aldamages,
andt
her
efor
etheappeal
shoul
dhav
e
beenal
l
owedsi
ncenospeci
aldamageswer
epr
oved.

HELDal
l
owi
ngt
heappeal
:Thedet
ermi
nat
ionoft
hepr
operl
awmustbedonewi
thr
efer
encet
oRul
e6of
par
a.64(
1)ofN.
L.C.
D.84.Ther
ewasnot
hingont
her
ecor
dtoshowt
hatt
her
espondentcl
aimedt
ohav
e
hadt
hei
ssuedet
ermi
nedaccor
dingt
ocust
omar
ylawnordi
dther
espondentshowt
hatshewassubj
ectt
o
anysy
stem ofcust
omar
ylawandt
her
efor
etheexcept
iont
oRul
e6wascl
ear
lyi
nappl
i
cabl
e.Si
ncenospeci
al
damagewaspr
oved,
thewor
dswer
enotact
ionabl
eperseandt
hewor
dswer
eut
ter
edi
ntheheatofpassi
on,
t
hent
heact
ionwasnotmai
ntai
nabl
e

Percur
iam “
Moder
nci
vi
li
zat
ionhasi
mposedv
erydr
ast
icchangesoncommuni
tyandr
ural
li
fei
nGhanaand
si
ncet
hespokenwor
disnol
ongert
heonl
ymeansofsoci
alandcommer
cial
int
ercour
se,
thecust
omar
ylaw
ofsl
andershoul
dbechangedt
omeett
hedemandsofmoder
nti
mes.Thel
awhasmor
eser
iouspr
obl
emst
o
t
ackl
ethani
dlei
nsul
tswhi
chr
idi
cul
eanot
herper
son”

PRI
NCI
PLE:
Anyquest
ionast
otheexi
stenceorcont
entofar
uleofcust
omar
ylawi
saquest
ionofl
awf
or
t
heCour
tandnotaquest
ionoff
act
.

WuakuVAtt
orney
-Gener
alandAnot
her[
1993-
94]2GLR393
SUPREMECOURT

ABANCJ,
AMUA-
SEKYI
,AI
KINS,
CHARLESHAYFRON-
BENJAMI
NANDAMPI
AHJJSC.

FACTS:
Underar
ti
cl
es52(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1969,
58oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1979and71oft
he
Const
it
uti
on,
1992,
respect
ivel
ythePr
esi
dentwasenj
oined,
inconsul
tat
ionwi
tht
heCounci
lofSt
ateandon
t
her
ecommendat
ionofacommi
tt
eehewast
osetupf
ort
hatpur
pose,
todet
ermi
net
hesal
ari
es,
al
l
owances,
faci
l
iti
esandpr
ivi
l
egesof
,int
eral
i
a,super
iorcour
tjudges.Fort
hepur
posesoft
hewor
koft
he
v
ari
ouscommi
tt
ees,
thewor
d“sal
ari
es”wasdef
inedt
oincl
udeal
l
owances,
faci
l
iti
es,
pri
vi
legesandr
eti
ri
ng
benef
it
sorawar
ds.Andunderar
ti
cle117(
2)and(
4)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1969,
sect
ion3(
2)and(
3)oft
he
t
ransi
ti
onal
prov
isi
onsoft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1979andar
ti
cle155oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992asuper
iorcour
t
j
udgewhor
eti
redundert
hest
atedcondi
ti
onswast
obepai
d,i
nteral
i
a,apensi
onequal
tot
hesal
aryofa
si
tt
ingj
udge.Byt
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
hePensi
ons(
Amendment
)Law,
1986(
PNDCL162)ar
eti
redj
udgewas
ent
it
ledt
oacor
respondi
ngi
ncr
easei
nhi
spensi
onwhenev
ert
hesal
aryofsuper
iorcour
tjudgeswas
i
ncr
eased.Thepl
aint
if
f,aSupr
emeCour
tjudgeat
tai
nedt
hecompul
sor
yret
ir
ingageof65on29December
1991af
terhehadser
vedasasuper
iorcour
tjudgef
or24y
ear
s.Howev
er,
inexer
ciseofi
tspowerunder
sect
ion1(
2)oft
heJudi
ciar
y(Ret
ir
ingAges)Law,
1986(
PNDCL161)t
hePr
ovi
sional
Nat
ional
Def
ence
Counci
lext
endedhi
ster
m ofof
fi
cef
oroney
ear
.Thatext
ensi
onexpi
redon29

December1992.Buti
npur
suanceoft
hepr
ovi
sionofar
ti
cle128oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1979t
hepl
aint
if
f
cont
inuedi
nof
fi
cef
orov
ersi
xmont
hsunt
ilhecompl
etedal
lthepar
t-
hear
dcasesbef
orehi
m anddel
i
ver
ed
hi
sjudgment
s.Subsequent
ly,
thepl
aint
if
fbr
oughtanact
ion,
int
eral
i
a,t
hat(
1)si
ncehewasasi
tt
ing
Supr
emeCour
tjudgeatt
het
imet
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992camei
ntof
orceon7Januar
y1993,
theper
iodhe
spentont
hepar
t-
hear
dcasesshoul
dber
egar
dedaspar
tofhi
stenur
eofof
fi
ceandhet
her
efor
equal
i
fiedt
o
r
eti
reunderar
ti
cl
e155(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.Accor
dingl
y,hewasent
it
ledunderar
ti
cle71oft
he
Const
it
uti
on,
1992t
o,i
nteral
i
a,r
etai
nhi
sof
fi
cial
resi
denceandof
fi
cial
mot
orv
ehi
cle.Thecour
tnot
edt
hat
apar
tfr
om hi
ssal
ary
,aj
udgeoft
hesuper
iorcour
tsr
ecei
vedper
qui
sit
esofof
fi
cesuchasf
reef
urni
shed
r
esi
dent
ial
accommodat
ion,
achauf
feur
-dr
ivencarownedandmai
ntai
nedbyt
heSt
ate,
prov
isi
onoff
uel
al
l
ocat
ionf
orhi
suse,
ent
ert
ainmental
l
owance,
etc,
howev
er,
nei
thert
hecommi
tt
eeest
abl
i
shedundert
he
Const
it
uti
on,
1969nort
hatundert
heConst
it
uti
on,
1979i
ncl
udedt
hoseper
qui
sit
esi
nther
eti
ri
ngbenef
it
sor
awar
dsofsuper
iorcour
tjudges.

HELD:
Sincet
hepl
aint
if
fhadser
vedasasuper
iorcour
tjudgef
ormor
ethant
eny
ear
sbef
orehi
sret
ir
ement
,
hewasent
it
ledundert
heConst
it
uti
ons,
1969and1979t
orecei
vebesi
deshi
sgr
atui
tywhi
chwast
obe
cal
cul
atedonhi
sconsol
i
dat
edsal
ari
es,
anannual
pensi
onequi
val
entt
ohi
sgr
osssal
aryatt
het
imeofhi
s
r
eti
rement
.UnderPNDCL162,
thatpensi
onhadt
ober
evi
sedupwar
dswhenev
ert
hesal
aryofser
vingj
udges
oft
heSupr
emeCour
twasr
aised.Howev
er,
sincenei
theroft
hecommi
tt
eessetupundert
heConst
it
uti
ons,
1969and1979r
ecommendedt
hatr
eti
redj
udgesshoul
dhav
eanyoft
heper
qui
sit
esofof
fi
ceofser
ving
j
udges,
thepl
aint
if
fwasnei
therent
it
ledt
oret
aint
heuseofhi
sof
fi
cial
resi
denceandmot
or-
vehi
cl
enort
obe
pai
dal
l
owancesi
nli
eut
her
eof

PRI
NCI
PLE:
Theobj
ectandpur
poseofper
mit
ti
ngaj
udgewhohasr
eachedt
hecompul
sor
yret
ir
ingaget
o
compl
etepar
t-
hear
dcasesanddel
i
verj
udgment
sisi
nthei
nter
estofj
ust
iceandnott
oconf
erpr
ivi
l
egesbei
t
monet
aryorot
her
wise

NewPat
ri
oti
cPar
tyvGhanaBr
oadcast
ingCor
por
ati
on[
1993-
94]2GLR
SUPREMECOURT

ARCHERCJ,
FRANCOI
S,AMUA-
SEKYI
,AI
KINS,
EDWARDWI
REDU,
BAMFORD-
ADDO,
CHARLESHAYFRON-
BENJAMI
NJJSC

FACTS:
Thepl
aint
if
fwasar
egi
ster
edpol
i
tical
par
tywhi
l
ethedef
endanti
sast
atut
orycor
por
ati
on
est
abl
i
shedbyt
heGhanaBr
oadcast
ingCor
por
ati
onDecr
ee,
1968(
NLCD226)wi
tht
hemandat
etoeducat
e,
i
nfor
m andent
ert
aint
heci
ti
zensoft
hecount
ry.Ont
hepr
esent
ati
onoft
he1993budgetbyt
hegov
ernment
,
t
her
ewer
esev
erecr
it
ici
smsofi
tspr
ovi
sionsbysev
eral
per
sonsi
ncl
udi
ngt
hepl
aint
if
f.I
nresponset
othose
cr
it
ici
smst
heMi
nist
erofFi
nanceon23and24Januar
y1993appear
edonr
adi
oandt
elev
isi
onf
orov
ert
wo
hour
stodef
endt
hebudgetpr
oposal
s.Thepl
aint
if
fther
efor
eappl
i
edt
othedef
endantt
obegi
vent
imeon
r
adi
oandt
elev
isi
ont
oal
soexpr
essi
tsv
iewsont
hebudgetpr
oposal
s.Thedef
endanthowev
err
efusedi
ts
r
equest
.Consequent
ly,
thepl
aint
if
fbr
oughtanact
ionagai
nstt
hedef
endantf
or(
a)adecl
arat
iont
hatunder
ar
ti
cles55(
11)and163oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992t
hedef
endant
,ast
ate-
ownedmedi
a,hadadut
ytoaf
for
d
t
hepl
aint
if
ffai
roppor
tuni
ti
esandf
aci
l
iti
est
opr
esenti
tsv
iewsont
hebudgetespeci
all
yast
hosev
iews
di
ver
gedf
rom t
hoseoft
hegov
ernmentoroft
heNat
ional
Democr
ati
cCongr
ess,
thepar
tywhi
chf
ormedt
he
gov
ernmentandwhi
chsponsor
edt
heappear
anceoft
heMi
nist
erofFi
nance;
and(
b)anor
derdi
rect
ingt
he
def
endantt
oaf
for
dthepl
aint
if
fequal
timeont
elev
isi
ont
opr
esenti
tsv
iewsont
he1993budget
.Ini
ts
def
encet
hedef
endantdeni
edt
hatt
heappear
anceoft
heMi
nist
erofFi
nancewassponsor
edbyt
heNDC,
andf
urt
hercont
endedt
hati
nanycase,
ithadadi
scr
eti
oni
nthemat
terandt
hatsi
nce"
equal
oppor
tuni
ty"
coul
dnotbeequat
edt
o"equal
time"
,ini
tsj
udgmenti
thadal
readygi
vent
hepl
aint
if
fadequat
eti
meonr
adi
o
andt
elev
isi
onbyr
epor
ti
nganewsconf
erenceont
hei
ssuebyt
hepl
aint
if
f'
spr
esi
dent
ial
candi
dat
eint
he
pr
esi
dent
ial
elect
ionsandal
soapanel
discussi
onont
hei
ssuei
nwhi
chamemberoft
hepl
aint
if
ftookpar
t

HELD:
Thecour
thel
d,Ar
cherCJ,
Francoi
sandEdwar
dWi
reduJJSCdi
ssent
ingi
npar
t,ar
ti
cle55(
11)oft
he
Const
it
uti
on,
1992def
inedwi
thr
egar
dtopol
i
tical
par
ti
es,
bot
htheobj
ectofst
atepol
i
cyandt
hemeanst
o
achi
evei
t.Theobj
ectwast
hepr
ovi
sionoff
airoppor
tuni
tyt
oal
lpol
i
tical
par
ti
est
opr
esentt
hei
rpr
ogr
ammes
t
othepubl
i
c,andt
hemeansofachi
evi
ngt
hatwasbyensur
ingt
hateachpar
tyhadequal
accesst
othest
ate-
ownedmedi
a."
Equal
access"meantt
hesameori
dent
ical
ter
msandcondi
ti
onsf
orgai
ningent
ryi
ntot
he
st
ate-
ownedmedi
afort
hepur
poseofpr
esent
ingt
hei
rpol
i
tical
,economi
candsoci
alpr
ogr
ammest
othe
el
ect
orat
eandper
suadi
ngt
hem t
ovot
efort
hem atel
ect
ions.Thatmeantt
hatt
hesamet
imeorspacehad
t
obegi
vent
oeachpol
i
tical
par
ty,
lar
georsmal
l
,ont
hesamet
ermsandt
heof
fi
cer
soft
hest
ate-
owned
medi
ahadnodi
scr
eti
oni
nthemat
ter
.Buti
nademocr
acyt
her
ightoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
tof
orm orj
oinapol
i
tical
par
tyandoft
hepar
ti
est
opar
ti
cipat
einshapi
ngt
hepol
i
tical
wil
loft
hepeopl
eandt
odi
ssemi
nat
epol
i
tical
,
economi
candsoci
ali
deasandpr
ogr
ammeswer
enotr
ight
swhi
chwer
eenj
oyedbyt
hepeopl
eonl
ywhen
el
ect
ionswer
etot
akepl
ace.

PerChar
lesHay
fron-
Benj
ami I
nJSC“nmyr
espect
fulopi
nion,
theconst
it
uti
onalr
ightofaccesst
othe
el
ect
roni
cmedi
ali
eswi
tht
hepol
i
ticalpar
ti
es,
thev
iewi
ngpubl
i
candl
i
stener
s.Ar
ti
cles55(
11)and163oft
he
Const
it
uti
on,
1992ar
eampl
i
ficat
ionsoft
hef
undament
alhumanr
ightoff
reedom ofexpr
essi
on.Thatr
ightof
accessi
spar
amounti
ntheor
deroft
hingsi
noursoci
ety
.Thedef
endantt
her
efor
ehasnor
ightt
odet
ermi
ne
whoshal
luset
heel
ect
roni
cmedi
aorwhoshal
lnot
.Ther
eisaconst
it
uti
onaldut
yimposedupont
he
def
endant
,whi
chi
sast
atemonopol
y,t
osoor
derandar
rangei
tspr
ogr
ammet
imeast
oensur
ecompl
i
ance
wi
thi
tsl
ett
erandspi
ri
t.Ther
emustbeequal
i
tyofaccessandequalt
imef
ort
hear
ti
cul
ati
onofdi
ver
gentor
di
ssent
ingv
iewpoi
nts”

PerAr
cherCJ(
dissent
ingi
npar
t Agai
)“ nPar
li
amentwasenj
oinedunderar
ti
cle17(
4)(
d)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992t
oensur
ethatt
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
hel
awsi
tenact
edwer
enoti
nconsi
stentwi
tht
hespi
ri
toft
he
Const
it
uti
on,
1992.Fur
ther
mor
e,underar
ti
cle12(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992al
ltheor
gansofgov
ernment
i
ncl
udi
ngt
hej
udi
ci
ary
,execut
iveandl
egi
slat
urewer
eenj
oinedt
orespectanduphol
dthef
undament
al
humanr
ight
s.Andar
ti
cl
e21(
1)(
f)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992gr
ant
edal
lper
sonst
her
ight
,int
eral
i
a,t
o
i
nfor
mat
ionsubj
ectonl
ytot
hequal
i
ficat
ionsandl
awsnecessar
yinademocr
ati
csoci
ety
.Accor
dingl
y,once
t
hedef
endant
,amedi
acr
eat
edasapubl
i
cagencyt
osecur
efort
heci
ti
zensoft
hiscount
ryi
nfor
mat
ion,
r
atherwi
thhel
ditcont
rar
ytot
heabj
urat
ioni
nar
ti
cles163and21(
1)(
f)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992i
twi
l
lful
l
y
v
iol
atedt
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.
”

NATURALvARTI
FICI
ALPERSON
Ar
ti
cle12,
Int
erpr
etat
ionAct1960CA4s32,
Chapt
er6onwhi
chper
soncanenf
orcer
ight
sundert
he
Const
it
uti
on
ARTI
CLE12

(
1)Thef
undament
alhumanr
ight
sandf
reedomsenshr
inedi
nthi
schapt
ershal
lber
espect
edanduphel
dby
t
heExecut
ive,
Legi
slat
ureandJudi
ciar
yandal
lot
heror
gansofgov
ernmentandi
tsagenci
esand,
wher
e
appl
i
cabl
etot
hem,
byal
lnat
ural
andl
egal
per
sonsi
nGhana,
andshal
lbe

enf
orceabl
ebyt
heCour
tsaspr
ovi
dedf
ori
nthi
sConst
it
uti
on.

Howev
er,
inl
awgener
all
yandasi
sst
atedi
ntheOxf
ordDi
cti
onar anat
yofLaw, uralper
sonr
efer
ssi
mpl
ytoa
humanbei
ng.Ahumanbei
ng;
ali
vi
ng,
breat
hingent
it
ythati
sent
it
ledt
ohi
sorherr
ight
sbei
tal
i
enabl
eornot
andofwhom pr
ovi
si
onsar
emadei
ntheconst
it
uti
oni
nthedet
ermi
nat
ionoft
heser
ight
sandf
reedomsnot
f
orget
ti
ngcer
tai
nresponsi
bil
i
tiest
hatcomewi
tht
hesai
dri
ght
s,anexampl
ebei
ngadut
yint
heenf
orcement
oft
heconst
it
uti
oni
tsel
f.[
Art
icl
e3(
4)(
a)]
.Thi
sbei
ngsai
dhowev
er,
ther
ear
ecer
tai
nci
rcumst
ancesi
nwhi
ch
t
hecour
thast
otr
eatt
hingsnotnecessar
il
yhumanashuman.Theset
hingsasst
ipul
atedi
nthe
I
nter
pret
ati
onAct1960CA4s32i
ncl
udebodycor
por
ates,
whet
heracor
por
ati
onaggr
egat
eoracor
por
ati
on
sol
eandanuni
ncor
por
atedbodyofper
sons.TheI
nter
pret
ati
onActdoest
hisi
nit
sint
erpr
etat
ionoft
hewor
d
per
“ son”asusedi
ntheconst
it
uti
onwheni
tgoesbey
ondt
hei
ndi
vi
dual
toi
ncl
udet
heaf
orement
ioned
bodi
es.Thesebodi
eshenceaf
terbei
nggi
vent
hest
atusofmenandgi
vent
hev
ari
ouspower
spossessedby
nat
ural
per
sonsbecomet
ermedAr
ti
fi
cialorLegalPer
sons.Thi
snon-
humanent
it
yishencecr
eat
edbyl
aw.

NewPat
ri
oti
cPart
yvAt
tor
neyGener
al(
CIBACase)(
1996-
97)SCGLR729
Supr
emeCourt

BAMFORD-
ADDO,
AMPI
AH,
KPEGAH,
ATUGUBAANDAKUFFOJJSC.

FACTS:I
nanact
ionagai
nstt
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al,
theNPPi
nthi
scasei
nvokedt
heor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
onoft
he
Supr
emeCour
tunderar
ti
cle2(
1)and130oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992f
oradecl
arat
iont
hat
,theCounci
lof
I
ndi
genousBusi
nessAssoci
ati
onsLaw,
1993(
PNDCL312)wasi
nconsi
stentwi
thandacont
rav
ent
ionof
ar
ti
cles21(
1)(
e),
35(
1)and37(
2)(
a)and(
3)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992andconsequent
lyv
oid.TheAt
tor
ney
-
Gener
al,
howev
er,
rai
sedapr
eli
minar
yobj
ect
iont
otheact
ionont oundsi
hegr nteral
i
athatar
ti
cles35(
1)
and37(
2)(
a)and(
3)whi
chwer
epar
toft
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
heDi
rect
ivePr
inci
plesofSt
atePol
i
cyunder
chapt
er6oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992wer
enotj
ust
ici
abl
e.TheAGf
urt
herar
gued,
thatt
hemeani
ngof“
per
son”
shoul
dbeconst
ruedasi
tist
omeanonl
ynat
ural
per
sons,
whi
chi
sani
ndi
vi
dual
andnotagr
oupofper
sons
oracor
por
atebodyofanysor
t.Hence,
theNPPasabodypol
i
ticcoul
dnotunderAr
ti
cle2(
1)br
ingt
he
i
nst
antsui
t.

Hel
d:I
npar
t,bot
hNat
ural
andAr
ti
fi
cial
per
sonsf
all
undert
hebr
oadheadi
ng“
Per
sons”i
nthesenset
hat
wher
everi
ntheconst
it
uti
ont
hatt
hewor
d“per
son”bef
oundi
tmustbeconst
ruedt
omeanbot
htheNat
ural
andAr
ti
fi
cial
.Ther
eisl
i
ttl
eornodi
ff
erencebet
weent
hem i
nthesenseofbot
hbei
ngsubj
ectt
othesame
pr
ivi
l
egesandr
eper
cussi
ons,
asi
sev
identi
nAr
ti
cle12oft
he1992const
it
uti
on.

Pr
inci
ples:

1.TheConst
it
uti
on,
1992gr
ant
edr
ight
sandf
reedomst
obot
hnat
ural
andl
egal
per
sonsandunder
ar
ti
cles3(
4)(
a)and41(
b)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
itwast
hedut
yofev
eryci
ti
zenbot
hnat
ural
andl
egal
to
 def
endanduphol
dtheConst
it
uti
ont
hrought
heenf
orcementpr
ocedur
eunderar
ti
cle2(
1).
Thusar
ti
cle
12r
equi
redt
hatcer
tai
nspeci
fi
edper
sonsi
ncl
udi
ng"
nat
ural
andl
egal
per
sonsi
nGhana"shoul
d
r
espectanduphol
dthef
undament
alhumanr
ight
sandf
reedomsenshr
inedi
nchapt
er5oft
he
Const
it
uti
on,
1992.I
nther
esul
tpr
oceedi
ngscoul
dbet
akeni
ncour
tagai
nstal
lsuchper
¬sonsf
ort
he
enf
orcementoft
hef
undament
alr
ight
sandf
reedoms.Si
mil
arl
y,i
twaspossi
blef
orl
egal
per
sonst
o
i
nst
it
utepr
oceedi
ngsf
ort
heenf
orcementoft
hei
rri
ght
sandf
reedoms.Thusaspr
ovi
dedunderar
ti
cle
18(
1),
acor
por
ati
oncoul
downpr
oper
tyandi
fit
spr
oper
tywasi
nter
fer
edwi
th,
aspr
ovi
dedbyar
ti
cle
18(
2),
thatcor
por
ati
onwoul
dbeent
it
ledt
ogot
ocour
tforenf
orcementofi
tsr
ight
sunderei
ther
ar
ti
cle33orunderar
ti
cle2(I
)fort
hei
nter
pre¬t
ati
onofanyenact
mentwhi
chadv
ersel
yaf
fect
edi
ts
pr
oper
ty.I
ntheci
rcumst
ances,
toi
nter
prett
hewor
d"per
son"asappear
ingi
nar
ti
cle18(I
)and(
2)t
o
meanonl
yanat
ural
per
sonort
ogi
vet
hewor
dit
spl
ainandgr
ammat
ical
meani
ng,
woul
dbet
ogi
vei
t
anar
rowmeani
ngcont
rar
ytot
her
ulesofconst
it
uti
onal
int
erpr
e¬t
ati
onwhi
chr
equi
redt
hatt
he
pr
ovi
sionsoft
heConst
it
uti
onshoul
dbegi
venal
i
ber
alandbr
oadmeani
ng,
rat
hert
hananar
rowor
doct
ri
nai
reone,
tosui
tthechangi
ngsoci
alandpol
i
tical
dev
elopmentoft
henat
ion.Accor
dingl
y,under
ar
ti
cle2(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992,
othert
hant
heci
ti
zenshi
prequi
rement
,nol
i
mit
ati
onwaspl
aced
ont
henat
ureofper
sonswhomi
ghti
nvoket
heor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
onoft
heSupr
emeCour
t.Accor
dingl
y,
t
her
ewasnol
ogi
cal
reasonf
orr
est
ri
cti
ngt
her
esor
ttot
heor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
onoft
heSupr
emeCour
t
t
onat
ural
per
sons

2.I
twascl
earf
rom ar
ti
cle34(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992andt
her
epor
toft
hedr
aft
ersoft
he
Const
it
uti
ont
hatt
heDi
rect
ivePr
inci
plesofSt
atePol
i
cywer
epr
inci
plesofst
atepol
i
cywhi
cht
aken
t
oget
herconst
it
u¬t
edasor
tofbar
omet
erbywhi
cht
hepeopl
ecoul
dmeasur
etheper
for
m¬anceof
t
hei
rgov
ernment
.Thus,
theypr
ovi
dedgoal
sforgov
ernment
alandl
egi
slat
ivepr
ogr
ammesanda
gui
det
ojudi
ci
ali
nter
pret
ati
onbutwer
enotofandbyt
hemsel
vesl
egal
l
yenf
orceabl
ebyanycour
t.
Howev
er,
wher
ethosepr
inci
pleswer
ereadi
nconj
unct
ionwi
thot
herenf
orceabl
epr
ovi
sionsoft
he
Const
it
uti
onasi
nthecaseofar
ti
cle37(
2)(
a)and(
3)wi
thar
ti
cle21(
e)i
nrespectoft
her
ightt
o
f
reedom ofassoci
ati
on,
byr
easonoft
hef
actt
hatt
hecour
tswer
emandat
edt
oappl
ythem i
nthei
r
i
nter
pret
ati
vedut
y,t
heywer
ejust
ici
abl
e.Fur
ther
mor
e,wher
eanypr
ovi
sionunderchapt
er5oft
he
Const
it
uti
on,
1992deal
i
ngwi
tht
hedi
rect
ivepr
inci
plescoul
dbei
nter
pret
edt
omeant
hecr
eat
ionofa
l
egal
right
,i.
e.aguar
ant
eedf
unda¬ment
alhumanr
ightsuchast
hef
reedom ofassoci
ati
onunder
ar
ti
cle37(
2)(
a)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
theybecamej
ust
ici
abl
eandpr
otect
edbyt
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.
Thus,
giv
ent
hecr
it
eri
aort
estf
orj
ust
ici
abi
l
ity
,whi
l
eeachcasewoul
ddependoni
tspecul
i
arf
act
s,on
t
hef
act
soft
hei
nst
antcase,
art
i e37(
cl 2)(
a)r
egar
dingf
reedom t
ofor
m anassoci
ati
onf
reef
rom
st
atei
nter
fer
encewasar
ightwhi
chwasj
ust
ici
abl
e.

Adj
ei-
Ampof
ovAccr
aMet
ropol
i
tanAssembl
y(No1)Andt
heAG[
2007-
2008]SCGLR611
SUPREMECOURT

FACTS:
Theappl
i
cant
,whoi
sal
awy
ersuedt
heAMAandt
heAt
tor
neyGener
alonbehal
fofni
ghtsoi
lcar
ri
ers
whoar
ehi
redbyt
heAMAt
ocar
ryt
hecont
entofpanl
atr
inesi
nsomepar
tsofAccr
a.Hear
guedi
nteral
i
a
t
hatt
hepr
act
iceamount
edt
odegr
adi
ngandi
nhumant
reat
mentwhi
chv
iol
atest
hebasi
chumanr
ightoft
he
car
ri
ers.Hear
guedt
hatAMAshoul
dtakemeasur
est
oer
adi
cat
ethi
str
eat
mentoft
hepoor
estci
ti
zenswho
wer
edoi
ngt
hisj
obbecauseoft
hei
rabsol
utepov
ert
y.Hepr
ayedt
hecour
ttor
est
rai
nAMAt
oabol
i
sht
he
pr
act
icesi
ncei
twasnotonl
ycr
uel
butal
soi
nhumananddegr
adest
her
ight
soft
hecar
ri
ersguar
ant
eed
underChapt
er5oft
he1992Const
it
uti
on.TheSupr
emeCour
tuphel
dhi
sappl
i
cat
ionandgav
eAMAan
ul
ti
mat
um t
orepl
acesuchpanl
atr
inesandabol
i
sht
hei
rusei
nal
lhomes.

HELD:
TheSupr
emeCour
thel
dbyexpl
i
cat
ingont
hel
awpr
ovi
dedi
nrespectofar
ti
cle33(
1),
howev
er,
the
obj
ect
ivei
stof
aci
l
itat
etheenf
orcementbyanyper
sonofhi
sorheri
ndi
vi
dual
fundament
alhumanr
ight
s
andf
reedomsunderChapt
er5oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
thr
oughaccesst
otheHi
ghCour
t,i
nthef
ir
sti
nst
ance,
for
r
edr
ess.Thi
sist
heunder
lyi
ngr
ati
onal
efort
hecour
t'
sdeci
sioni
nthecaseofEdusei
vAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al
[
1996-
97]SCGLR1.Thecour
thel
dint
hatcaset
hatt
heef
fectofar
ti
cles33(
1)and130(
1)wast
ovesti
nthe
Hi
ghCour
texcl
usi
vej
uri
sdi
cti
oni
ntheenf
orcementoft
hef
undament
alhumanr
ight
sandf
reedomsoft
he
i
ndi
vi
dual
.'
Thi
squot
ati
onneat
lysummar
isest
hecur
rentst
ateoft
hel
awbasedont
hel
andmar
k
aut
hor
it
ati
vepr
onouncementoft
hel
awi
ntheEdusei
case.I
tisundoubt
edl
yal
eadi
ngcasewhi
chset
tl
edt
he
ar
chi
tect
uref
orhumanr
ight
sli
ti
gat
ioni
nGhana.

PerSophi
aAkuf
foJSC“
Whi
l
stt
heout
comeofanact
ionunderar
ti
cle2(
1)i
s,i
nvar
iabl
y,pr
imar
il
yofbenef
it
t
otheci
ti
zensi
ngener
al,
itmaynotnecessar
il
yinur
etot
hedi
rectorper
sonal
benef
itoft
hepl
aint
if
f
her
ein….
Fort
hatr
easont
her
efor
e,ev
eryGhanai
an,
nat
ural
orar
ti
fi
cial
,hasl
ocusst
andi
toi
nit
iat
eanact
ioni
n
t
heSupr
emeCour
ttoenf
orceanypr
ovi
sionoft
heConst
it
uti
on.
”

Pr
inci
ple:
Ther
eisnodi
sti
nct
ioni
nper
sonsbei
tar
ti
fi
cial
i.
e.acor
por
atebodyornat
ural
i.
e.aci
ti
zenorl
egal
per
soni
nthei
nvocat
ionoft
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heSupr
emeCour
tasacour
toff
ir
sti
nst
ancei
nthe
enf
orcementofbr
eachest
oChapt
er5oft
heConst
it
uti
oni
nsof
arassuchanact
ionwoul
dinur
etot
he
benef
itoft
hepubl
i
c

GENERALPROVI
SIONS
+RI
GHTTOWORK

GhanaLot
toOper
ator
sAssoci
ati
onVNat
ional
Lot
ter
yAut
hor
it
y[2007-
2008]SCGLR1088
SUPREMECOURT

BROBBEY,
DRDATE-
BAH,
ANSAH,
ANI
N-YEBOAH,
BAFFOE-
BONNI
EJJSC

FACTS:
TheOr
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
onoft
hesupr
emecour
twasi
nvokedbyar
efer
encemadebyAbadaJf
rom t
he
hi
ghcour
t.Ther
efer
encei
smadei
naccor
dancewi
th130(
1)wher
eani
ssuer
elat
ingt
otheenf
orcementof
ori
nter
pret
ati
onoft
heconst
it
uti
onoranenact
menthasbeenmadei
nexcessofpower
s,ar
isesi
nany
pr
oceedi
ngsi
nacour
tot
hert
hant
hesupr
emecour
t,t
hecour
tisobl
i
gedt
ost
aypr
oceedi
ngsandr
efert
he
quest
ionofl
awconcer
nedt
othesupr
emecour
tfordet
ermi
nat
ion.Thei
ssuer
efer
redf
ordet
ermi
nat
ionwas
whet
herornott
heNat
ional
lot
toAct
,Act722(
2006)v
iol
atesar
ti
cles33(
5),
35(
1),
and36(
2)oft
he
const
it
uti
on?Thecour
trespondedi
nthenegat
ive.

HELD:PerDat
e-BahJSC“
Howev
er,
thepl
aint
if
fsdonotshowwi
thanycl
ari
tyt
heext
entt
owhi
chsucha
r
ightshoul
dbei
mpor
tedi
ntoGhanai
anl
aw.Butev
enassumi
ngt
hatar
ightt
owor
kshoul
dbei
mpor
tedi
nto
Ghanai
anl
awunderar
ti
cle33(
5),
woul
dsuchar
ighti
ncl
udear
ightt
oengagei
nthegambl
i
ngbusi
ness?The
busi
nessofgambl
i
ngi
sregul
atedi
nal
mostal
lj
uri
sdi
cti
ons.Accor
dingl
y,i
twoul
dbeunr
easonabl
eto
const
ruear
ightt
owor
kasi
ncl
udi
ngar
ightt
oengagei
nthepr
ivat
elot
ter
ybusi
ness,
wit
hanunr
egul
ated
r
ightt
oent
ert
hebusi
ness.Gov
ernment
shav
etobegi
vensomespacet
odet
ermi
nehowt
oreal
i
zet
her
ight
t
owor
kundert
hei
rnat
ional
condi
ti
ons.
”

+DEFENCEOFTHECONSTI
TUTI
ON

Ar
ti
cles2(
1)&3(
4)combi
ned;

2.(
1)Aper
sonwhoal
l
egest
hat-

(
a)anenact
mentorany
thi
ngcont
ainedi
nordoneundert
heaut
hor
it
yoft
hatoranyot
herenact
ment
;or

(
b)anyactoromi
ssi
onofanyper
son;

i
sinconsi
stentwi
th,
ori
sincont
rav
ent
ionofapr
ovi
sionoft
hisConst
it
uti
on,
maybr
inganact
ioni
nthe
Supr
emeCour
tforadecl
arat
iont
othatef
fect
.

3.(
4)Al
lci
ti
zensofGhanashal
lhav
ether
ightanddut
yatal
lti
mes-

(
a)t
odef
endt
hisConst
it
uti
on,
andi
npar
ti
cul
ar,
tor
esi
stanyper
sonorgr
oupofper
sonsseeki
ngt
ocommi
t
anyoft
heact
sref
err
edt
oincl
ause(
3)oft
hisar
ti
cle;
and

(
b)t
odoal
li
nthei
rpowert
orest
oret
hisConst
it
uti
onaf
teri
thasbeensuspended,
over
thr
own,
orabr
ogat
ed
asr
efer
redt
oincl
ause(
3)oft
hisar
ti
cle.

+WOMEN’
SRI
GHTAr
ti
cle27

(
3)Womenshal
lbeguar
ant
eedequal
right
stot
rai
ningandpr
omot
ionwi
thoutanyi
mpedi
ment
sfr
om any
per
son

+CHI
LDREN’
SRI
GHTAr
ti
cle28

(
1)Par
li
amentshal
lenactsuchl
awsasar
enecessar
ytoensur
ethat-

(
a)ev
erychi
l
dhast
her
ightt
othesamemeasur
eofspeci
alcar
e,assi
stanceandmai
ntenanceasi
s
necessar
yfori
tsdev
elopmentf
rom i
tsnat
ural
par
ent
s,exceptwher
ethosepar
ent
shav
eef
fect
ivel
y
sur
render
edt
hei
rri
ght
sandr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesi
nrespectoft
hechi
l
dinaccor
dancewi
thl
aw

+RI
GHTSOFDI
SABLEDPERSONS[
Art
icl
e29]

(
1)Di
sabl
edper
sonshav
ether
ightt
oli
vewi
tht
hei
rfami
l
iesorwi
thf
ost
erpar
ent
sandt
opar
ti
cipat
ein
soci
al,
creat
iveorr
ecr
eat
ional
act
ivi
ti
es.

(
2)Adi
sabl
edper
sonshal
lnotbesubj
ect
edt
odi
ff
erent
ial
treat
menti
nrespectofhi
sresi
denceot
hert
han
t
hatr
equi
redbyhi
scondi
ti
onorbyt
hei
mpr
ovementwhi
chhemayder
ivef
rom t
het
reat
ment

(
4)Di
sabl
edper
sonsshal
lbepr
otect
edagai
nstal
lexpl
oit
ati
on,
all
regul
ati
onsandal
ltr
eat
mentofa
di
scr
imi
nat
ory
,abusi
veordegr
adi
ngnat
ure

+RI
GHTOFTHESI
CK[
Art
icl
e30]
Aper
sonwhobyr
easonofsi
cknessoranyot
hercausei
sunabl
etogi
vehi
sconsentshal
lnotbedepr
ivedby
anyot
herper
sonofmedi
cal
treat
ment
,educat
ionoranyot
hersoci
aloreconomi
cbenef
itbyr
easononl
yof
r
eli
giousorot
herbel
i
efs.

+RI
GHTTOVOTE[
Art
icl
e42]

Ev
eryci
ti
zenofGhanaofei
ght
eeny
ear
sofageorabov
eandofsoundmi
ndhast
her
ightt
ovot
eandi
s
ent
it
ledt
ober
egi
ster
edasav
oterf
ort
hepur
posesofpubl
i
cel
ect
ionsandr
efer
enda

SECTI
ON18-ELECTORALPROCESS
Tehn-AddyvElector
alCommi ssi
onandAnother[ 1996-97]SCGLR589
Facts:t
heplai
ntif
fwasoutoft hecount
rywhent heregistrat
ionexerci
seofnewv ot
erswascar r
iedout.On
hi
sr et
urn,heaskedthecommi ssi
ontoregi
sterhim.Thedef endantsubsequentl
yrefusedtoshowupatt he
desi
gnatedpointsatwhichtheyhadaff
irmedwoul dmakepr ovisi
onsfortheregi
strati
onexer
cise.The
pl
ainti
ffbr
oughttheorderforaninj
unct
ionanddecl arati
on.

Hol
ding:
theconst
it
uti
onalr
ightt
hepl
aint
iffwasvi
olat
ed.Theri
ghttovot
eunderar
ti
cle42andt
heenf
orci
ng
mechani
sm i
narti
cle45and46makesthisri
ghtafundamental
right
.

Centr
ef orhumanr i
ghtsandciv i
ll
ibert
iesvtheAt t
orneyGener alandAnotherandAhumay-
Ockanseyv
El
ectoralCommi ssi
on( consol
idatedcases)[2010]SCGLR573
Fact
s: Theelect
oralcommi ssi
onmadeadeci si
onnottoallowr emandprisoner
stovotei
nt he2008
el
ecti
ons.Thepl ai
nti
ffsbroughtanactionforadecl ar
ati
ont hatthesect
ion7(5)oft
heRepresentat
ionoft
he
Peopleslaw,PNDCl aw284, whichdisquali
fi
espr i
sonersfr
om v oti
ngwasunconstit
uti
onalandhencenull
andvoid.

Hel
d:Prisonershavetheri
ghttovoteunderart
icl
e42ofthe1992Const
it
uti
on.Theonlyrest
ri
cti
onswhich
pl
acedwer ethatminorsandpersonsofunsoundmind.Assuch,t
he2ndDefendantcoul
dnotthrough
l
egisl
ati
vearrangementsplacemorerestr
ict
ions.

Michael YeboahvJosephHenr yMensah1998- 99]SCGLR492

Facts:Mr .JosephHenr yMensahwasont he7thDecember ,1996electedtheMemberofPar l
iamentf ort
he
Sunyani EastConst it
uencyi nthenat i
onwidePar l
iamentaryelect
ions.Onthe25t hFebr
uary,1997t he
Plai
ntiff
,invokedt heor i
ginalj
urisdict
ionofthesupr emecour t
.Theplaint
iffcl
aimedthattheDef endantat
thetimeoft heel ecti
onwasnotqual i
fiedorcompet entt
obecomeaMemberofPar li
amentint ermsof
Arti
cle94( 1)
(b)oft heConst it
ution.TheDef endantrai
sedinteral
iaapr el
iminar
yobjecti
ontot heforum of
case( HighCour tinsteadofSupr emeCour t)

Held:t
hiswasanelecti
onpetit
iondressedint hegarbsofanissueofconstit
uti
onalenf
orcement.Whena
r
emedyi sgi
venbytheConst i
tuti
onandaf orum isgivenbyeit
hertheConstit
uti
onitsel
forstat
utefor
venti
l
ati
ngthatgr
ievance,
thenitist
ot hatf
or um thatPl
aint
if
fmaypr esenthi
spetit
ion.

RepublicvHighCourtKof ori
dua,expart eKofi Asare[2009]SCGLR460
Facts:Fol
lowingwidespreadt amperi
ngofbal l
otboxesi ntheAkwat iaConstituency,t
hesecondi nter
ested
part
iesdecidedtoholdelectionsinsixoft heconst i
tuency’spoll
ingst ati
ons.Thef i
rsti
nterest edpar tyi
ssued
awritofsummonsagai nstthesecondi nterestedpar t
yinterali
af orani nj
unctiontostopthem f r
om
publ
ishinginthegazette,anythi
ngrel
atedt ot heoutcomeoft heel ecti
onsandadecl ar
ati
ont hatt he
el
ectionswasmar redbywi despreadirregulari
tieswhichmi ghtaffectt heoutcomeoft heel ect i
ons.The
appl
icant(seconddefendant)Cour tr
aisedapr eli
minaryobjecti
ont otheini
ti
at i
onofproceedi ngst hr
ougha
wri
tofsummonsi nsteadofanel ecti
onpet i
ti
on.Thet ri
aljudgedismi ssedthepr eli
minaryobj ectionandt he
appl
i
cantsoughtawr
itofcer
ti
orar
itoquasht
hedeci
sionoft
heHi
ghCour
t.

Held:anelect
ionpeti
ti
oncanonlybecommencedaccor di
ngt osecti
ons16ofPNDC284and41ofC115
hasbeenmet .TheHighCourthasgeneralj
uri
sdict
ionsubjecttotheprovi
sionsoft
heconsti
tut
ion.Theri
ght
procedur
ewasbypet iti
onaft
ertheresul
tshavebeendeclared.Theactionwaspre-
matureandactionfal
l
s
fl
atinthefaceofthelaw.Thedeci
sionoftheHighcourtisherebyquashed.

Par l
i
ament ar
yel ect
ionforWul ensi Constit
uency(2003-2004)1SCGLR
Facts: Aft
erther esultswer
edecl ared,Zakari
a,aregist
eredvot eri
ntheWul ensiconsti
tuency,
(her
einaft
er
referredtoas“ theRespondent ”)f i
ledapet i
ti
onunderar t
icl
e99oft he1992Const i
tut
ionofGhanaandt he
Repr esentati
onoft hePeopleLaw1992( PNDCL284)i ntheHi ghCour t
,Tamale,prayi
ngf oradecl
arati
on
thatt heelecti
onoft heAppellant, Mr.Samuel Nyi
makan, wasv oi
dashewasnotqual ifi
edtobesoel ect
ed
asaMemberofPar l
iamentfortheWul ensiconsti
tuency.TheHi ghcourtheldthattheAppell
antwasnot
qualifiedatthetimeoft heelection, consequent
lyhispurportedelect
ionwasv oid.Onappeal,thecourtof
appeal di
smissedt heappealandaf urt
herappealwasmadet otheSupremeCour t.

Hel
d:Theappealpr
ovisi
oni nar
ti
cle99(2)super
sedesthegeneralappel
l
at ej
uri
sdi
cti
onoftheSupreme
Cour
tinar
ticl
e131(1)(a).Thi
scourthasnojuri
sdi
cti
ontoadjudicat
eont hesubst
anti
veappeal
fil
edint
his
matt
erbytheAppel
lant.

YeboahvJ.H.Mensah( 199899)SCGLR492
Facts:ThePlai
nti
ffbr
oughtanact
ionintheSupremeCourtinv
okingthecourt
’senfor
cementjur
isdi
cti
on
underarti
cles2and130oftheConsti
tut
ionforadeclar
ati
on,i
nteral
i
a,thatunderart
icl
e94(1)(
b) ,
the
defendantwasnotquali
fi
edtobeaMemberofPar l
i
ament.

Held:“
whenar emedyisgivenbytheConstit
utionandaf orum i
sgivenbyeithert
heConsti
tut
ionitsel
for
stat
uteforvent
il
ati
ngthatgri
evance,theni
tistothatfor
um thatthePlai
nti
ffmaypresenthi
spet i
ti
on.The
Plai
nti
ffcoul
dnotignoretheprovi
sionsofArti
cle99(1)(a)oftheConsti
tut
ionwhichhadprovidedaspecif
ic
remedyattheHighCour tf
ordeter
mi ni
ngchall
engestothev al
idi
tyofaperson’sel
ect
iontoPar l
i
ament

AbuRamadan&Anot hervElectoralCommi ssion&Another(No2)2016DLSC2836

Facts:f
oll
owingtheruli
ngofthesupr emecour ti
nAbuRamadan&AnorvEl ectoralCommissi
on&Anor (No
1)thattheuseofNHIScar dfortheregistr
ati
onofeligi
blev
oter
swasunconst i
tuti
onal,
thepl
aint
if
fsbrought
theacti
onforadeclarati
onandinjunctionconcerni
ngdeceasedpersonsandmi nor
swhosenamet heysay
oughttobeexpungedf rom t
heconst i
tuti
on

Held:TheEl ect
oralCommissioni
si nsulat
edagainstexternaldir
ecti
onorcont r
olintheperformanceofthe
funct
ionsconf err
edonitunderart
icle45.Wher etheconst i
tut
ionint
endedt heexerci
seofanyoft he
funct
ionsconf err
edontheCommi ssiont obesubjecttoanyot herper sonorlaw,itissoprovided.
Accordingly
, wherenosuchprovi
sionshav ebeenspecifical
lymade, theef f
ectisthattheconstit
uti
on
i
ntendedt hecommi ssi
ontoexerci
sei tsdiscr
eti
onwi t
houtt hecontrol ordi
recti
onofanyper sonorauthor
it
y.

MornahvAt tor
neyGener alWRITNo.J1/ 7/2013
Facts:Thepl ai
nti
ffbroughtthi
sact i
oninv okingt heor i
ginalj
uri
sdi
cti
onoft hiscourt.Therel i
efssoughtare:i
.
Adecl arat
ionthatonat rueandpr operinterpretationofAr t
icl
es133,157,93(2)and11oft he1992
Const i
tuti
on,Rule71Banda( C.I
.74)areunconst it
utionalandmustbedecl arednullandv oidandofnoef f
ect.
I
nessencet heheadingofRul e71B‘ ’noreview’’ expressestheint
enti
onoft helawmakert odoawaywi t
h
revi
ewi nPr esi
denti
alElect
ionpet i
ti
onandheconsi dersthi
sasunconstit
utional
.Also, partofRule69C( 5)of
theSupr emeCour t(Amendment )Rules, 2012cont radict
sthePubli
cHolidaysAct( 2001) ,
Act601and
Arti
cles157, 93and11oft heConstit
ution.Rul e69C( 5)provi
dedthat“
TheCour tshallsi
tf rom dayt
oday ,
i
ncludingSat ur
days,Sunday s,
andpubl icholiday s.”

Held:Rule71Bdidnotcur t
ail
apar t
y’sri
ghttoapplyforrevi
ewoft hiscourt
’sdeci
sionorthecourt
’sri
ghtto
rev
iewitsowndecisioninaPr esi
denti
alElect
ionpeti
ti
on.Ev enattheriskofbei
ngrepeti
ti
ve,whatRule71B
hasdoneisthati
nr espectofPresi
denti
al El
ecti
onpetit
ionithassoughtt oabol
ishtheone-monthli
mitat
ion
peri
odwithi
nwhichapar tymayappl ytothecourttoreviewitsdecisi
on.
I
nadditiontotheext
entthatRul
e69(C)
(5)i
ncludespubli
choli
days,itvi
olat
essect
ions1, 4(
1)and6ofAct
601therebyexceedi
ngthemandategiv
entotheRul esofCour
tCommi t
teeunderArt
icle64(3)oft
he
Consti
tuti
onandisindi
rectconf
li
ctwit
hArti
cle93(2)oftheConsti
tuti
onandisthusv oi
dandofnoef f
ect

SumailaBi
ebiel v
s.AdamuDr amani(2011)1SCGLR132
Facts:
Adeclar at
ionthatonat r
ueandpr operint
erpretati
onofarticles97(1)and94(2)(
a)ADAMU
DARAMANI ,alsoknownasADAMUDARAMANI -
SAKANDE; ADAMUDARAMANISAKANDE; ADAMU
SAKANDE, whohol dsaBr i
ti
shPasspor tandtherefor
e“ owesall
egi ancetoacountryotherthanGhana”is
acti
ngincontraventi
onandi nconti
nuousv i
olati
onoft he1992Const i
tuti
onforaslongashecont i
nuestosit
i
nt heParl
i
amentofGhana.Ani nj
unctionagainsttheDef endantrestrai
ninghimfrom holdi
nghimselfoutas
aMemberofPar li
amentandcompel l
inghi mtov acatehisseatinPar li
ament.

HELD:thedefendantisahol derofaBri
ti
shPassportandther
efor
eowesal
legiancetoacountryot
hert
han
Ghanaandist heref
oredisquali
fi
edfr
om hol
dingtheoffi
ceofMemberofParl
iamentoft heRepubl
i
cof
Ghana.Thedef endantisr
estrai
nedfr
om hol
dinghimselfoutasaMemberofPar l
iamentandorder
edto
vacat
ehisseati nParl
iament.

Agbleze&Or s.v.Attorney
-General
Facts:ThePlaint
iff
sar eseeki
ngi nt
eral
i
a,adecl ar
ati
onthatuponat r
ueandproperi
nter
pretat
ionofar
ti
cles
5,ont hecr
eationofnewr egionsandarti
cle42,ontheri
ghttov ot
e,al
lper
sonsintheaff
ectedregi
onsare
enti
tledtoberegisteredandtovot ei
nareferendum ont
hecr eati
onofnewregi
onsscheduledfor27t
h
December2018.

Held:t heprov i
si
onsofar ti
cles5(4)and5(5)ont hecr eat
ionand/ oralt
erat
ionoftheboundar i
esofaregi
on
areclearandcont ai
nnoambi gui
ty.Arti
cle5(4)providest hattheCommi ssi
onofInquiryshall
recommendt o
thePr esi
denttheissuestobedet erminedinar eferendum andt heplaceswherether ef
erendum shoul
dbe
held.Clause(5)providesthatthe2ndDef endantwi l
l prescri
bet hemannert her
eferendum shallbehel
d.The
exclusiveori
ginali
nterpr
etati
v ej
uri
sdict
ionconf er
redont hiscour tbyart
icl
es2(1)and130( 1)
(a)ofthe
Const i
tuti
onhasnotbeenpr operl
yinvokedbyt hepl ainti
ff
sint hiscase.

ExPar teDr .PapaKwesi Nduom

Facts:Thi swasanappl icati
onf orcertioraritoquasht hedecisionoftheel ect
oralcommissionwhi ch
di
squal if
iedt heAppl i
cantasapr esidentialcandidatef orthe2016gener alelecti
ons.Also,t
heappl i
cant
pray
edf oranor derofpr ohibi
ti
ont obedi rectedatt heRespondent sfr
om pr oceedingwithball
otingfor
posi
t i
onsi nthepr esi
dentialel
ections.Inaddi ti
ont heappl i
cantsoughtanor derdirect
edatt heelectoral
commi ssionert ogr anttheAppl i
cantt heoppor t
unityt oamendandal t
ert heoneanomal yfoundi nhis
nomi nationpaper saswel lasaccepthi snomi nati
onpaper sasamendedoral t
eredtoenablehim contestas
th
apresident i
al candidateforthe7 ofDecember ,2016el ect
ions.

Held:Theday (
s)thattheCommi ssi
onwast oreceivethenominationpapersfr
om candidat
eswillsatisf
y
whatisnomi nati
onday (s)wit
hint hecont emplati
onofRegul at
ion7( 2)
(d)ofC.I94.Butthenomination
peri
odascont emplatedbyRegul ati
ons9( 3)ofC.I.94wasconspi cuouslynotsetbytheCommi ssion.Iti
s
aft
erthereceiptofthenomi nationpaper sont henomi nat
ionday,andwi t
hint
henomi nati
onperi
od; t
hat
Respondentswer eunderdut ybyl awt oinfor
mt heAppl i
cantofanyanomal ydetect
edonhi sf
orm.EChas
nobasistocompl ainthatnomi nat i
onper i
odhascl osedwhent heydidnotsetone.Thedecisi
onoft he
El
ectoralcommi ssi
oni squashedandt heappl i
cantmustbeaf fordedtheopportuni
tytomakethenecessar y
al
terati
onoramendmentt oi
tsnomi nati
onpaper

SECTI
ON19–COMMI
SSI
ONOFI
NQUI
RIES
Akai
nyahvtheRepubl
ic(1968)2G&G1019( 2d)
Fact
s:TheAtt
orneyGeneralr
ely
ingont
hef
indingsofacommi
ssi
onofi
nqui
ry,
char
gedt
heappel
l
ant
sfor
of
fer
ingbr
ibet
oinf
luenceapubl
i
cof
fi
cer
.Theappel
l
ant
swer
edet
ainedandt
heyappeal
ed.

Hel
d:Acommissi
onofinqui
ryi
snotacour
tandisber
eftofj
udi
cial
power.Thef
indi
ngsofacommi
ssi
onof
i
nqui
ryonl
yconst
it
utedapri
mafaci
ecaseagai
nstapersonwhohasthewil
ltor
ebutatacour
t.

RvAsaf u-Adj
aye2G&G. 1033(
2d)
Facts:Theaccusedper
sonwaschar gedwi
thext
orti
oninthegrantofi
mportl
icence.Hewasconv
ict
ed
pursuanttothefi
ndi
ngsoftheOll
ennuCommission.Theaccusedappeal
ed.

Hel
d:Ani
nqui
ryi
snotacr
imi
nal
tri
alev
ent
houghi
tmayser
veasabasi
sforaconv
ict
ion.I
tisaf
act
-f
indi
ng
i
nqui
ry

FawkesvAccr aBrewer
y(1981)G.L.R.489
Facts:
Theapplicant
swereexwor kersofther
espondentcompany
.Theapplicantsal
legedthatt
heyhad
beensackedasar esul
tofthef
indingofasolecommi t
teeofi
nqui
ry.Theyappli
edforextensi
onofti
meto
appealthedeci
sionoft
hecommi ttee.

Hel
d:Thedef
ini
ti
onofcommissi
onofenquir
ycov
ersacommitt
eeofenqui
ry.Theappl
i
cantcoul
dappl
yfor
ext
ensi
onaft
erthel
apseoft
herequi
rementof3mont
hsbytheconst
it
uti
on.

Darkwavt heRepubl i
c(1981)G.L.
R.D.241
Facts:
Theappl i
cantwasreti
redfrom t
hepoli
ceser
viceinpursuantofanadversefindingmadeagai
nsther
byacommi ssionofinquir
y.Theappli
cantwasnotgi
v entheopport
unit
ytocross-exami net
heper
sonswho
madeal l
egationsagainsther.Anappl
icat
ionwasmadet osetasidethefi
ndi
ngsoft hecommissi
on.

Held:Thecommi tt
eehadvi
olatedtheprincipl
esofnatural
just
icebynotaf
for
dingt
heappl
i
cantthe
opport
uni
tytocross-
exami
ne.Acommi ssionofinqui
ryisafact
-fi
ndi
ngbodyandnotacr
iminal
tri
al.An
i
nquisi
tor
ial
rat
herthananaccusatori
alapproachisadopted.

Quay sonvAt t
orneyGener
al(1981)G.L.R.D.295
Facts: Theappl
icantwasoneoft hepri
sonof f
icer
swhower ebeinginv
est i
gat
edbyacommi ssi
onofinqui
ry
overtheescapeoff iv
epri
sonersf r
om theUssherfortpr
ison.Thecommi ssi
onofi
nqui
rymadeand
submi ttedi
tsfi
ndingstot
hegov ernment.Thegovernmentissuedawhitepaperwhi
chindi
catedthatt
he
appellanthadbeensacked.

Hel
d:Event
houghthegov
ernmenti
snotboundbythedecisi
onofacommi
ssi
onofi
nqui
ry.I
tcannotacton
afi
ndi
ngorrecommendat
ionwhi
chdidnotexi
sti
ntheactualrepor
t.

I
nkumsahvTheRepubl i
c[1967]GLR776
Fact
s:Theappel
lantwasconvict
edandsentencedt
oaterm ofi
mpr i
sonmentforper
jur
ybyacommi
ssi
onof
i
nquir
yappoi
ntedundertheNLC( i
nvest
igat
ionandf
orf
eit
ureofassets)decr
ee1966NLCD72.

Held:
ifi twast heint enti
ontoconferari
ghtofappeal
onaper sonconvict
edbythecommi ssi
onforper
jury
theprov i
sionsoft hesect ion337ofAct30whichconfer
sarightofappealonaconvict
edpersonwouldhave
beeninser tedinN. L.C.D.72.Ther
eisnoenactmentwhichdi
rectl
yorindir
ect
lyconf
ersuponaperson
convi
ct edf orperj
ur ybeforeacommi ssi
onofinqui
ryari
ghtofappealfr
om thedeci
sionofthecommission
i
nexer ciseofi t
spower sunderN.L.C.
D.72asamendedbyN. L.C.
D.129.

OtuandKwapongvTheAt t
orneyGeneral
Facts:Acommissi
onofinquir
ywassetupt odet erminewhetherornottheaccusedper
sonswereengaged
i
nact i
vi
ti
esinoroutsi
deGhana,thepurposeofwhi chwasusedt oovert
hrowtheNLCgov er
nment.The
deputychai
rmanoftheNLChel dapressconfer enceandannouncedt heconspir
acyoft
heappell
ants.The
appell
antswer
esubpoenaedbyt hecommi ssiont ogiveevi
dence.Theywerechargedwit
htheref
usal t
ogive
evi
dencecontr
arytosect
ion7oft hecommi ssionofi nqui
ryact1965.

Hel
d:Acommi ssi
onofinqui
ryi
ssetupwhenthereisarumororall
egati
on.Theyarenotfor
medwhenthe
st
atehasev
idencetopr
ovecert
ainf
actsorot
herwise.I
tcannotbeusedtofi
ndevidenceaft
eraper
sonhas
beenchar
gedwi
thacr
imi
nal
off
ence.

TheRepublicvs.CharlesWereko-Br obbeyandKwadwoOky er
eMpi ani[
HighCour t(
FastTrackDiv
ision),
Accra]CASENO.ACC39/2010
Facts:Theappellantswerechar gedwi t
hwi ll
full
ycausingfi
nanci
al l
osstothestate.Theybothpl
ednot
gui
ltyandchall
engedt hejur
isdicti
onoft hecour t.Theycont
endedt hatt
hepresentsuitvi
olat
edtheirrightof
appealunderart
icle280ofthe1992const i
tuti
on.Inasmuchast hechargespreferr
edagainstt
heappl icant
s
ori
ginat
esfrom theadv er
sefindingsoft heGhana@ 50Commi ssionofInqui
ry,t
heAt t
orneyGeneralis
wronginlawbyi nit
iat
ingthi
st r
ialagainstapplicants,whohavear i
ghtofappealagainstt
hesaidfindings.

Held:underart
icl
e280(2),therightofappealhasbeengr ant
edt opersonsagainstwhom adv ersef
indi
ngs
havebeenmadebyaCommi ssi
onofI nqui
ryappoint
edunderar ti
cle278oft heconsti
tuti
on.Tomount
cri
minalproceedi
ngsagainstsuchper sonstowhom theconst i
tutionhasgrantedthi
sr i
ghtofappealandto
al
lowsuchpr osecut
iontocont i
nuewoul dbeunderminingtheefficacyandthesolemnpr ovi
sionsinour
const
ituti
on.Theenti
reprosecutionoftheappli
cantsinthiscasei ssetasi
deasav i
olat
ionoftheappli
cant
s’
ri
ghtofappeal.

SECTI
ON20–RELI
GIONANDTHESTATE

Rel
i
gionandt
heSecul
arSt
atei
nGhana–Kof
iQuashi
gah
I
.SOCI
ALCONTEXT
Rel
i
gionwasal
way
sandi
sst
il
l,
toal
argeext
ent
,ani
ntegr
alpar
toft
hel
i
fest
yleoft
heAf
ri
cani
nthe
t
radi
ti
onal
env
ironment
.Ev
eryact
ivi
tywasar
eli
giousexer
cise,
andt
hei
ndi
vi
dual
wasl
eftt
orel
atet
ohi
sor
hermakeraccor
dingt
ohowi
tsat
isf
iedt
hespi
ri
tual
andmat
eri
all
i
fe.Tr
adi
ti
onal
Afr
icansoci
eti
esr
espect
ed
r
eli
giousl
i
ber
tyasaper
sonal
choi
ceoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
.

Thef
actoft
hei
ntr
usi
onofJudeo-
Chr
ist
iancol
oni
ali
stsi
ntot
het
err
it
ori
est
hatbecameGhanahadv
eryf
ar-
r
eachi
ngi
nfl
uenceont
hei
mpactofChr
ist
iani
tyi
ntosoci
alandpubl
i
cli
feaswel
lasgov
ernment
alact
ivi
ty.
TheBr
it
ishcol
oni
aladmi
nist
rat
orsbei
ngpr
edomi
nant
lyChr
ist
ian,
theact
ivi
ti
esoft
heChr
ist
ianmi
ssi
onar
ies
i
nal
argepor
ti
onofGhanahav
eresul
tedi
nthedev
elopmentofadomi
nanti
nfl
uenceofChr
ist
ian
per
spect
ivesi
nsoci
alandpubl
i
cli
fe.Fori
nst
ance,
onl
yChr
ist
ianr
eli
gioushol
i
day
swer
eaccor
dednat
ional
char
act
er,
whi
l
eIsl
ami
chol
i
day
swer
eli
mit
edt
oonl
ytheadher
ent
soft
heI
slami
cfai
th.Ev
ent
ual
l
y,I
slami
c
hol
i
day
swer
elegi
sl
atedi
ntonat
ional
hol
i
day
s,t
houghev
ennowt
het
radi
ti
onal
Afr
icanr
eli
gionsandot
her
mi
nor
it
ysect
sdonothav
eanyspeci
aloccasi
onsaccor
dedt
hest
atusofev
ensect
ari
anhol
i
day
s.

Nev
ert
hel
ess,
Ghanai
sconst
it
uti
onal
l
yasecul
arst
ate.Rel
i
giousl
i
ber
tyi
sguar
ant
eed,
andal
lci
ti
zensar
e
f
reet
obel
i
eveandmani
festanyr
eli
giousf
ait
h.Nat
ional
censusf
igur
espl
aceChr
ist
iani
tyast
hedomi
nant
f
ait
hat68.
8per
centoft
hepopul
ati
onwi
thI
slam at15.
9per
centandt
radi
ti
onal
rel
i
gionat8.
5per
cent
.Onl
y
6.
1per
centr
epor
tedhav
ingnor
eli
giousaf
fi
li
ati
ons.Ther
ear
eot
hersmal
l
err
eli
giousdenomi
nat
ions,
i
ncl
udi
ngsuchgr
oupsasEckankarandBuddhi
sm,
makeupt
her
emai
ning0.
7per
centoft
hepopul
ati
on.

I
nthewor
dsofRev
.K.A.Di
ckson,
Prof
essorEmer
it
usandf
ormerPr
esi
dentoft
heAl
lAf
ri
canConf
erenceof
Chur
ches,
“gener
all
yspeaki
ng,
freedom ofr
eli
gioni
sar
eal
i
tyi
nGhana,
asi
tisel
sewher
einAf
ri
ca,
andt
his
1
hasl
edt
ounpr
ecedent
edgr
owt
h;at
tempt
stor
est
ri
ctt
heChur
ch’
sfr
eedom hav
eusual
l
ybeenr
esi
sted.
”
Dr
awi
ngupont
hef
undament
alf
actt
hatr
eli
giousbel
i
efsandpr
act
icesper
meat
eal
laspect
sofGhanai
anl
i
fe,
Pobeef
eltabl
etoar
guet homoghani
hat“ ensi
s(aGhanai sahomor
an)i adi
cal
i
terr
eli
giousus(
aradi
cal
l
y
2
r
eli
giousman–r
eli
giousatt
hecor
eofhi
sbei
ng)
.

I
I.THEORETI
CALANDSCHOLARLYCONTEXT
Ghanai
anSchol
arsandmenandwomenoft
heChur
chhav
eadv
ocat
edt
hechur
ches’
par
ti
cipat
ioni
nthe
3
pol
i
tical
dir
ect
ionoft
hecount
ry.Accor
dingt
oKudaj
eandAboagy
e–

Mensah,
“Wear
ecl
eari
nourmi
nds,
thatt
hechur
chhasav
ali
dcaset
obei
nvol
vedi
ntheaf
fai
rsoft
heSt
ate
4
i
nal
laspect
sincl
udi
ngnat
ional
pol
i
tics.
”

ch5i
Resear ndi
cat
est
hatt
hechur
chasanest
abl
i
shedi
nst
it
uti
onhast
her
esponsi
bil
i
tyt
oser
veast
he
consci
enceoft
hesoci
ety
.Thi
sfol
l
owsf
rom t
her
eal
i
zat
iont
hatasabody

KOFIQUASHI
GAHi
sanAssoci
atePr
ofessoratt
heFacul
tyofLaw,
Uni
ver
sit
yofGhana,
Legon,
wher
ehehas
beenDeanoft
heFacul
tyandDi
rect
oroft
heHumanRi
ght
sCent
re.HewasaFul
bri
ghtSchol
aratt
he
Har
var
dHumanRi
ght
sPr
ogr
am andaMcAr
thurFoundat
ionVi
sit
ingSchol
aratt
heUni
ver
sit
yofWi
sconsi
n.
Pr
ofQuashi
gahi
sanav
idf
armerandwasadj
udgedt
hebestci
tr
usf
armeri
nAkwapi
m Nor
thDi
str
ictf
or
2006.

1. Rev
.K.
ADi
ckson,
Freedom ofRel
i
gionandt
heChur
ch,
Accr
a,GhanaUni
ver
sit
iesPr
ess,
2003,
5.

2. JohnS.Pobee,
Accr
a,GhanaUni
ver
sit
iesPr
ess,
1992,
2.

3. SeeKwasiYi
renky
i,Ther
oleofChr
ist
ianChur
chesi
nNat
ionalPol
i
tics:Ref
lect
ionsf
rom Lai
tyand
Cl
ergyi
nGhana(
Manuscr
iptonf
il
e.)

4. J.
N.Kudaj
i
e,andR.
K.Aboagy
e-Mensah,TheChr
ist
ianandNat
ionalPol
i
tics,Vol
.1,Accr
a,Assempa
Publ
i
sher
s,1991,
33,
quot
edi
nYi
renky
i,i
d.

5. SeeYi
renky
i,i
d.

331

t
hechur
chhasgr
eat
erpr
otect
ionandi
mmuni
tyf
rom pol
i
tical
aggr
essi
ont
handoest
hei
ndi
vi
dual
per
son.
Thi
swaspar
ti
cul
arl
ysodur
ingt
heper
iodsofunconst
it
uti
onal
rul
e.

Ther
ehasexi
stedacompl
ement
arydev
elopment
alr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
hest
ateandt
her
eli
gious
6
or
gani
zat
ionsi
nthepr
ovi
sionofeducat
ionandheal
thcar
efaci
l
iti
esf
ort
heci
ti
zenr
y.

I
II
.CONSTI
TUTI
ONALCONTEXT

TheConst
it
uti
ondepi
ctsGhanaasasecul
arbutnotanat
hei
sti
cst
ate.Thev
eryf
ir
stwor
dsoft
hepr
eambl
e
beart
hisout
:“I
nthenameoft
heAl
might
yGod,
Wet
hepeopl
eof

Ghanai
ntheexer
ciseofouri
nal
i
enabl
eri
ght
s….
“

Thecl
eari
ndi
cat
ioni
sther
efor
ethatGhanai
sar
eli
giousnat
ion,
butatt
hesame t
imesecul
ari
n

6
.SeeAsempa,
1990,
6.
t
hesenset
hatt
hesameConst
it
uti
onpr
ohi
bit
stheel
evat
ionofanyr
eli
giousor
gani
zat
ioni
ntoaSt
ate
r
eli
gion(
seear
ti
cle56oft
he1992Const
it
uti
on)
.

TheConst
it
uti
on,
whi
l
est
il
lremai
ningsecul
ari
ncont
ext
,nev
ert
hel
essr
ecogni
zest
heexi
stenceofr
eli
gious
or
gani
zat
ionsasr
elev
antci
vi
csoci
etyor
gani
zat
ionst
hatwoul
dneedr
epr
esent
ati
oni
ncer
tai
nmat
ter
s.The
Const
it
uti
onf
ori
nst
ancemakespr
ovi
sionf
ort
hei
ncl
usi
onofr
epr
esent
ati
onofr
eli
giousgr
oupsi
nspeci
fi
c
const
it
uti
onal
bodi
es.TheConst
it
uti
onf
orexampl
epr
ovi
desi
nAr
ti
cle166(
1)f
ort
her
epr
esent
ati
onof
7
r
eli
giousor
gani
zat
ionsont
heNat
ional
Medi
aCommi
ssi
on.

Theobv
iousobser
vat
ion,
howev
er,
ist
hati
tisonl
ytheMusl
i
m andChr
ist
ianr
eli
giousor
gani
zat
ionst
hatar
e
accor
dedr
ecogni
ti
onf
ormember
shi
poft
her
elev
antconst
it
uti
onal
bodi
es.Thet
radi
ti
onal
Afr
icanr
eli
gious
gr
oupsandt
heot
hersmal
l
err
eli
giousgr
oupssuchasEckankar
,Buddhi
st,
andHar
eKr
ishnaar
enot
accor
dedt
hesame

Per
hapst
her
ati
onal
efort
her
ecogni
ti
onoft
heMusl
i
m andChr
ist
ianor
gani
zat
ionscoul
dst
em f
rom t
hef
act
oft
hei
rlar
gef
oll
owi
ngi
nthecount
ryandt
her
efor
ethei
robv
iousi
nfl
uenceamongt
hegener
alci
ti
zenr
y.

Ar
ti
cle21(
1)(
c)oft
heConst
it
uti
onguar
ant
eest
her
ightt
orel
i
giousbel
i
efandpr
act
ice,
butwhi
l
ether
ightt
o
bel
i
evei
svi
rt
ual
l
yabsol
ute,
thepr
act
iceoft
hebel
i
efi
ssubj
ectt
ocont
rol
sint
hei
nter
estofpubl
i
cheal
th,
mor
ali
ty,
etc.Thi
sisasguar
ant
eedi
nAr
ti
cle18oft
heI
nter
nat
ional
Cov
enantonCi
vi
landPol
i
tical
Right
s
(
ICCPR)
.Ther
est
rai
ntont
hemodeofmani
fest
ati
oncoul
dbei
mpl
i
edf
rom Ar
ti
cle26oft
heConst
it
uti
on
whi
chper
mit
sthepr
act
iceofcust
omar
ypr
act
icessubj
ecthowev
ert
othecav
eatt
hatanycust
omar
y
pr
act
icet
hati
nfr
ingesont
her
ight
sofanyi
ndi
vi
dual
shal
lbepr
ohi
bit
ed.I
tisi
nthatdi
rect
iont
hatt
heTr
okosi
pr
act
ice,
arel
i
giouspr
act
icet
hatsubj
ect
syounggi
rl
stoaf
orm ofser
vit
udecamet
obepr
oscr
ibedbyt
he
enact
mentofv
ari
ousamendment
stot
heCr
imi
nal
Code.

I
V.LEGALCONTEXT

A.Legi
slat
ion

Themai
nlegi
sl
ati
vebasi
sforr
eli
giousl
i
ber
tyi
sar
ti
cle21(
1)(
c)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
onwhi
ch,
li
kear
ti
cle
18oft
heI
nter
nat
ional
Cov
enantonCi
vi
landPol
i
tical
Right
s(I
CCPR)
,guar
ant
eest
her
ightofbel
i
efandt
he
r
ightt
omani
fest
.

Pr
iort
othe1992Const
it
uti
ont
het
henmi
l
itar
ygov
ernmentpassedt
heRel
i
giousBodi
es(
Regi
str
ati
on)Law,
1989,
PNDCL221.Thi
spi
eceofl
egi
slat
ionf
ail
edi
nit
sappeal
tot
hegener
ali
tyoft
hepeopl
eandwas
i
gnor
edwi
thi
gnomi
nybyt
hemaj
orr
eli
giousbodi
es.Noef
for
tswer
emadebyt
hegov
ernmentt
oenf
orcei
t,
andi
tther
efor
edi
edanat
ural
deat
hupont
hecomi
ngi
ntof
orceoft
he1992Const
it
uti
on.

I
nthel
ong-
standi
ngTr
ustBi
l
lonef
indsani
nvi
diousat
temptatt
her
eint
roduci
ng,
thoughi
nal
essaudaci
ous
manner
,theat
tempt
edcont
rol
thatwasr
ebuf
fedi
nthecaseofPNDCL221.Undert
hedr
aftbi
l
l,r
eli
gious
or
gani
zat
ionsar
elumpedt
oget
herwi
th

NGO’
sandci
vi
lsoci
etyor
gani
zat
ionst
obesubj
ect
edt
othecont
rol
oft
heTr
ustCommi
ssi
onerr
esponsi
ble
f
ort
her
egi
str
ati
onofTr
ust
s.

Thef
unct
ionsoft
heTr
ustCommi
ssi
onwhi
char
etobecar
ri
edoutt
hroughi
tsBoar
dar
eli
stedasf
oll
ows

7
.TheNat
ional
Medi
aCommi
ssi
oni
sresponsi
blef
orensur
ingt
hei
ndependenceoft
hemedi
ainGhana.
(
clause17)
:

a)r
( egi
sterr
eli
giousbodi
es,
trust
sandnon-
gov
ernment
alor
gani
zat
ions,

b)ma
( i
ntai
nar
egi
sterofr
eli
giousbodi
es,
trust
sandnon-
gov
ernment
alor
gani
zat
ions,

c)o
( ver
see t
he act
ivi
ti
es oft
rust
s,r
eli
gious bodi
es,and non-
gov
ernment
alor
gani
zat
ions and
i
nvest
igat
etheact
ivi
ti
esofat
rust
,ar
eli
giousbody
,oranon-
gov
ernment
alor
gani
zat
ionwher
eit
i
sconsi
der
edexpedi
enti
nthepubl
i
cint
erestt
odoso,

d)p
( r
ovi
de pr
ocedur
efort
he r
esol
uti
on ofdi
sput
es among r
eli
gious bodi
es,t
rust
s,and non-
gov
ernment
alor
gani
zat
ions,

e)a
( dv
iset
hemi
nist
eronpol
i
cymat
ter
sregar
dingr
eli
giousbodi
es,t
rust
s,andnon-
gov
ernment
al
or
gani
zat
ionsandr
evi
ewpol
i
cywher
enecessar
y

(
f)i
ssuegui
del
i
nesf
ort
hepr
opermanagementandor
gani
zat
ionoft
heact
ivi
ti
esofr
eli
giousbodi
es,
t
rust
sandnon-
gov
ernment
alor
gani
zat
ions.

Thesear
eext
ensi
vepower
stobeconf
err
edont
heCommi
ssi
oner
,andt
hesecander
ogat
efr
om r
eli
gious
l
i
ber
ty.I
nsubst
ancet
hisBi
l
lseemst
obear
ehashoft
hedi
scr
edi
tedRel
i
giousBodi
es(
Regi
str
ati
on)Law
1989,
PNDCL221.Thebi
l
lhasr
emai
neddor
mantf
orsev
eral
year
s,butofl
atet
heNGOcommuni
tyhas
st
art
edt
orai
sei
toutofi
tsdor
mancyi
nthei
rpr
otestagai
nstt
hoseaspect
sthatr
elat
etot
heNGOs;
the
r
eli
giousor
gani
zat
ionsar
eyett
obecomeconsci
ousoft
hebi
l
l’
simpl
i
cat
ions,
butwhent
heydoonecanbe
sur
ethatt
hesamef
atet
hatbef
ell
PNDCLAW 221wi
l
laf
fecti
tal
so.

B.CaseLaw

Ther
eisnotanycasel
awt
hatdi
rect
lyasser
tst
her
ightt
orel
i
giousf
reedom,
nev
ert
hel
esst
her
ear
esome
casest
hati
ndi
rect
lyuphol
dther
ightt
orel
i
giousl
i
ber
ty.

I
naway
,howev
er,
thel
awcour
tshav
eusedt
hest
ri
cti
nter
pret
ati
onoft
hecr
imi
nal
lawt
osuppor
trel
i
gious
l
i
ber
ty.I
nthecaseofNy
amenebav
.TheSt
ate8t
heaccusedper
sonsbel
ongedt
oar
eli
giousgr
oupt
hat
cul
ti
vat
esacer
tai
npl
antt
hatt
heycal
l
ed“
her
bofl
i
fe.
”Thegr
oupusest
hisher
bpubl
i
clyasi
ncenseand
medi
ci
ne.Uponchemi
cal
anal
ysi
s,t
heher
bwasf
oundt
obeI
ndi
anhemp,
from whi
chanar
cot
icdr
ugcoul
d
beext
ract
ed.Theaccusedwer
eaccor
dingl
ychar
gedwi
thunl
awf
ulpossessi
onofnar
cot
icdr
ugscont
rar
yto
sect
ion49oft
hePhar
macyAct
,Act64.Theywer
efoundgui
l
tyandconv
ict
edbyt
hecour
toff
ir
sti
nst
ance,
butacqui
tt
edanddi
schar
gedonappeal
ont
hegr
oundst
hatt
hepr
osecut
ionf
ail
edt
opr
oveknowl
edgeon
t
hepar
toft
heappl
i
cant
sthatt
hepl
ant
swer
eIndi
anhemp.

Ofcour
se,
thi
shol
dingwi
l
lnotper
mitsubsequentuseoft
hepr
ohi
bit
edher
b,notev
enf
orr
eli
giouspur
poses.
Thesectwi
l
lther
eaf
terhav
etopr
act
icet
hei
rrel
i
gionwi
thoutt
heassi
stanceoft
hather
b.

V.THESTATEANDRELI
GIOUSAUTONOMY
Rel
i
giousaut
onomyi
sguar
ant
eedi
nGhana.Thest
atedoesnoti
nter
fer
eint
hei
nter
nal
gov
ernanceof

8
.(
1966)CC40.
r
eli
giousor
gani
zat
ions.Wher
e,howev
er,
par
ti
est
oar
eli
giousdi
sput
efi
l
ecaseswi
tht
hecour
t,t
hel
att
erwi
l
l
exer
cisei
tsj
uri
sdi
cti
oni
nther
esol
uti
onoft
hedi
sput
e.Andexampl hecaseofEv
ewast angel
i
cal
Pr
esby
ter
ianChur
chv
.Ev
angel
i
calPr
esby
ter
ianChur
chofGhana.I
nthi
scaset
het
wor
eli
giousgr
oupst
hat
wer
elockedi
nadi
sput
eov
erchur
chgov
ernanceappr
oachedt
hecour
t,whi
chexer
cisedi
tsj
uri
sdi
cti
oni
n
t
her
esol
uti
onoft
hedi
sput
e.

Byt
henat
ureoft
hings,
rel
i
giousl
i
ber
tywasani
ntegr
alaspectofl
i
fest
ylei
nthet
radi
ti
onal
Afr
ica.Rel
i
gious
bel
i
efi
snoti
mposed;
thei
ndi
vi
dual
fol
l
owedt
hepar
ti
cul
arr
eli
giousbel
i
efandmodeofwor
shi
pthat
sat
isf
iedhi
sorherspi
ri
tual
andmat
eri
alneedsandaspi
rat
ions.

Thi
sinher
entat
tri
but
eoft
heAf
ri
canwasexhi
bit
edi
n1989whent
het
henmi
l
itar
ygov
ernmenti
nGhana
soughtt
odet
ermi
ner
eli
giousl
i
ber
tybyt
hepr
omul
gat
ionoft
heRel
i
giousBodi
es(
Regi
str
ati
on)Law1989
PNDCLaw221.Ther
ati
onal
eoft
hel
awwasst
atedbysomeasi
ntended“
tocheckt
heact
ivi
ti
esofsome
r
eli
giousbodi
est
hati
nthev
iewoft
heGov
ernment
,const
it
uteanui
sancet
othegener
alpubl
i
c,andmi
l
itat
e
9
agai
nstpubl
i
cor
der
,publ
i
cint
erestormor
ali
ty,
oraccept
abl
est
andar
dsofdecency
.”

TheLawwasi
nreact
ionpar
tl
ytopubl
i
cout
cryagai
nstt
heact
ivi
ti
esofsomechur
chest
hatv
ergedonf
raud,
debaucher
y,andcor
rupt
ionofpubl
i
cmor
als.TheChur
chl
eader
s,whi
l
eadmi
tt
ingt
heneedt
ocont
rol
these
depr
avi
ti
eswi
thi
nther
eli
giouscommuni
ty,
nev
ert
hel
essunwav
eri
ngl
yobj
ect
edt
owhatt
heydescr
ibedas
10
“
ani
nfr
ingementoft
hef
undament
alhumanr
ight
soft
hef
reedom ofwor
shi
p.”

Theef
fectofPNDCLaw221wast
ofor
cet
her
egi
str
ati
onofal
lrel
i
giousor
gani
zat
ionsi
nGhana.Sect
ion3
oft
hePNDCL221r
equi
rest
hat“
Ever
yrel
i
giousbodyi
nGhanashal
lber
egi
ster
edundert
hisLawandno
r
eli
giousbodyi
nexi
stencei
nGhanashal
laf
tert
hreemont
hsf
rom t
hecommencementoft
hisLawoper
ate
assuchunl
essi
tisr
egi
ster
edundert
hisl
aw.
”

Sect
ion4oft
heLawmakest
hesi
tuat
ionev
enmor
eomi
nousi
nthesenset
hati
tisnot

asi
fanyor
gani
zat
ioncanj
ustappl
ydi
rect
lyf
orr
egi
str
ati
on;
Sect
ion4r
equi
rest
hat“
Nor
eli
giousbodyshal
l
qual
i
fyf
orr
egi
str
ati
onundert
hisLawunl
essi
thasbeeni
ssuedwi
thacer
ti
fi
cat
eofappr
oval
byt
he
commi
ssi
onuponr
ecommendat
ionoft
heRel
i
giousAf
fai
rsCommi
tt
ee.
”

Mor
eov
erSect
ion9(
1)per
mit
stheCommi
ssi
ont
o“wher
etheappl
i
cat
ioni
sappr
oved,
issueacer
ti
fi
cat
eof
appr
oval
…undersuchcondi
ti
onsast
heCommi
ssi
onmaydet
ermi
ne.
”Thi
sinv
idi
ouspr
ovi
sionhasbeen
r
ight
lydescr
ibedasconf
err
ingpower
sont
heCommi
ssi
ont
o“i
mposecondi
ti
onsonr
eli
giousbodi
esbef
ore
11
i
ssui
ngt
hecer
ti
fi
cat
esofappr
oval
tot
hem.
” Rel
i
giousl
i
ber
tyguar
ant
eedunderi
nter
nat
ional
humanr
ight
s
i
nst
rument
scannotdef
ini
tel
ymani
festundert
hesecondi
ti
ons.

I
twassi
gni
fi
cantt
hatt
hemaj
orr
eli
giousbodi
es,
act
ingi
nthei
rfi
rm bel
i
efi
nrel
i
giousf
reedom,
evenundera
mi
l
itar
yregi
me,
rej
ect
edt
heobv
iousat
temptatt
hecont
rol
ofr
eli
giousl
i
ber
ty;
themaj
ori
tyoft
hemaj
or
r
eli
giousbodi
esj
ustsi
mpl
yref
usedt
ocompl
ywi
tht
heLaw.

Theunwav
eri
ngat
tachmentt
ocer
tai
nrel
i
giouspr
act
icest
hatadv
ersel
yaf
fectt
hewel
far
eofi
ndi
vi
dual
s
of
tendobr
ingsomer
eli
giousor
gani
zat
ionsi
ntoconf
ront
ati
onswi
tht
heSt
ate.I
tis,
forexampl
e,t
he
doct
ri
nal
pract
iceofsomechur
chesnott
oacceptmedi
cat
ionf
ort
hemsel
vesandt
hei
rdependent
sdur
ing

9
.AMessagef
rom t
heChr
ist
ianCounci
lofGhanaandt
heGhanaCat
hol
i
cBi
shops’
Conf
erencet
othei
rFai
thf
ulandCongr
egat
ion,
14Nov
ember1989.
10
.I
d.
11
.I
d.
ai
l
ment
.Bl
oodt
ransf
usi
onandi
mmuni
zat
ionar
epar
ti
cul
armedi
cal
int
erv
ent
ionst
hatsomeoft
heChr
ist
ian
denomi
nat
ionsr
eject
.Thi
srej
ect
ioni
ssuppor
tedbyal
l
egedbi
bli
cal
inj
unct
ions.

I
n2000f
ori
nst
ance,
member
soft
heChr
istApost
oli
cFai
thChur
chi
nfi
vecommuni
ti
esi
ntheHoDi
str
ict
wer
erepor
tedt
ohav
elockedupt
hei
rchi
l
drent
opr
eventaccesst
othem bymedi
cal
staf
fwhower
e
12
engagedi
nanat
ionwi
dei
mmuni
zat
ionexer
ciseagai
nstpol
i
omy
eli
ti
s. Member
soft
heJehov
ahWi
tnesses
13
ar
eal
soknownt
ohav
ebeenopposedt
obl
oodt
ransf
usi
on.

Ar
ti
cle30oft
he1992Const
it
uti
onseekst
ost
ri
keabal
ancebet
weenadher
encet
o

r
eli
giousbel
i
efsandr
eject
ionofmedi
cal
att
ent
ion;
thesai
dar
ti
clepr
ovi
dest
hat“
aper
sonwhof
orr
easonof
si
cknessoranyot
hercausei
sunabl
etogi
vehi
sconsentshal
lnotbedepr
ivedbyanyot
herper
sonof
medi
cal
treat
ment
,educat
ionoranyot
hersoci
aloreconomi
cbenef
itbyr
easononl
yofr
eli
giousorot
her
bel
i
ef.
”

Acar
eful
int
erpr
etat
ionoft
heConst
it
uti
oni
ndi
cat
est
hatanadul
tthati
sconsci
ousandcapabl
eofmaki
ng
adeci
sioncanr
efuset
obeadmi
nist
eredwi
thanymedi
cat
ionbyt
heheal
thpr
ovi
derev
eni
fthatwoul
daf
fect
t
hechancesofsur
viv
al.Howev
er,
inr
espectofchi
l
drenandot
her
sthatar
enotcapabl
eoft
aki
ngdeci
sions
oft
hei
rown,
theConst
it
uti
onguar
ant
eesmedi
cal
att
ent
iont
othesecat
egor
iesofi
ndi
vi
dual
s.

VI
.RELI
GIONANDTHEAUTONOMYOFTHESTATE
Ghanaasasecul
arst
atemai
ntai
nsacar
eful
bal
ancebet
weencooper
ati
onwi
thr
eli
giousor
gani
zat
ionsand
t
hesepar
ati
onbet
weeni
tandr
eli
giousor
gani
zat
ions.

VI
I.LEGALREGULATI
ONOFRELI
GIONASASOCI
ALPHENOMENON
Rel
i
giousaf
fi
li
ati
onhasv
irt
ual
l
ynor
elev
ancei
ntheschemeoft
hingsi
nGhana.Thei
ndi
vi
dual
isatl
i
ber
tyt
o
j
oinandt
odi
ssoci
atef
rom anyr
eli
giousor
gani
zat
ionatwi
l
landwi
thoutanysoci
alorpol
i
tical
consequence.

Rel
i
giousor
gani
zat
ionsar
eregi
ster
edwi
tht
heRegi
str
arGener
al’
sof
fi
cej
ustasanyot
hercompany
.
Regi
str
ati
onconf
ersl
egal
per
sonal
i
tyont
heor
gani
zat
ionbutnotanypol
i
tical
adv
ant
age.

Thedi
l
emmaoft
hegov
ernmentt
oav
oidbei
ngper
cei
vedasgi
vi
ngundueadv
ant
aget
ooner
eli
gious
or
gani
zat
ionagai
nstot
her
scamet
othef
oredur
ingt
her
eignoft
heNat
ional
Democr
ati
cCongr
esswhent
he
gov
ernmentmadeknowni
tsdi
sappr
oval
oft
het
eachi
ngofChr
ist
ianScr
ipt
uresi
nsecond-
cycl
eeducat
ional
14
i
nst
it
uti
ons(Hi
ghSchool
s). Thedomi
nantt
rendi
npubl
i
cfi
rst
-andsecond-
cycl
eschool
shasbeent
he
t
eachi
ngofChr
ist
ianr
eli
gioust
enet
sandpr
inci
ples.

Thi
sposi
ti
onoft
hegov
ernmentf
oll
owedf
rom i
tsi
ntent
iont
opr
ovi
deanequal
play
ingf
iel
dforal
lrel
i
gious
or
gani
zat
ionsandnott
obeseent
obepr
ovi
dinganundueadv
ant
aget
otheChr
ist
ianchur
ches.I
nter
est
ingl
y,
t
heChr
ist
iancommuni
tyr
atherf
elt“
disadv
ant
aged”byt
hisposi
ti
onoft
hegov
ernmentandappl
i
edpr
essur
e
l
eadi
ngt
othegov
ernment
’sbacki
ngoutandal
l
owi
ngt
hef
ormul
ati
onofasy
ll
abusf
ort
het
eachi
ngof
15
Chr
ist
ianscr
ipt
ures.

VI
II
.STATEFI
NANCI
ALSUPPORTFORRELI
GION

Justaswi
thal
lot
herdul
yregi
ster
ednon-
gov
ernment
alor
gani
zat
ions,
rel
i
giousor
gani
zat
ionsenj
oyast
atus

12
.DailyGraphi
c,Sat
urday,
1January2000.
13
.I
d.,Tuesday,18Februar
y1964.
14
.Dickson,supr
an.1at4.
15
.Id.
oft
axexempt
ionont
hei
rincomepr
ovi
dedt
hatsuchi
snotgener
atedoutofacommer
cial
act
ivi
ty.

I
X.CI
VILLEGALEFFECTSOFRELI
GIOUSACTS
Thest
atel
awsaccor
dlegal
i
tyandt
her
efor
esanct
it
ytomar
ri
agesper
for
medaccor
dingt
orel
i
giousnor
ms.
Thel
awr
ecogni
zesChr
ist
ian,
Mohammedan,
andCust
omar
ymodesofmar
ri
age.

X.RELI
GIOUSEDUCATI
ONOFTHEYOUTH
Al
thoughr
eli
giousor
gani
zat
ionscanest
abl
i
sheducat
ional
inst
it
uti
ons,
thecur
ri
cul
aatt
hepr
imar
yand
secondar
ylev
elsmustconf
ormt
otheaccept
edst
andar
dsassetbyt
heGhanaEducat
ionSer
vice.
Uni
ver
sit
iesandot
hert
ert
iar
yinst
it
uti
onsar
e,howev
er,
atl
i
ber
tyt
owor
koutcur
ri
cul
athatsui
tst
hei
r
pur
pose.Thei
ssueoft
heext
entt
owhi
cheducat
ional
inst
it
uti
onscani
nfuser
eli
giousact
ivi
ti
esi
ntot
hei
r
dai
l
yeducat
ional
progr
amshascomeupf
rom t
imet
oti
me.Thi
sissuebecomescont
ent
iouswher
ethe
educat
ional
inst
it
uti
oni
sfai
th-
based.Manyschool
sst
art
edasr
eli
gionbasedi
nst
it
uti
onsbutwer
e
subsequent
lyt
akenov
erandabsor
bedbyt
hegov
ernmenti
ntoi
tsschool
syst
em.Theschool
snev
ert
hel
ess
st
il
lret
ainedsomedegr
eeofconnect
iont
other
eli
giousor
gani
zat
iont
hatf
ir
stest
abl
i
shedi
tandt
hebasi
c
t
enet
soft
hepar
ti
cul
arr
eli
giousgr
oupbecamet
hegui
dingpr
inci
plesaccor
dingt
owhi
chmuchofacademi
c
wor
kisbased.

At
ragi
cinci
dentatAdi
sadel
Col
l
ege,
anAngl
i
candenomi
nat
ional
basedChr
ist
ianeducat
ional
inst
it
uti
on
t
hathadbeenf
ull
ytakenov
erbygov
ernment
,thr
ewt
hei
ssuei
ntocl
earper
spect
ive.Byt
heschool
’
s
r
egul
ati
onsal
lst
udent
swer
eexpect
edt
oat
tendt
heschool
’
schur
chser
vicei
nthemor
ning.Whi
l
ethe
chur
chser
vicewasi
npr
ogr
essaschool
mast
erwhosuspect
edt
hatsomest
udent
scoul
dbehi
dingi
nthe
cl
assr
oomswentr
oundatabout7a.
m.t
olockupt
hecl
assr
oom.Uponseei
ngt
heschool
mast
eranumber
ofst
udent
sthatwer
einsomeoft
hecl
assr
oomsr
anhel
tershel
ter
.Int
hecour
seoft
heconf
usi
ononeoft
he
16
st
udent
swhobel
ongedt
otheI
slami
cfai
thf
ell
tohi
sdeat
hfr
om t
hef
our
thf
looroft
hecl
assr
oom bui
l
ding.
Thi
sinci
dentcamet
obei
nter
pret
edbysomeasanat
temptbyt
heschool
aut
hor
it
iest
ofor
cest
udent
sto
17
adher
etocer
tai
nrel
i
giousbel
i
efs. Inr
eact
ion,
theDi
rect
orGener
aloft
heGhanaEducat
ionSer
vice(
GES)
expl
ainedt
hat“
asf
arast
heGESwasconcer
ned,
nor
eli
gionwasf
orcedonanyst
udenti
nanyeducat
ional
i
nst
it
uti
onandt
hatev
enf
ait
h-basedschool
swer
enotal
l
owedt
oimposet
hei
rrel
i
gionsonst
udent
swhodi
d
18
notbel
i
evei
nthet
eachi
ngsordoct
ri
nesoft
hoser
eli
gions.
” Inpr
inci
ple,
ther
efor
e,noeducat
ional
i
nst
it
uti
onhast
her
ightt
oimposei
tst
eachi
ngsandpr
act
icesonst
udent
snotbel
ongi
ngt
othepar
ti
cul
ar
r
eli
giousf
ait
h.Nev
ert
hel
ess,
evi
denceaboundst
hati
ndi
vi
dual
scoul
dbecomecapt
iveadher
ent
sbecause
t
heydonothav
ethei
mmedi
atecapaci
tyt
oresi
stact
sofr
eli
giouscohesi
on.

XI
.RELI
GIOUSSYMBOLSI
NPUBLI
CPLACES
Theuseofr
eli
gioussy
mbol
sisapr
ivat
emat
ter
.Thest
atedoesnotencour
ageori
mposet
hei
rusei
npubl
i
c.

XII
.FREEDOM OFEXPRESSIONANDOFFENSESAGAI NSTRELIGI
ON
I
nthecaseofAl
hasunaMusl
i
m Fai
thv
s.Regi
onalPol
i
ceCommander,
Bol anga19t
gat hepet
it
ioner
swer
e
member
soft
heAl
hasunaMusl
i
m Fai
thwhousel
oudspeaker
stocal
lthei
rmember
stopr
ayerandal
sof
or
t
her
eci
tal
ofpr
ayer
s.Thepol
i
cer
ecei
vedacompl
aintf
rom t
hemember
soft
heOr
thodoxMusl
i
m Fai
tht
hat
member
soft
heAl
hasunaFai
thi
ndeedusedt
heoppor
tuni
tyt
oinsul
tmember
soft
heOr
thodoxMusl
i
m

16
.Dai
lyGraphic,Monday,
17March2008,
3.
17
.I
d.,
Tuesday ,18March2008.
18
.I
d.,
Editor
ial
.
19
.[
1994-2000]CHRAJ191.
Fai
th.

Thesi
tuat
ionwasv
iewedbyt
hepol
i
ceasapossi
blecaseofopenconf
li
cti
fal
l
owedt
ocont
inue.Thepol
i
ce
t
her
efor
easkedt
hemember
soft
heAl
hasunaMusl
i
m Fai
thnott
odi
stur
bthepeace.I
twasagai
nstt
he
pol
i
ceor
dert
hatt
heAl
hasunaMusl
i
m Fai
thf
il
edpet
it
ionwi
tht
heCommi
ssi
ononHumanRi
ght
sand
Admi
nist
rat
iveJust
iceal
l
egi
ngi
nfr
ingementont
hei
rri
ghtt
opr
act
icet
hei
rrel
i
gion.

TheCommi
ssi
onf
oundt
hatt
hepet
it
ioner
sindeedusedl
oudspeaker
stodi
stur
bpeopl
eint
hev
ici
nit
yand
al
soi
nsul
tmember
soft
heOr
thodoxMusl
i
m Fai
th.TheCommi
ssi
ont
ooki
ntoaccountr
epor
tedi
nci
dent
sof
v
iol
entcl
ashesbet
weent
het
wogr
oupsi
nwhi
chsomedeat
hsoccur
redi
nanot
herpar
toft
hecount
ryand
t
her
efor
ehel
dthatt
heor
deroft
hepol
i
cewaspr
oper
.Inor
dert
ocr
eat
eabal
ancebet
weent
her
ight
soft
he
pet
it
ioner
stowor
shi
pandt
heneedt
omai
ntai
npubl
i
cor
der
,theCommi
ssi
onhel
dthat
:“(
I)t
hepet
it
ioner
s
hav
ether
ightt
owor
shi
pgi
vent
othem undert
he1992Const
it
uti
on,
butt
heenj
oymentoft
hisr
ightshoul
d
noti
nfr
ingeuponot
herper
sons’
right
sandf
reedoms,
asi
nthi
scase,
freedom f
rom excessi
venoi
se(
for
i
nst
ance)
;(i
i
)thepet
it
ioner
scoul
dusel
oudspeaker
sint
hepr
opagat
ionoft
hei
rfai
thandi
nthei
rwor
shi
p,
butt
heCommi
ssi
onser
iousl
ycaut
ionst
hati
tshoul
dnotoccasi
onanybr
eachoft
hepeace;
(ii
i
)the
r
espondenthasbeengi
vent
heconst
it
uti
onal
dut
yequal
l
ytot
akeappr
opr
iat
est
eps

t
oremedyanybr
eachoft
hepeace.
”

Thel
awsofGhanaper
mitanyi
ndi
vi
dual
oror
gani
zat
iont
oest
abl
i
shaneducat
ional
inst
it
uti
onofanyl
evel
–
pr
imar
y,secondcy
cle,
andt
ert
iar
y.TheMi
nist
ryofEducat
ionhas,
howev
er,
speci
fi
edst
andar
dst
hatmust
bemet
.

Thus,
event
hought
heConst
it
uti
onofGhanapr
ohi
bit
sthef
ormat
ionofpol
i
tical
par
ti
esal
ongr
eli
giousl
i
nes,
t
heest
abl
i
shmentofeducat
ional
inst
it
uti
onsbyr
eli
giousgr
oupsi
sindeedv
erymuchencour
agedbecause
gov
ernmenthascomet
oacceptt
heposi
ti
ont
hati
tal
onecannotsat
isf
ytheeducat
ional
needsoft
he
ci
ti
zenr
y.

Theconst
it
uti
onnev
ert
hel
essexpect
sal
l
,incl
udi
ngeducat
ional
inst
it
uti
onsownedbyr
eli
gious
or
gani
zat
ions,
tor
espectt
her
ightt
orel
i
giousl
i
ber
tyasi
senshr
inedi
nAr
ti
cle21(
1)(
c).Fr
om t
imet
oti
me
onecomesacr
ossi
nsi
pientat
tempt
sbyr
eli
gionbasededucat
ional
inst
it
uti
onst
ocompel
adher
encet
othei
r
speci
fi
crel
i
gioust
enet
sbyal
lst
udent
sincl
udi
ngt
hoseofdi
ff
erentr
eli
giousbel
i
efs.TheAl
lNat
ions
Uni
ver
sit
yCol
l
ege,
fori
nst
ance,
prescr
ibesacodewhi
chi
ncl
udest
hef
oll
owi
ng:
that“
ski
rt
smustbel
ong
enought
ocov
erknees,
incl
udi
ngsl
i
ts,
[and]
tr
anspar
ent
,sl
eev
es,
sleev
eless,
bar
e-backort
ight
-f
it
ti
ng
bl
ousesandsweat
ersar
enotal
l
owed.
”Al
sot
ight
-f
it
ti
ngski
rt
sandpant
s(sl
acks)ar
enotper
mit
ted,
and
“
dresseswi
thl
owneckl
i
neordr
essest
hatdonotf
ull
ycov
ert
hebr
east
s,t
hebel
l
yandar
mpi
tsar
enot
per
mit
ted;
jeansandt
rouser
sar
est
ri
ctl
ypr
ohi
bit
ed,
andmenar
enott
owearear
ri
ngs.
”Mor
eov
e,
“
gent
lemen’
shai
rmustbecutf
latcl
oset
othescal
p(asagener
alr
ule,
hai
rmustnotbel
ongert
han
20
1mm)
.” Noncompl
i
ancewi
tht
hedr
esscodecar
ri
esapenal
tyofsuspensi
onf
orupt
oonesemest
er.

Anot
herChr
ist
ianf
ait
h-basedt
ert
iar
yinst
it
uti
on,
theVal
l
eyVi
ewUni
ver
sit
y,pr
ohi
bit
sthewear
ingof
or
nament
sbybot
hmal
eandf
emal
est
udent
s.I
naddi
ti
on,
all
student
s,i
rr
espect
iveofr
eli
giousi
ncl
i
nat
ion,
ar
eexpect
edt
oat
tendchur
chser
viceonSat
urday
s;andt
hef
oodser
vedi
nthecampusr
est
aur
anti
s

20
.Al
lNat
ionsUni
ver
sit
yCol
l
ege,
StudentHandbook,
2008–2009,
59.
v
eget
ari
an.

TheNat
ional
Accr
edi
tat
ionBoar
dwhi
chset
sandenf
orcesst
andar
dsi
nal
lter
ti
aryeducat
ional
inst
it
uti
ons
hasonoccasi
onquest
ionedt
heconst
it
uti
onal
i
tyoft
hesest
andar
ds.

XI
II
.RESPECTFORTHERI
GHTSOFOTHERSBYOTHERCI
TIZENS
Lackoft
oler
ancef
rom f
ell
owci
ti
zensi
sof
tenmor
evi
sibl
ethanof
fi
cial
per
secut
ionori
nter
fer
encei
n
r
eli
giousl
i
ber
ty.

Thedai
l
ynewspaper
srepor
tedt
hecaseofani
ndi
vi
dual
whoal
l
egedl
ydest
roy
edt
wov
eryl
argecommuni
ty
i
dol
sthathedescr
ibedas“
spi
ri
tual
nui
sance”becauseheper
cei
vedt
hem as“
enemi
esofdev
elopment
.”As
expect
ed,
hisact
ionpr
ovokedangr
yreact
ionsf
rom t
hecommuni
tywhosemember
sar
rest
edandhandl
ed
21
hi
m ov
ert
othepol
i
ce.
22
I
nthecaseofAchenev
.Raj
i
, theCommi
ssi
ononHumanRi
ght
sandAdmi
nist
rat
iveJust
icesuccessf
ull
y
medi
atedadi
sput
ebet
weenhusbandandwi
fer
elat
ingt
othel
i
ber
tyoft
hewi
fet
ofol
l
owt
her
eli
giousf
ait
h
ofherownconv
ict
ion.Thehusband,
aMusl
i
m,wasi
nsi
sti
ngt
hathi
swi
fe,
aChr
ist
ian,
shoul
dconv
ertt
othe
I
slami
crel
i
gion.

Theaccusat
ionofnoi
sepol
l
uti
onhasbeenaper
sist
entcompl
aintagai
nstt
henewgener
ati
onchar
ismat
ic
chur
chesandsomeMusl
i
m mosques.Thepr
oli
fer
ati
onofpl
acesofwor
shi
pofbot
hchur
chesandmosques
wi
thi
nresi
dent
ial
areas,
andt
hei
rzeal
toev
angel
i
zeandcal
lthei
radher
ent
stopr
ayer
s,hascr
eat
ed
si
tuat
ionsofconst
antcompl
aint
sfr
om i
rat
eresi
dent
s,of
tendegener
ati
ngi
ntoconf
li
cts.

Thel
ocal
aut
hor
it
iesdohav
einpl
acer
egul
ati
onsonzoni
ngandl
evel
ofper
mit
tednoi
se.Howev
er,
sincet
he
zoni
ngr
egul
ati
onsar
enotenf
orced,
placesofwor
shi
phav
epr
oli
fer
atedi
nal
mostal
lresi
dent
ial
communi
ti
es;
evenhomesar
eusedaspl
acesofwor
shi
p.Duet
othepr
opensi
tyoft
henew-
gener
ati
on
chur
chesandsomeoft
heMusl
i
m sect
stoout
str
ipt
hei
rri
val
s,somuchnoi
sei
sgener
atedt
hrought
heuse
ofpower
ful
publ
i
caddr
esssy
stemst
hatpr
ojectt
hemusi
c,pr
eachi
ngandpr
ayer
sbey
ondt
heconf
inesof
t
hesepr
ayerhousescanengul
fthewhol
ecommuni
tyandev
enf
arbey
ond.Theact
ivi
ti
esoft
hesechur
ches
andmosquesar
enotl
i
mit
edt
opar
ti
cul
arper
iods,
andt
heydocar
ryt
hei
ract
ivi
ti
esdeepi
ntot
heni
ght
,
maki
ngi
timpossi
blef
orcommuni
tyr
esi
dent
stoenj
oypeacef
ulni
ghtr
est
s.Thel
ocal
aut
hor
it
iesdohav
e
r
egul
ati
onspr
escr
ibi
ngaccept
abl
enoi
sel
evel
s,andt
hecour
tshav
eof
tencomet
otheai
dofdi
str
aught
r
esi
dent
swhoar
ehar
assedbynoi
syr
eli
giousgr
oups.I
nthecaseofRepubl
i
cv.ThePast
ori
nChar
ge,
Power
23
Mi
racl
eChapelI
nter
nat
ional
, thecour
tor
der
edt
heenf
orcementofar
ecommendat
ionbyEnv
ironment
al
Pr
otect
ionAut
hor
it
ythatt
her
espondentchur
chshoul
dabat
eit
snoi
sebyt
hei
nst
all
ati
onofnoi
se-
proof
mat
eri
alsi
nthebui
l
dingwi
thi
n14mont
hs.Ot
her
wie,
theMet
ropol
i
tanAut
hor
it
yshoul
dcl
osedownt
he
chur
ch.Upont
hef
ail
ureoft
hechur
cht
otakest
epst
oreducet
henoi
sel
evel
,thecour
tor
der
edacl
osur
eof
t
hechur
ch.

Al
ackofr
espectf
ort
her
ight
sofot
her
smani
fest
edi
na1994caset
hatwentbef
oret
heCommi
ssi
onon
HumanRi
ght
sAdmi
nist
rat
iveJust
ice.Thepet
it
ioner
sandt
her
espondent
s,whower
eChr
ist
iansand
Musl
i
msr
espect
ivel
y,r
esi
dei
nthesamev
il
lagei
nthenor
ther
npar
tofGhana.Thev
il
lagewasexper
ienci
ng
ani
nci
denceofdr
ought
,andi
nanat
temptt
oappeal
tot
hegodsf
ort
her
ainst
ocome,
ther
espondent
s
21
.Dai
lyGraphi
c.
22
.CasebookontheRight
sofWomeni nGhana(1959-
2005)
,289.
23
.Caseno.B12/23/
08Distr
ictMagi
str
atesCour
tLaw,Accr
a.
r
equest
edt
hateachper
soni
ncl
udi
ngt
hepet
it
ionerChr
ist
iansshoul
dpayaf
ixedamountofmoneyi
ntoa
f
undwhi
chwasi
ntendedt
obeusedf
ort
hepur
chaseofsacr
if
ici
alani
mal
stopaci
fyt
hegods.Thepet
it
ioner
r
efusedont
hegr
oundt
hatt
hei
ntendeduseoft
hef
undswasagai
nstt
hei
rChr
ist
ianr
eli
giousbel
i
efs.
I
nst
eadt
heyunder
tookt
opr
ayasi
nter
cessi
on.
Ther
espondent
s,howev
er,
insi
stedt
hatt
hepet
it
ioner
smust
pay
.Themat
terwentbef
oret
hev
il
lagechi
efwhouphel
dtheposi
ti
onoft
heChr
ist
ians.Ther
espondent
s
r
efusedt
oabi
debyt
hechi
ef’
sdeci
sionandr
atheror
der
edt
hecl
osur
eofal
lchur
chesi
nthev
il
lage.Howev
er,
upont
headv
iceoft
hel
eader
shi
pofanot
herchur
ch,
theChr
ist
iansev
ent
ual
l
ypai
d.Yet
,ther
espondent
snot
onl
yfor
cedt
hecl
osur
eoft
hechur
chesbutal
sor
ippedof
fther
oof
ingf
rom t
hechur
chandsei
zedt
he
chur
chdr
umsandt
hreat
enedmember
swi
thdeat
h.Manyoft
heChr
ist
iansf
ledt
hev
il
lage.Whent
hemat
ter
ev
ent
ual
l
ywentbef
oret
heCommi
ssi
ononHumanRi
ght
sandAdmi
nist
rat
iveJust
ice,
thepol
i
cewer
e
not
if
iedoft
het
hreatofdeat
handdamaget
opr
oper
ty.Howev
er,
inor
dert
oensur
ehar
moni
ouscoexi
stence
i
nthev
il
lage,
theCommi
ssi
ont
oget
herwi
tht
hepol
i
ce,
thev
il
lagechi
ef,
andot
heropi
nionl
eader
sini
ti
ateda
medi
ati
onpr
ocesst
hatr
esul
tedi
nthepeacef
ulr
esol
uti
onoft
hedi
sput
e;t
heChr
ist
ianst
her
efor
ehadt
hei
r
r
ightt
owor
shi
prest
ored.

Thei
ssueofr
eli
giousconf
li
cti
snotl
i
mit
edonl
ytoi
nter
rel
i
giousconf
li
ctsbet
weenChr
ist
iansandMusl
i
ms.
I
slami
crel
i
giousgr
oupsal
soexper
iencei
nci
dent
sofi
ntr
asect
ari
anconf
li
ct.Ther
esol
uti
onofa
24
l
ongst
andi
ngconf
li
ctamongt
heMusl
i
m communi
ti
esi
nKof
ori
duawasr
ecent
lyr
epor
ted. Thedi
sput
ewas
al
l
egedt
ohav
edi
vi
dedt
heMusl
i
m communi
tyatKof
ori
duai
ntot
wof
act
ions,
andi
tbecamei
mpossi
blef
or
t
hem t
opr
ayt
oget
heratt
heCent
ral
Mosquef
ort
het
wo-
yearper
iodt
hatt
hedi
sput
eraged.

I
nal
loft
hesei
nst
ances,
thegov
ernment
,bei
ngv
erymuchconsci
ousoft
heext
ensi
vedamaget
hatcanbe
causedi
nthenextel
ect
ionsshoul
ditbeseent
obef
avor
inganyr
eli
giousgr
oup,
alway
sendeav
our
sto
r
emai
nneut
ral
.

XI
V.CONCLUSI
ON
Rel
i
giousl
i
ber
tyi
sguar
ant
eedi
nGhana,
andt
hest
ater
ecogni
zest
heneedf
oramut
ual
respectbet
weeni
t
andt
her
eli
giousor
gani
zat
ions.St
atei
nter
fer
encei
nrel
i
giousaf
fai
rsofci
ti
zensi
snowt
her
efor
emi
nimal
.It
i
srat
herwi
thr
espectt
other
elat
ionsbet
weenv
ari
ousi
ndi
vi
dual
sthatt
hei
ssueofr
eli
giousi
ntol
erancei
s
of
tenmani
fest
ed,
andi
tisi
nthatdi
rect
iont
hatbot
hthest
ateandci
vi
lsoci
etyor
gani
zat
ions,
incl
udi
ngt
he
chur
chest
hemsel
ves,
mustdomucht
oguar
ant
eet
her
espectf
orr
eli
giousl
i
ber
tyt
hati
sthenat
ural
and
const
it
uti
onal
rightofev
eryi
ndi
vi
dual
.

Rel
igi
onandt her
epubl
i
canst
atei
nAf
ri
ca:
Theneedf
oradi
stancedr
elat
ionshi
p
Kof
iQuashi
gah*

Facul
tyofLaw,
Uni
ver
sit
yofGhana

Summary
Thi
sar
ti
clear
guesf
orasepar
ati
onofr
eli
gionsf
rom gov
ernancei
nther
epubl
i
canst
ates.I
nthi
ser
aof

24
.Dai
l
yGr
aphi
c,Wednesday
,2Sept
ember2009,
21.
expansi
onoft
heconceptofsov
erei
gnt
yandt
hegener
ali
sat
ionofhumanr
ight
s,t
hei
nfl
uenceofdomi
nant
r
eli
gionsonl
egi
sl
ati
onandgov
ernancecannotbej
ust
if
ied.Rel
i
gion,
ifi
tist
obet
ruet
oit
sel
f,shoul
dnot
al
l
owi
tsusef
orpol
i
ticalgai
nandnei
thershoul
ditseekt
ousur
ppol
i
ticalpowert
oadv
ancei
tsgoal
s.Todo
ot
her
wisewi
l
lsett
hest
agef
ort
heabuseoft
her
ight
sofsect
ionsofci
ti
zens.Themaj
ori
tyofAf
ri
canst
ates
ar
erepubl
i
canandi
tisar
guedt
hat
,hav
ingr
egar
dtot
hedi
ver
senat
ureoft
hesest
ates,
itwi
l
lbebet
terf
or
nat
ionalcohesi
oni
frel
i
gionsar
eexcl
udedf
rom t
hepol
i
ticalandl
egalsy
stems.

I
ntr
oduct
ion:
Asecul
ari
stpr
oposal
Ther
epubl
i
canst
atei
sinher
ent
lyademocr
ati
conei
nwhi
cht
heequal
i
tyofal
lshoul
dconst
it
utea
f
undament
alt
enet
.Ast
atei
srepubl
i
canbecausei
tist
heci
ti
zenst
hatar
esov
er gn1andeachi
ei sequal
inal
l
r
espect
s,i
ncl
udi
ngt
houghtandconsci
ence.Cer
tai
nly
,itwoul
dbeacont
radi
cti
ont
othi
nkofar
epubl
i
can
st
atet
hati
mposesadomi
nantr
eli
giousbel
i
efei
therexpr
essl
yori
nsi
diousl
yonal
li
tsci
ti
zens.

Adeni
alofr
eli
giousl
i
ber
tyi
sper
hapst
hemosti
nvi
diousmeansav
ail
abl
efort
hoset
hatcont
ri
vet
o
dehumani
seot
herf
ell
owhuman

1* LLB (
Ghana)
, LLM,PhD (
Niger
ia)
; kquashi
gah@ug.
edu.
gh/
kquashi
gah2001@y
ahoo.
com

1Ar
t4(
1)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
onofGhana,
eg,
procl
aimst
hat‘
[
t]hesov
erei
gnst
ateofGhanai
sauni
tar
y
r
epubl
i
c’,
whi
l
ear
t1(
1)decl
arest
hat‘
[
t]hesov
erei
gnt
yofGhanar
esi
desi
nthepeopl
eofGhana’
.See
al
soar
t3oft
heConst
it
uti
onoft
heRepubl
i
cofBeni
n.

bei
ngs,
andt
hemostdev
ast
ati
ngweapont
hatcanbedepl
oyedf
ort
hatpur
posei
sthel
awoper
ati
ng,
asi
t
does,
thr
ought
hei
nst
rument
ali
tyoft
hest
ate.Theuseofl
awandst
atef
orsuchpur
posescanbebr
azen
andopen,
wher
ebyt
hest
atepr
ocl
aimsopensuppor
tforapar
ti
cul
arr
eli
gion,
whi
l
eot
her
sar
etol
erat
edor
pr
ohi
bit
edout
ri
ght
.Anexampl
ecanbef
oundi
ntheConst
it
uti
onofMaur
it
ani
a,whi
chpr
ocl
aimsI
slam not
onl
yast
hest
ater
eli
gion,
butal
sosay
sthataci
ti
zencanonl
yaspi
ret
obeheadofst
atei
fMusl
i
m.Si
mil
arl
y,
t
hePr
eambl
eoft
heConst
it
uti
onofMal
awi
decl
aresChr
ist
iani
tyt
obet
hest
ater
eli
gion,
butwi
thout
expr
essl
yli
mit
ingt
hepr
esi
dencyt
oChr
ist
ians.

Apar
tfr
om out
ri
ghtpr
ocl
amat
ionofast
ater
eli
gion,
ther
ecanal
sobet
hemor
esubt
lesubj
ect
ionof
sect
ionsofapopul
ati
ont
otheobedi
enceofl
awsandpol
i
ciest
hatar
einher
ent
lyt
het
enet
sofoner
eli
gion.
Mi
nor
it
ies,
inf
act
,becomedi
sadv
ant
agedi
nconsci
ence,
becauset
heyf
eel
inhi
bit
edf
rom chal
l
engi
ngt
he
r
eli
giousbel
i
efsoft
hemaj
ori
tyoft
hedomi
nantgr
oup,
whi
l
ethel
att
ert
akesi
tforgr
ant
edt
hatbyt
hemer
e
f
actoft
hei
rdomi
nantposi
ti
on,
what
everagr
eeswi
tht
hei
rconsci
enceshoul
dconst
it
utet
hel
awf
oral
l
.

Concept
ual
l
y,i
tispossi
ble,
li
ket
hehumanr
ight
slawt
heor
ist
,Loui
sHenki
n,f
oll
owi
ngt
hest
epsofot
her
t
heol
ogi
ans,
phi
l
osopher
sandacademi
cs,
does,
toendeav
ourt
odi
sti
ngui
shbet
ween‘
rel
i
gion’
and
25
‘
rel
i
gions’ accor
dingt
owhi
chdi
sti
nct
ion‘
rel
i
gion’
becomesgener
alandabst
ract
edascompar
edt
o
‘
rel
i
gions’
,whi
chi
sar
efer
encet
opar
ti
cul
ar‘
concr
etehi
stor
ical
communi
ti
eswi
thmember
s,pr
act
icesand
26
boundar
ies’
. Thi
sar
ti
clei
snotagai
nstt
her
ightt
o‘r
eli
gion’
bei
ngguar
ant
eedbyt
hest
ate.Rat
her
,whati
t
seekst
oar
gueagai
nsti
sanyopenorsubt
lel
egi
slat
ioni
nsuppor
tof‘
rel
i
gions’
inAf
ri
cancount
ri
es.Thi
s
25
LHenkin‘
Rel
i
gion,
rel
i
gionsandhumanr
ight
s’1998)26Jour
( nalofRel
i
giousEt
hics229-
239.
26
Asabove.
posi
ti
onf
oll
owsf
rom t
hest
rongbel
i
eft
hatt
hesoci
oeconomi
candpol
i
tical
cir
cumst
ancesofAf
ri
cadonot
f
avouramar
ri
agebet
weent
hest
ateandr
eli
gionsandt
hatanysuchr
elat
ionshi
pissubj
ectt
oexpl
oit
ati
on
andcoul
dbedanger
ousf
ort
hei
mageoft
hepar
ti
cul
arr
eli
gionsandf
ort
hecohesi
onandst
abi
l
ityoft
he
st
ate.Thi
sisespeci
all
ythecasei
nar
epubl
i
canst
atet
hati
sbui
l
tont
hepr
inci
plesofequal
i
ty.

Thi
sar
ti
clecal
l
sforsecul
ari
sm,
butnotsecul
ari
sm asconcei
vedas‘
thedi
sappear
anceofr
eli
gion
27
al
toget
her
’. Accor
dingt
olegal
schol
arPi
mor
,secul
ari
sm i
scapabl
eofhav
ingmanymeani
ngsf
or,
asshe
28
obser
ves:

Secul
ari
sm canr
efert
othei
nst
it
uti
onal
separ
ati
onbet
weenst
ateandchur
ch;
tot
hedi
sappear
anceof
r
eli
gional
toget
her
;ort
othedi
spl
acementofr
eli
gioni
nthepubl
i
cspher
e.I
tcani
ndi
cat
east
ateofneut
ral
i
ty
bet
weenr
eli
gionandt
hest
ate,
andbet
weenr
eli
gionswi
thi
nst
ates,
andi
tcanal
sopl
acei
tsel
fast
her
ival
of
r
eli
gion.

Thi
sideaofasepar
ati
onoft
hest
ateandr
eli
gionhasexer
cisedt
hemi
ndsofgr
eatphi
l
osopher
sofy
ore.
JohnLockeadv
ancedanumberofr
easonswhyt
heci
vi
lrul
ershoul
dnotgeti
nvol
vedwi
tht
hespi
ri
tual
aspectoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
’
sli
fe,
thechi ng29
efonebei

becauset
hecar
eofsoul
sisnotcommi
tt
edt
otheci
vi
lmagi
str
ate,
anymor
ethant
oot
hermen.I
tisnot
commi
tt
edunt
ohi
m,Isay
,byGod;
becausei
tappear
snott
hatGodhasev
ergi
venanysuchaut
hor
it
ytoone
manov
eranot
herast
ocompel
any
onet
ohi
srel
i
gion.Norcananysuchpowerbev
est
edi
nthemagi
str
ate
byt
heconsentoft
hepeopl
e,becausenomancansof
arabandont
hecar
eofhi
sownsal
vat
ionasbl
i
ndl
yto
l
eav
etot
hechoi
ceofanyot
her
,whet
herpr
inceorsubj
ect
,topr
escr
ibet
ohi
m whatf
ait
horwor
shi
pheshal
l
embr
ace.

Si
mil
arl
y,Dur
ham andSchar
ffsdescr
ibet
hev
iewoft
hemoder
npol
i
tical
phi
l
osopher
,JohnRawl
s,asbei
ng
30
basedi
nthenot
iont
hat

i
nal
i
ber
alconst
it
uti
onal
democr
acy
,whenci
ti
zensorof
fi
cial
sseekpubl
i
cit
ytoj
ust
if
ythei
rpol
i
cies,
they
shoul
drel
yonl
yonr
easoni
ngaccessi
blet
oal
lrat
ional
cit
izens,
andshoul
dref
rai
nfr
om i
nvoki
ngr
easons,
suchasr
eli
giousj
ust
if
icat
ions,
thatar
enotcogentt
oal
lrat
ional
peopl
e.

Ast
atet
hati
mposest
het
enet
sofoner
eli
gionei
therdi
rect
lyori
ndi
rect
lyonot
her
sisnot
hingbutbankr
upt
ofspi
ri
tual
i
ty,
andt
hatst
atehasnocommonsoul
uponwhi
cht
obui
l
dit
sdemocr
ati
cessence.I
tispossi
ble
t
ogi
ver
ecogni
ti
ont
othespi
ri
tual
i
tyofagr
oupofpeopl
ewi
thoutr
equi
ri
ngoft
hem somepar
ti
cul
arr
eli
gious
bel
i
ef.Mor
eov
er,
ift
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenr
eli
gionsandt
hepol
i
tical
aut
hor
it
yisl
eftunchecked,
pol
i
tical
l
y-
hungr
yindi
vi
dual
sorgr
oupscanmani
pul
ater
eli
giont
oser
vet
hei
rpol
i
tical
ends.Ther
eisal
way
sthe
possi
bil
i
tyt
hatsecul
ari
sm i
tsel
fcoul
dbev
iewedas‘
aki
ndofsubst
it
uter
eli
giousconv
ict
ionandan
31
i
deol
ogyi
ntheser
viceofpowerpol
i
tics.
’ Buti
ntheci
rcumst
ancesofAf
ri
ca,
secul
ari
sm woul
dbeabet
ter
pol
i
tical
ideol
ogyt
hanr
eli
gion.

Rel
i
gionandhumanr
ight
s
Ther
ightt
orel
i
giousf
reedom i
saf
undament
alpr
erequi
sit
eforev
eryot
herr
ight
,bot
hphy
sical
and
27
APi mor‘
Acol l
ecti
onofstatesorast ateofmind:Therel
i
giousandspiri
tualdi
mensionsofEuropeanci
ti
zenship’i
nNDoe&RSandber g( eds)Lawandreli
gion:
Newhor i
zons(2010)212.
28
Asabov e.
29
JLockeAl ett
erconcerningt oler
ati
ontransW Popple(1796),quot
edi nWCDur ham Jr&BGSchar ff
s( eds)Law andrel
igi
on:National,i
nter
nat
ionaland
comparati
veperspecti
ves( 2010)15.
30
Durham &Scharffs(n6abov e)551.
31
Pimor(n4abov e)212,quotingTHal i
k‘Thepubl
icrol
eofrel
igi
oninaunitedEurope:
ACent r
al-
Europeanperspect
ive’
(2006)7Poli
ti
calTheology361.
concept
ual
,andt
hewor
stf
orm ofabuseanddi
scr
imi
nat
iont
hatcanhappent
oanyhumanbei
ngi
stobe
per
secut
edf
ort
her
easonofhowoneconcei
vesandpr
act
ical
l
yrel
atest
oGod.Aper
sonwhosephy
sical
l
i
ber
tyi
srest
rai
nedi
sver
ymuchal
i
vei
fhi
sorherr
eli
giousconv
ict
ionr
emai
nsst
rong,
butt
hatper
sonwho
hasbeendenudedofhi
sorherf
ait
hisdead.Thi
sist
her
easonwhyt
hel
awsoft
hel
andshoul
dnoti
mpose
oner
eli
gioust
enetonev
eryci
ti
zenandusest
atei
nfr
ast
ruct
uret
ocompel
conf
ormance.I
tisf
ort
hisr
eason
t
hati
nter
nat
ional
humanr
ight
sinst
rument
sandt
heconst
it
uti
onsofanumberofAf
ri
canst
atesguar
ant
ee
32
t
her
ightt
ofr
eedom oft
hought
,consci
enceandbel
i
efi
naddi
ti
ont
orel
i
gion.

Admi
tt
edl
y,t
hisr
epubl
i
cani
storsecul
arappr
oachcar
ri
est
hedangerofv
ari
ousr
eli
giousgr
oupschal
l
engi
ng
seemi
ngl
yinnocentl
egi
slat
ionoft
hest
atedi
rect
edatonenat
ional
issueort
heot
her
.Legi
slat
iont
ocont
rol
t
heuseofcer
tai
ndr
ugshav
ebecomesubj
ectt
orel
i
giouschal
l
enge.Exampl
esoft
heseexi
sti
nanumberof
Amer
icanj
udi
ci
aldeci
sions,
aswel
lasAf
ri
canj
uri
sdi
cti
ons,
inwhi
chat
tempt
shav
ebeenmadet
obal
ance
t
hesecul
ari
tyoft
hest
ateagai
nstt
hatoft
her
ightt
orel
i
giousmani
fest
ati
onofi
ndi
vi
dual
sorgr
oups.I
nthe
3334
ancaseofNy
Ghanai ameneba&Ot
her
svTheSt
ate, fori
nst
ance,
theappel
l
ant
swer
emember
sofa
r
eli
gioussectchar
gedwi
thpossessi
ngI
ndi
anhemp,
abannedher
b.Accor
dingt
oev
idencet
hatwasf
reel
y
gi
venbyt
heappel
l
ant
s,t
heyhadbeencul
ti
vat
ingt
heher
bandusi
ngi
tasi
ncensef
ori
nvocat
ionatt
hei
r
wor
shi
p,maki
ngsoupoutofi
t,boi
l
ingandusi
ngi
tasmedi
cinef
oral
lki
ndsofai
l
mentwi
thsuccess.They
cal
l
edi
tthe‘
her
bofl
i
fe’
.I
ndeed,
iti
snotdi
sput
edt
hatt
heappel
l
ant
swer
ehonest
lyi
gnor
antoft
hef
actt
hat
t
heher
bsi
nquest
ionwer
eIndi
anhemp.TheSupr
emeCour
trev
ersedt
hei
rconv
ict
ionont
hepr
inci
plet
hat
,
al
thoughi
gnor
anceoft
hel
awi
snodef
ence,
ignor
anceoff
act
sisacompl
etedef
ence.Wi
thoutexpr
essl
y
st
ati
ngso,
theCour
tav
oidedwhatcoul
dhav
ebeenacl
ashbet
weenr
eli
giousi
ncl
i
nat
ionandasecul
ar
l
egi
sl
ati
onbyr
esor
ttopr
inci
pleofi
gnor
anceoff
act
sasadef
ence.TheCour
tther
ebyest
abl
i
shedabal
ance
bet
weent
hel
awandt
hegenui
nebel
i
efoft
heappel
l
ant
s;al
thoughi
tisobv
ioust
hatt
heappel
l
ant
scoul
dno
l
ongercl
aimi
gnor
anceoff
actf
oranyf
utur
euseoft
heher
b.Si
mil
arl
y,i
ntheUni
tedSt
atescaseofSmi
thv
11
Boar
dofSchoolCommi
ssi
oner
sofMobi
l
eCount
y, theCour
tref
usedt
oaccedet
oar
equestt
hatanumber
ofschool
text
booksbewi
thdr
awnf
rom t
heschool
syst
em becauset
heyal
l
egedl
ypr
omot
edsecul
ar
humani
sm.TheCour
tsat
isf
iedi
tsel
fthatt
heuseoft
hepar
ti
cul
arhi
stor
yandsoci
alst
udi
esbookswas
35
pur
elysecul
ar. Fr
om t
heseexampl
esal
one,
enoughdi
rect
ioncanbedi
sti
l
ledt
ogui
deAf
ri
canst
atest
o
pur
suear
elat
ivel
yneut
ral
pat
hofsecul
ari
sm i
nconf
ormi
tywi
tht
hesecul
ari
sm t
hati
srequi
redoft
he
moder
nst
ate.

Rel
ati
onshi
pbet
weenr
eli
gionandt
hest
ate
36
I
nhi
spaper‘
Rel
i
gion,
thest
ateandl
awi
nAf
ri
ca’
, theUgandanj
uri
st,
Dani
elNser
eko,
ident
if
iedt
hreebr
oad
cat
egor
isat
ionsoft
her
elat
ionshi
psbet
weenr
eli
gionandt
hest
atei
nAf
ri
caasf
oll
ows:
(1)separ
ati
onof
chur
chandst
ate;
(2)supr
emacyofr
eli
gionov
ert
hest
ate;
and(
3)subor
dinat
ionofr
eli
giont
othest
ate.A
st
udyoft
hev
ari
ousconst
it
uti
onsoft
hecount
ri
esofAf
ri
cawi
l
lpl
acesomei
nthef
ir
stcat
egor
yandot
her
s
i
nthesecond.Thet
hir
dphenomenoni
soper
ati
vei
ncaseswher
ewef
indsomepar
ti
cul
ari
ndi
vi
dual
s
ut
il
isi
ngt
hei
nfl
uenceofr
eli
gionf
orpol
i
tical
pur
poses.

I
nthef
ir
stgr
oupar
eanumberofst
ateswhoseconst
it
uti
onsar
ecat
egor
ical
int
hesepar
ati
onofchur
ch

32
See,eg,art
s21(1)(b)&(c)oft
he1992Constit
uti
onofGhana.
33
[1965]GLR723.
34
F.2d684.
35
SeealsotheNigeriancaseofArchbi
shopOkogi
evTheAt tor
ney-
Gener alofLagosSt
ate[1981]2NCLR337.
36
DNser eko‘Rel
i
gion,thest
ateandthelawi
nAf r
ica’
(1986)28JournalChurchandState269.
f
rom t
hest
ate.Exampl
esar
eAngol
a,Beni
nandEt
hiopi
a,amongot
her
s.TheConst
it
uti
onofAngol
a
pr
ovi
deswi
thnoambi
gui
tyi
nar
ti
cle8:

1) T
( heRepubl
i
cofAngol
ashal
lbeasecul
arst
ate,andt
her
eshal
lbesepar
ati
onbet
weent
hest
ateand
chur
ches.

2) R
( el
i
gionsshal
lber
espect
edandt
hest
ateshal
lpr
otectchur
chesandpl
acesandobj
ect
sofwor
shi
p,
pr
ovi
dedt
heyabi
debyt
hel
awsoft
hest
ate.

Si
mil
arl
y,t
heConst
it
uti
onofEt
hiopi
ast
atescl
ear
lyi
nar
ti
cle11:

1) S
( t
ateandr
eli
gionar
esepar
ate.

2) T
( her
eshal
lbenost
ater
eli
gion.

3) T
( hest
ateshal
lnoti
nter
fer
einr
eli
giousmat
ter
sandr
eli
gionshal
lnoti
nter
fer
einst
ateaf
fai
rs.

TheConst
it
uti
onofBeni
ngoesev
enf
urt
heri
nthedi
rect
ionofsecul
ari
sm,
prohi
bit
ingi
nar
ti
cle156any
r
evi
si
onoft
heConst
it
uti
ont
hatwoul
dunder
minet
her
epubl
i
canf
orm ofgov
ernmentandt
hesecul
ari
tyof
t
hest
ate.TheConst
it
uti
onofGhanai
nar
ti
cle55(
4)pr
ovi
dest
hatmember
shi
pofapol
i
tical
par
ty‘
shal
lnot
bebasedonet
hni
c,r
eli
gious,
regi
onal
orot
hersect
ional
div
isi
ons’
,andi
nar
ti
cle56pr
ohi
bit
sPar
li
ament
f
rom l
egi
slat
ingt
oimposea‘
commonpr
ogr
ammeorasetofobj
ect
ivesofar
eli
giousorpol
i
tical
nat
ure’
.

Nser
ekocont
endst
hatabsol
utesepar
ati
onofchur
chandst
atei
sunat
tai
nabl
e,par
ti
cul
arl
yint
he
ci
rcumst
ancesofAf
ri
canst
ates,
becauseoft
heobv
iousf
actt
hatt
hev
ari
ousr
eli
gionsar
eneededt
o
37
pr
ovi
deorsuppl
ementeducat
ional
,medi
cal
andot
hersoci
alser
vices. Int
hest
ri
ctsense,
bei
ngsecul
ar
shoul
dnotmeanat
otal
excl
usi
onoft
heser
eli
gionsf
rom t
hosear
easofsoci
alser
vice.I
tispossi
blet
o
concei
vet
hei
rinv
olv
ementast
hatofanor
dinar
yindi
vi
dual
’
sorgr
oup’
sinv
olv
ementi
nthepr
ovi
sionand
managementofsuchser
vices,
wit
houtsuchi
ndi
vi
dual
necessar
il
yexer
cisi
nganypol
i
tical
inf
luence.
Secul
ari
sat
iondoesnott
her
efor
enecessar
il
yexcl
uder
eli
gionsf
rom par
ti
cipat
ioni
nthepr
ovi
sionofsoci
al
ser
vices.I
nthei
rbi
dtoser
vesoci
ety
,howev
er,
rel
i
gionsmustkeepwi
thi
nthel
awassetf
ort
hbyt
hepol
i
tical
aut
hor
it
ies.

I
nthespher
eofeducat
ion,
fori
nst
ance,
ther
ightt
oest
abl
i
sheducat
ional
inst
it
uti
onsasameansof
38
pr
opagat
ionofone’
sideashasbeenuphel
dinv
ari
ousj
uri
sdi
cti
ons. TheCour
tofAppeal
inNi
ger
ia,
for
exampl
e,af
fi
rmedt
hecl
aimt
hatapr
ivat
eper
sonoror
gani
sat
ioncoul
dest
abl
i
shaneducat
ional
inst
it
uti
on
f
ort
hispur
pose.I
nit
sdescr
ipt
ionoft
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
hest
ateandt
heci
ti
zen,
thet
henPr
esi
dent
3940
oft
heCour
tofAppeal
,Just
iceMammanNasi
r,expl
ained:

I
tisnotoursy
stem t
hatachi
l
doranyci
ti
zen,
fort
hatmat
ter
,isamer
ecr
eat
ureoft
hest
ate.I
nour
sy
stem t
hest
atehasnor
ightt
oint
erf
erewi
tht
hef
reedom oranyot
herconst
it
uti
onal
rightoft
heci
ti
zen
sav
easal
l
owedbyt
heConst
it
uti
oni
tsel
f.I
noursy
stem t
her
eisamut
ual
andco-
exi
sti
ngr
elat
ionshi
pin
whi
cht
hest
ateownst
heci
ti
zenandt
heci
ti
zenal
soownst
hest
ateandeachmustpr
otectt
hei
nter
estof
t
heot
her
.

Wi
thi
nthatr
elat
ionshi
pther
eshoul
dbef
reedom wi
thi
nwhi
cht
hei
ndi
vi
dual
shoul
doper
atewi
thoutbei
ng
37
Nsereko( n13above)272.
38
SeeAr chbishopOkogi
e(n12abov
e).
39
Archbi
shopOkogi e(n12abov
e)352.
40
US205( 1972).
unnecessar
il
yinhi
bit
edbyt
hest
atej
ustbecauseoft
her
eli
giousi
diosy
ncr
asi
esofsomedomi
nantgr
oups
wi
thi
nthest
ate.

I
tshoul
dbepossi
blet
ocr
eat
eabal
ancet
otheef
fectt
hatwher
ether
eli
giouspr
act
iceofagr
oupdoesnot
der
ogat
eessent
ial
l
yfr
om t
heov
eral
li
nter
estoft
her
estoft
hesoci
ety
,thent
hest
ateshoul
dbeci
rcumspect
i
nit
scompul
si
onoft
hegr
oupt
oadher
etowhatt
hemaj
ori
tymayper
cei
veast
hebestf
ort
hegener
ali
tyof
soci
ety
.Thi
sappr
oachcancr
eat
esomedi
ff
icul
ti
eswheni
tcomest
othedet
ermi
nat
ionofwhataccor
dst
o
t
hest
ri
ctl
y-
secul
ari
nter
est
soft
hesoci
etyf
or,
asnot
edbyt
heAmer
icanChi
efJust
iceWar
renBur
geri
n
17
Wi
sconsi
nvYoder
:

Ar
egul
ati
onneut
ral
oni
tsf
acemay
,ini
tsappl
i
cat
ion,
nonet
hel
essof
fendt
heconst
it
uti
onal
requi
rement
41
f
orgov
ernment
alneut
ral
i
tyi
fitundul
ybur
denst
hef
reeexer
ciseofr
eli
gion.

I
nthatcase,
theSupr
emeCour
tuphel
dthecont
ent
ionoft
heAmi
shr
eli
giousgr
oupt
hatt
heconv
ict
ionof
par
ent
swhodecl
i
nedt
osendt
hei
rchi
l
drent
oschool
aft
ert
heei
ght
hgr
adewasav
iol
ati
onoft
hei
rfr
ee
exer
ciseoft
hei
rri
ghtt
orel
i
giousf
reedom.Ther
ewasev
idencet
otheef
fectt
hatast
ri
ctappl
i
cat
ionoft
he
l
awr
equi
ri
ngcompul
sor
yschool
att
endanceofchi
l
drent
oage16f
orAmi
shchi
l
dren‘
car
ri
eswi
thi
tav
ery
42
r
eal
thr
eatofunder
mini
ngt
heAmi
shcommuni
tyandr
eli
giouspr
act
iceast
heyexi
stt
oday
’. Inbal
anci
ng
43
t
hei
nter
estoft
hest
ateandt
hatoft
heAmi
sh,
Just
iceBy
ronWhi
tear
gued:

Si
ncet
heAmi
shchi
l
drenar
eper
mit
tedt
oacqui
ret
hebasi
ctool
sofl
i
ter
acyt
osur
viv
einmoder
nsoci
ety
byat
tendi
nggr
adesonet
hroughei
ghtandsi
ncet
hedev
iat
ionf
rom t
hest
ate’
scompul
sor
yeducat
ionl
aw
i
srel
ati
vel
ysl
i
ght
,Iconcl
udet
hatr
espondent
s’cl
aim mustpr
evai
l
,lar
gel
ybecauser
eli
giousf
reedom –
t
hef
reedom t
obel
i
eveandt
opr
act
icest
rangeand,
itmaybe,
for
eigncr
eeds–hascl
assi
cal
l
ybeenoneof
t
hehi
ghestv
aluesofoursoci
ety
.

Thedi
ff
icul
tyi
sint
hedet
ermi
nat
ionoft
hedegr
eeofdepar
tur
eofagr
oup’
sint
erest
sfr
om t
hatoft
hel
arger
soci
ety
.Howev
er‘
rel
ati
vel
ysl
i
ght
’thatdepar
tur
emi
ghtbe,
itshoul
dnotj
ust
if
yacompl
etesubj
ugat
ionof
t
hei
nter
est
sofmi
nor
it
yrel
i
giousgr
oupst
othepoweroft
hest
ate.

Supr
emacyofr
eli
gionov
ert
hest
ate
I
tiswhenadomi
nantr
eli
gionorr
eli
gionscont
rol
ast
ateandi
tsi
nst
it
uti
onst
hatt
hosesoci
alser
vices,
par
ti
cul
arl
yeducat
ion,
becomet
ool
sforpr
osel
yti
sing,
andi
ndi
vi
dual
swhoar
enotadher
ent
sbecome
compel
l
edt
osubj
ectt
hemsel
vest
otheov
erwhel
mingi
nfl
uenceoft
hedomi
nantr
eli
giousgr
oups.Thatwas
t
hesi
tuat
ioni
ntheol
dmonar
chi
est
hatwer
ebui
l
tar
oundsomer
eli
giousconv
ict
ions.Thosewer
ethe
per
iodswhent
hemonar
chdet
ermi
nedt
her
eli
giousl
eani
ngoft
hesubj
ect
sandot
hernon-
rel
i
gioni
sts
exi
stedatt
hepl
easur
eoft
hemonar
ch.Rel
i
gionandl
awwer
etwov
eryessent
ial
andi
nter
twi
nednor
mat
ive
sour
cesf
ort
hemanagementofhumansoci
eti
es.Themonar
ch’
srel
i
giousbel
i
efsdet
ermi
nedt
henat
ureof
t
hel
awst
hatgov
ernt
hedomai
n.Thi
spol
i
cywascouchedi
nt m cui
hemaxi usr
egi
o,ei
usr
eli
gio–whose
44
r
eal
m,hi
srel
i
gion.

Theconsequenceoft
hismodel
forr
eli
giousl
i
ber
tyandhumanr
ight
sisobv
ious:
Themonar
ch’
s
commi
tmentt
orespectf
orot
herr
eli
giousf
ait
hscoul
ddet
ermi
net
hedegr
eeofr
espectf
ort
her
ight
sof
41
Seeext racti
nDur ham &Scharffs(n6abov e)216.
42
Dur ham &Scharffs(n6abov e)215.
43
Dur ham &Scharffs(n6abov e)217.
44
Durham &Schar ff
s( n6abov e)78.SeealsoM Ev ans‘
Hist
oricalanal
ysi
soffr
eedom ofr
eli
gionorbel
i
efsasat
echni
quef
orr
esol
vi
ngr
eli
giousconf
li
cts’i
nT
Li
ndholm etal(eds)Faci
li
tati
ngfreedom ofrel
i
gionorbel
ief:Adeskbook(
2004)4.
ot
her
s.Dur
ingt
hesi
xteent
hcent
ury
,thepr
inci
plewasadopt
edt
oendt
her
eli
giouswar
sinEur
ope,
buti
t
nev
ert
hel
essf
ail
edt
osecur
erel
i
giousf
reedom i
nani
ncr
easi
ngl
ypl
ural
i
sti
crel
i
giousenv
ironment
.Wi
thi
n
ourcont
empor
aryr
epubl
i
cansy
stems,
theconcept
ionofcui
usr
egi
o,ei
usr
eli
giocannol
ongerhol
d.

I
ntr
adi
ti
onal
Afr
icansoci
eti
es,
ther
ehasbeenanev
enst
rongerconnect
ionbet
weenr
eli
gionandl
egal
nor
ms.Ev
eryaspectofl
i
fei
ntr
adi
ti
onal
Afr
icansoci
etyhadar
eli
giousconnot
ati
on;
ther
efor
erel
i
gion
r
egul
atedl
egal
nor
msaswel
l
.Ev
ent
hepl
ant
ingandconsumpt
ionofcer
tai
ncr
opswasof
tendet
ermi
nedby
r
eli
gio-
legal
nor
ms.Amongsomet
radi
ti
onal
peopl
einGhana,
thenewl
y-
har
vest
edy
am coul
dnotbe
consumedunt
ilaf
tert
hey
am f
est
ival
,whi
chwasi
ntendedasar
eli
giouspr
ogr
ammeort
hanksgi
vi
ngt
oGod
f
oraf
rui
tf
uly
ear
.Nev
ert
hel
ess,
thef
actofpl
ural
i
sm andt
hegr
owt
hofandt
ransf
ormat
ionofmany
ot
her
wiset
radi
ti
onal
encl
avesi
ntot
henat
ional
cosmopol
i
shasl
edt
oader
ogat
ionf
rom st
ri
ctadher
encet
o
t
heser
eli
giousandsoci
ali
mper
ati
ves.

Consequencesofi
nter
mingl
i
ngofst
ateandr
eli
gion
Ast
rongl
i
nkagebet
weenr
eli
gionandpol
i
tical
ori
ent
ati
onwasi
ntr
oducedi
ntoAf
ri
cabybot
hChr
ist
iansand
I
slami
ccol
oni
alpower
s.Thet
empt
ati
onf
ort
hemi
suseofr
eli
gionbydomi
nantgr
oupst
oat
tai
npol
i
tical
or
soci
ali
nfl
uencei
nsuchci
rcumst
ancesi
sgr
eat
.Ther
eli
gionst
hemsel
vesmi
ghtdeem suchcol
l
abor
ati
onas
aptf
ort
hepol
i
tical
inf
luencet
hatwoul
dinur
etot
hei
rpar
ti
cul
argr
oup.Howev
er,
whensuchamar
ri
age
exi
stsbet
weent
hest
ateandar
eli
giousgr
oup,
anyf
ail
urebyt
hepol
i
tical
aut
hor
it
iesal
sot
aint
sthei
mage
oft
her
eli
giousgr
oup.Thepossi
bleconsequencesoft
hemar
ri
ageofr
eli
giousandpol
i
tical
aut
hor
it
ywer
e
45
wel
lst
atedbyAr
chbi
shopAnast
asi
osofAl
bani
a,whohasobser
ved:

I
napl
ural
i
sti
csoci
ety
,rel
i
giouscommuni
ti
esmai
ntai
nacer
tai
npowerbutt
heymustbecar
eful
toav
oid
t
het
empt
ati
ont
oident
if
yrel
i
gionwi
thapar
ti
cul
arpol
i
tical
par
ty.Thi
scanpr
omptt
hem i
nadanger
ous
di
rect
ion.Pol
i
tical
par
ti
esar
emi
xedwi
thmanyot
heri
nter
est
s,andt
her
ulesofpol
i
ticsar
equi
tedi
ff
erent
f
rom t
her
ulesofr
eli
gion.Rel
i
gionmustpr
omot
eext
ernal
val
uesandnotal
l
owpol
i
tical
progr
ammesand
per
sonst
ousei
tforegot
ist
ical
int
erest
satt
heexpensesofot
her
s.Wemustf
ocusonhowt
omake
r
eli
giousv
aluesi
nst
rument
sforabet
tersoci
ety
.Rel
i
gionshoul
dpr
omot
efr
eedom,
just
ice,
car
efort
he
cr
eat
ionandr
espectf
ort
hef
reedom ofconsci
ence-
foral
l
,notonl
yfort
hosewhobel
ongt
oourr
eli
gious
gr
oup.
46
Thehumanpr
opensi
ty,
asf
urt
hercapt
uredbyAr
chbi
shopAnast
asi
os,
ist
hat

t
ooof
tenweunder
scor
ehumanr
ight
sasl
ongaswear
emi
nor
it
ies.Butwhenwebecomemaj
ori
ti
es,
we
suddenl
ytakeonadi
ff
erentat
ti
tude–f
orget
ti
ngaboutt
heequal
right
sofpeopl
e,t
heot
herf
ait
h,orl
i
fe
st
ance.

I
nAmer
icanhi
stor
y,t
hequest
ionoft
henat
ureoft
her
elat
ionshi
pthatshoul
dexi
stbet
weent
hest
ateand
24
r
eli
gionwassai
dtohav
ehadt
wobr
oadappr
oaches, thef
ir
stofwhi
chwasassoci
atedwi
thRoger
Wi
l
li
ams,
founderoft
hecol
onyofRhodeI
sland,
whocal
l
edf
ora‘
separ
ati
onofr
eli
gionf
rom st
atet
opr
otect
47
t
he“
gar
den”oft
hechur
chf
rom t
he“
wil
der
ness’
oft
hesecul
aror
der
’. ThesecondwasThomas
Jef
fer
son’
ssuppor
tforasepar
ati
onappr
oachi
nfor
medbyt
heFr
enchexper
ience,
accor
dingt
owhi
chhe

45
ArchbishopAnast asi
os‘Dev
elopingsharedval
uesandcommonci ti
zenshi
pinasecul
arandpl
ural
i
sti
csoci
ety
:Howr
eli
giouscommuni
ti
escancont
ri
but
e’i
n
Lindholm etal
( n21above)693.
46
Ar chbishopAnastasi
os(n22abov e)697.24Durham &Schar
ffs(
n6abov e)18.
47
Asabov e.
 48
‘
def
endedsepar
ati
onwi
tht
heai
m ofpr
otect
ingst
atei
nst
it
uti
onsf
rom excessi
ver
eli
giousi
nfl
uence’
.
Theset
wov
iewsal
soappl
yinAf
ri
ca,
wher
etheexper
iencehasbeent
hatofapol
i
tical
gamedef
inedbyt
he
st
ruggl
eofpol
i
tical
groupst
ocont
rol
pol
i
tical
poweratal
lcost
s,notnecessar
il
yfort
hebenef
itoft
he
gener
ali
tyoft
hepopul
ace,
butasast
ept
owar
dst
hecont
rol
ofeconomi
cpowerf
orper
sonal
gai
n.
49
Rel
i
gioni
s‘asour
ceofv
alue-
,i
dent
it
y-andmeani
ng-
maki
ngpr
ocesses’
, andt
hei
nfl
uenceoft
hemoder
n
st
ateont
hel
i
vesofi
tsi
nhabi
tant
sisqui
teper
vasi
ve.Toal
l
owapar
ti
cul
arr
eli
giousf
ait
htor
ideont
heback
oft
hest
ateundert
heseci
rcumst
ancescoul
dcr
eat
east
atei
nwhi
cht
hei
nfl
uenceoft
hatr
eli
gionbecomes
t
iedt
othepol
i
tical
int
erest
s,andt
hepol
i
tical
int
erest
sbecomet
het
ool
sfort
her
eli
giousel
i
tes.Thebl
ood-
chi
l
li
ngev
idenceoft
hegenoci
decommi
tt
edagai
nstt
heBosni
anMusl
i
msi
nSr
ebr
eni
caandPot
ocar
iin
1995i
sast
arkr
emi
nderoft
hef
actt
hatev
eni
nmoder
nti
mes,
wher
eoner
eli
gionhast
heabsol
utesuppor
t
oft
hest
ate,
rel
i
giousi
ntol
erancecoul
deasi
l
ydegener
atei
ntopogr
om.Al
essv
iol
entexampl
eist
hecaseof
50
Manoussaki
s&Ot
her
svGr
eece, inwhi
cht
heEur
opeanCour
tofHumanRi
ght
stookt
hev
iewt
hatt
he
r
equi
redpr
ocessf
ort
her
egi
str
ati
onofpl
acesofwor
shi
phasi
nit
sappl
i
cat
ioni
nGr
eeceshown‘
acl
ear
t
endencyont
hepar
toft
headmi
nist
rat
ionandeccl
esi
ast
ical
aut
hor
it
iest
ouset
hesepr
ovi
sionst
orest
ri
ct
51
t
heact
ivi
ti
esoff
ait
hsout
sidet
heOr
thodoxChur
ch’
. Ther
ewasev
idencet
hatt
heGr
eekOr
thodoxChur
ch,
whi
chi
sthedomi
nantchur
chi
nGr
eeceandhasahi
stor
icpl
acei
nGr
eeksoci
ety
,hasl
edt
oal
l
egat
ionsof
i
nter
fer
encewi
thandoppr
essi
onofmi
nor
it
yrel
i
gionsbyt
hest
ateandt
hedomi
nantGr
eekOr
thodox
52
Chur
ch.

Ther
atherunbel
i
evabl
eext
entt
owhi
chr
eli
giousf
ait
hscoul
dbeabusedf
orpol
i
tical
gai
nwasev
idencedi
n
t
heSout
hAf
ri
canapar
thei
dsy
stem,
whi
chwaspr
ocl
aimedt
obepr
edi
cat
edont
hebi
bli
cal
right
soft
he
Af
ri
kaner
stor
uleov
eral
lot
her
sandt
her
efor
ewasj
ust
if
icat
ionf
ori
tspol
i
cyofr
aci
alsegr
egat
ionand
53
di
scr
imi
nat
ion. Ther
idi
cul
ousnessoft
hisasser
ti
onwoul
dhav
ebeenmor
ecl
ear
lyexhi
bit
edi
f,aspoi
nted
outbyhumanr
ight
slawschol
arCour
tneyHowl
and,
theapar
thei
dst
atehadbeenal
l
owedt
oar
guebef
ore
t
heI
nter
nat
ional
Cour
tofJust
icei
nit
sAdv
isor
yOpi
niononNami
bia54t
hat‘
thatAf
ri
kaner
s’f
reedom of
r
eli
giousbel
i
efwoul
dbedeepl
yinf
ri
ngedi
ftheywer
enotabl
etoasser
tthei
rdi
vi
nel
y-
ordai
nedsupr
emacy
55
ov
erAf
ri
cans’
. Yet
,st
il
l,
somer
eli
gionsbel
i
evet
hati
tist
hei
rri
ghtast
hedomi
nantr
eli
giont
oimposet
hei
r
r
uleont
hewhol
ecount
ry.Wecanseesi
gnsoft
hisi
nrebel
mov
ement
ssuchast
heLor
d’sResi
stanceAr
my
ofUgandaandt
heBokoHar
am gr
oupi
nNi
ger
ia.Thesear
etheext
rememani
fest
ati
onsoft
het
endencyt
o
conj
oinr
eli
giousf
ait
hwi
thpol
i
tical
aut
hor
it
y,buti
tcanal
sobeseeni
nsuchf
ormsast
hecr
eat
ionof
pol
i
tical
par
ti
esbasedonpar
ti
cul
arr
eli
giousf
ait
hs.

Fr
om t
heper
spect
iveofst
atesofAf
ri
cat
hathav
ebecomer
eli
giousl
ydi
ver
seandpol
i
tical
l
ydemocr
ati
c,t
he
quest
iont
hatneedst
obeaddr
essedi
swhet
hert
her
epubl
i
cansy
stem wi
l
lnotbebet
terser
vedi
frel
i
gious
concept
ionsar
eexcl
udedf
rom t
hel
egal
syst
em.Doesnott
hemul
ti
-cul
tur
alandmul
ti
-r
eli
giousnat
ureof
t
hemoder
nst
atenecessi
tat
eadi
stanci
ngofconst
it
uti
onsandl
egal
nor
msf
rom t
hei
nfl
uenceofr
eli
gious

48
Asabov e.
49
Pimor(n4abov e)192.
50
EuropeanCourtofHumanRi ghts,Appli
cati
on18748/ 91,EurCtHR(26September1996) .
51
SeeDur ham &Scharf
fs(n6abov e)276,forextr
act.
52
Asabov e.
53
Dur
ham &Schar f
fs(n6abov e)341,quotingCW Howl and‘Thechall
engeofrel
igiousfundamental
ism t
ot hel
i
bertyandequal
i
tyri
ght
sofwomen:Ananal
ysi
s
undertheUnit
edNationsChar t
er’
(1997)35Col umbiaJournalofTr
ansnat
ionalLaw271347- 349.
54
I
n1971,theInter
nati
onalCourtofJustice(ICJ)heardthecaseconcerni
ngthel egal
it
yoft heSouthAfr
icanoccupat
ionofNamibi
a.Ther
uli
ngoft
heCourti
s
whatisknownast heAdvisoryOpini
ononNami bi
a.
55
Asabov e.
conv
ict
ions?Whyshoul
dJudeo-
Chr
ist
ianr
eli
giouspr
inci
plesunder
li
ethel
egal
nor
mst
hatappl
yinacount
ry
wi
thmi
xedr
eli
giousaf
fi
li
ati
onst
hati
ncl
udeChr
ist
ians,
Musl
i
msandTr
adi
ti
onal
i
sts?I
nthesamev
ein,
why
shoul
dIsl
ami
cpr
inci
plesunder
li
ethel
egal
nor
msi
nmul
ti
-r
eli
giousst
ates?I
sitnotpossi
blet
ohav
east
ate
t
hatsuppor
tsr
eli
giousf
reedom i
npr
inci
plewi
thoutunwi
tt
ingl
yorov
ert
lyi
mposi
ngsomepar
ti
cul
arr
eli
gion?
I
nani
ncr
easi
ngl
ydi
ver
sewor
ld,
wher
epopul
ati
onsandpeopl
eofdi
ver
ser
eli
giousper
suasi
onsar
e
becomi
ngmor
eandmor
emi
xed,
ithasbecomemor
eimper
ati
vet
odel
i
nkr
eli
giousbel
i
efsf
rom gov
ernance
sy
stems.Todoot
her
wisewi
l
lbet
okeepagl
owt
hef
ir
eofr
eli
giousi
ntol
eranceandi
tsconsequencesof
di
scr
imi
nat
ionandf
anat
ici
sm,
whi
chev
ent
ual
l
yinf
ectt
hest
ate’
sst
abi
l
ityanddemocr
ati
cent
erpr
ise,
ashas
beenexper
iencedi
nAf
ri
cancount
ri
essuchasSudan,
Rwanda,
Côt
ed’
I
voi
re,
Egy
ptandTanzani
a.

Unf
ort
unat
ely
,theper
cept
ioni
sthatt
hepar
ochi
ali
nter
est
sofdomi
nantr
eli
giousgr
oupsseem t
obeont
he
56
i
ncr
easei
nAf
ri
ca.Accor
dingt
oa2010pol
lcar
ri
edouti
nanumberofAf
ri
cancount
ri
es,

i
nvi
rt
ual
l
yal
lthecount
ri
essur
vey
ed,
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ori
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e)ofChr
ist
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f
avourmaki
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blet
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cial
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hel
and,
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l
esi
mil
arl
ylar
genumber
sofMusl
i
mssayt
hey
woul
dli
ket
oenshr
ineI
slami
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I
nNi
ger
ia,
forexampl
e,70percentofChr
ist
iansf
avourbi
bli
cal
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tforci
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ll
aws,
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l
e71percentof
Musl
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msf
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atheof
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orl
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rown
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ms;
inGhanat
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ist
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i
ms;
inLi
ber
ia63percentofChr
ist
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57
Musl
i
ms. Thesef
igur
esconf
ir
mthedeepr
eli
giousnat
ureofAf
ri
cansandt
hei
rdesi
ret
ohav
ethei
r
r
eli
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msi
ntegr
atedi
ntot
hei
rway
sofl
i
fe.I
tis,
howev
er,
mypr
oposi
ti
ont
hatt
hemoder
nAf
ri
can
st
ate,
par
ti
cul
arl
yther
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i
canst
ate,
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lbet
terbeser
vedi
frel
i
gionsandt
hei
rrespect
ivenor
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ekept
outoft
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egi
meoft
hel
awandgov
ernance.Thi
spr
oposi
ti
onf
oll
owsf
rom t
heconv
ict
iont
hatt
hei
nfusi
on
ofr
eli
gionsandt
hei
rtenet
sint
otheor
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ylawsandt
hei
rfur
theri
nfl
uencei
ngov
ernancewoul
d
i
ncr
easi
ngl
ygener
ateconf
li
ctswi
thi
nthebodypol
i
tic.I
twoul
dcr
eat
etheoppor
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ti
esf
orpol
i
tical
l
y-
ambi
ti
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ndi
vi
dual
sandgr
oupst
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ourt
out
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iset
hepower
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it
uti
onsofr
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giont
oachi
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per
pet
uat
ethei
rint
erest
sini
ncr
easi
ngl
ymul
ti
-r
eli
gioussoci
eti
esofAf
ri
ca.

Thecol
oni
alexper
ienceofAf
ri
cancount
ri
esbr
oughti
nit
str
ail
thei
nfusi
onofci
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ll
awswi
thr
eli
gious
i
njunct
ions.Gov
ernancesy
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oref
lectt
hei
nfl
uenceoft
hecol
oni
singnat
ion’
srel
i
gious
i
ncl
i
nat
ions.Theser
eli
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uencesper
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eni
ntot
hesemoder
nti
mesi
nwhi
chv
ari
ouscommuni
ti
es
hav
ebecomei
ncr
easi
ngl
ymi
xed.Ev
eni
nrel
ati
vel
ylessr
eli
gious,
moder
nEur
ope,
thet
empt
ati
onf
or
r
eli
giousmaj
ori
ti
est
owantt
oimposet
hei
rconsci
enceont
her
esti
sst
il
lev
ident
.Int
hecaseofEur
opean
Uni
oni
n2004,
anumberofst
atespr
oposedt
hatt
heconst
it
uti
onal
treat
yshoul
dincl
uder
efer
encet
o
58
‘
Eur
ope’
sChr
ist
ianr
oot
s’. Indeed,
Pol
and’
sfor
eignmi
nist
erwassai
dtohav
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gedsuppor
toft
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pr
oposal
fort
her
easont
hat‘
[
i]
tist
heChr
ist
ianf
ait
hthathasshapedEur
opeancul
tur
eandi
sinsepar
abl
y
59
l
i
nkedwi
thi
tshi
stor
y’.

Pr
oponent
soft
hisappr
oachmai
ntai
nthatt
her
easonf
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yofEur
ope,
andas
56
PewFor um onReli
gionandPubl
i
cLi
feTol
eranceandt
ensi
on:I
slam andChr
ist
iani
tyi
nsub-
Sahar
anAf
ri
ca(
2010)
.
57
Asabove.
58
Pimor(n4abov e)205.
59
QuotedinPimor(n4abov e)
.
t
hesour
ceofi
tsv
alues’
.Bywayofcompr
omi
se,
thePr
eambl
etot
heTr
eat
yont
heEur
opeanUni
onwas
amendedt
omaker
efer
encet
othe‘
cul
tur
al,
rel
i
giousandhumani
sti
nher
it
anceofEur
ope’
.Thatper
haps
wasabet
terappr
oach,
fort
heor
igi
nal
proposal
woul
dhav
ebeen,
asobser
vedbyBr
uceRobi
nsonoft
he
60
Ont
ari
oConsul
tant
sonRel
i
giousTol
erance,
ahugeandser
iousmi
stakeandcr
eat
edbar
ri
erst
ouni
ty.

Thet
empt
ati
ont
opr
omot
eoner
eli
gionov
erandabov
eot
her
sint
hepol
i
tical
domai
nisnot
,ther
efor
e,an
i
ssuef
orAf
ri
caal
one;
otherr
egi
onsoft
hewor
ldhav
etast
edi
tandst
renuousef
for
tshav
ebeenmadet
o
cont
aini
t.Anot
herexampl
eofconf
ront
ingt
hist
endencyt
opr
omot
erel
i
giousdomi
nanceusi
ngpol
i
tical
aut
hor
it
ywasr
epl
i
cat
edi
ntheev
ent
sleadi
ngt
otheTur
kishcaseofRef
ahPar
ti
si(
Wel
far
epar
ty)&Ot
her
sv
61
Tur
key
, inwhi
cht
heTur
kishConst
it
uti
onal
Cour
tdi
ssol
vedt
heRef
ahPar
tyandal
sosuspendedt
he
pol
i
tical
right
sofsomeofi
tsl
eader
sfort
her
easont
hati
tsl
eader
sadv
ocat
edandmadepr
oposal
stendi
ng
t
owar
dst
heabol
i
tionofsecul
ari
sm i
nTur
key
,incl
udi
ngacal
lbyi
tsl
eader
sfort
hesecul
arpol
i
tical
syst
em
t
ober
epl
acedbyat
heocr
ati
clegal
syst
em andawar
ningt
hat‘
bloodwi
l
lfl
ow’
ift
her
ewasanat
temptt
o
cl
oset
heol
ogi
cal
col
l
eges.Thechar
gesagai
nstRef
ahal
soi
ncl
udedi
tsl
eader
s’adv
ocacyoft
hewear
ingof
I
slami
cheadscar
vesi
nst
ateschool
scont
rar
ytoj
udi
cial
deci
sionsoft
heConst
it
uti
onal
Cour
t.Basedon
t
heseal
l
egat
ions,
theConst
it
uti
onal
Cour
tdi
ssol
vedt
heRef
ahPar
ty,
conf
iscat
edi
tsasset
s,andbannedi
ts
l
eader
sfr
om hol
dingof
fi
cei
not
herpol
i
tical
par
ti
es.Thedeci
sionoft
heConst
it
uti
onal
Cour
twasbasedon
t
heposi
ti
ont
hatsecul
ari
sm wasani
ndi
spensabl
econdi
ti
onf
ordemocr
acyguar
ant
eedbyt
heConst
it
uti
on.
Af
urt
herconsi
der
ati
onwast
hatt
hepr
inci
pleofsecul
ari
sm wassaf
eguar
dedbyt
heConst
it
uti
oni
nli
ghtof
t
hecount
ry’
shi
stor
ical
exper
ience.TheCour
ttookt
hev
iewt
hatt
her
ulesofShar
i’
awer
eincompat
ibl
ewi
th
t
hedemocr
ati
cregi
meandf
urt
hert
hatt
hepr
inci
pleofsecul
ari
sm pr
event
edt
hest
atef
rom mani
fest
inga
pr
efer
encef
orapar
ti
cul
arr
eli
gionorbel
i
ef.Aggr
iev
edbyt
hedeci
sionoft
heConst
it
uti
onal
Cour
t,l
eader
sof
62
t
hepar
tyf
il
edanappl
i
cat
ionwi
tht
heSt
rasbour
gCour
twhi
chconcl
udedt
hat

[
t]
heact
sandspeechesofRef
ah’
smember
sandl
eader
sci
tedbyt
heConst
it
uti
onal
Cour
twer
eimput
abl
e
t
othewhol
eoft
hepar
ty,
thatt
hoseact
sandspeechesr
eveal
edRef
ah’
slong-
ter
m pol
i
cyofset
ti
ngupa
r
egi
mebasedonShar
i’
awi
thi
nthef
ramewor
kofapl
ural
i
tyofl
egal
syst
emsandt
hatRef
ahdi
dnot
excl
uder
ecour
set
ofor
cei
nor
dert
oimpl
ementi
tspol
i
cyandkeept
hesy
stem i
tenv
isagedi
npl
ace.I
n
v
iewoft
hef
actt
hatt
hesepl
answer
eincompat
ibl
ewi
tht
heconceptofa‘
democr
ati
csoci
ety
’andt
hat
t
her
eal
oppor
tuni
ti
esRef
ahhadt
oputt
hem i
ntopr
act
icemadet
hedangert
odemocr
acymor
etangi
ble
andmor
eimmedi
ate,
thepenal
tyi
mposedont
heappl
i
cant
sbyt
heConst
it
uti
onal
Cour
t…mayr
easonabl
y
beconsi
der
edt
ohav
emeta‘
pressi
ngsoci
alneed’
.

I
nthi
scase,
bot
htheTur
kishandEur
opeancour
tst
ookdeci
siv
est
epst
oni
pint
hebudwhatwoul
d
ot
her
wisehav
edegener
ated,
tomakeanAf
ri
cananal
ogy
,int
oaSudan-
li
kescenar
ioi
nwhi
chr
eli
gious
i
ntol
erancebecamest
atepol
i
cy.

Lessonsf
rom SudanandRwanda
Whenar
eli
gionr
idesont
hebackofpol
i
tical
aut
hor
it
y,i
trunst
her
iskofsomeot
herpol
i
tical
group
dev
our
ingi
twhent
het
idet
urns.I
tisi
nthenat
ureofpol
i
tical
powert
owantt
oanni
hil
atebot
hreal
and
per
cei
vedopponent
s–atl
eastt
hathasbeent
hepol
i
tical
exper
iencei
nmuchofAf
ri
ca.Thecat
ast
rophe

60
BARobi nson‘Do“God”and“Chri
sti
anit
y”haveaplacei
ntheEuropeanUni
onConstit
uti
on?
’ (
2003),ht
tp:
//www.r
eli
gioust
oler
ance.
org/const
_eu.
htm( accessed
31January2014),r
efer
redtoi
nPi mor(n4above)205.
61
Appli
cations41340/
98,41343/
98&41344/ 98,EurCtHR(GrandChamberDeci
sion,
13February2003)
.Seeext
racti
nDur ham &Scharf
fs(n6abov e)575ff.
62
Asabov e.
t
hatcanbef
all
amoder
nst
atewhenr
eli
giouspeopl
eri
deont
hepol
i
tical
aut
hor
it
yinher
enti
nthest
atehas
beencl
ear
lydemonst
rat
edi
nSudanandRwanda,
inf
avourofI
slam i
nSudanandi
nfav
ourofChr
ist
iani
tyi
n
Rwanda.Al
thought
het
woexampl
esar
enotst
ri
ctl
yspeaki
ngsi
mil
ari
nter
msoft
hei
rfact
ual
sit
uat
ions,
t
heynev
ert
hel
esspr
ovi
deexampl
esofhow,
whenweal
l
owr
eli
gionst
ousest
ateaut
hor
it
yforpar
ochi
al
i
nter
est
s,bot
hthest
ateandr
eli
giongener
all
yloset
hei
rval
uest
odebaucher
y.

Thewari
nSudanhasbeenbl
amedpr
inci
pal
l
yonr
eli
giousdi
ff
erencesanddescr
ibedaspossi
bly‘
thewor
st
63
humani
tar
iandi
sast
eri
nthewor
ldt
oday
’. Thepol
i
ciessi
nce1955ofAr
abi
sat
ionandI
slami
sat
ionoft
he
whol
ecount
ry,
incl
udi
ngt
hedomi
nant
lyChr
ist
iansout
h,ev
ent
ual
l
ypl
ungedt
hecount
ryi
ntowar
.Sev
eral
ef
for
tst
opat
chupt
hedi
ff
erencesf
ail
ed.Theexampl
eoft
heSudanshowshowdi
ff
icul
titcanbet
o
at
temptapeacef
ulset
tl
ementofconf
li
ctsunder
li
nedbyr
eli
giousdi
ff
erencesbecauser
eli
giousbel
i
efsar
e
amat
teroff
ait
hthatmostof
tenhav
enor
egar
dforr
eason.Fort
heSudaneseI
slami
cgov
ernment
,the
whol
ecount
rywast
obegov
ernedaccor
dingt
oIsl
ami
ctenet
sandt
her
efor
eShar
i’
awasi
mposedont
he
whol
ecount
ry,
togov
ernev
ent
henon-
Musl
i
ms.Fort
hepr
edomi
nant
lyChr
ist
iansout
her
ner
s,t
her
efor
e,
64
‘
I
slam i
snotj
ustar
eli
gion,
butal
soAr
abi
sm asar
aci
al,
ethni
c,andcul
tur
alphenomenon’
.

Fort
heset
wogr
oups,
itwaseachsi
de’
srespect
iveposi
ti
ont
hatt
hei
rint
erest
sshoul
ddomi
nat
e.Fort
he
I
slami
cnor
th,
theSudanhadt
obeAr
abi
sedandI
slami
sedatal
lcost
s;f
ort
hatwast
heonl
ywayt
hei
deal
I
slami
cst
atecoul
dber
eal
i
sed.Fort
heSout
her
ner
s,I
slam andAr
abi
sat
ionwer
esi
mpl
ythecont
inuat
ionof
t
hedomi
nat
ionoft
hei
rli
ves.Theseposi
ti
onscoul
dnotf
avourami
cabl
eresol
uti
onsf
orpeacef
ulco-
exi
stence.Theev
ent
ual
spl
i
tofSudani
ntot
wodi
ff
erentcount
ri
esshoul
dther
efor
enotsur
pri
seus.The
l
essoni
scl
eart
hatweshoul
dde-
li
nkr
eli
giousi
nter
est
sfr
om nat
ional
int
erest
s.

Ther
oleofsomer
eli
giousl
eader
sint
heRwandangenoci
deexi
stsasoneoft
hemostembar
rassi
ng
i
nci
dent
sofr
eli
giousf
ail
urei
nAf
ri
ca.A1991censusputt
henumberofChr
ist
iansi
nRwandaatj
ustunder
65
90percentoft
het
otal
popul
ati
on. Ithas,
howev
er,
beenr
ecor
dedt
hat‘
[
n]otonl
ywer
ethev
astmaj
ori
tyof
t
hosewhopar
ti
cipat
edi
ntheki
l
li
ngsChr
ist
ians,
butt
hechur
chbui
l
dingst
hemsel
vesal
soser
vedaspr
imar
y
66
ki
l
li
ngf
iel
ds’
. Indeed,
iti
srepor
tedt
hat‘
[
m]or
eRwandeseci
ti
zensdi
edi
nchur
chesandpar
ishest
han
67
any
wher
eel
se’
. Whi
l
etheRomanCat
hol
i
cChur
chhasbeencast
igat
edf
ori
tsf
ail
uret
opr
otecthundr
eds
ofTut
sisandmoder
ateHut
us,
theI
slami
cleader
sinRwandahav
ebeenext
oll
edf
ort
hei
rendeav
our
sto
pr
otectt
heper
secut
ed.

ThemenofGodandt
hei
rfol
l
ower
scoul
dnothav
ebeenr
espondi
ngt
othet
enet
soft
hechur
ch.Theymust
hav
ebeenr
espondi
ngt
osomeot
herf
act
ors,
butnonet
hel
essusi
ngt
hechur
chasaf
aci
l
itat
oroft
hecr
ime
ofgenoci
de.I
nthewor
dsofonesur
viv
orwhowashi
ddeni
nthesanct
uar
yofachur
ch,
‘[
p]eopl
ecamet
o
68
Masseachdayt
opr
ay,
thent
heywentoutt
oki
l
l’
. Ki
l
li
ngcannotbeapar
toft
her
eli
giousi
njunct
ionsoft
he
Cat
hol
i
cChur
ch,
fori
nst
ance,
thust
her
esponseofPopeJohnPaul
IIt
otheaccusat
ionoft
heChur
ch’
s
compl
i
cit
yint
hegenoci
dewast
oar
guet
hat‘
[
t]heChur
chi
tsel
fcannotbehel
dresponsi
blef
ort
hemi
sdeeds
69
ofi
tsmember
swhohav
eact
edagai
nstev
angel
i
cal
law’
.

63
FM Deng‘Sudan–Ci vi
lwarandgenoci
de’
(2001)8MiddleEastQuar
ter
ly13–21.
64
Asabov e.
65
TLongmanChr isti
ani
tyandgenoci
deinRwanda(2010)4.
66
Asabov e.
67
QuotedinLongman( n43above).
68
QuotedinLongman( n43above)7.
69
‘Popesayschurchcannotbebl
amedinRwanda’NewYor kTimes21March1996A3,
quot
edi
nLongman(
n43abov
e)7.
Wi
thoutdoubt
,iti
sfar
-f
etchedt
ocl
aimt
hatt
hechur
chof
fi
cial
l
ysanct
ionedt
hegenoci
dal
act
sinRwanda,
butt
hef
actr
emai
nst
hatchur
cheswer
eext
ensi
vel
yusedi
nthecour
seoft
hepogr
om.I
ntheconcl
usi
ont
o
hi
sanal
ysi
soft
hecompl
i
cit
yoft
hechur
chesi
ntheRwandangenoci
de,
thepol
i
tical
sci
ent
istTi
mot
hy
Longmancaut
ionedt
hat‘
[
i]
frel
i
giousi
nst
it
uti
onsbecomet
oocl
osel
yti
edt
ost
atepower
,theyhav
ethe
capaci
tyt
olegi
ti
miseabhor
rentst
ateact
ions’
.

Concl
usi
on:
TheAf
ri
cansecul
arr
epubl
i
c
Whenmonar
chshadabsol
utepower
,thepeopl
ewer
esubj
ect
s.Undert
her
epubl
i
candemocr
ati
csy
stems,
t
hepeopl
ear
eci
ti
zenswi
thequal
right
s.Someoft
heseci
ti
zensar
eel
ect
edorappoi
ntedt
opr
esi
deov
ert
he
af
fai
rsofst
ate.Ther
efor
e,i
fther
epubl
i
canst
ateder
ivesi
tsaut
hor
it
yfr
om t
hepeopl
ecol
l
ect
ivel
y,t
henno
par
ti
cul
arr
eli
gioncoul
dtakepr
ecedenceov
erot
her
s–eachci
ti
zenmustbeatl
i
ber
tyt
oconcei
veand
wor
shi
pGodasheorshepl
eases.Assi
gnmentofof
fi
cial
rol
est
opar
ti
cul
arr
eli
giousgr
oupsbyt
hest
ate,
especi
all
ythr
ought
heconst
it
uti
on,
isboundt
ocr
eat
eaf
eel
i
ngofpr
ivi
l
egedposi
ti
oni
nthepsy
cheoft
he
par
ti
cul
arr
eli
giousgr
oups,
tot
hedi
scomf
it
ureoft
hosenotsospeci
fi
cal
l
yaccor
dedsuchaposi
ti
on.The
mi
sappl
i
cat
ionofr
eli
gionf
orper
sonal
,secul
argai
nisaphenomenont
hatcannotbei
gnor
ed,
par
ti
cul
arl
y
whent
hei
nfl
uenceofr
eli
gioni
smani
pul
atedt
osecur
ethepassageofl
egi
slat
ionandpol
i
ciest
hatwoul
d
ser
vepar
ochi
ali
nter
est
s.

Gov
ernment
sshoul
dhav
etheaut
hor
it
yandcapaci
tyt
opr
ovi
def
ort
hei
ndi
vi
dual
’
smat
eri
alwel
l
bei
ng;
but
t
hei
ndi
vi
dual
’
sspi
ri
tual
wel
l
bei
ngshoul
dbel
eftt
obedet
ermi
nedbet
weent
hati
ndi
vi
dual
andGod,
sol
ong
asi
tdoesnoti
mpi
ngeont
her
ight
sofot
her
s.Thewhol
eideaofapol
i
tical
groupv
est
ingi
tsel
fwi
th
aut
hor
it
ytodet
ermi
net
hef
ait
hofot
her
sisnot
hingbutaskewedwayofusur
pingspi
ri
tual
aut
hor
it
yfor
pol
i
tical
super
ior
it
y.Republ
i
cani
sm suppor
tst
heguar
ant
eeoft
her
ightt
orel
i
giousf
reedom,
butnot
r
eli
giouscont
rol
ofpol
i
tical
li
fe,
norpol
i
tical
cont
rol
ofr
eli
giousl
i
fe.Suchwi
l
lnoti
nur
etot
hest
abi
l
ityoft
he
r
epubl
i
canst
atesofAf
ri
ca.I
tist
hecaset
hatweshoul
dtakeconsci
ousst
epst
ode-
li
nkt
her
eli
gionsf
rom
t
hest
ateandgov
ernance,
butwi
thoutt
hrowi
ngoutt
hei
deaandpr
act
iceofr
eli
gionf
rom ourl
i
ves.Thel
aw
shoul
dendeav
ourt
oser
vet
hei
nter
est
sofal
l–notj
ustasect
ion.

TheSeparat
ionofChurchandStat
eunderGhana’
sFour
thRepubl
i
c,Jour
nal
ofPol
i
ticsandLaw;
Vol
.
8,No.4;
2015I SSN1913-9047
1
Chr
ist
opherY.Ny
inev
i &EdmundN.Amasah1

KwameNkr
umahUni
ver
sit
yofSci
ence&Technol
ogyFacul
tyofLaw,
Kumasi
,Ghana

Cor
respondence:
Chr
ist
opherY.Ny
inev
i,KwameNkr
umahUni
ver
sit
yofSci
ence&Technol
ogyFacul
tyof
Law,
P.M.
B.,
Kumasi
,Ghana.Tel
:233-
262-
599-
019E-
mai
l
:chr
isl
ynk05@gmai
l
.com

Recei
ved:
Sept
ember2,
2015 Accept
ed:
Oct
ober21,
2015 Onl
i
nePubl
i
shed:
Nov
ember29,
2015
doi
:
10.
5539/
jpl
.v
8n4p283 URL:
htt
p:/
/dx.
doi
.
org/
10.
5539/
jpl
.v
8n4p283
Abst
ract
Ghanai
srel
i
giousl
ydi
ver
se.Dat
afr
om t
hecount
ry’
sSt
ati
sti
cal
Ser
vicei
ndi
cat
est
hatasof2010,
71.
2%
oft
hepopul
ati
onwasChr
ist
ian,
17.
6%wasMusl
i
m,and5.
2%wer
eadher
ent
soft
radi
ti
onal
rel
i
gious
bel
i
efs.Non-
bel
i
ever
saccount
edf
oronl
y5.
3%.Bel
i
ever
sot
hert
hanbel
i
ever
soft
het
hreemai
nrel
i
gions
wer
elesst
han1%.Despi
tet
hedi
ver
sit
y,t
hecount
ryhasenj
oyedpeacef
ulco-
exi
stenceamongal
lsect
s
anddenomi
nat
ions;
sect
ari
anv
iol
encei
sar
arephenomenon.Cont
rov
ersi
esaboutr
eli
gious
di
scr
imi
nat
ionandst
ereot
ypes,
andgov
ernmentov
eri
ndul
genceofr
eli
gionar
e,howev
er,
not
uncommon.Thi
sar
ti
cleexami
nest
hev
exedquest
ionofsepar
ati
onofchur
chandst
atei
nGhana.I
t
seekst
oident
if
ywhatt
hecount
ry’
srel
i
giousi
dent
it
yis—whet
hersecul
arorot
her
wise—andt
he
i
mpl
i
cat
ionoft
hati
dent
it
yforr
eli
giousexpr
essi
oni
npubl
i
cli
fe.Key
wor
ds:
Ghana,
rel
i
gion,
Hij
ab,
fir
st
amendment
,est
abl
i
shmentcl
ause,
secul
ari
sm

1.I
ntr
oduct
ion
Ghanai
sst
il
li
nit
sfor
mat
ivey
ear
sasaconst
it
uti
onal
democr
acy
.Si
ncet
heFour
thRepubl
i
can
Const
it
uti
on(
“the1992Const
it
uti
on”
)camei
ntof
orceabout22y
ear
sago,
var
iousi
ssueshav
ebeen
shapi
ngupt
hecount
ry’
sdev
elopmenti
ntoamat
uredemocr
acy
.Inr
ecentt
imes,
oneofsuchi
ssueshas
beent
hepl
aceofr
eli
gioni
npubl
i
cli
fe.

Thet
ri
ggerf
ort
her
ecentr
eli
giouscont
rov
ersywast
her
egi
str
ati
onofJuni
orHi
ghSchool
student
sfor
t
he2015Basi
cEducat
ionCer
ti
fi
cat
eExami
nat
ions(
BECE)
.Ther
egi
str
ati
oni
sanannual
exer
cise
under
takenbyt
heWestAf
ri
canExami
nat
ionsCounci
l(WAEC)
,thebodyt
hatadmi
nist
erscer
ti
fi
cat
ion
exami
nat
ionsf
orpr
e-t
ert
iar
yst
udent
sinGhana(
Not
e1)
.The2015r
egi
str
ati
ondi
dnotpassof
fwi
thout
i
nci
dent
.TheWAECgui
del
i
nesf
ort
her
egi
str
ati
onsomehowgoti
nter
pret
edi
nsomeschool
sint
he
count
ryasr
equi
ri
ngMusl
i
m gi
rl
stor
emov
ethei
rvei
l
s(hi
“ j
ab”
),bef
oret
aki
ngpasspor
t-
sizepi
ctur
esf
or
t
hepr
ocess.Ther
eact
ionofsomel
eader
soft
heMusl
i
m communi
tywasf
ier
y:“
Wewantt
obeobedi
ent
t
oAl
l
ah.Wear
ethecust
odi
ansoft
hesegi
rl
s.Sowesay
,wear
enotgoi
ngt
oal
l
owany
bodyt
otr
ampl
e
onourr
ight
s.”(
myj
oyonl
i
ne.
com,
2015)
(Not
e2)
.

ThePr
esi
dentwadedi
nwhenhedel
i
ver
edt
he2015St
ateoft
heNat
ionAddr
esst
oPar
li
ament
.He
descr
ibedi
tas“
wrongunderourconst
it
uti
onf
orMusl
i
m st
udent
stobecompel
l
edt
oat
tendchur
ch
ser
vicesorf
orChr
ist
ianst
udent
stobecompel
l
edt
oat
tendMusl
i
m congr
egat
ional
pray
ers”(
Mahama,
2015)
.Andt
hat“
iti
sal
sowr
ongt
opr
eventMusl
i
m womenf
rom wear
ingt
he‘
hi
jab’
orNunsf
rom
wear
ingt
hei
rhabi
tst
owor
kort
oschool
”.Het
henwar
nedt
hat“
appr
opr
iat
esanct
ionswoul
dbet
aken
agai
nstanyheadsofi
nst
it
uti
onwhoactcont
rar
ytot
heconst
it
uti
onal
prov
isi
ons.
”(Mahama,
2015)

TheChr
ist
ianest
abl
i
shmentwhosemi
ssi
onschool
shav
eusual
l
ybeencaughtupi
ncompl
aint
sof
r
eli
giousdi
scr
imi
nat
iondi
dnott
akeki
ndl
ytot
hepr
esi
dent
ial
thr
eatofsanct
ions.TheCat
hol
i
cBi
shops’
Conf
erencewhi
chi
sthegov
erni
ngbodyoft
heCat
hol
i
cChur
chi
nGhana,
fori
nst
ance,
issueda
st
atementt
her
elev
antpar
tsofwhi
chwer
ethef
oll
owi
ng:

We,
themember
soft
heGhanaCat
hol
i
cBi
shops’
Conf
erencehav
efol
l
owedwi
thgr
ave
concer
nther
ecentdev
elopment
sinourdearnat
ionwi
thr
espectt
ocal
l
sforunr
egul
ated
r
eli
giouspr
act
icesi
nourschool
s.Wenot
e,i
npar
ti
cul
ar,
theunwar
rant
edt
hreat
sof
 sanct
ioncomi
ngf
rom Gov
ernmentci
rcl
es…Consequent
ly,
wewi
sht
oassur
eHeadsof
ourCat
hol
i
cEducat
ional
Inst
it
uti
onst
oremai
nresol
uteandnotf
eel
undul
yint
imi
dat
edby
t
hreatofsanct
ions.WeexpectourHeadst
ocont
inuet
omanageourschool
sinway
sand
pr
act
icest
hatar
einconf
ormi
tywi
thourCat
hol
i
cident
it
yandmi
ssi
on.(
Badu,
2015)

Wi
tht
his,
whatst
art
edasal
i
ttl
emi
sunder
standi
ngov
ert
her
egi
str
ati
onpr
ocessf
orschool
exami
nat
ionshadbl
ownupi
ntoat
urfwarbet
weent
heChr
ist
ianandMusl
i
m est
abl
i
shment
swi
th
Gov
ernmenti
nthemi
ddl
eofi
t(Akwei
teh,
2015)
.Apubl
i
cdebat
eont
heobser
vanceofr
eli
gious
pr
act
icesi
npubl
i
cli
feensued.Themai
nsubj
ect
sofdi
scussi
onwer
eschool
pray
eranddev
oti
onsas
wel
last
hewear
ingoft
hehi
j
abbyMusl
i
m woment
owor
kandschool
.Ul
ti
mat
ely
,thequest
iont
urnedon
whet
heral
lst
udent
s—r
egar
dlessoft
hei
rfai
th—hadt
oobser
vet
her
eli
giousmor
esof“
gov
ernment
subv
ent
edmi
ssi
onschool
s”i
ncl
udi
ngat
tendanceatgat
her
ingswher
ethepr
ayer
sorr
it
ual
soft
he
r
eli
giousmi
ssi
onsar
eobser
ved.

Wel
ookatt
hei
ssuef
rom abr
oaderper
spect
ive.Weconsi
derwhatoughtt
obet
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
ween
t
hest
ateandr
eli
gionunderaconst
it
uti
onal
democr
acy
.Thi
sisbecauser
eli
giousexpr
essi
oni
nschool
s
hasnotbeent
heonl
yissuet
hathasof
tenr
aisedt
hequest
ionofhowt
hest
ateoughtt
orel
atet
orel
i
gion
andt
her
eli
giousest
abl
i
shment
.Compl
aint
saboutpr
ayeratnat
ional
event
s,par
ti
cul
arl
y,t
heobser
vance
orexcl
usi
onoft
hepr
ayer
sofsomef
ait
hshas,
oft
en,
madei
ttot
hef
rontbur
nerofnat
ional
discour
se
(
Not
e3)
.Quest
ionshav
eal
sobeenr
aisedaboutgov
ernmentsponsor
shi
pofpi
l
gri
mages(
Yeboah,
2013;
Br
efo,
2013)andt
hedonat
ionofl
i
vest
ock,
dri
nksandev
encasht
osuppor
tthecel
ebr
ati
onofr
eli
gious
f
est
ival
s.Ther
eist
hent
heannual
onemont
hbanondr
ummi
ngandnoi
semaki
ngwhi
chpr
ecedest
he
cel
ebr
ati heHomowof
onoft est
ival
byt
heGat
radi
ti
onal
counci
l
s.Char
ismat
icChr
ist
iangr
oupst
hat
adoptdr
ummi
ng,
danci
ng,
loudsi
ngi
ngandpr
ayer
saspar
tofpar
toft
hei
rwor
shi
phav
elongbat
tl
edt
he
ban.Toav
ertt
heusual
viol
entconf
ront
ati
onst
hatat
tendedi
tsi
mposi
ti
on,
thegov
ernmenthassi
nce
2002puti
npl
aceasecur
it
ytaskf
orcet
omoni
tori
tsenf
orcement
.

I
sthest
ate,
toget
herwi
thi
tsi
nst
it
uti
ons,
for
biddenf
rom engagi
ngi
nsuchpr
act
ices?I
fnot
,towhat
ext
entmayt
hest
ater
elat
etor
eli
gionwi
thoutt
respassi
ngt
hel
i
mit
sofnon-
discr
imi
nat
ioni
nit
sdeal
i
ngs
wi
tht
her
eli
giousest
abl
i
shment
?Weexami
net
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
he1992Const
it
uti
ont
hatgov
ernt
he
r
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
hest
ateandr
eli
gion.Weat
temptt
oascer
tai
nwhet
hert
heConst
it
uti
onseekst
o
est
abl
i
shasecul
arsoci
etyal
ongt
hel
i
nesoft
heAmer
icanmodel
,orar
eli
giousl
ypl
ural
soci
etyi
nwhi
ch
caset
hest
atei
snotnecessar
il
yfor
biddenf
rom associ
ati
ngwi
thr
eli
gion.Wet
henconcl
udewi
thwhat
oughtt
obet
hewayf
orwar
dont
hespeci
fi
ccont
rov
ersi
esi
ncl
udi
ngschool
pray
er,
thewear
ingoft
he
hi
j
ab,
andt
heHomowobanondr
ummi
ngandnoi
semaki
ng.

2.TheSecul
ari
sm-
Plur
ali
sm Di
chot
omy
Aspr
evi
ousl
yhi
nted,
“secul
ari
sm”and“
rel
i
giouspl
ural
i
sm”donotmeant
hesamet
hing.I
tshoul
d
t
her
efor
ebehel
pful
att
hispoi
ntt
oat
temptanexpl
anat
ionoft
het
woconcept
s.Wedosobyi
l
lust
rat
ing
howt
heyar
erespect
ivel
yunder
stoodi
ntheUni
tedSt
atesandEur
ope.Theset
wor
egi
onsoft
hewor
ld
of
fert
hebest
-casest
udyont
hesubj
ectduet
othei
rnot
ori
oushi
stor
yasf
arast
hechur
ch-
stat
e
r
elat
ionshi
pisconcer
ned.

2.
1Amer
icanSecul
ari
sm
Ther
eli
gioncl
ausesoft
heFi
rstAmendmentt
otheUni
tedSt
atesConst
it
uti
onpr
ovi
det
hat“
Congr
ess
shal
lmakenol
awr
espect
inganest
abl
i
shmentofr
eli
gion,
orpr
ohi
bit
ingt
hef
reeexer
ciset
her
eof
”
(
Uni
tedSt
atesConst
it
uti
on,
AmendmentI
).Thef
ir
stpar
toft
hepr
ovi
sion(
i.
e.t
,heest
abl
i
shmentcl
ause)
hasbeensubj
ectt
otwopr
inci
pal
theor
iesofi
nter
pret
ati
on.Whathasbecomet
hedomi
nantt
heor
y(t
“he
separ
ati
stv
iew”
)post
ulat
esast
ri
ctsepar
ati
onbet
weent
hest
ateandr
eli
gion.I
tcal
l
sfort
hest
ri
ct
neut
ral
i
tyofgov
ernmenti
nal
lmat
ter
saf
fect
ingr
eli
gion.Thei
deai
sthatt
heconductofgov
ernment
must“
hav
eapr
imar
yef
fectt
hatnei
theradv
ancesnori
nhi
bit
srel
i
gion.
”(LemonvKur
tzman403U.
S.602,
612(
1971)
).So,
ithasf
ori
nst
ancebeenhel
dthat“
nei
therast
atenort
heFeder
alGov
ernmentcanset
upachur Ev
ch”( er
sonvBoar
dofEducat
ion330U.S.1,
15(
1947)
).That“
nei
thercanpassl
awswhi
ch
ai
doner
eli
gion,
aidal
lrel
i
gions,
orpr
eferoner
eli
gionov
eranot
her
”(Ev
ersonvBoar
dofEducat
ion,
at
15)
.That“
not
axi
nanyamount
,lar
georsmal
l
,canbel
evi
edt
osuppor
tanyr
eli
giousact
ivi
ti
esor
i
nst
it
uti
ons,
what
evert
heymaybecal
l
ed,
orwhat
everf
ormt
heymayadoptt
oteachorpr
act
icer
eli
gion”
Ev
( er
sonvBoar
dofEducat
ion,
at16)
.Andt
hat“
nei
therast
atenort
heFeder
alGov
ernmentcan,
openl
y
orsecr
etl
y,par
ti
ci
pat
eint
heaf
fai
rsofanyr
eli
giousor
gani
zat
ionsorgr
oupsandv
icev
er Ev
sa”( er
sonv
Boar
dofEducat
ion,
at16)
).

Theot
hert
heor
yist
hemi
nor
it
yvi
ewofnon-
pref
erent
ial
i
sm.Thi
svi
ewpost
ulat
est
hatt
heest
abl
i
shment
cl
auseoft
heFi
rstAmendmentwasi
ntendedmer
elyt
opr
event“
theest
abl
i
shmentofanat
ional
chur
ch
orr
eli
gion,
ort
hegi
vi
ngofanyr
eli
gioussectordenomi
nat
ionapr
efer
redst
atus”(
Cor
d,1982,
p.15;
Sul
l
ivan&Gunt
her
,2010,
pp.1277-
78)
.Iti
sthenconcl
udedt
hatt
hegov
ernmentmay“
suppor
trel
i
gioni
n
gener
alsol
ongasi
tdoesnotpr
eferoner
eli
gionov
ert
heot
her
”(Sul
l
ivan&Gunt
her
,2010,
p.1278)
.The
t
wov
iewsont
hei
nter
pret
ati
onoft
heFi
rstAmendmentr
espect
ivel
yil
l
ust
rat
ethecont
rastbet
ween
secul
ari
sm andpl
ural
i
sm.Whi
l
esecul
ari
sm commandsadi
vor
ceoft
hest
ateandr
eli
gion,
plur
ali
sm
encour
agesamar
ri
ageofconv
eni
encei
nwhi
cht
hest
atei
sexpect
edt
orel
atet
oal
lrel
i
gionsi
naf
air
andnon-
discr
imi
nat
orymanner
.

I
nspi
teoft
hedomi
nanceoft
hesepar
ati
stv
iewt
oday
,iti
sinst
ruct
ivet
onot
ethatt
heUni
tedSt
ateshas
notal
way
sbeent
hissecul
ar.I
ndeed,
int
heear
lyday
soft
heAmer
icanRepubl
i
c,t
heunder
standi
ng
appear
edt
obet
hatanon-
pref
erent
ial
i
str
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
hegov
ernmentandr
eli
gionwasnota
v
iol
ati
onoft
heFi
rstAmendment
.Pr
act
icesofgov
ernmentcont
empor
aneouswi
th,
andi
nthei
mmedi
ate
af
ter
mat
hof
,theadopt
ionoft
heFi
rstAmendmentconf
ir
mthi
sobser
vat
ion.Fori
nst
ance,
almostal
lthe
ear
lyPr
esi
dent
smadepr
ayerpar
toft
hei
rof
fi
cial
inaugur
alcer
emoni
es(
Scal
i nLeevWei
aJi sman,
505
U.S.577,
633(
1992)
).Sessi
onsofCongr
ess,
begi
nni
ngwi
tht
heFi
rstCongr
ess,
hav
eal
way
sbeen
openedwi
thpr
ayer
sbyachapl
ain(
Scal
i nLeevWei
aJi sman,
at633)
.Asamat
teroff
act
,thedayaf
ter
t
heFi
rstAmendmentwaspr
oposed,
Congr
ess“
urgedPr
esi
dentWashi
ngt
ont
opr
ocl
aim adayofpubl
i
c
t
hanksgi
vi
ngandpr
ayer
,tobeobser
vedbyacknowl
edgi
ngwi
thgr
atef
ulhear
tst
hemanyandsi
gnal
f
avor
sofAl
might
yGod”(
Scal
i nLeevWei
aJi sman,
at634-
635)
.Now,
theThanksgi
vi
ngHol
i
dayhas
becomepar
tofAmer
icansecul
arcul
tur
e.But
,inf
act
,wheni
twasf
ir
stpr
ocl
aimedbyPr
esi
dent
Washi
ngt
on,
itwasmeantas“
adayoft
hanksgi
vi
ngt
oof
ferpr
ayer
sandsuppl
i
cat
ionst
otheGr
eatLor
d
andRul
erofNat
ions,
andbeseechhi
mtopar
don[
Amer
ica’
s]nat
ional
andot
hert
ransgr
essi
ons.
”(Scal
i
a
nLeevWei
Ji sman,
at634-
635)
.

Not
wit
hst
andi
ngt
hesehi
stor
ical
piecesofev
idence,
theU.
S.Supr
emeCour
thasov
ert
hey
ear
sadopt
ed
t
hesecul
ar(
“separ
ati
st”
)int
erpr
etat
ionoft
heFi
rstAmendment
.Ithasbannedanumberofpr
act
ices
whi
chwer
eformanyy
ear
sconsi
der
edaspar
tofAmer
icancul
tur
eandi
nnocuousundert
he
Est
abl
i
shmentCl
ause.Wi
thi
nthepubl
i
cschool
set
ti
ng,
ithasbannedof
fi
cial
l
ysanct
ionedpr
ayer
s
EngelvVi
( tal
e370U.
S.421(
1962)
),scr
ipt
urer
eadi Abi
ng( ngt
onSchoolDi
str
ictvSchempp,
374U.
S.203
(
1963)
)andmedi
tat
ionofanyki Wal
nd( l
acevJaf
ree472U.
S.38(
1985)
).I
thaspr
ohi
bit
ednon-
denomi
nat
ional
pray
ersatpubl
i
chi
ghschool
graduat
i LeevWei
ons( sman505U.
S.577(
1992)
),
out
lawedt
hest
udyofcr
eat
ionsci Edwar
ence( dsvAgui
l
lar
d482U.
S.578(
1987)
)anddecl
aredas
unconst
it
uti
onal
inscr
ipt
ionsofanyoft
heTenCommandment
sont
hewal
l
sofcour
t McCr
houses( ear
y
Count
yvACLUofKent
ucky125S.
Ct.2722(
2005)
).

Thi
spost
uri
ngoft
heCour
ttot
heFi
rstAmendmentmayl
eadonet
owonderwhet
heri
tisnotpr
omot
ing
i
rr
eli
gionandat
hei
sm att
heexpenseofr
eli
gion(
seeeg.
,Scal
i nMcCr
aJi ear
yCount
yvACLUof
Kent
ucky
,at2758).I
fthi
sist
hecase,
asi
tindeedappear
stobe,
thent
hesev
eryopi
nionsoft
heCour
t
v
iol
atest
ri
ctneut
ral
i
tywhi
chi
sthef
oundat
ionofsepar
ati
sm orsecul
ari
sm.Thi
sisbecausebypushi
ng
r
eli
gionoutoft
hepubl
i
cspace,
oneendsuppr
omot
ingi
rr
eli
gionandat
hei
sm,
whi
char
ebel
i
efsand
wor
ldv
iewsal
ter
nat
ivet
orel
i
gion.Ther
efor
eitwoul
dappeart
hatpushi
ngonesetofbel
i
efsy
stem outof
t
hepubl
i
cspacei
snotnecessar
il
yther
ightst
rat
egyf
ormanagi
ngt
hechur
ch-
stat
erel
ati
onshi
p.
Per
hapst
hebet
terappr
oachi
stodev
elopanequi
tabl
eandnon-
discr
imi
nat
oryr
elat
ionshi
pwi
thr
eli
gion.
Thi
sbr
ingsust
otheEur
opeanappr
oacht
ochur
ch-
stat
eint
eract
ion.

2.
2Eur
ope’
sRel
i
giousPl
ural
i
sm

Eur
opei
sbyf
art
her
egi
onoft
hewor
ldt
hathasbeent
hewor
stv
ict
im oft
heat
roci
ti
esofwar
,human
suf
fer
ingandabuses.Themanyr
eli
giouswar
sincl
udi
ng“
TheThi
rt
yYear
sWar
”thatendedwi
tht
he
1648Tr
eat
yofWest
phal
i
acomet
omi
nd.I
nmoder
nhi
stor
y,Eur
opehasbeent
het
heat
eroft
het
wo
Wor
ldWar
s.Butaf
tert
heSecondWor
ldWar(
preci
sel
yin1949)
,Eur
opeanst
atescamet
oget
hert
ofor
m
t
heCounci
lofEur
opeanor
gani
zat
iondesi
gnedasav
ehi
clef
orEur
opeancooper
ati
oni
nthef
iel
dsof
humanr
ight
s,t
her
uleofl
aw,
anddemocr
acy(
Not
e4)
.Bydeepeni
ngr
espectf
orhumanr
ight
sandt
he
r
uleofl
aw,
theCounci
lwoul
dhav
ebeeni
nst
rument
ali
nst
emmi
ngt
het
ideofanyf
urt
herdest
ruct
ion
andhumansuf
fer
ingsi
mil
art
owhatEur
opehadexper
iencedi
nthepast
—hencei
tsest
abl
i
shment
.

Wi
thi
nthef
ramewor
koft
heCounci
lofEur
ope,
theConv
ent
ionf
ort
hePr
otect
ionofHumanRi
ght
sand
Fundament
alFr
eedoms1950wasadopt
ed.Ar
ti
cle9oft
heConv
ent
ionguar
ant
eest
hef
reedom of
r
eli
gion.Ther
elev
antpor
ti
onoft
hear
ti
clest
ates:
“Ev
ery
onehast
her
ightt
ofr
eedom oft
hought
,
consci
enceandr
eli
gi t
on;hi
sri
ghti
ncl
udesf
reedom t
ochangehi
srel
i
gionorbel
i
efandf
reedom,
eit
her
al
oneori
ncommuni
tywi
thot
her
sandi
npubl
i
corpr
ivat
e,t
omani
festhi
srel
i
gionorbel
i
ef,
inwor
shi
p,
t
eachi
ng,
pract
iceandobser
vance”(
emphasi
sadded)
.

TheEur
opeanCour
tofHumanRi
ght
s,t
hej
udi
cial
bodychar
gedwi
tht
hei
nter
pret
ati
onoft
heConv
ent
ion
hasi
nter
pret
edt
hispr
ovi
siont
oincl
udeanegat
iver
ightoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
tor
esi
stanyf
orm ofr
eli
gious
i
ndoct
ri
nat
i Kokki
on( naki
svGr
eece,
No.14307/
88ECHR1995,
par
a.31)
.TheCour
thashowev
er
decl
i
nedt
hei
nvi
tat
iont
o“secul
ari
zeEur
ope”i
ntheAmer
icanunder
standi
ngoft
het
erm.Themost
r
ecentcaseont
hispoi sLaut
nti siandOt
her
sv.I
tal
y[GC]
,No.30814/
06ECHR2011(
“theCr
uci
fi
xCase”
).
Theappl
i
cant
sint
heCr
uci
fi
xcasecompl
ainedt
hatt
hepr
act
icewher
ebypubl
i
cschool
sinI
tal
ywer
e
 r
equi
redt
ohangcr
uci
fi
xesi
nthecl
assr
oom v
iol
atedt
hepr
inci
pleofsecul
ari
sm.Accor
dingt
othem,
secul
ari
sm r
equi
redt
he“
Stat
etoest
abl
i
shaneut
ral
spacewi
thi
nwhi
chev
ery
onecoul
dfr
eel
yli
ve
accor
dingt
ohi
sownbel
i
efs”
,howev
er“
byi
mposi
ngr
eli
gioussy
mbol
s,namel
ycr
uci
fi
xes,
incl
assr
ooms,
t
heI
tal
i
anSt
atewasdoi
ngt
heopposi
t Laut
e”( sivI
tal
y,par
a.44)
.

I
tal
yandi
tssuppor
tngami
i cicur
iaear
guedt
hat
,onat
ruei
nter
pret
ati
onoft
heConv
ent
ion,
stat
epar
ti
es
di
dnothav
eanobl
i
gat
iont
opr
omot
esecul
ari
sm.Thi
sar
gumentwasanchor
edont
womai
ngr
ounds.
Thef
ir
stwast
hatsi
ncest
ri
ctneut
ral
i
tyi
sthepi
votar
oundwhi
chsecul
ari
sm r
evol
ves,
itwoul
drequi
re
st
atepar
ti
est
oref
rai
nfr
om pr
omot
ingnotonl
yapar
ti
cul
arr
eli
gionbutal
soat
hei
sm.Butgi
vent
hat
at
hei
sm i
sanal
ter
nat
ivewor
ldv
iewt
orel
i
gion,
thepr
omot
ionofsecul
ari
sm byt
hest
atewoul
dbeno
l
esspr
obl
emat
ict
hanr
eli
giousi
ndoct
ri
nat
ionbyt
hest
ate.Thesecondar
gumentwas,
that“
stat
es
shoul
dnothav
etodi
vestt
hemsel
vesofpar
toft
hei
rcul
tur
ali
dent
it
ysi
mpl
ybecauset
hati
dent
it
ywasof
r
eli
giousor
igi Laut
n”( sivI
tal
y,par
a.44)
.Consequent
ly,
themer
efactt
hatt
heCr
uci
fi
xisar
eli
gious
sy
mbol
didnotmeant
hatt
heage-
oldI
tal
i
ancul
tur
eofhangi
ngi
tincl
assr
oomsandot
herpubl
i
cpl
aces
shoul
dbedi
scont
inued.

TheCour
tpr
efer
redt
hear
gument
soft
heSt
ateofI
tal
yandaccor
dingl
yhel
dthathangi
ngcr
uci
fi
xesi
n
t
hecl
assr
oomsofpubl
i
cschool
s,wi
thoutmor
e,di
dnoti
nfr
inget
her
ight
soft
heappl
i
cant
sandt
hei
r
chi
l
drent
opr
act
icet
hei
rconv
ict
ionswhet
herr
eli
giousori
rr
eli
gious.Concur
ri
ngwi
tht
heopi
nionoft
he
Cour
t,JudgeAnnePowerobser
vedt
hatt
heappl
i
cant“
mayhav
etakenof
fenceatt
hepr
esenceofa
cr
uci
fi
xincl
assr
oomsbutt
heexi
stenceofar
ight‘
nott
obeof
fended’
hasnev
erbeenr
ecogni
zedwi
thi
n
t
heConv
ent
i Laut
on”( sivI
tal
y,p.
109)
.Forher
,ther
equi
rementt
hatast
atemustbeneut
ral
whenf
aced
wi
thcompet
ingr
eli
giousv
iewpoi
nts“
requi
redapl
ural
i
stappr
oachont
hepar
toft
heSt
ate,
nota
secul
ari Laut
stone”( sivI
tal
y,p.
110)
.Theai
m mustbet
oencour
age“
respectf
oral
lwor
ldv
iewsr
ather
t
hanapr
efer
encef Laut
orone”( sivI
tal
y,p.
110)
.Accor
dingl
y,shehel
dthat“
secul
ari
sm (
whi
chwast
he
appl
i
cant
’spr
efer
redbel
i
eforwor
ldv
iew)was,
ini
tsel
f,onei
deol
ogyamongot
her
s”andso“
[a]
pr
efer
encef
orsecul
ari
sm ov
eral
ter
nat
ivewor
ldv
iews—whet
herr
eli
gious,
phi
l
osophi
cal
orot
her
wise—i
s
notaneut
ral
opt
ion”
(Laut
sivI
tal
y,p.
110)
.

Eur
opehas,
ther
efor
e,chosenadi
ff
erentpat
hasf
arast
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
hest
ateandr
eli
gioni
s
concer
ned.TheCour
thasbeencar
eful
nott
o“amer
icani
ze”Eur
opebyy
anki
ngr
eli
gionoutoft
hepubl
i
c
spher
eandt
her
ebycr
eat
inganaut
omat
icv
oidf
ori
rr
eli
gionorat
hei
sm t
ofi
l
l.I
ndi
vi
dual
Eur
opeanst
ates
hav
ebeenal
l
owedsomer
easonabl
elat
it
udet
odef
inet
hei
rrel
i
giousi
dent
it
yinamannerconsi
stentwi
th
t
hehi
stor
yandt
radi
ti
onsoft
hei
rsoci
eti
es.Thus,
incont
rastt
oot
herEur
opeanst
ates,
France,
for
i
nst
ance,
oper
atesast
ri
ctsecul
ari
stpol
i
cy—t
heLaï
cit
é.Butont
hewhol
e,t
hepr
eval
entv
iew,
asgl
eaned
f
rom t
heSt
rasbour
gjur
ispr
udence,
isr
eli
giouspl
ural
i
sm whi
chr
equi
rest
hest
atet
omai
ntai
naf
airand
non-
discr
imi
nat
oryr
elat
ionshi
pwi
thal
lrel
i
gionsorwor
ldv
iews.

3.Whati
stheGhanai
anPosi
ti
on?Secul
ari
sm orPl
ural
i
sm?
Ar
ti
cle21(
a)and(
c)oft
he1992Const
it
uti
onpr
ovi
der
espect
ivel
ythat“
all
per
sonsshal
lhav
ether
ightt
o:
f
reedom oft
hought
,consci
enceandbel
i
ef,
whi
chshal
li
ncl
udeacademi
cfr
eedom and[
the]f
reedom t
o
pr
act
iseanyr
eli
gionandt
omani
festsuchpr
act
ice”
.Thi
sri
ghtt
opr
act
iceanyr
eli
gionandt
omani
fest
suchpr
act
icei
srei
ter
atedi
nar
ti
cle26oft
heConst
it
uti
on.I
nar
ti
cle17,
discr
imi
nat
ionofal
lfor
ms
i
ncl
udi
ngdi
scr
imi
nat
ionongr
oundsofr
eli
gioni
spr
ohi
bit
ed.Ar
ti
cle35i
mposesont
hest
ateaposi
ti
ve
obl
i
gat
iont
o“act
ivel
ypr
omot
ethei
ntegr
ati
onoft
hepeopl
esofGhanaandpr
ohi
bitdi
scr
imi
nat
ionand
pr
ejudi
ceont
hegr
oundsofpl
aceofor
igi
n,ci
rcumst
ancesofbi
rt
h,et
hni
cor
igi
n,genderorr
eli
gion,
cr
eedorot
herbel
i
efs”(
emphasi
sadded)
.

Cont
rov
ersi
esr
egar
dingt
hemeani
ngofanypr
ovi
sionoft
heConst
it
uti
onar
eresol
vedbyt
heSupr
eme
Cour
twhi
chdoubl
esast
hef
inal
appel
l
atecour
tandt
heconst
it
uti
onal
cour
t(1992Const
it
uti
on,
art
s.2
and130)
.Ev
ent
hought
heSupr
emeCour
thasnoty
etgi
venanopi
nionont
he“
rel
i
gioncl
auses”oft
he
1992Const
it
uti
on,
itcanbesaf
elyconcl
udedt
hatt
hecombi
nedef
fectoft
hosecl
ausesenv
isages
“
rel
i
giouspl
ural
i
sm”asopposedt
osecul
ari
sm f
orGhana.Twor
easonssuppor
tthi
sconcl
usi
on.Fi
rst
,a
l
ookatar
ti
cl
e33( heDi
undert rect
ivePr
inci
plesofSt
atePol
i
cyi
nChapt
erSi
x),
rev
eal
sthatt
he
Const
it
uti
onl
eanst
owar
dsar
eli
giousl
ypl
ural
soci
ety
.Asal
readynot
ed,
art
icl
e35i
mposesont
hest
ate
aposi
ti
veobl
i
gat
i oact
ont ivel
yint
egr
atet
hepeopl
eofGhanabybr
idgi
ngsoci
etal
dif
fer
ences,
incl
udi
ng
r
eli
giousones.Thi
sdut
ycannotbecar
ri
edoutwi
tht
hest
atest
andi
ngal
oof
.Itwoul
dinv
olv
ethest
ate
hav
ingt
odev
elopsomer
elat
ionshi
pwi
thv
ari
ousi
nst
it
uti
onsi
ncl
udi
ngt
her
eli
giousest
abl
i
shment
.Thus,
apl
ural
i
sti
cappr
oachwher
ebyt
hest
ater
espect
sal
lrel
i
gionsandwor
ldv
iews,
andr
elat
est
osect
sand
denomi
nat
ionsont
hebasi
soff
air
nessandnon-
discr
imi
nat
ioni
sar
eadi
ngt
hatbestcompor
tswi
tht
he
pr
ovi
sion.

Secondl
y,“
awr
it
tenConst
it
uti
onsuchasour
sisnotanor
dinar
yActofPar
li
ament
”(Tuf
fourv
.At
tor
ney
-
Gener
al[
1980]GLR637,
647)
.“I
tembodi
est
hewi
l
lof[
the]peopl
e”;
it“
mir
ror
sthei
rhi
stor
y”;
and
“
cont
ainswi
thi
nitt
hei
raspi
rat
ionsandt
hei
rhopesf
orabet
terandf
ull
erl
i
fe.
”(Tuf
fourv
.At
tor
ney
-
Gener
al,
at647)
.Accor
dingl
y,onecan,
fori
nst
ance,
noti
gnor
ethepr
eambl
etot
heConst
it
uti
onwhi
chi
s
mor
eorl
essawi
ndowt
oit
sspi
ri
t(Not
e5)
.Thepr
eambl
etot
he1992Const
it
uti
onopenswi
tht
hewor
ds:
“
Int
heNameoft
heAl
might
yGodWet
hePeopl
eofGhana.
”Thoughi
tist
echni
cal
l
ynotpar
toft
he
Const
it
uti
on,
thepr
eambl
eexpr
essest
hev
alues,
ideal
sandaspi
rat
ionsuponwhi
cht
heConst
it
uti
oni
s
est
abl
i
shed.I
tser
vesasani
mpor
tantt
ool
fori
nter
pret
ingandgi
vi
ngef
fectt
othepr
ovi
sionsoft
he
Const
it
uti
on.So,
foral
li
ntent
sandpur
poses,
thepr
eambl
eisani
ntegr
alpar
toft
heConst
it
uti
on.I
nthi
s
r
egar
d,t
heopeni
ngwor
dsoft
hepr
eambl
etot
he1992Const
it
uti
oncannotbet
akenf
orgr
ant
ed.They
r
efl
ectt
heki
ndofsoci
etyt
hepeopl
eofGhanawi
sht
oest
abl
i
shf
ort
hemsel
ves.Fr
om al
li
ndi
cat
ions
t
hatsoci
etyi
sonei
nwhi
cht
hepeopl
eofGhanawantt
hebel
i
efi
nGodt
obeapar
tof
.Int
hef
aceoft
his,
onewi
l
lhav
eat
all
ordermount
ingacount
erar
gumentt
hatt
heConst
it
uti
onenv
isagesasecul
arsoci
ety
i
nwhi
cht
hepubl
i
cexpr
essi
onofr
eli
gionorbel
i
efi
nGodi
sfr
ownedon.

I
nanycase,
bel
i
efi
nGodandi
tsmani
fest
ati
oni
npubl
i
cli
fehasl
ongbeenpar
toft
hecul
tur
eand
t
radi
ti
onsoft
hepeopl
eofGhana(
Abot
chi
e,2006,
p.170)Asamat
teroff
act
,hi
stor
ical
l
y,t
heGhanai
an
chi
efort
radi
ti
onal
rul
erwasnotonl
yanadmi
nist
rat
orormi
l
itar
yleaderbutal
sot
he“
chi
efpr
iest
”ofhi
s
peopl
e.I
nthatr
ole“
heof
fer
edpr
ayer
sfort
hepr
osper
it
yoft
hecommuni
ty”atpubl
i
cfunct
ions
(
Brempong,
2001,
p.2)
.Thi
siswhypr
ayer
sar
esai
datnat
ional
orpubl
i
cev
ent
sti
l
lnow.Accor
dingl
y,i
n
Ghana,
thequest
ioni
snotwhet
hert
her
eoughtt
obesomer
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
hest
ateandr
eli
gion.
Rat
her
,iti
swhatshoul
dbet
henat
ureandext
entofsuchar
elat
ionshi
p.Li
keEur
ope,
onecanpossi
bly
notanni
hil
ateanaspectofGhanai
anpubl
i
corcul
tur
all
i
femer
elybecausei
tisr
eli
giousi
nchar
act
er.
Ghana’
sappr
oacht
othechur
ch-
stat
erel
ati
onshi
pis,
ther
efor
e,mor
eint
unewi
tht
heEur
opeanmodel
.
 Amer
icansecul
ari
sm asev
idencedbyt
heSupr
emeCour
t’
sFi
rstAmendmentj
uri
spr
udencewi
l
l,i
nmany
r
espect
s,notsi
twel
lwi
thi
ntheGhanai
anconst
it
uti
onal
andcul
tur
alsetup.

4.Deal
i
ngwi
thSpeci
fi
cCasesofCont
rov
ersy
Byouranal
ysi
s,Ghanai
sar
eli
giousl
ypl
ural
stat
e,notasecul
arone.Thel
egal
eff
ectoft
hisl
abel
ist
hat
r
eli
gionhasapl
acei
npubl
i
cli
fe.Butt
hen,
towhatext
ent
?Andwhatanswer
sdoesr
eli
giouspl
ural
i
sm
pr
ovi
det
othespeci
fi
ccont
rov
ersi
esl
i
keschool
pray
er,
thewear
ingoft
hehi
j
aborgov
ernment
sponsor
shi
pofpi
l
gri
magesi
dent
if
iedatt
heout
setoft
hisar
ti
cle?Wenowexami
net
hesequest
ions.

4.
1Pr
ayeratNat
ionalEv
ent
sandGov
ernmentSponsor
shi
pofRel
i
giousAct
ivi
ti
es

TheConst
it
uti
onf
rownsondi
scr
imi
nat
ionofal
lfor
msi
ncl
udi
ngdi
scr
imi
nat
ionongr
oundsofr
eli
gion
(
1992Const
it
uti
on,
art
.17)
.Thest
atecant
her
efor
enotdi
scr
imi
nat
eagai
nstar
eli
giousdenomi
nat
ioni
n
i
tsdeal
i
ngs.Al
lshadesofr
eli
giousopi
nionmustbegi
venequal
repr
esent
ati
oni
npubl
i
cli
fe.Thus,
asf
ar
aspr
ayer
satpubl
i
cfunct
ionsar
econcer
ned,
itwoul
dappeart
hati
fthepr
ayerofapar
ti
cul
arf
ait
his
consi
stent
lygi
venpr
omi
nenceandv
isi
bil
i
tyt
otheexcl
usi
onofot
her
s,t
her
ecoul
dbeav
ali
dchar
geof
di
scr
imi
nat
ionandunf
airt
reat
ment
.Inv
iewoft
her
eli
giousl
ypl
ural
soci
etyt
hatt
heConst
it
uti
on
env
isages,
thebestwayt
ogomi
ghtbet
oinst
it
utenon-
denomi
nat
ional
pray
ersf
orst
atef
unct
ions.A
goodmodel
tof
oll
ow,
int
hisr
egar
d,i
sthepr
ayert
hati
sreadbyt
heSpeakert
ocommencebusi
nessi
n
Par
li
ament
.(Not
e6)Thatpr
ayermakesgener
alr
efer
encest
oGodwi
thouti
dent
if
yingwi
thanypar
ti
cul
ar
r
eli
giousordenomi
nat
ional
creed.Thei
nst
it
uti
onofasi
mil
arpr
ayerf
ornat
ional
funct
ionsand
cer
emoni
eswi
l
lremov
eanysenseofexcl
usi
onandhopef
ull
ypr
omot
euni
tyandt
oler
ance.

Regar
dingt
hepr
esent
ati
onofcash,
dri
nksandot
heri
temsbyt
heGov
ernmentt
osuppor
trel
i
gious
f
est
ivi
ti
es,
thepr
act
icemustbedi
scont
inuedunl
essi
tcanbeequi
tabl
yext
endedt
oal
ldenomi
nat
ions.
Byt
hesamepar
it
yofr
easoni
ng,
gov
ernmentf
inanci
alsuppor
tforpi
l
gri
magesmustal
sobe
di
scont
inuedunl
esssuchsuppor
tcanbemadeav
ail
abl
etopi
l
gri
msofal
lrel
i
gions.I
twi
l
lnotbef
airf
or
t
hest
atet
osuppor
tsomer
eli
giousdenomi
nat
ions,
wit
houtsuppor
ti
ngot
her
s.Buti
nanycase,
consi
der
ingt
hati
twoul
dbei
mpossi
blet
ogi
vef
inanci
alsuppor
ttoev
eryr
eli
giousdenomi
nat
ion,
the
l
ogi
cal
concl
usi
onmustbet
hatnoneshoul
dbegi
vent
oany
.Rel
i
giouspl
ural
i
sm denot
esar
elat
ionshi
p
wher
ebyt
hest
ateequal
l
yrel
ateswi
th,
andaccommodat
esal
lbel
i
efswi
thi
nthepubl
i
cspace.That
r
elat
ionshi
pcanhowev
ernotbest
ret
chedt
ocov
ergov
ernmentf
undi
ngormat
eri
alsuppor
tforpr
ivat
e
r
eli
giousact
ivi
ty.Becauset
het
empt
ati
onofpr
efer
ent
ial
i
sm woul
dbei
rr
esi
sti
blei
nsuchcases,
the
pr
act
icemustbeav
oidedal
toget
her
.

Consequent
ly,
onecannotescapet
heconcl
usi
ont
hatt
hechur
ch-
stat
erel
ati
onshi
penv
isagedbyt
he
Const
it
uti
oni
sonet
hati
smeantt
obewi
thi
ntheconf
inesofgov
ernment
’st
radi
ti
onal
wel
far
efunct
ions.
Gov
ernmentsuppor
tformi
ssi
onschool
sorhospi
tal
sthatar
eopent
oal
lmember
soft
hepubl
i
cwoul
d,
f
ori
nst
ance,
bewel
lwi
thi
nthel
i
mit
sofpl
ural
i
sm.Sowoul
dgov
ernmentcol
l
abor
ati
onwi
thchur
ches,
mosquesorot
herf
ait
h-basedor
gani
zat
ionst
orest
orepeacei
nconf
li
ctar
eas,
topr
ovi
der
eli
eft
ovi
cti
ms
ofhumani
tar
iancr
ises,
ort
ogener
all
ydev
elopandi
mpl
ementcommuni
tybaseddev
elopmentpr
oject
s.
Asf
arast
hesear
econcer
ned,
ther
ecanhar
dlybeachar
geofgov
ernmentov
er-
indul
gencei
nrel
i
gion.
Any
thi
ngbey
ondt
hesewoul
d,v
eryl
i
kel
y,bor
deronunconst
it
uti
onal
i
ty.
4.
2Pr
ayer
,Dev
oti
onandOt
herRel
i
giousObser
vancesi
nSchool
s

Hav
ingest
abl
i
shedt
hepr
emi
set
hatt
he1992Const
it
uti
onenv
isagesar
eli
giousl
ypl
ural
soci
etyandnot
asecul
arone,
wecansaf
elypost
ulat
ethatpr
ayer
sandot
herr
eli
giousobser
vancesi
nschool
sar
enot
necessar
il
ycont
rar
ytot
heConst
it
uti
on.Theycannotbebannedent
ir
ely
.Todosowi
l
lbet
oimpose
at
hei
sm ori
rr
eli
giononev
ery
onei
ntheschool
set
ti
ng.I
tfol
l
owst
her
efor
ethatt
hesol
uti
ont
othe
st
andof
fbet
weent
heChr
ist
ianmi
ssi
onschool
s,t
heMusl
i
m communi
tyandt
heGov
ernmentdoesnot
l
i
einbanni
ngpr
ayer
sandr
eli
giousobser
vancesi
nschool
s.Rat
her
,ther
emustbear
egi
met
hatensur
es
f
air
nessandr
espectf
oral
lfai
thsandr
eli
giousper
suasi
onsi
ntheschool
set
ti
ng.

Wesuggestt
hati
ndeal
i
ngwi
tht
hepr
obl
em,
whatwet
erm“
rel
i
giousr
it
ual
s”mustbedi
sti
ngui
shedf
rom
“
school
gat
her
ingsatwhi
chr
eli
giouspr
act
icesar
eobser
ved”
.By“
rel
i
giousr
it
ual
s”wer
efert
othose
speci
alcer
emoni
es,
wor
shi
pser
vicesorgat
her
ingswhi
char
ecommandedbyt
hepr
ecept
sofa
par
ti
cul
arr
eli
giousdenomi
nat
ionandatwhi
cht
hepr
ayer
s,doct
ri
nes,
andot
herpr
act
icesoft
he
denomi
nat
ionar
eobser
vedorpr
opagat
ed.Byt
hisr
easoni
ngweconsi
dert
hatt
her
ightofast
udenti
na
publ
i
cschool
orgov
ernmentsubv
ent
edmi
ssi
onschool
isi
nfr
ingedi
fhei
scompel
l
edagai
nsthi
swi
l
lto,
say
,at
tendaCat
hol
i
cMass,
achar
ismat
icv
igi
lser
vice,
oraFr
idayMusl
i
m pr
ayer
.Thi
sispar
ti
cul
arl
yso
i
fthest
udentdoesnotsubscr
ibet
other
eli
giousper
suasi
onoft
heschool
aut
hor
it
ies,
orhasnot
pr
evi
ousl
yconsent
edt
oat
tendi
ngt
her
it
ual
inquest
ionaspar
tofhi
sschool
trai
ning.Suchmandat
ory
r
it
ual
sar
eobj
ect
ionabl
ebecauset
heycr
eat
etheav
enuef
orf
orcedi
ndoct
ri
nat
ionwhi
chev
ery
onei
s
ent
it
ledt
oresi Kokki
st( naki
svGr
eece,
No.14307/
88ECHR1995,
par
a.31)
.Aspr
act
ical
wayout
,school
aut
hor
it
iescoul
dal
l
owonl
ythosest
udent
swhoar
ewi
l
li
ngt
oat
tendt
her
it
ual
s.Thosewhoobj
ectmay
bemadet
ohav
ethei
rowndev
oti
onsundert
hegui
danceoft
heschool
aut
hor
it
ies,
orber
equi
redt
o
under
takesuper
visedper
sonal
studi
esf
ort
hedur
ati
onoft
her
it
ual
.

Ont
hecont
rar
y,wedonotconsi
dert
hat“
school
gat
her
ingsatwhi
chr
eli
giouspr
act
icesar
eobser
ved”
ar
eobj
ect
ionabl
eperseornecessar
il
yinconf
li
ctwi
tht
her
ightofast
udentt
osubscr
ibet
o,andexer
cise,
ar
eli
gionofhi
schoi
ce.Ev
ent
sthatwi
l
lgener
all
ycomewi
thi
nthi
scat
egor
yincl
udemor
ningassembl
i
es,
gr
aduat
ioncer
emoni
es,
speechandpr
izegi
vi
ngday
s,andschool
anni
ver
sar
ies.Thesear
eschool
gat
her
ingsmeantf
orev
ery
one.Theyar
enotr
it
ual
sofaanypar
ti
cul
ardenomi
nat
ion.Theyser
ve
si
gni
fi
canteducat
ional
andsoci
ologi
cal
pur
poses,
andar
enoti
nher
ent
lyr
eli
giousormeantt
obe.To
t
hisend,
ast
udentshoul
dnotnecessar
il
ybeexcusedf
rom suchagat
her
ingmer
elybecauseapr
ayer
,or
ar
eli
giouspr
act
icehedoesnotsubscr
ibet
o,i
sobser
vedaspar
toft
hegat
her
ing.Asment
ionedear
li
er,
pr
ayer
sfor
m ani
ntegr
alpar
toft
heGhanai
ancul
tur
e.Ther
efor
e,l
i
ket
heEur
opeanCour
tofHuman
Ri
ght
sendor
sedi
ntheCr
uci
fi
xcase,
Ghanai
ansdonothav
etodi
vestt
hemsel
vesofapar
ti
cul
arpar
tof
t
hei
r“cul
tur
ali
dent
it
ysi
mpl
ybecauset
hati
dent
it
y[i
s]ofr
eli
giousor
igi
n”.I
nadv
anci
ngt
hisv
iew,
wear
e
notobl
i
vioust
othef
actt
hati
nev
eryhumancommuni
tyi
ncl
udi
ngaschool
,ther
eisl
i
kel
ytobea
domi
nantr
eli
giouscul
tur
eandmi
nor
it
yones.I
nthegr
eat
ernumberofcases,
iti
sthepr
ayerorot
her
r
eli
giouspr
act
iceoft
hemaj
ori
tyt
hatmaybeobser
vedatsoci
algat
her
ings.Thatt
hepr
ayer
sandot
her
r
eli
giouspr
act
icesoft
hemaj
ori
tydomi
nat
ethepubl
i
csquar
edoesnotnecessar
il
ymeant
hatmi
nor
it
y
r
eli
giousv
iewsar
ebei
ngsuppr
essed.Sol
ongast
hemi
nor
it
yrel
i
giouscul
tur
eist
oler
ated,
andi
ts
member
sar
enotcompel
l
edt
oobser
vet
hepr
ayer
sandr
it
ual
soft
hemaj
ori
tyatsuchpubl
i
cgat
her
ings
t
her
eshoul
dbenocausef
oral
arm.
Consequent
ly,
ift
hepur
poseoft
hepr
ayerorot
herr
eli
giousobser
vanceataschool
gat
her
ingi
s“t
o
sol
emni
zet
heoccasi
on”andi
tisnotempl
oyedasat
ool
,whet
heri
mmedi
atel
yorov
ert
ime,
to
“
prosel
yti
ze”
,pr
omot
eoner
eli
gion,
ort
odi
spar
ageanyot
herf
ait
horbel
i
ef,
itshoul
dbeaccept
abl
eand
wel
lwi
thi
nli
mit
soft
heConst
it
uti
on(
Not
e7)
.Al
ter
nat
ivel
y,t
oav
oidanysembl
anceofbi
asi
nfav
orofor
agai
nstonef
ait
h,anon-
denomi
nat
ional
pray
er,
li
ket
heonesuggest
edf
ornat
ional
event
sand
cer
emoni
esmaybeadopt
edf
orgat
her
ingsi
ntheschool
set
ti
ng.Agai
n,notonl
ywoul
dsuchapr
ayer
di
spel
thesenseofexcl
usi
onsomest
udent
smayot
her
wisef
eel
,i
twoul
dal
soi
ncul
cat
eint
heent
ir
e
school
communi
tyt
hev
aluesoft
oler
ance,
respectanduni
tyi
ndi
ver
sit
y.

4.
3TheHi
j
abandOt
herRel
i
giousGar
ment
s

Thef
reedom ofaper
sont
oador
nhi
msel
fwi
tht
hegar
ment
scommandedbyhi
srel
i
gioni
sanessent
ial
componentoft
her
ightt
ohol
dar
eli
giousbel
i
efandt
omani
festi
tspr
act
ice.Ther
ightt
ofr
eel
yexer
cise
ar
eli
gionofone’
schoi
cehas,
howev
er,
beenhel
dtoi
nvol
vet
wot
hings:
“fr
eedom t
obel
i
eveand
f
reedom t
oact
”(Cant
wel
lvConnect
icut
,310U.
S.296,
303(
1940)
).“
Thef
ir
sti
sabsol
ute,
buti
nthe
nat
ureoft
hings,
t Cant
hesecondcannotbe”( wel
lvConnect
icut
,at303-
304)
.Toper
mitt
heabsol
ute
f
reedom ofpeopl
etoactoutwhat
evert
heybel
i
eve“
woul
dbet
omaket
hepr
ofesseddoct
ri
nesof
r
eli
giousbel
i
efsuper
iort
othel
awoft
hel
and,
andi
nef
fectt
oper
mitev
eryci
ti
zent
obecomeal
awunt
o
hi
msel
f Rey
”( nol
dsvUni
tedSt
ates98U.
S.145,
167(
1878)
).Consequent
ly,
nost
atecan,
ordoes,
per
mit
t
heabsol
uteexpr
essi
onofr
eli
giousbel
i
efs.Ghanacanbenodi
ff
erent
.Bei
ngacosmopol
i
tannat
ion
madeupofpeopl
eofv
ari
edr
eli
giouspr
efer
ences,
itcannotbeexpect
ed,
muchl
essr
equi
red,
thatt
her
e
shoul
dbenor
ulesr
egul
ati
ngconductgener
all
yinsoci
ety
,andpar
ti
cul
arl
yinschool
s.

Thus,
aper
soncannotcompl
ainofdi
scr
imi
nat
ionsi
mpl
ybecauset
her
eisaschool
rul
ewhi
chr
equi
res
al
lst
udent
stowearschool
uni
for
m,ordr
essi
napar
ti
cul
arway
,ev
eni
fther
ulei
ndi
rect
lypr
event
sthat
per
sonf
rom wear
inganappar
elcommandedbyhi
srel
i
gi seeDogr
on( uv.Fr
anceNo.27058/
05ECHR
2008andLey
laSahi
nvTur
key[
GC]No.
44774/
98ECHR2005)
.Fr
om t
hispr
emi
se,
itnat
ural
l
yfol
l
ows
t
hatt
hequest
ionofwhet
herMusl
i
m st
udent
sshoul
d,orshoul
dnot
,beal
l
owedt
oweart
he“
hij
ab”i
n
school
sdoesnotar
isewher
easchool
rul
erequi
resal
lst
udent
stof
oll
owapar
ti
cul
ardr
esscode.I
fthe
school
rul
eimposi
ngst
andar
dsofdr
essi
ng(
i)i
sneut
ral
oni
tsf
ace;
(ii
)doesnotappeart
ohav
emasked
anyunder
lyi
ngdi
scr
imi
nat
ion,
and(
ii
i)ser
vesl
egi
ti
mat
epur
posesl
i
keschool
disci
pli
ne,
ident
if
icat
ion
andsecur
it
y,i
tcannotbeobj
ect
edt
osi
mpl
ybecausei
tmakesi
tdi
ff
icul
tforasect
ionoft
hest
udent
sto
expr
esst
hei
rfai
th.Toper
mitexempt
ionsi
stounder
minet
hebi
ndi
ngf
orceoft
her
uleont
heent
ir
e
school
communi
ty.Thef
actt
hatsomear
eper
mit
tedt
oignor
esuchar
ulewi
l
lev
ent
ual
l
yunder
minet
he
r
esol
veoft
hosewhochooset
oremai
nunderi
t.I
ntheend,
school
aut
hor
it
ieswoul
dber
ender
ed
power
lesst
osuper
visest
udent
sandt
omai
ntai
ndi
sci
pli
nei
nschool
s.Acont
rar
yvi
ewt
hatencour
ages
unr
egul
atedr
eli
giousexpr
essi
onwi
thi
ntheschool
set
ti
ngwoul
dhar
dlybeapr
operr
eadi
ngoft
he
r
eli
gioncl
ausesoft
heConst
it
uti
on.

4.
4TheBanonDr
ummi
ngandNoi
seMaki
ng

TheGapeopl
ear
ethei
ndi
genesofAccr
a,t
henat
ional
capi
tal
.Legendhasi
tthataper
iodofdr
oughtand
hungerhi
tthei
rancest
orswhent
heyf
ir
star
ri
vedont
heAccr
aland.Thepeopl
ebel
i
evet
hatt
hesur
viv
al
oft
hei
rancest
orsf
oll
owi
ngsubsequenty
ear
sofr
ainandgoodhar
vestwasduet
othemer
cyoft
he
godsandancest
ral
spi
ri
ts.TheHomowo(
thef
est
ival
of‘
hoot
ingathunger
’)i
scel
ebr
atedt
o
commemor
atet
hest
arv
ati
ont
hei
rancest
orssur
viv
ed.Themont
hpr
ecedi
ngHomowo,
issetasi
deas
per
iodofsi
l
ence.Dr
ummi
ng,
singi
ng,
danci
ngandal
lot
herf
ormsofnoi
semaki
ngar
epr
ohi
bit
ed.I
tis
bel
i
evedt
hatt
hemont
hofsi
l
encecr
eat
esanat
mospher
eofpeacef
ort
hegods,
andi
nret
urn,
they
r
ewar
dthepeopl
ewi
thbount
if
ulhar
vest
s.

Char
ismat
icChr
ist
ianchur
chesdi
sagr
eewi
tht
heban.Theyseei
tasl
i
mit
ingt
hei
rwor
shi
pwhi
ch
nor
mal
l
yincl
udesdr
ummi
nganddanci
ng,
loudsi
ngi
ngandpr
ayer
s,aswel
lasout
doorchur
chser
vices
(
“cr
usades”
).TheGat
radi
ti
onal
counci
l
sont
heot
herhand,
hav
eal
way
sinsi
stedonenf
orci
ngt
heban
l
eadi
ngt
ovi
olentski
rmi
shesi
nsomei
nst
ances.I
nMay1998,
amobmadeupofsomeov
erzeal
ous
el
ement
sont
het
radi
ti
onal
i
stsi
deat
tackedachar
ismat
icChr
ist
ianchur
chser
vice,
“inj
uri
ngdozensof
chur
chgoer
sandcausi
ngmassi
vepr
oper
tydamage”(
U.S.St
ateDep’
t,
1999)
.In1999,
anot
herspat
eof
v
iol
enceassoci
atedwi
tht
heenf
orcementoft
hebanwasr
epor
ted.Ther
ewer
ethr
eesepar
atei
nci
dent
s
t
hist
ime.Wi
tht
hef
ir
stone,
a“gr
oupofmenal
l
egedl
yhi
redbyt
heGat
radi
ti
onal
counci
lent
eredt
he
Li
vi
ngLi
ghtMi
nist
ryatDar
kuman-
Nyameky
einAccr
adur
ingawor
shi
pser
viceandbegant
ofor
cibl
y
r
emov
emusi
cequi
pment
”(U.
S.St
ateDep’
t,
1999)
.For
tunat
ely
,theChur
chandt
heassai
l
ant
sreached
anagr
eementt
her
ebypr
event
inganyv
iol
entconf
ront
ati
on.Wi
tht
hesecondi
nci
dent
,“agr
oupofheav
il
y
ar
medmeni
dent
if
iedasGaWul
omeCounci
lguar
dsdi
srupt
edser
vicesatt
heMountZi
onPr
ayerCent
er
atAbekai
nAccr
a,woundi
ngf
ivemember
soft
hecongr
egat
ion”(
U.S.St
ateDep’
t,
1999)
.Thechur
ch’
s
[
off
ert
ory
]fort
hedaywasst
olen,
andt
hechur
chf
aci
l
itywasv
andal
i
zed”(
U.S.St
ateDep’
t,
1999)
.The
t
hir
dinci
dentwhi
choccur
redt
hef
oll
owi
ngdayon30May
,1999,
sawagr
oupofar
medmenat
tack
wor
shi
pper
satt
heApost
oli
cFai
thMi
ssi
oni
nOdor
kor
,asubur
bofAccr
a.Amemberoft
hecongr
egat
ion
was“
knockedunconsci
ousandsev
eral
other
ssust
ainedmi
nori
njur
ies”(
U.S.St
ateDep’
t,
1999)
.The
ar
medment
hen“
sei
zedmusi
cal
equi
pmentandal
l
egedl
yst
olemoneyf
rom member
soft
he
congr
egat
ion”(
U.S.St
ateDep’
t,
1999)
.

Si
mil
aract
sofv
iol
encei
nter
mit
tent
lychar
act
eri
zedt
heenf
orcementoft
hebanunt
il2001whent
he
gov
ernmentcr
eat
edamoni
tor
ingt
askf
orcet
oenf
orcecompl
i
anceandpr
eventf
urt
herv
iol
ent
conf
ront
ati
ons(
U.S.St
ateDep’
t,
2002)
.Resi
dent
soft
hecapi
tal
arenowwar
nedaheadoft
imet
o
r
espectt
hebanorr
iskbei
ngar
rest
edandpr
osecut
edf
orv
iol
ati
ngpubl
i
cor
der(
moder
nghana.
com,
2002;
graphi
c.com.
gh,
2015)
.Though,
ther
ehassi
ncebeenacessat
ionoft
hev
iol
encegener
all
y,t
he
t
ensi
onanduneasi
nessbet
weent
heChr
ist
iangr
oupsandt
heGat
radi
ti
onal
counci
l
sisy
ett
oabat
e.

TheHomowobanondr
ummi
ngandnoi
semaki
ngi
soneoft
hecompl
expr
obl
emspr
esent
edby
r
eli
giousdi
ver
sit
yandmul
ti
cul
tur
ali
sm.Her
eisAccr
a,aci
tyt
hati
sthenat
ional
capi
tal
andhencea
nat
ional
(orper
hapsani
nter
nat
ional
)mel
ti
ngpotf
ordi
ff
erentcul
tur
es,
li
fest
ylesandwor
ldv
iews.Att
he
samet
ime,
youhav
econst
it
uti
onal
l
yrecogni
zedt
radi
ti
onal
inst
it
uti
ons(
i.
e.,
theGat
radi
ti
onal
counci
l
s)
whi
chi
nsi
stonenf
orci
nganage-
oldsuper
sti
ti
oust
aboowi
thoutr
egar
dfori
ndi
vi
dual
s’f
reedom of
consci
ence.Ther
esul
tisconf
usi
onandt
ensi
on.I
twoul
dseem howev
ert
hat
,ther
eal
under
lyi
ngcause
oft
hist
ensi
oni
sthebl
urr
eddi
sti
nct
ionbet
weencust
omar
ylawwhi
cht
heConst
it
uti
onr
ecogni
zesas
par
toft
hel
awsofGhana,
andmer
ecust
omar
ytabooswhi
chhav
eov
ert
hey
ear
sbeent
reat
edby
t
radi
ti
onal
aut
hor
it
iesast
hought
heywer
erul
esofl
aw.
Wet
her
efor
esuggestt
hatt
her
ightappr
oacht
oresol
vi
ngt
hispr
obl
em,
ist
odr
awaf
inel
i
nebet
ween
cust
omar
ylawpr
oper
lysocal
l
ed,
whi
chbot
hthest
ateandt
radi
ti
onal
aut
hor
it
iesar
emandat
edt
o
enf
orce,
andmer
esuper
sti
ti
onort
radi
ti
onal
rel
i
gioust
aboost
hatcannotbeuni
ver
sal
l
yappl
i
ed.That
wast
heappr
oachadopt nOwusuvAmoa-
edi Obeng[
1992]2GLR293whent
hecour
thadt
odeal
wit
ha
si
mil
arpr
obl
em.I
nthatcase,
thedef
endant
swhower
ethechi
efandel
der
sofMpat
asi
e,av
il
lagei
nthe
Ashant
iRegi
on,
publ
i
shedal
i
stofcust
omar
yrul
esandt
aboost
ogui
det
heconductoft
heci
ti
zensof
t
het
own.Amongt
her
uleswer
ethef
oll
owi
ng:
(i)t
hatoncer
tai
nday
sdecl
aredassacr
edbyt
hei
rfet
ish
nobodyshoul
dgot
othef
arm;
(ii
)thatupont
hedeat
hofaper
soni
nthet
ownt
hei
rfet
ishshoul
dbe
pur
if
iedbef
oreany
bodycoul
dgot
ohi
sfar
m;(
ii
)thatawomani
nhermenst
rual
per
iodshoul
dbesmear
herar
msorhandswi
thwhi
tecl
ay;
and(
iv)t
hatsi
ncet
hei
rfet
ish“
Tano”despi
sedgoat
s,nobodyi
nthe
v
il
lageshoul
dreargoat
s.Thepl
aint
if
fs,
whoi
ncl
udedt
hepast
orandsomemember
soft
heTr
ueFai
th
Chur
ch,
wer
efoundont
hei
rfar
msononeoft
hosesacr
edday
s.Thechi
efandhi
sel
der
ssummoned
t
hem anddemandedt
hatt
heysl
aught
erasheept
opaci
fyt
hef
eti
sh.Upont
hei
rref
usal
doso,
the
t
radi
ti
onal
counci
lbeganhar
assi
ngt
hem andt
hreat
enedt
obur
ndownt
hei
rchur
ch.

Agr
eei
ngwi
tht
hepl
aint
if
fst
hatt
hedef
endant
s’act
ionsv
iol
atedt
hepl
aint
if
fs’
freedom ofconsci
ence,
t
hecour
thel
dthat“
aper
sonhasev
eryr
ightt
oobj
ectt
oanyactorr
ulei
fbyper
for
mingt
hatactor
obser
vingt
hatr
ule,
hisr
ightoff
reedom ofr
eli
gionorbel
i
efi
sther
ebyi
nfr
i OwusuvAmoa-
nged”( Obeng,
at296)
.Butmor
eimpor
tant
ly,
thel
ear
nedj
udge,
Mr.Just
iceLar
tey
,madeanobser
vat
ionwhi
chi
s
cr
uci
alt
oresol
vi
ngt
hecur
rentt
ensi
onsbet
weent
heChar
ismat
icChr
ist
iangr
oupsi
nAccr
aandt
heGa
t
radi
ti
onal
i
sts.Henot
edasf
oll
ows:

It
hinki
tisi
mpor
tantt
odi
sti
ngui
shbet
weencust
omar
ypr
act
iceswhi
char
epur
elybased
ont
radi
ti
onal
rel
i
gionort
hebel
i
efi
nthesuper
nat
ural
(whi
char
enotcapabl
eofpr
oofi
n
ourcour
ts)andcust
om knownanddet
ermi
nedbyt
hecour
tssuchascust
omar
y
mar
ri
age,
div
orce,
landt
enur
e,et
c.I
tdoesappeart
hati
nthemat
terbef
oreme,
the
def
endant[
and]hi
sel
der
s…wer
etr
yingi
ndi
rect
lyt
oimposet
hei
rrel
i
giousbel
i
efsont
he
pl
aint
if
fswhoal
soshar
edadi
ff
erentr
eli
giousf
ait
horbel
i OwusuvAmoa-
ef( Obeng,
at
297)
.

Thev
iewoft
hel
ear
nedJust
icei
nthi
scasei
sli
newi
tht
her
eli
giousl
ypl
ural
soci
etywhi
cht
he
Const
it
uti
onenv
isages.Cust
omar
ylawi
spar
toft
hel
awsofGhanaandshoul
dther
efor
ebeenf
orced
(
1992Const
it
uti
on,
art
.11(
3))
.Butatt
hesamet
ime,
onemustbecar
eful
toexcl
udef
rom i
tpr
act
ices
andt
radi
ti
onswhi
char
ebasedonsuper
sti
ti
onandt
radi
ti
onal
rel
i
giousbel
i
efs.TheHomowobanon
noi
semaki
ngi
sinspi
redbyt
het
radi
ti
onal
rel
i
giousbel
i
efsoft
heGat
radi
ti
onal
i
sts.I
namul
ti
cul
tur
aland
mul
ti
-r
eli
giouscount
ry,
ther
eli
giousbel
i
efsofapar
toft
hepopul
ati
oncannotbepassedof
fasl
awsf
or
ev
ery
one(
seee.
g.,
HumanRi
ght
sCommi
tt Gener
ee, alCommentNo.
22,
par
as.9-
10)
.Fr
om t
hispr
emi
se,
i
tisaxi
omat
ict
hatt
hecont
inuedenf
orcementoft
heHomowobanondr
ummi
ngnoi
semaki
ngi
nthe
Accr
amet
ropol
i
s,i
sinconsi
stentwi
tht
hecosmopol
i
tannat
ureoft
heci
tyandt
heconceptofr
eli
gious
pl
ural
i
sm onwhi
chGhana’
sconst
it
uti
oni
sbased.Thus,
unl
esst
hebancansomehowbel
i
mit
edt
oonl
y
t
hosesubscr
ibet
oit
ssuper
sti
ti
ousi
deal
s,i
tsuni
ver
sal
imposi
ti
onwi
thoutr
egar
dfort
hef
reedom of
consci
enceofnon-
tr
adt
ional
i
stsmustbedi
scont
inued.
5.Concl
usi
on
Thepr
obl
em ofpr
ayerandot
herr
eli
giouspr
act
iceswi
thi
nthepubl
i
cspacei
scompl
ex.I
tmustbe
handl
edt
act
ful
l
y.I
tbehoov
esal
lGhanai
ans,
par
ti
cul
arl
ypol
i
tici
ans,
rel
i
giousandopi
nionl
eader
s,and
soci
alcomment
ator
stoav
oidi
nfl
ammat
oryl
anguageandt
het
endencyt
ohar
ponaboutt
ri
vi
al
di
ff
erencesi
nrel
i
giousper
suasi
ons.Agai
n,t
opr
eventav
oidabl
etensi
ons,
promot
enat
ional
uni
tyand
engendersoci
alcohesi
on,
ther
elev
antst
akehol
der
soughtt
odi
alogueof
tenandcomeupwi
thposi
ti
ons
t
hatwi
l
lbeaccept
abl
etoal
l
.Const
it
uti
onal
adj
udi
cat
ionofr
eli
giousmat
ter
smustber
eser
vedasa
measur
eofl
astr
esor
t.Thei
nsi
stenceonst
ri
ctl
egal
sol
uti
onsmayber
ight
,buti
tmaynotnecessar
il
y
bewi
se.Onecannev
ert
ell
thecour
seanunel
ect
edbunchofni
neorel
evenl
awy
ersmi
ghtt
akeona
v
exedquest
ionofchur
chandst
ate.

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G.A.(
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ht
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myj
oyonl
i
ne.
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/waec-
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Rey
nol
dsvUni
tedSt
ates98U.
S.145.( .Tuf
1878) fourv
.
At
tor
ney
-Gener
al[
1980]GLR637.

U.
S.St
ateDepar
tment
.( .I
1999) nt
ernat
ionalRel
i
giousFr
eedom Repor
tfor1999(
Ghana)
.Ret
ri
evedf
rom
ht
tp:
//www.
stat
e.gov
/www/
global
/human_
right
s/i
rf
/ir
f_r
pt/
1999/
ir
f_ghana99.
html

U.
S.St
ateDepar
tment
.( .I
2002) nt
ernat
ionalRel
i
giousFr
eedom Repor
tfor2002(
Ghana)
.Ret
ri
evedf
rom
ht
tp:
//www.
stat
e.gov
/j/
drl
/r
ls/
ir
f/2002/
13835.
htm Wal
l
acevJaf
ree472U.
S.38.(
1985)
.

Yeboah,
K.L.(
2013,
Mar .OGoddel
ch21) i
verGhanaf
rom gov
’tsecur
edpi
l
gri
mages.Ret
ri
evedf
rom
ht
tp:
//opi
nion.
myj
oyonl
i
ne.
com/
pages/
art
icl
es/
201303/
103125.
php

Not
es

Not
e1.WAECal
soadmi
nist
erscer
ti
fi
cat
ionexami
nat
ionsf
orpr
e-t
ert
iar
yst
udent
sint
heot
herf
our
Angl
ophonecount
ri
esi
nWestAf
ri
ca,
namel
y,Ni
ger
ia,
Liber
ia,
Sier
raLeoneandTheGambi
a.

Not
e2.Remar
ksmadebyAl
haj
iSai
dJal
l
o,anI
slami
copi
nionl
eader
,inani
nter
viewwi
thJoyFM on21
 Januar
y2015.

Not
e3.SeeGr
aphi
cOnl
i
ne,
(2012,
Mar
ch12)
,AbsenceOfLi
bat
ionAtSt
ateFunct
ionsHas
Reper
cussi
ons-

Ar
chbi
shop Kwasi Sar
pong. Ret
ri
eved f
rom

ht
tp:
//www.
moder
nghana.
com/
news/
382985/
1/absence-
of-
li
bat
ion-
at-
stat
e-f
unct
ions-
has-
reper
cu.
html

Not
e4.I
tisi
mpor
tantt
oemphasi
zet
hatt
heCounci
lofEur
opei
sanent
ir
elydi
ff
erenti
nst
it
uti
onf
rom
t
heEur
opeanUni
on.

Not
e5.“
The“
spi
ri
t”
…isanot
herwayofdescr
ibi
ngt
heunspokencor
eunder
lyi
ngv
aluesandpr
inci
plesof
t
heConst
it
uti
on.
”—Asar
evAt
tor
neyGener
al[
2003-
2004]SCGLR823,
836.

Not
e6.Seet
heSt
andi
ngOr
der
soft
hePar
li
amentofGhana,
Appendi
xB—(
“ALMI
GHTYGOD,
wehumbl
y
beseechTheet
olookwi
thf
avourupont
hisPar
li
amentoft
heRepubl
i
cofGhana.Gr
antt
hati
tmay
per
for
mit
shi
ghdut
yasi
nThysi
ght
.Gi
veDi
vi
negui
dancet
othePr
esi
dentoft
heRepubl
i
c;endow
Member
sofPar
li
amentandMi
nist
ersofSt
atewi
thdi
scer
nmentandv
isi
on,
int
egr
it
yandcour
aget
hat
t
hrought
hel
abour
sofgov
ernmentt
hisl
andandpeopl
emaybewel
landt
rul
yser
ved,
andThygood
pur
posesf
ort
hecommonhumanl
i
feber
eal
i
sedi
nourmi
dst
.AMEN.
”)

e7.SeeTownofGr
Not eecevGal
l
oway
,(Deci
ded5May2014)wher
etheU.
S.Supr
emeCour
thel
d,al
bei
t
out
sidet
hecont
extofaschool
,that“
pray
ert
hatr
efl
ect
sbel
i
efsspeci
fi
ctoonl
ysomecr
eedscanst
il
l
ser
vet
osol
emni
ze[
an]occasi
on,
sol
ongast
hepr
act
iceov
ert
imei
snotexpl
oit
edt
opr
osel
yti
zeor
adv
anceanyone,
ort
odi
spar
ageanyot
her
,fai
thorbel
i
ef i
”(nt
ernalquot
ati
onsomi
tt
ed)
.

COMPARESEPARATI
ONOFSTATEBYNYI
NIVIABOVETOTHECASEOFTHEUNI
TEDSTATE
BELOW
Separ
ati
onofchur
chandst
atei
ntheUni
tedSt
ates
"
Separ
ati
onofchur
chandst
ate"i
spar
aphr
asedf
rom ThomasJef
fer
sonandusedbyot
her
sinexpr
essi
ng
anunder
standi
ngoft
hei
ntentandf
unct
ionoft
heEst
abl
i
shmentCl
auseandFr
eeExer
ciseCl
auseoft
he
Fi
rstAmendmentt
otheUni
tedSt
atesConst
it
uti
onwhi
chr
eads:
"Congr
essshal
lmakenol
awr
espect
ingan
est
abl
i
shmentofr
eli
gion,
orpr
ohi
bit
ingt
hef
reeexer
ciset
her
eof
..
."

Thephr
ase"
separ
ati
onbet
weenchur
ch&st
ate"i
sgener
all
ytr
acedt
oaJanuar
y1,
1802,
let
terbyThomas
Jef
fer
son,
addr
essedt
otheDanbur
y

Bapt
istAssoci
ati
oni
nConnect
icut
,andpubl
i
shedi
naMassachuset
tsnewspaper
.Jef
fer
sonwr
ote,

Bel
i
evi
ngwi
thy
out
hatr
eli
gioni
samat
terwhi
chl
i
essol
elybet
weenMan&hi
sGod,
thatheowes
accountt
ononeot
herf
orhi
sfai
thorhi
swor
shi
p,t
hatt
hel
egi
ti
mat
epower
sofgov
ernmentr
each
act
ionsonl
y,&notopi
nions,
Icont
empl
atewi
thsov
erei
gnr
ever
encet
hatactoft
hewhol
eAmer
ican
peopl
ewhi
chdecl
aredt
hatt
hei
rlegi
slat
ureshoul
d"makenol
awr
espect
inganest
abl
i
shmentof
r
eli
gion,
orpr
ohi
bit
ingt
hef
reeexer
ciset
her
eof
,"t
husbui
l
dingawal
lofsepar
ati
onbet
weenChur
ch&
St
ate.Adher
ingt
othi
sexpr
essi
onoft
hesupr
emewi
l
loft
henat
ioni
nbehal
foft
her
ight
sofconsci
ence,
Ishal
lseewi
thsi
ncer
esat
isf
act
iont
hepr
ogr
essoft
hosesent
iment
swhi
cht
endt
orest
oret
omanal
l
[
1]
hi
snat
ural
right
s,conv
incedhehasnonat
ural
righti
nopposi
ti
ont
ohi
ssoci
aldut
ies.
"

Jef
fer
sonechoest
hel
anguageoft
hef
ounderofRogerWi
l
li
ams,
founderofPr
ovi
dencewho,
in1644,
wrot
e
of
:

Whent
hey[
theChur
ch]hav
eopenedagapi
nthehedgeorwal
lofsepar
ati
onbet
weent
hegar
denoft
he
chur
chandt
hewi
l
der
nessoft
hewor
ld,
Godhat
hev
erbr
okedownt
hewal
li
tsel
f,r
emov
edt
he
Candl
est
ick,
etc.
,andmadeHi
sGar
denawi
l
der
nessasi
tist
hisday
.Andt
hatt
her
efor
eifHewi
l
lev
er
pl
easet
orest
oreHi
sgar
denandpar
adi
seagai
n,i
tmustofnecessi
tybewal
l
edi
npecul
i
arl
yunt
o
Hi
msel
ffr
om t
hewor
ld,
andal
lthatbesav
edoutoft
hewor
ldar
etobet
ranspl
ant
edoutoft
he
[
2]
wi
l
der
nessoft
heWor
ld.

Ar
ti
cleSi
xoft
heUni
tedSt
atesConst
it
uti
onal
sospeci
fi
est
hat"
nor
eli
giousTestshal
lev
erber
equi
redasa
Qual
i
ficat
iont
oanyOf
fi
ceorpubl
i
c

Tr
ustundert
heUni
tedSt
ates.
"

Jef
fer
son'
smet
aphorofawal
lofsepar
ati
onhasbeenci
tedr
epeat
edl
ybyt
heU.
S.Supr
emeCour
t.I
n
Rey
nol
dsv
.Uni
tedSt
ates(
1879)t
heCour
twr
otet
hatJef
fer
son'
scomment
s"maybeaccept
edal
mostasan
aut
hor
it
ati
vedecl
arat
ionoft
hescopeandef
fectoft
he[
Fir
st]Amendment
. nEv
"I ersonv
.Boar
dofEducat
ion
(
1947)
,Just
iceHugoBl
ackwr
ote:
"Int
hewor
dsofThomasJef
fer
son,
thecl
auseagai
nstest
abl
i
shmentof
[
3]
r
eli
gionbyl
awwasi
ntendedt
oer
ectawal
lofsepar
ati
onbet
weenchur
chandst
ate.
"

I
ncont
rastt
osepar
ati
oni
sm,
theSupr
emeCour
tinZor
achv
.Cl
auson(
1952)uphel
daccommodat
ioni
sm,
hol
dingt
hatt
henat
ion'
s"i
nst
it
uti
onspr
esupposeaSupr
emeBei
ng"andt
hatgov
ernmentr
ecogni
ti
onofGod
[
4][
5]
doesnotconst
it
utet
heest
abl
i
shmentofast
atechur
chast
heConst
it
uti
on'
saut
hor
sint
endedt
opr
ohi
bit
.
Assuch,
theCour
thasnotal
way
sint
erpr
etedt
heconst
it
uti
onal
pri
nci
pleasabsol
ute,
andt
hepr
operext
ent
ofsepar
ati
onbet
weengov
ernmentandr
eli
gioni
ntheU.
S.r
emai
nsanongoi
ngsubj
ectofi
mpassi
oned
[
6][
7][
8][
9]
debat
e.

Ear
lyhi
stor
y

Manyear
lyi
mmi
grantgr
oupst
rav
eledt
oAmer
icat
owor
shi
pfr
eel
y,par
ti
cul
arl
yaf
tert
heEngl
i
shCi
vi
lWar
andr
eli
giousconf
li
cti
nFr
anceand
[
10]
Ger
many
. Theyi
ncl
udednonconf
ormi
stsl
i
ket
hePur
it
ans,
whower
ePr
otest
antChr
ist
iansf
leei
ng
r
eli
giousper
secut
ionf
rom t
heAngl
i
canKi
ngofEngl
and.Despi
teacommonbackgr
ound,
thegr
oups'
views
onr
eli
gioust
oler
ati
onwer
emi
xed.Whi
l
esomesuchasRogerWi
l
li
amsofRhodeI
slandandWi
l
li
am Pennof
Pennsy
lvani
aensur
edt
hepr
otect
ionofr
eli
giousmi
nor
it
ieswi
thi
nthei
rcol
oni
es,
other
sli
ket
hePl
ymout
h
Col
onyandMassachuset
tsBayCol
onyhadest
abl
i
shedchur
ches.TheDut
chcol
onyofNewNet
her
land
est
abl
i
shedt
heDut
chRef
ormedChur
chandout
lawedal
lot
herwor
shi
p,t
houghenf
orcementwasspar
se.
Rel
i
giousconf
ormi
tywasdesi
redpar
tl
yforf
inanci
alr
easons:
theest
abl
i
shedChur
chwasr
esponsi
blef
or
poorr
eli
ef,
put
ti
ngdi
ssent
ingchur
chesatasi
gni
fi
cantdi
sadv
ant
age.

For
merst
atechur
chesi
nBr
it
ishNor
thAmer
ica
…
Cat
hol
i
ccol
oni
es

WhenNewFr
ancewast
ransf
err
edt
oGr
eatBr
it
aini
n1763,
theCat
hol
i
cChur
chr
emai
nedundert
oler
ati
on,
butHuguenot
swer
eal
l
owedent
rancewher
etheyhadf
ormer
lybeenbannedf
rom set
tl
ementbyFr
ench
aut
hor
it
ies.

TheCol
onyofMar
ylandwasf
oundedbyachar
tergr
ant
edi
n1632t
oGeor
geCal
ver
t,secr
etar
yofst
atet
o
Char
lesI
,andhi
ssonCeci
l
,bot
hrecentconv
ert
stoCat
hol
i
cism.Undert
hei
rleader
shi
p,manyEngl
i
sh
Cat
hol
i
cgent
ryf
ami
l
iesset
tl
edi
nMar
yland.Howev
er,
thecol
oni
algov
ernmentwasof
fi
cial
l
yneut
ral
in
r
eli
giousaf
fai
rs,
grant
ingt
oler
ati
ont
oal
lChr
ist
iangr
oupsandenj
oini
ngt
hem t
oav
oidact
ionst
hat
ant
agoni
zedt
heot
her
s.Onsev
eral
occasi
ons,
"low-
chur
ch"di
ssent
ersl
edi
nsur
rect
ionswhi
cht
empor
ari
l
y
ov
ert
hrewt
heCal
ver
trul
e.I
n1689,
whenWi
l
li
am andMar
ycamet
otheEngl
i
sht
hrone,
theyaccededt
o
demandst
orev
oket
heor
igi
nal
roy
alchar
ter
.In1701t
heChur
chofEngl
andwas"
est
abl
i
shed"i
nMar
yland,
andi
nthecour
seoft
heei
ght
eent
hcent
ury
,Mar
ylandCat
hol
i
cswer
efi
rstbar
redf
rom publ
i
cof
fi
ceand
t
hendi
senf
ranchi
sed.Notal
loft
hel
awspassedagai
nstCat
hol
i
c(not
abl
ylawsr
est
ri
cti
ngpr
oper
tyr
ight
s
andi
mposi
ngpenal
ti
esf
orsendi
ngchi
l
drent
obeeducat
edi
nfor
eignCat
hol
i
cinst
it
uti
ons)wer
eenf
orced,
andsomeCat
hol
i
csev
encont
inuedt
ohol
dpubl
i
cof
fi
ce.

Spani
shFl
ori
dawascededt
oGr
eatBr
it
aini
n1763.TheBr
it
ishdi
vi
dedFl
ori
dai
ntot
wocol
oni
es.Bot
hEast
andWestFl
ori
dahadapol
i
cyoft
oler
ati
onf
orCat
hol
i
cresi
dent
s.

Pr
otest
antcol
oni
es

Pl
ymout
hCol
onywasf
oundedbyPi
l
gri
ms,
Engl
i
shDi
ssent
ersorSepar
ati
sts,
Cal
vi
nist
s.

Massachuset
tsBayCol
ony
,NewHav
enCol
ony
,andt
heNewHampshi
rewer
efoundedbyPur
it
an,
Cal
vi
nist
,Pr
otest
ant
s.

NewNet
her
landwasf
oundedbyDut
chRef
ormedCal
vi
nist
s.

Thecol
oni
esofNewYor
k,Vi
rgi
nia,
Nor
thCar
oli
na,
Sout
hCar
oli
na,
andGeor
giawer
eof
fi
cial
l
yChur
chof
Engl
and.

Col
oni
eswi
thnoest
abl
i
shedchur
ch

ThePr
ovi
nceofPennsy
lvani
awasf
oundedbyQuaker
s,butt
hecol
onynev
erhadanest
abl
i
shedchur
ch.

WestJer
sey
,al
sof
oundedbyQuaker
s,pr
ohi
bit
edanyest
abl
i
shment
.

Del
awar
eCol
ony
.

TheCol
onyofRhodeI
slandandPr
ovi
dencePl
ant
ati
ons,
foundedbyr
eli
giousdi
ssent
ers,
iswi
del
yregar
ded
ast
hef
ir
stpol
i
tyt
ogr
antr
eli
giousf
reedom t
oal
li
tsci
ti
zens.

Tabul
arsummar
y

…
 Col
ony Denomi
nat
ion Di
sest shed1
abl
i

Connect
icut Congr
egat
ional 1818

Geor
gia Chur and 17892
chofEngl

Mar
yland Cat
hol
i
c/Chur
ch of1701/
1776
Engl
and

Massachuset
t Congr
egat
ional 1780(
in1833st
atef
undi
ng
3
s suspended)

New Chur
chofEngl
and
Br
unswi
ck

New Congr
egat
ional 17904
Hampshi
re

Newf
oundl
and Chur
chofEngl
and

Nor
thCar
oli
na Chur and 17765
chofEngl

Nov
aScot
ia Chur
chofEngl
and 1850

Pr
ince Edwar
dChur
chofEngl
and
I
sland

Sout
hCar
oli
na Chur
chofEngl
and 1790

CanadaWest Chur
chofEngl
and 1854

WestFl
ori
da Chur
chofEngl
and N/
A6,
7

EastFl
ori
da Chur
chofEngl
and N/
A6,
7

Vi
rgi
nia Chur and 17868
chofEngl

WestI
ndi
es Chur
chofEngl
and 1868
[
11]
^
Not
e1:
Insev
eral
col
oni
es,
theest
abl
i
shmentceasedt
oexi
sti
npr
act
iceatt
heRev
olut
ion,
about1776;
t
hisi
sthedat
eofper
manentl
egal
abol
i
tion.

^
Not
e2:
in1789t
heGeor
giaConst
it
uti
onwasamendedasf
oll
ows:
"Ar
ti
cleI
V.Sect
ion10.Noper
sonwi
thi
n
t
hisst
ateshal
l
,uponanypr
etense,
bedepr
ivedoft
hei
nest
imabl
epr
ivi
l
egeofwor
shi
ppi
ngGodi
nany
manneragr
eeabl
etohi
sownconsci
ence,
norbecompel
l
edt
oat
tendanypl
aceofwor
shi
pcont
rar
ytohi
s
ownf
ait
handj
udgment
;norshal
lheev
erbeobl
i
gedt
opayt
it
hes,
taxes,
oranyot
herr
ate,
fort
hebui
l
dingor
r
epai
ri
nganypl
aceofwor
shi
p,orf
ort
hemai
ntenanceofanymi
nist
erormi
nist
ry,
cont
rar
ytowhathe
bel
i
evest
ober
ight
,orhat
hvol
unt
ari
l
yengagedt
odo.Nooner
eli
gioussoci
etyshal
lev
erbeest
abl
i
shedi
n
t
hisst
ate,
inpr
efer
encet
oanot
her
;norshal
lanyper
sonbedeni
edt
heenj
oymentofanyci
vi
lri
ghtmer
elyon
accountofhi
srel
i
giouspr
inci
ples.
"

^
Not
e3:
From 1780Massachuset
tshadasy
stem whi
chr
equi
redev
erymant
obel
ongt
oachur
ch,
and
per
mit
tedeachchur
cht
otaxi
tsmember
s,butf
orbadeanyl
awr
equi
ri
ngt
hati
tbeofanypar
ti
cul
ar
denomi
nat
ion.Thi
swasobj
ect
edt
o,asi
npr
act
iceest
abl
i
shi
ngt
heCongr
egat
ional
Chur
ch,
themaj
ori
ty
denomi
nat
ion,
andwasabol
i
shedi
n1833.

^
Not
e4:
Unt
il1877t
heNewHampshi
reConst
it
uti
onr
equi
redmember
soft
heSt
atel
egi
slat
uret
obeoft
he
Pr
otest
antr
eli
gion.

^
Not
e5:
TheNor
thCar
oli
naConst
it
uti
onof1776di
sest
abl
i
shedt
heAngl
i
canchur
ch,
butunt
il1835t
heNC
Const
it
uti
onal
l
owedonl
yPr
otest
ant
stohol
dpubl
i
cof
fi
ce.Fr
om 1835t
o1876i
tal
l
owedonl
yChr
ist
ians
(
incl
udi
ngCat
hol
i
cs)t
ohol
dpubl
i
cof
fi
ce.Ar
ti
cleVI
,Sect
ion8oft
hecur
rentNCConst
it
uti
onf
orbi
dsonl
y
[
12]
at
hei
stsf
rom hol
dingpubl
i
cof
fi
ce. Suchcl
auseswer
ehel
dbyt
heUni
tedSt
atesSupr
emeCour
ttobe
unenf
orceabl
eint
he1961caseofTor
casov
.Wat
kins,
whent
hecour
trul
edunani
mousl
ythatsuchcl
auses
const
it
utedar
eli
gioust
esti
ncompat
ibl
ewi
thFi
rstandFour
teent
hAmendmentpr
otect
ions.

^
Not
e6:
Rel
i
gioust
oler
ancef
orCat
hol
i
cswi
thanest
abl
i
shedChur
chofEngl
andwast
hepol
i
cyi
nthef
ormer
Spani
shCol
oni
esofEastandWestFl
ori
dawhi
l
eunderBr
it
ishr
ule.

^
Not
e7:
InTr
eat
yofPar
is(
1783)
,whi
chendedt
heAmer
icanRev
olut
ionar
yWar
,theBr
it
ishcededbot
hEast
andWestFl
ori
dabackt
oSpai
n(seeSpani
shFl
ori
da)
.

^
Not
e8:
Tit
hesf
ort
hesuppor
toft
heAngl
i
canChur
chi
nVi
rgi
niawer
esuspendedi
n1776andnev
er
r
est
ored.1786i
sthedat
eoft
heVi
rgi
niaSt
atut
eofRel
i
giousFr
eedom,
whi
chpr
ohi
bit
edanycoer
ciont
o
suppor
tanyr
eli
giousbody
.

Col
oni
alv
iewsonest
abl
i
shment
,accommodat
ioni
sm,
andsepar
ati
oni
sm
…

TheLi
brar
yofCongr
essst
atest
hat
:

Manyst
ateswer
easexpl
i
citaboutt
heneedf
orat
hri
vi
ngr
eli
gionasCongr
esswasi
nit
sthanksgi
vi
ng
andf
astdaypr
ocl
amat
ions.TheMassachuset
tsConst
it
uti
onof1780decl
ared,
forexampl
e,t
hat"
the
happi
nessofapeopl
e,andt
hegoodor
derandpr
eser
vat
ionofci
vi
lgov
ernment
,essent
ial
l
ydependon
pi
ety
,rel
i
gion,
andmor
ali
ty.
"Thest
ateswer
einast
rongerposi
ti
ont
oactupont
hisconv
ict
ion
becauset
heywer
econsi
der
edt
opossess"
gener
al"power
sasopposedt
othel
i
mit
ed,
speci
fi
cal
l
y
enumer
atedpower
sofCongr
ess.Congr
egat
ional
i
stsandAngl
i
canswho,
bef
ore1776,
hadr
ecei
ved
[
13]
publ
i
cfi
nanci
alsuppor
t,cal
l
edt
hei
rst
atebenef
act
ors"
nur
singf
ather
s"(
Isai
ah49:
23)
.

TheRhodeI
slandRoy
alChar
terobt
ainedi
n1663byRogerWi
l
li
amsandJohnCl
arkecont
ainsuni
que
pr
ovi
si
onswhi
chmakei
tsi
gni
fi
cant
lydi
ff
erentf
rom t
hechar
ter
sgr
ant
edt
otheot
hercol
oni
es.I
tgav
ethe
col
oni
stsf
reedom t
oel
ectt
hei
rowngov
ernorandwr
it
ethei
rownl
aws,
wit
hinv
erybr
oadgui
del
i
nes,
and
al
sost
ipul
atedt
hatnoper
sonr
esi
dingi
nRhodeI
slandcoul
dbe"
mol
est
ed,
puni
shed,
disqui
eted,
orcal
l
edi
n
[
14]
quest
ionf
oranydi
ff
erencesi
nopi
nioni
nmat
ter
sofr
eli
gion"
.

TheFl
ushi
ngRemonst
ranceshowssuppor
tforsepar
ati
onofchur
chandst
ateasear
lyast
hemi
d-17t
h
cent
ury
,st
ati
ngt
hei
ropposi
ti
ont
orel
i
giousper
secut
ionofanysor
t:"
Thel
awofl
ove,
peaceandl
i
ber
tyi
nthe
st
atesext
endi
ngt
oJews,
Tur
ksandEgy
pti
ans,
ast
heyar
econsi
der
edsonsofAdam,
whi
chi
sthegl
oryof
t
heout
war
dst
ateofHol
l
and,
sol
ove,
peace,
andl
i
ber
ty,
ext
endi
ngt
oal
li
nChr
istJesus,
condemnshat
red,
war
,andbondage.
"Thedocumentwassi
gnedonDecember27,
1657,
byagr
oupofEngl
i
shci
ti
zensi
n
Amer
icawhower
eaf
front
edbyper
secut
ionofQuaker
sandt
her
eli
giouspol
i
ciesoft
heGov
ernorofNew
Net
her
land,
Pet
erSt
uyv
esant
.St
uyv
esanthadf
ormal
l
ybannedal
lrel
i
gionsot
hert
hant
heDut
chRef
ormed
Chur
chf
rom bei
ngpr
act
icedi
nthecol
ony
,inaccor
dancewi
tht
hel
awsoft
heDut
chRepubl
i
c.Thesi
gner
s
i
ndi
cat
edt
hei
r"desi
ret
her
efor
eint
hiscasenott
ojudgel
estwear
ejudged,
nei
thert
ocondemnl
eastwear
e
[
15]
condemned,
butr
atherl
etev
erymanst
andorf
all
tohi
sownMast
er.
" St
uyv
esantf
inedt
hepet
it
ioner
sand
t
hrewt
hem i
npr
isonunt
ilt
heyr
ecant
ed.Howev
er,
JohnBowneal
l
owedt
heQuaker
stomeeti
nhi
shome.
Bownewasar
rest
ed,
jai
l
ed,
andsentt
otheNet
her
landsf
ort
ri
al;
theDut
chcour
texoner
atedBowne.

NewYor
kHi
stor
ical
Soci
etyPr
esi
dentandCol
umbi
aUni
ver
sit
yPr
ofessorofHi
stor
yKennet
hT.Jackson
descr
ibest
heFl
ushi
ngRemonst
ranceas"
thef
ir
stt
hingt
hatwehav
einwr
it
ingi
ntheUni
tedSt
ateswher
ea
gr
oupofci
ti
zensat
test
sonpaperandov
ert
hei
rsi
gnat
uret
her
ightoft
hepeopl
etof
oll
owt
hei
rown
consci
encewi
thr
egar
dtoGod-andt
hei
nabi
l
ityofgov
ernment
,ort
hei
l
legal
i
tyofgov
ernment
,toi
nter
fer
e
[16]
wi
tht
hat
."

Gi
vent
hewi
dedi
ver
sit
yofopi
niononChr
ist
iant
heol
ogi
cal
mat
ter
sint
henewl
yindependentAmer
ican
St
ates,
theConst
it
uti
onal
Conv
ent
ionbel
i
evedagov
ernment
-sanct
ioned(
est
abl
i
shed)r
eli
gionwoul
ddi
srupt
r
athert
hanbi
ndt
henewl
yfor
meduni
ont
oget
her
.Geor
geWashi
ngt
onwr
oteal
ett
eri
n1790t
othecount
ry'
s
f
ir
stJewi
shcongr
egat
ion,
theTour
oSy
nagoguei
nNewpor
t,RhodeI
slandt
ost
ate:

Al
l
owi
ngr
ight
sandi
mmuni
ti
esofci
ti
zenshi
p.I
tisnownomor
ethatt
oler
ati
oni
sspokenof
,asi
fitwer
e
byt
hei
ndul
genceofonecl
assofpeopl
e,t
hatanot
herenj
oyedt
heexer
ciseoft
hei
rinher
entnat
ural
r
ight
s.Forhappi
l
ytheGov
ernmentoft
heUni
tedSt
ates,
whi
chgi
vest
obi
got
rynosanct
ion,
to
per
secut
ionnoassi
stancer
equi
resonl
ythatt
heywhol
i
veunderi
tspr
otect
ionshoul
ddemean
[17]
t
hemsel
vesasgoodci
ti
zens,
ingi
vi
ngi
tonal
loccasi
onst
hei
ref
fect
ual
suppor
t.

Ther
ewer
eal
soopponent
stot
hesuppor
tofanyest
abl
i
shedchur
chev
enatt
hest
atel
evel
.In1773,
Isaac
Backus,
apr
omi
nentBapt
istmi
nist
eri
nNewEngl
and,
wrot
eagai
nstast
ate-
sanct
ionedr
eli
gion,
say
ing:
"
NowwhocanhearChr
istdecl
are,
thathi
ski
ngdom i
s,notoft
hiswor
ld,
andy
etbel
i
evet
hatt
hisbl
endi
ngof
chur
chandst
atet
oget
hercanbepl
easi
ngt
ohi
m?"Heal
soobser
vedt
hatwhen"
chur
chandst
atear
e
separ
ate,
theef
fect
sar
ehappy
,andt
heydonotatal
li
nter
fer
ewi
theachot
her
:butwher
etheyhav
ebeen
conf
oundedt
oget
her
,not
onguenorpencanf
ull
ydescr
ibet
hemi
schi
efst
hathav
eensued.
"Thomas
Jef
fer
son'
sinf
luent
ial
Vir
gini
aSt
atut
eforRel
i
giousFr
eedom wasenact
edi
n1786,
fiv
eyear
sbef
oret
heBi
l
l
ofRi
ght
s.

MostAngl
i
canmi
nist
ers,
andmanyAngl
i
canswer
eLoy
ali
sts.TheAngl
i
canest
abl
i
shment
,wher
eithad
exi
sted,
lar
gel
yceasedt
ofunct
iondur
ingt
heAmer
icanRev
olut
ion,
thought
henewSt
atesdi
dnotf
ormal
l
y
abol
i
shandr
epl
acei
tunt
ilsomey
ear
saf
tert
heRev
olut
ion.

Jef
fer
son,
Madi
son,
andt
he"
wal
lofsepar
ati
on"
…
Thephr
ase"
[A]hedgeorwal
lofsepar
ati
onbet
weent
hegar
denoft
hechur
chandt
hewi
l
der
nessoft
he
wor
ld"wasf
ir
stusedbyBapt
istt
heol
ogi
an

RogerWi
l
li
ams,
thef
ounderoft
hecol
onyofRhodeI
sland,
i s1644bookTheBl
nhi oodyTenentof
[
18]
[19]
Per
secut
ion. Thephr
asewasl
aterusedbyThomasJef
fer
sonasadescr
ipt
ionoft
heFi
rstAmendment
[
20]
andi
tsr
est
ri
cti
onont
hel
egi
slat
ivebr
anchoft
hef
eder
algov
ernment
,inan1802l
ett
er tot
heDanbur
y
Bapt
ist
s(ar
eli
giousmi
nor
it
yconcer
nedaboutt
hedomi
nantposi
ti
onoft
heCongr
egat
ional
i
stchur
chi
n
Connect
icut
):

Bel
i
evi
ngwi
thy
out
hatr
eli
gioni
samat
terwhi
chl
i
essol
elybet
weenmanandhi
sgod,
thatheowes
accountt
ononeot
herf
orhi
sfai
thorhi
swor
shi
p,t
hatt
hel
egi
ti
mat
epower
sofgov
ernmentr
each
act
ionsonl
y,andnotopi
nions,
Icont
empl
atewi
thsov
erei
gnr
ever
encet
hatactoft
hewhol
eAmer
ican
peopl
ewhi
chdecl
aredt
hatt
hei
r"l
egi
slat
ure"shoul
d"makenol
awr
espect
inganest
abl
i
shmentof
r
eli
gion,
orpr
ohi
bit
ingt
hef
reeexer
ciset
her
eof
,"t
husbui
l
dingawal
lofsepar
ati
onbet
weenchur
chand
St
ate.Adher
ingt
othi
sexpr
essi
onoft
hesupr
emewi
l
loft
henat
ioni
nbehal
foft
her
ight
sofconsci
ence,
Ishal
lseewi
thsi
ncer
esat
isf
act
iont
hepr
ogr
essoft
hosesent
iment
swhi
cht
endt
orest
oret
omanal
l
hi
snat
ural
right
s,conv
incedhehasnonat
ural
righti
nopposi
ti
ont
ohi
ssoci
aldut
ies.
[
21]
Jef
fer
son'
slet
terwasi
nrepl
ytoal
ett
erf
rom t
heDanbur
yBapt
istAssoci
ati
ondat
edOct
ober7,
1801. In
an1808l
ett
ert
oVi
rgi
niaBapt
ist
s,Jef
fer
sonusedt
hesamet
heme:

Wehav
esol
ved,
byf
airexper
iment
,thegr
eatandi
nter
est
ingquest
ionwhet
herf
reedom ofr
eli
gioni
s
compat
ibl
ewi
thor
deri
ngov
ernmentandobedi
encet
othel
aws.Andwehav
eexper
iencedt
hequi
etas
wel
last
hecomf
ortwhi
chr
esul
tsf
rom l
eav
ingev
eryonet
opr
ofessf
reel
yandopenl
ythosepr
inci
plesof
r
eli
gionwhi
char
ethei
nduct
ionsofhi
sownr
easonandt
heser
iousconv
ict
ionsofhi
sowni
nqui
ri
es.

Jef
fer
sonandJamesMadi
son'
sconcept
ionsofsepar
ati
onhav
elongbeendebat
ed.Jef
fer
sonr
efusedt
o
i
ssuePr
ocl
amat
ionsofThanksgi
vi
ngsentt
ohi
m byCongr
essdur
inghi
spr
esi
dency
,thoughhedi
dissuea
[
22]
[23]
Thanksgi
vi
ngandPr
ayerpr
ocl
amat
ionasGov
ernorofVi
rgi
nia. Madi
soni
ssuedf
ourr
eli
gious
[
24] [
25]
pr
ocl
amat
ionswhi
l
ePr
esi
dent
, butv
etoedt
wobi
l
lsont
hegr
oundst
heyv
iol
atedt
hef
ir
stamendment
.
Ont
heot
herhand,
bot
h
[
26]
Jef
fer
sonandMadi
sonat
tendedr
eli
giousser
vicesatt
heCapi
tol
. Year
sbef
oret
her
ati
fi
cat
ionoft
he
Const
it
uti
on,
Madi
soncont
ended"
Becausei
fRel
i
gionbeexemptf
rom t
heaut
hor
it
yoft
heSoci
etyatl
arge,
[
27]
st
il
ll
esscani
tbesubj
ectt
othatoft
heLegi
slat
iveBody
." Af
terr
eti
ri
ngf
rom t
hepr
esi
dency
,Madi
son
[
28]
wr
oteof"
tot
alsepar
ati
onoft
hechur
chf
rom t
hest
ate.
" ""
Str
ongl
yguar
dedasi
sthesepar
ati
onbet
ween
[
29]
Rel
i
gion&Gov
tint
heConst
it
uti
onoft
heUni
tedSt
ates,
"Madi
sonwr
ote, andhedecl
ared,
"pr
act
ical
di
sti
nct
ionbet
weenRel
i
gionandCi
vi
lGov
ernmenti
sessent
ial
tot
hepur
it
yofbot
h,andasguar
ant
eedby
[
30]
t
heConst
it
uti
onoft
heUni
tedSt
ates.
" Inal
ett
ert
oEdwar
dLi
vi
ngst
onMadi
sonf
urt
herexpanded,
"Wear
e
t
eachi
ngt
hewor
ldt
hegr
eatt
rut
hthatGov
ts.dobet
terwi
thoutKi
ngs&Nobl
est
hanwi
tht
hem.Themer
itwi
l
l
[
31]
bedoubl
edbyt
heot
herl
essont
hatRel
i
gionf
lour
ishesi
ngr
eat
erpur
it
y,wi
thoutt
hanwi
tht
heai
dofGov
t."
Madi
son'
sor
igi
nal
draf
toft
heBi
l
lofRi
ght
shadi
ncl
udedpr
ovi
sionsbi
ndi
ngt
heSt
ates,
aswel
last
he
Feder
alGov
ernment
,fr
om anest
abl
i
shmentofr
eli
gion,
butt
heHousedi
dnotpasst
hem.

Jef
fer
son'
sopponent
ssai
dhi
sposi
ti
onwast
hedest
ruct
ionandt
hegov
ernment
alr
eject
ionofChr
ist
iani
ty,
 [
32]
butt
hiswasacar
icat
ure. Inset
ti
ngupt
heUni
ver
sit
yofVi
rgi
nia,
Jef
fer
sonencour
agedal
lthesepar
ate
sect
stohav
epr
eacher
soft
hei
rown,
thought
her
ewasaconst
it
uti
onal
banont
heSt
atesuppor
ti
nga
[
33]
Pr
ofessor
shi
pofDi
vi
nit
y,ar
isi
ngf
rom hi
sownVi
rgi
niaSt
atut
eforRel
i
giousFr
eedom. Somehav
ear
gued
[
34]
t
hatt
hisar
rangementwas"
ful
l
ycompat
ibl
ewi
thJef
fer
son'
svi
ewsont
hesepar
ati
onofchur
chandst
ate;
"
howev
er,
other
spoi
ntt
oJef
fer
son'
ssuppor
tforaschemei
nwhi
chst
udent
satt
heuni
ver
sit
ywoul
dat
tend
[
35]
r
eli
giouswor
shi
peachmor
ningasev
idencet
hathi
svi
ewswer
enotconsi
stentwi
thst
ri
ctsepar
ati
on. St
il
l
ot
herschol
ars,
suchasMar
kDav
idHal
l
,at
temptt
osi
dest
ept
hewhol
eissuebyar
gui
ngt
hatAmer
ican
j
uri
spr
udencef
ocusest
oonar
rowl
yont
hisoneJef
fer
soni
anl
ett
erwhi
l
efai
l
ingt
oaccountf
orot
herr
elev
ant
[
36]
hi
stor
y

Jef
fer
son'
slet
terent
eredAmer
icanj
uri
spr
udencei
nthe1878Mor
monpol
ygamycaseRey
nol
dsv
.U.
S.,
in
whi
cht
hecour
tci
tedJef
fer
sonand

Madi
son,
seeki
ngal
egal
def
ini
ti
onf
ort dr
hewor el
i
gion.Wr
it
ingf
ort
hemaj
ori
ty,
Just
iceSt
ephenJohnson
Fi
eldci
tedJef
fer
son'
s"Let
tert
otheDanbur
yBapt
ist
s"t
ost
atet
hat"
Congr
esswasdepr
ivedofal
ll
egi
slat
ive
powerov
ermer
eopi
nion,
butwasl
eftf
reet
oreachact
ionswhi
chwer
einv
iol
ati
onofsoci
aldut
iesor
[37]
subv
ersi
veofgoodor
der
." Consi
der
ingt
his,
thecour
trul
edt
hatout
lawi
ngpol
ygamywasconst
it
uti
onal
.

Madi
sonnot
edt
hatMar
ti
nLut
her
'sdoct
ri
neoft
het
woki
ngdomsmar
kedt
hebegi
nni
ngoft
hemoder
n
concept
ionofsepar
ati
onofchur
chand
[
38]
st
ate.

Pat
ri
ckHenr
y,Massachuset
ts,
andConnect
icut
…

Jef
fer
sonandMadi
son'
sappr
oachwasnott
heonl
yonet
akeni
ntheei
ght
eent
hcent
ury
.Jef
fer
son'
sSt
atut
e
ofRel
i
giousFr
eedom wasdr
aft
edi
nopposi
ti
ont
oabi
l
l,chi
efl
ysuppor
tedbyPat
ri
ckHenr
y,whi
chwoul
d
per
mitanyVi
rgi
niant
obel
ongt
oanydenomi
nat
ion,
butwhi
chwoul
drequi
rehi
mtobel
ongt
osome
denomi
nat
ionandpayt
axest
osuppor
tit
.Si
mil
arl
y,t
heConst
it
uti
onofMassachuset
tsor
igi
nal
l
ypr
ovi
ded
t
hat"
nosubj
ectshal
lbehur
t,mol
est
ed,
orr
est
rai
ned,
inhi
sper
son,
li
ber
ty,
orest
ate,
forwor
shi
ppi
ngGodi
n
t
hemannerandseasonmostagr
eeabl
etot
hedi
ctat
esofhi
sownconsci
ence.
..pr
ovi
dedhedot
hnotdi
stur
b
t
hepubl
i
cpeace,
orobst
ructot
her
sint
hei
rrel
i
giouswor
shi
p"(
Art
icl
eII
),butal
sot
hat
:

t
hepeopl
eoft
hiscommonweal
thhav
ear
ightt
oinv
estt
hei
rlegi
slat
urewi
thpowert
oaut
hor
izeand
r
equi
re,
andt
hel
egi
sl
atur
eshal
l
,fr
om t
imet
oti
me,
aut
hor
izeandr
equi
re,
thesev
eral
towns,
par
ishes,
pr
eci
nct
s,andot
herbodi
espol
i
tic,
orr
eli
gioussoci
eti
es,
tomakesui
tabl
epr
ovi
sion,
att
hei
rown
ex
pense,
fort
hei
nst
it
uti
onoft
hepubl
i
cwor
shi
pofGod,
andf
ort
hesuppor
tandmai
ntenanceof
publ
i
cPr
otest
antt
eacher
sofpi
ety
,rel
i
gion,
andmor
ali
ty,
inal
lcaseswher
esuchpr
ovi
sionshal
lnot
bemadev
olunt
ari
l
y.Andt
hepeopl
eoft
hiscommonweal
thhav
eal
soar
ightt
o,anddo,
inv
estt
hei
r
l
egi
slat
urewi
thaut
hor
it
ytoenj
oinuponal
lthesubj
ect
sanat
tendanceupont
hei
nst
ruct
ionsoft
he
publ
i
cteacher
saf
oresai
d,atst
atedt
imesandseasons,
ift
her
ebeanyonwhosei
nst
ruct
ionst
heycan
consci
ent
iousl
yandconv
eni
ent
lyat
tend.(
Art
icl
eII
I)

Si
nce,
inpr
act
ice,
thi
smeantt
hatt
hedeci
sionofwhowast
axabl
eforapar
ti
cul
arr
eli
gionr
est
edi
nthe
handsoft
hesel
ect
men,
usual
l
y
Congr
egat
ional
i
sts,
thi
ssy
stem wasopent
oabuse.I
twasabol
i
shedi
n1833.Thei
nter
veni
ngper
iodi
s
somet
imesr
efer
redt
oasan"
est
abl
i
shmentofr
eli
gion"i
nMassachuset
ts.

TheDukeofYor
khadr
equi
redt
hatev
erycommuni
tyi
nhi
snewl
andsofNewYor
kandNewJer
seysuppor
t
somechur
ch,
butt
hiswasmor
eof
tenDut
chRef
ormed,
Quaker
,orPr
esby
ter
ian,
thanAngl
i
can.Somechose
t
osuppor
tmor
ethanonechur
ch.Heal
soor
dai
nedt
hatt
het
ax-
pay
erswer
efr
ee,
hav
ingpai
dhi
slocal
tax,
to
chooset
hei
rownchur
ch.Thet
ermsf
ort
hesur
renderofNewAmst
erdam hadpr
ovi
dedt
hatt
heDut
chwoul
d
hav
ethel
i
ber
tyofconsci
ence,
andt
heDuke,
asanopenl
ydi
vi
ne-
ri
ghtCat
hol
i
c,wasnof
ri
endofAngl
i
cani
sm.
Thef
ir
stAngl
i
canmi
nist
eri
nNewJer
seyar
ri
vedi
n1698,
thoughAngl
i
cani
sm wasmor
epopul
ari
nNew
[
39]
Yor
k.

Connect
icuthadar
eal
est
abl
i
shmentofr
eli
gion.I
tsci
ti
zensdi
dnotadoptaconst
it
uti
onatt
heRev
olut
ion
butr
atheramendedt
hei
rChar
tert
oremov
eal
lref
erencest
otheBr
it
ishGov
ernment
.Asar
esul
t,t
he
Congr
egat
ional
Chur
chcont
inuedt
obeest
abl
i
shed,
andYal
eCol
l
ege,
att
hatt
imeaCongr
egat
ional
i
nst
it
uti
on,
recei
vedgr
ant
sfr
om t
heSt
ateunt
ilConnect
icutadopt
edaconst
it
uti
oni
n1818par
tl
ybecauseof
t
hisi
ssue.

Testact
s
…

Theabsenceofanest
abl
i
shmentofr
eli
giondi
dnotnecessar
il
yimpl
ythatal
lmenwer
efr
eet
ohol
dof
fi
ce.
Mostcol
oni
eshadaTestAct
,andsev
eral
stat
esr
etai
nedt
hem f
orashor
tti
me.Thi
sst
oodi
ncont
rastt
othe
Feder
alConst
it
uti
on,
whi
chexpl
i
cit
lypr
ohi
bit
stheempl
oymentofanyr
eli
gioust
estf
orFeder
alof
fi
ce,
and
whi
cht
hrought
heFour
teent
hAmendmentl
aterext
endedt
hispr
ohi
bit
iont
otheSt
ates.

Forex
ampl
e,t
heNewJer
seyConst
it
uti
onof1776pr
ovi
dest
hel
i
ber
tyofconsci
encei
nmucht
hesame
l
anguageasMassachuset
ts(
simi
l
arl
yfor
biddi
ngt
hepay
mentof"
taxes,
tit
hesorot
herpay
ment
s"cont
rar
y
t
oconsci
ence)
.Itt
henpr
ovi
des:

Thatt
her
eshal
lbenoest
abl
i
shmentofanyoner
eli
gioussecti
nthi
sPr
ovi
nce,
inpr
efer
encet
oanot
her
;
hatnoPr
andt otest
anti
nhabi
tantoft
hisCol
onyshal
lbedeni
edt
heenj
oymentofanyci
vi
lri
ght
,mer
ely
onaccountofhi
srel
i
giouspr
inci
ples;
butt
hatal
lper
sons,
prof
essi
ngabel
i
efi
nthef
aihofany
t
Pr
otest
antsect
,whoshal
ldemeant
hemsel
vespeaceabl
yundert
hegov
ernment
,asher
ebyest
abl
i
shed,
shal
lbecapabl
eofbei
ngel
ect
edi
ntoanyof
fi
ceofpr
ofi
tort
rust
,orbei
ngamemberofei
therbr
anchof
t
heLegi
slat
ure,
andshal
lful
l
yandf
reel
yenj
oyev
erypr
ivi
l
egeandi
mmuni
ty,
enj
oyedbyot
her
sthei
r
[
40]
f
ell
owsubj
ect
s.

Thi
swoul
dper
mitaTestActbutdonotr
equi
reone.

Theor
igi
nal
char
teroft
hePr
ovi
nceofEastJer
seyhadr
est
ri
ctedmember
shi
pint
heAssembl
ytoChr
ist
ians;
t
heDukeofYor
kwasf
erv
ent
lyCat
hol
i
c,andt
hepr
opr
iet
orsofPer
thAmboy
,NewJer
seywer
eScot
ti
sh
Cat
hol
i
cpeer
s.ThePr
ovi
nceofWestJer
seyhaddecl
ared,
in1681,
thatt
her
eshoul
dbenor
eli
gioust
estf
or
of
fi
ce.Anoat
hhadal
sobeeni
mposedont
hemi
l
iti
adur
ingt
heFr
enchandI
ndi
anWarr
equi
ri
ngt
hem t
o
abj
uret
hepr
etensi
onsoft
hePope,
whi
chmayormaynothav
ebeenappl
i
eddur
ingt
heRev
olut
ion.Thatl
aw
wasr
epl
acedby1799.

ThePennsy
lvani
aConst
it
uti
onof1776pr
ovi
ded:
Andeachmember
,bef
orehet
akeshi
sseat
,shal
lmakeandsubscr
ibet
hef
oll
owi
ngdecl
arat
ion,
viz:

Idobel
i
evei
noneGod,
thecr
eat
or,
andgov
ernoroft
heuni
ver
se,
ther
ewar
deroft
hegoodandt
hepuni
sher
oft
hewi
cked.

AndIdoacknowl
edget
heScr
ipt
uresoft
heOl
dandNewTest
amentt
obegi
venbyDi
vi
nei
nspi
rat
ion.

Andnof
urt
herorot
herr
eli
gioust
est
sshal
lev
erher
eaf
terber
equi
redofanyci
vi
lof
fi
cerormagi
str
atei
n
t
hisSt
ate.

Agai
n,i
tpr
ovi
dedi
ngener
alt
hatal
ltax-
pay
ingf
reemenandt
hei
rsonsshal
lbeabl
etov
ote,
andt
hatno
" whoacknowl
man, edgest
hebei
ngofa

God,
bej
ust
lydepr
ivedorabr
idgedofanyci
vi
lri
ghtasaci
ti
zen,
onaccountofhi
srel
i
gioussent
iment
sor
pecul
i
armodeofr
eli
giouswor
shi
p."

TheU.
S.Const
it
uti
on

Ar
ti
cle6
…

Ar
ti
cleSi
xoft
heUni
tedSt
atesConst
it
uti
onpr
ovi
dest
hat"
nor
eli
gioust
estshal
lev
erber
equi
redasa
Qual
i
ficat
iont
oanyOf
fi
ceorpubl
i
cTr
ustundert
heUni
tedSt
ates"
.Pr
iort
otheadopt
ionoft
heBi
l
lofRi
ght
s,
t
hiswast
heonl
yment
ionofr
eli
gioni
ntheConst
it
uti
on.

TheFi
rstAmendment
…

Thef
ir
stamendmentt
otheUSConst
it
uti
onst
ates"
Congr
essshal
lmakenol
awr
espect
ingan
est
abl
i
shmentofr
eli
gion,
orpr
ohi
bit
ingt
hef
reeexer
ciset
her
eof
."Thet
wopar
ts,
knownast
he
"
est
abl
i
shmentcl
ause"andt
he"
freeexer
cisecl
ause"r
espect
ivel
y,f
ormt
het
ext
ual
basi
sfort
heSupr
eme
[
41]
Cour
t'
sint
erpr
etat
ionsoft
he"
separ
ati
onofchur
chandst
ate"doct
ri
ne. Thr
eecent
ral
concept
swer
e
der
ivedf
rom t
he1stAmendmentwhi
chbecameAmer
ica'
sdoct
ri
nef
orchur
ch-
stat
esepar
ati
on:
nocoer
cion
i
nrel
i
giousmat
ter
s,noexpect
ati
ont
osuppor
tar
eli
gionagai
nstone'
swi
l
l,andr
eli
giousl
i
ber
ty
encompassesal
lrel
i
gions.I
nsum,
cit
izensar
efr
eet
oembr
aceorr
ejectaf
ait
h,andsuppor
tforr
eli
gion-
f
inanci
alorphy
sical
-mustbev
olunt
ary
,andal
lrel
i
gionsar
eequal
int
heey
esoft
hel
awwi
thnospeci
al
[
42]
pr
efer
enceorf
avor
it
ism.

TheFi
rstCongr
ess'
del
i
ber
ati
onsshowt
hati
tsunder
standi
ngoft
hesepar
ati
onofchur
chandst
atedi
ff
ered
shar
plyf
rom t
hatoft
hei
rcont
empor
ari
esi
nEur
ope.Ast
he19t
h-cent
uryhi
stor
ianPhi
l
ipSchaf
fobser
ved:

TheAmer
icansepar
ati
onofchur
chandst
ater
est
suponr
espectf
ort
hechur
ch;
the[
Eur
opean
ant
icl
eri
cal
]separ
ati
on,
oni
ndi
ff
erenceandhat
redoft
hechur
ch,
andofr
eli
gioni
tsel
f.
..Theconst
it
uti
on
di
dnotcr
eat
eanat
ion,
nori
tsr
eli
gionandi
nst
it
uti
ons.I
tfoundt
hem al
readyexi
sti
ngandwasf
ramed
f
ort
hepur
poseofpr
otect
ingt
hem underar
epubl
i
canf
orm ofgov
ernment
,inar
uleoft
hepeopl
e,by
[
43]
t
hepeopl
e,andf
ort
hepeopl
e.

AnAugust15,
1789,
ent
ryi
nMadi
son'
spaper
sindi
cat
eshei
ntendedf
ort
heest
abl
i
shmentcl
auset
opr
event
t
hegov
ernmenti
mposi
ti
onofr
eli
giousbel
i
efsoni
ndi
vi
dual
s.Theent
rysay
s:"
Mr.Madi
sonsai
dhe
appr
ehendedt
hemeani
ngoft
hewor
dst
obe,
thatCongr
essshoul
dnotest
abl
i
shar
eli
gion,
andenf
orcet
he
l
egal
obser
vat
ionofi
tbyl
aw,
norcompel
ment
owor
shi
pGodi
nanymannercont
rar
ytot
hei
rconsci
ence.

.
..
"[
44]

Somel
egal
schol
ars,
suchasJohnBakerofLSU,
theor
izet
hatMadi
son'
sini
ti
alpr
oposedl
anguage—t
hat
Congr
essshoul
dmakenol
awr
egar
dingt
heest
abl
i
shmentofa"
nat
ional
rel
i
gion"
—wasr
eject
edbyt
he
House,
inf
avoroft
hemor
egener
al"
rel
i
gion"i
nanef
for
ttoappeaset
heAnt
i-

Feder
ali
sts.Tobot
htheAnt
i-
Feder
ali
stsandt
heFeder
ali
sts,
thev
erywor
d"nat
ional
"wasacausef
oral
arm
[
45]
becauseoft
heexper
ienceundert
heBr
it
ishcr
own. Dur
ingt
hedebat
eov
ert
heest
abl
i
shmentcl
ause,
Rep.
El
bri
dgeGer
ryofMassachuset
tst
ooki
ssuewi
thMadi
son'
slanguager
egar
dingwhet
hert
hegov
ernment
wasanat
ional
gov
ernment
,oraf
eder
algov
ernment
]](
inwhi
cht
hest
atesr
etai
nedt
hei
rindi
vi
dual
sov
erei
gnt
y),
whi
chBakersuggest
scompel
l
edMadi
sont
owi
thdr
awhi
slanguagef
rom t
hedebat
e.

Fol
l
owi
ngt
hear
gumentbet
weenMadi
sonandGer
ry,
Rep.Samuel
Liv
ermor
eofNewHampshi
repr
oposed
l
anguagest
ati
ngt
hat"
Congr
essshal
lmakenol
awst
ouchi
ngr
eli
gionort
her
ight
sofconsci
ence.
"Thi
s
r
aisedanupr
oarf
rom member
s,suchasRep.Benj
ami
nHunt
ingdonofConnect
icutandRep.Pet
erSy
lvest
er
ofNewYor
k,whowor
ri
edt
hel
anguagecoul
dbeusedt
ohar
mrel
i
giouspr
act
ice.

Ot
her
s,suchasRep.RogerSher
manofConnect
icut
,bel
i
evedt
hecl
ausewasunnecessar
ybecauset
he
or
igi
nal
Const
it
uti
ononl
ygav
eCongr
essst
atedpower
s,whi
chdi
dnoti
ncl
udeest
abl
i
shi
nganat
ional
rel
i
gion.
Ant
i-
Feder
ali
stssuchasRep.ThomasTuckerofSout
hCar
oli
namov
edt
ost
ri
ket
heest
abl
i
shmentcl
ause
compl
etel
ybecausei
tcoul
dpr
eemptt
her
eli
giouscl
ausesi
nthest
ateconst
it
uti
ons.Howev
er,
theAnt
i-
Feder
ali
stswer
eunsuccessf
uli
nper
suadi
ngt
heHouseofRepr
esent
ati
vest
odr
opt
hecl
ausef
rom t
hef
ir
st
amendment
.

TheSenat
ewentt
hroughsev
eral
mor
enar
rowl
ytar
get
edv
ersi
onsbef
orer
eachi
ngt
hecont
empor
ary
l
anguage.Onev
ersi
onr
ead,
"Congr
essshal
lmakenol
awest
abl
i
shi
ngoner
eli
gioussectorsoci
etyi
n
pr
efer
encet
oot
her
s,norshal
lfr
eedom ofconsci
encebei
nfr
inged,
"whi
l
eanot
herr
ead,
"Congr
essshal
l
makenol
awest
abl
i
shi
ngonepar
ti
cul
arr
eli
giousdenomi
nat
ioni
npr
efer
encet
oot
her
s."Ul
ti
mat
ely
,the
Senat
erej
ect
edt
hemor
enar
rowl
ytar
get
edl
anguage.

Att
het
imeoft
hepassageoft
heBi
l
lofRi
ght
s,manyst
atesact
edi
nway
sthatwoul
dnowbehel
d
unconst
it
uti
onal
.Al
loft
heear
lyof
fi
cial
stat
echur
cheswer
edi
sest
abl
i
shedby1833(
Massachuset
ts)
,
i
ncl
udi
ngt
heCongr
egat
ional
i
stest
abl
i
shmenti
nConnect
icut
.Iti
scommonl
yaccept
edt
hatundert
he
doct
ri
neofI
ncor
por
ati
on—whi
chusest
heDuePr
ocesscl
auseoft
heFour
teent
hAmendmentt
ohol
dthe
Bi
l
lofRi
ght
sappl
i
cabl
etot
hest
ates—t
hesest
atechur
chescoul
dnotber
eest
abl
i
shedt
oday
.

Yett
hepr
ovi
sionsofst
ateconst
it
uti
onspr
otect
edr
eli
giousl
i
ber
ty,
par
ti
cul
arl
ytheso-
cal
l
edf
reedom of
consci
ence.Dur
ingt
heni
net
eent
hcent
ury(
andbef
oret
hei
ncor
por
ati
onoft
heFi
rstAmendmentoft
he
U.
S.Const
it
uti
ont
hrought
heFour
teent
hAmendment
),l
i
tigant
stur
nedt
othesepr
ovi
sionst
ochal
l
enge
[
46]
Sundayl
aws(
bluel
aws)
,bi
ble-
readi
ngi
nschool
s,andot
herost
ensi
blyr
eli
giousr
egul
ati
ons. Dav
id
Sehat
,pr
ofessorofAmer
icanI
ntel
l
ect
ual
andCul
tur
alHi
stor
yatGeor
giaSt
ateUni
ver
sit
y,wr
it
est
hat
:

Butwhent
heFi
rstAmendmentwasr
ati
fi
edi
n1791,
itdi
dnotappl
ytot
hest
atesandwoul
dnotunt
ilwel
l
i
ntot
he20t
hcent
ury
.Asar
esul
t,t
heFi
rstAmendmentdi
dnotpr
eventst
atesf
rom pay
ingchur
chesoutof
t
hepubl
i
ctr
easur
y,asMar
yland,
Massachuset
ts,
NewHampshi
re,
Ver
mont
,Connect
icut
,andSout
h
Car
oli
nadi
dwhent
hatamendmentwaswr
it
ten.Andt
hosest
atest
hatdi
dnotf
undchur
chesst
il
lfav
ored
Chr
ist
iani
ty.Bl
asphemywasf
orbi
ddeni
nDel
awar
ein1826,
andof
fi
cehol
der
sinPennsy
lvani
ahadt
o
sweart
hatt
heybel
i
evedi
n“t
hebei
ngofaGodandaf
utur
est
ateofr
ewar
dsandpuni
shment
s.”Amer
ican
f
eder
ali
sm gav
est
atesenor
mouspowert
oregul
atet
heheal
th,
wel
far
eandmor
alsoft
hei
rci
ti
zens.
Becausemanyt
houghtr
eli
gionwast
hef
oundat
ionofAmer
icansoci
ety
,theyusedt
hei
rpowert
oimpr
int
[
47]
t
hei
rmor
ali
deal
sonst
ateconst
it
uti
onsandj
udi
ci
alopi
nionsf
ormuchofAmer
icanhi
stor
y.

The14t
hAmendment
…

TheFour
teent
hAmendmentt
otheUni
tedSt
atesConst
it
uti
on(
AmendmentXI
V)i
soneoft
hepost
-Ci
vi
lWar
amendment
s,i
ntendedt
osecur
eri
ght
sforf
ormersl
aves.I
tincl
udest
heduepr
ocessandequal
prot
ect
ion
cl
ausesamongot
her
s.Theamendmenti
ntr
oducest
heconceptofi
ncor
por
ati
onofal
lrel
evantf
eder
alr
ight
s
agai
nstt
hest
ates.Whi
l
eithasnotbeenf
ull
yimpl
ement
ed,
thedoct
ri
neofi
ncor
por
ati
onhasbeenusedt
o
ensur
e,t
hrought
heDuePr
ocessCl
auseandPr
ivi
l
egesandI
mmuni
ti
esCl
ause,
theappl
i
cat
ionofmostof
t
her
ight
senumer
atedi
ntheBi
l
lofRi
ght
stot
hest
ates.

Thei
ncor
por
ati
onoft
heFi
rstAmendmentest
abl
i
shmentcl
ausei
nthel kcaseofEv
andmar ersonv
.Boar
dof
Educat
ionhasaf
fect
edt
hesubsequenti
nter
pret
ati
onoft
hesepar
ati
onofchur
chandst
atei
nregar
dtot
he
[
48]
st
ategov
ernment
s. Al
thoughuphol
dingt
hest
atel
awi
nthatcase,
whi
chpr
ovi
dedf
orpubl
i
cbusi
ngt
o
pr
ivat
erel
i
giousschool
s,t
heSupr
emeCour
thel
dthatt
heFi
rstAmendmentest
abl
i
shmentcl
ausewasf
ull
y
appl
i
cabl
etot
hest
ategov
ernment
s.Amor
erecentcasei
nvol
vi
ngt
heappl
i
cat
ionoft
hispr
inci
pleagai
nst
t
hest
ateswasBoar
dofEducat
ionofKi
ryasJoelVi
l
lageSchoolDi
str
ictv
.Gr
umet(
1994)
.

Supr
emeCour
tcases

Jef
fer
son'
sconceptof"
separ
ati
onofchur
chandst
ate"f
ir
stbecameapar
tofEst
abl
i
shmentCl
ause
[
49]
j
uri
spr nRey
udencei nol
dsv
.theU.
S.,
98U.
S.145(
1878)
. Int
hatcase,
thecour
texami
nedt
hehi
stor
yof
r
eli
giousl
i
ber
tyi
ntheUS,
det
ermi
ningt
hatwhi
l
etheconst
it
uti
onguar
ant
eesr
eli
giousf
reedom,
"Thewor
d
'
rel
i
gion'
isnotdef
inedi
ntheConst
it
uti
on.Wemustgoel
sewher
e,t
her
efor
e,t
oascer
tai
nit
smeani
ng,
and
nowher
emor
eappr
opr
iat
ely
,wet
hink,
thant
othehi
stor
yoft
het
imesi
nthemi
dstofwhi
cht
hepr
ovi
sion
wasadopt
ed.
"Thecour
tfoundt
hatt
hel
eader
sinadv
ocat
ingandf
ormul
ati
ngt
heconst
it
uti
onal
guar
ant
ee
ofr
eli
giousl
i
ber
tywer
eJamesMadi
sonandThomasJef
fer
son.Quot
ingt
he"
separ
ati
on"par
agr
aphf
rom
Jef
fer
son'
slet
tert
otheDanbur
yBapt
ist
s,t
hecour
tconcl
udedt
hat
,"comi
ngast
hisdoesf
rom an
acknowl
edgedl
eaderoft
headv
ocat
esoft
hemeasur
e,i
tmaybeaccept
edal
mostasanaut
hor
it
ati
ve
decl
arat
ionoft
hescopeandef
fectoft
heamendmentt
hussecur
ed.
"

Thecent
ral
i
tyoft
he"
separ
ati
on"conceptt
otheRel
i
gionCl
ausesoft
heConst
it
uti
onwasmadeexpl
i
citi
n
Ev
ersonv
.Boar
dofEducat
ion,
330U.
S.1(
1947)
,acasedeal
i
ngwi
thaNewJer
seyl
awt
hatal
l
owed
gov
ernmentf
undst
opayf
ort
ranspor
tat
ionofst
udent
stobot
hpubl
i
candCat
hol
i
cschool
s.Thi
swast
he
f
ir
stcasei
nwhi
cht
hecour
tappl
i
edt
heEst
abl
i
shmentCl
auset
othel
awsofast
ate,
hav
ingi
nter
pret
edt
he
duepr
ocesscl
auseoft
heFour
teent
hAmendmentasappl
yi
ngt
heBi
l
lofRi
ght
stot
hest
atesaswel
last
he
f
eder
all
egi
slat
ure.Ci
ti
ngJef
fer
son,
thecour
tconcl
udedt
hat"
TheFi
rstAmendmenthaser
ect
edawal
l
bet
weenchur
chandst
ate.Thatwal
lmustbekepthi
ghandi
mpr
egnabl
e.Wecoul
dnotappr
ovet
hesl
i
ght
est
br
each.
"

Whi
l
ethedeci
si
on(
wit
hfourdi
ssent
s)ul
ti
mat
elyuphel
dthest
atel
awal
l
owi
ngt
hef
undi
ngoft
ranspor
tat
ion
ofst
udent
stor
eli
giousschool
s,t
hemaj
ori
tyopi
nion(
byJust
iceHugoBl
ack)andt
hedi
ssent
ingopi
nions
(
byJust
iceWi
l
eyBl
ountRut
ledgeandJust
iceRober
tH.Jackson)eachexpl
i
cit
lyst
atedt
hatt
heConst
it
uti
on
haser
ect
eda"
wal
lbet
weenchur
chandst
ate"ora"
separ
ati
onofChur
chf
rom St
ate"
:thei
rdi
sagr
eement
wasl
i
mit
edt
owhet
hert
hiscaseofst
atef
undi
ngoft
ranspor
tat
iont
orel
i
giousschool
sbr
eachedt
hatwal
l
.
Rut
ledge,
onbehal
foft
hef
ourdi
ssent
ingj
ust
ices,
tookt
heposi
ti
ont
hatt
hemaj
ori
tyhadi
ndeedper
mit
teda
v
iol
ati
onoft
hewal
lofsepar
ati
oni
nthi
scase:
"Nei
thersohi
ghnorsoi
mpr
egnabl
etodayasy
est
erdayi
sthe
wal
lrai
sedbet
weenchur
chandst
atebyVi
rgi
nia'
sgr
eatst
atut
eofr
eli
giousf
reedom andt
heFi
rst
Amendment
,nowmadeappl
i
cabl
etoal
lthest
atesbyt
heFour
teent
h."Wr
it
ingsepar
atel
y,Just
iceJackson
ar
guedt
hat"
[T]
her
ear
enogoodgr
oundsuponwhi
cht
osuppor
tthepr
esentl
egi
slat
ion.I
nfact
,the
under
tonesoft
heopi
nion,
adv
ocat
ingacompl
eteanduncompr
omi
singsepar
ati
onofChur
chf
rom St
ate,
seem ut
ter
lydi
scor
dantwi
thi
tsconcl
usi
ony
iel
dingsuppor
ttot
hei
rcommi
ngl
i
ngi
neducat
ional
mat
ter
s."

I
n1962,
theSupr
emeCour
taddr
essedt
hei
ssueofof
fi
cial
l
ysponsor
edpr
ayerorr
eli
giousr
eci
tat
ionsi
n
publ
i
cschool nEngel
s.I v.Vi
tal
e,370U.
S.421(
1962)
,theCour
t,byav
oteof6-
1,det
ermi
nedi
t
unconst
it
uti
onal
forst
ateof
fi
cial
stocomposeanof
fi
cial
school
pray
erandr
equi
rei
tsr
eci
tat
ioni
npubl
i
c
school
s,ev
enwhent
hepr
ayeri
snon-
denomi
nat
ional
andst
udent
smayexcuset
hemsel
vesf
rom
par
ti
cipat
ion.(
Thepr
ayerr
equi
redbyt
heNewYor
kSt
ateBoar
dofRegent
spr
iort
otheCour
t'
sdeci
sion
consi
stedof
:"Al
might
yGod,
weacknowl
edgeourdependenceuponThee,
andwebegThybl
essi
ngsupon
us,
ourpar
ent
s,ourt
eacher
s,andourcount
ry.Amen.
")Ast
heCour
tst
ated:

Thepet
it
ioner
scont
end,
amongot
hert
hings,
thatt
hest
atel
awsr
equi
ri
ngorper
mit
ti
nguseoft
he
Regent
s'pr
ayermustbest
ruckdownasav
iol
ati
onoft
heEst
abl
i
shmentCl
ausebecauset
hatpr
ayer
wascomposedbygov
ernment
alof
fi
cial
sasapar
tofagov
ernment
alpr
ogr
am t
ofur
therr
eli
gious
bel
i
efs.Fort
hisr
eason,
pet
it
ioner
sar
gue,
theSt
ate'
suseoft
heRegent
s'pr
ayeri
nit
spubl
i
cschool
sy
stem br
eachest
heconst
it
uti
onal
wal
lofsepar
ati
onbet
weenChur
chandSt
ate.Weagr
eewi
tht
hat
cont
ent
ion,
sincewet
hinkt
hatt
heconst
it
uti
onal
prohi
bit
ionagai
nstl
awsr
espect
inganest
abl
i
shment
ofr
eli
gionmustatl
eastmeant
hat
,int
hiscount
ry,
iti
snopar
toft
hebusi
nessofgov
ernmentt
o
composeof
fi
ci
alpr
ayer
sforanygr
oupoft
heAmer
icanpeopl
etor
eci
teasapar
tofar
eli
giouspr
ogr
am
car
ri
edonbygov
ernment
.

Thecour
tnot
edt
hati
t"i
samat
terofhi
stor
ythatt
hisv
erypr
act
iceofest
abl
i
shi
nggov
ernment
all
y
composedpr
ayer
sforr
eli
giousser
viceswasoneoft
her
easonswhi
chcausedmanyofourear
lycol
oni
sts
[
50]
t
oleav
eEngl
andandseekr
eli
giousf
reedom i
nAmer
ica.
" Thel
onedi
ssent
er,
Just
icePot
terSt
ewar
t,
obj
ect
edt
othecour
t'
sembr
aceoft
he"
wal
lofsepar
ati
on"met
aphor
:"It
hink
Thosewhowoul d
thattheCourt
'st
ask,i
nthi
sasinallareasofconst
it
utionaladj
udicat
ion,
isnot
renegot
iat
etheboundari
es
responsi
blyai
dedbytheuncr
it
ical
invocati
onofmet aphorsli
kethe"wallof
betweenchurchandstat
e
separati
on,
"aphrasenowher
etobef oundintheConstit
uti
on."

nEpper
I sonv
.Ar
kansas,
393U.
S.97(
1968)
,theSupr
emeCour
tconsi
der
edanAr
kansasl
awt
hatmadei
ta
cr
ime"
tot
eacht
het
heor
yordoct
ri
net
hatmanki
ndascendedordescendedf
rom al
oweror
derofani
mal
s,
"
or"
toadoptorusei
nanysuchi
nst
it
uti
onat
ext
bookt
hatt
eaches"t
hist
heor
yinanyschool
oruni
ver
sit
ythat
r
ecei
vedpubl
i
cfunds.Thecour
t'
sopi
nion,
wri
tt
enbyJust
iceAbeFor
tas,
rul
edt
hatt
heAr
kansasl
aw
v
iol
ated"
theconst
it
uti
onal
prohi
bit
ionofst
atel
awsr
espect
inganest
abl
i
shmentofr
eli
gionorpr
ohi
bit
ing
t
hef
reeexer
ciset
her
eof
.Theov
err
idi
ngf
acti
sthatAr
kansas'
lawsel
ect
sfr
om t
hebodyofknowl
edgea
par
ti
cul
arsegmentwhi
chi
tpr
oscr
ibesf
ort
hesol
ereasont
hati
tisdeemedt
oconf
li
ctwi
thapar
ti
cul
ar
r
eli
giousdoct
ri
ne;
thati
s,wi
thapar
ti
cul
ari
nter
pret
ati
onoft
heBookofGenesi
sbyapar
ti
cul
arr
eli
gious
gr
oup.
"Thecour
thel
dthatt
heEst
abl
i
shmentCl
ausepr
ohi
bit
sthest
atef
rom adv
anci
nganyr
eli
gion,
and
[
51]
t
hat"
[T]
hest
atehasnol
egi
ti
mat
eint
eresti
npr
otect
inganyoral
lrel
i
gionsf
rom v
iewsdi
stast
eful
tot
hem.
"

Just
iceSandr
aDayO'
Connor

nLemonv
I .Kur
tzman,
403U.
S.602(
1971)
,thecour
tdet
ermi
nedt
hataPennsy
lvani
ast
atepol
i
cyof
r
eimbur
singt
hesal
ari
esandr
elat
edcost
soft
eacher
sofsecul
arsubj
ect
sinpr
ivat
erel
i
giousschool
s
v
iol
atedt
heEst
abl
i
shmentCl
ause.Thecour
t'
sdeci
sionar
guedt
hatt
hesepar
ati
onofchur
chandst
atecoul
d
nev
erbeabsol
ute:
"Ourpr
iorhol
dingsdonotcal
lfort
otal
separ
ati
onbet
weenchur
chandst
ate;
tot
al
separ
ati
oni
snotpossi
blei
nanabsol
utesense.Somer
elat
ionshi
pbet
weengov
ernmentandr
eli
gious
or
gani
zat
ionsi
sinev
itabl
e,
"thecour
twr
ote."
Judi
cial
cav
eat
sagai
nstent
angl
ementmustr
ecogni
zet
hatt
he
l
i
neofsepar
ati
on,
farf
rom bei
nga'
wal
l
',i
sabl
urr
ed,
indi
sti
nct
,andv
ari
abl
ebar
ri
erdependi
ngonal
lthe
ci
rcumst
ancesofapar
ti
cul
arr
elat
ionshi
p."

Subsequentt
othi
sdeci
sion,
theSupr
emeCour
thasappl
i
edat
hree-
prongedt
estt
odet
ermi
newhet
her
gov
ernmentact
ioncompor
tswi
tht
heEst
abl
i
shmentCl
ause,
knownast
he"
LemonTest
".Fi
rst
,thel
awor
pol
i
cymusthav
ebeenadopt
edwi
thaneut
ral
ornon-
rel
i
giouspur
pose.Second,
thepr
inci
pal
orpr
imar
y
ef
fectmustbeonet
hatnei
theradv
ancesnori
nhi
bit
srel
i
gion.Thi
rd,
thest
atut
eorpol
i
cymustnotr
esul
tin
[
53]
an"
excessi
veent
angl
ement
"ofgov
ernmentwi
thr
eli
gion. (Thedeci
sioni
n

Lemonv
.Kur
tzmanhi
ngedupont
heconcl
usi
ont
hatt
hegov
ernmentbenef
it
swer
efl
owi
ng
di
spr
opor
ti
onat
elyt
oCat
hol
i
cschool
s,andt
hatCat
hol
i
cschool
swer
eani
ntegr
alcomponentoft
heCat
hol
i
c
Chur
ch'
srel
i
giousmi
ssi
on,
thust
hepol
i
cyi
nvol
vedt
hest
atei
nan"
excessi
veent
angl
ement
"wi
thr
eli
gion.
)
Fai
l
uret
omeetanyoft
hesecr
it
eri
aisapr
ooft
hatt
hest
atut
eorpol
i
cyi
nquest
ionv
iol
atest
he
Est
abl
i
shmentCl
ause.

I
n2002,
athr
ee-
judgepanel
ont
heNi
nthCi
rcui
tCour
tofAppeal
shel
dthatcl
assr
oom r
eci
tat
ionoft
he
Pl
edgeofAl
l
egi
ancei
naCal
i
for
niapubl
i
cschool
wasunconst
it
uti
onal
,ev
enwhenst
udent
swer
enot
compel
l
edt
oreci
tei
t,duet
othei
ncl
usi
onoft
hephr
ase"
underGod.
"Inr
eact
iont
ot El
hecase, kGr
ove
Uni
fi
edSchoolDi
str
ictv
.Newdow,
bot
hhousesofCongr
esspassed must
,ther
efor
e,answera
measur
esr
eaf
fi
rmi
ngt
hei
rsuppor
tfort
hepl
edge,
andcondemni
ngt
he di
ff
icul
tquest
ion:
Why
[
54]
panel
'
srul
i
ng. Thecasewasappeal
edt
otheSupr
emeCour
t,wher
ethe woul
dwet
radeasy
stem
casewasul
ti
mat
elyov
ert
urnedi
nJune2004,
sol
elyonpr
ocedur
algr
ounds t
hathasser
vedussowel
l
notr
elat
edt
othesubst
ant
iveconst
it
uti
onal
issue.Rat
her
,af
ive-
just
ice f
oronet
hathasser
ved
maj
ori
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dthatNewdow,
anon-
cust
odi
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entsui
ngonbehal
fofhi
s ot
her
ssopoor
ly?
'
daught
er,
lackedst
andi
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osue.
—Just
iceSandr
aDay
Whent
heLoui
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atel
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urepassedal
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equi
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i
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Connori
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timei
nthe t
he2005Ten
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theSupr
emeCour
trul
edt
hatt
hel
awwasunconst
it
uti
onal Commandment
srul
i [
52]
ng.
becausei
twasi
ntendedt
oadv
anceapar
ti
cul
arr
eli
gion,
anddi
dnotser
vet
he
[
55]
secul
arpur
poseofi
mpr
ovedsci
ent
if
iceducat
ion. (Seeal
so:Cr
eat
ionandev
olut
ioni
npubl
i
ceducat
ion)

Thedi
spl
ayoft
heTenCommandment
saspar
tofcour
thousedi
spl
ayswasconsi
der
edi
nagr
oupofcases
deci
dedi
nthesummerof2005,
incl ngMcCr
udi ear
yCount
yv.ACLUofKent
uckyandVanOr
denv
.Per
ry.
Whi
l
epar
ti
esonbot
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deshopedf
orar
efor
mul
ati
onorcl
ari
fi
cat
ionoft
heLemont
est
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uli
ngs
endedwi
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sions,
wit
hJust
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ephenBr
eyert
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ngv
ote.

OnDecember20,
2005,
theUni
tedSt
atesCour
tofAppeal
sfort
heSi
xthCi
rcui
trul
edi
nthecaseofACLUv
.
Mer
cerCount
ythatt
hecont
inueddi
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ayoft
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saspar
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ayonAmer
ican
l
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onsi
naKent
uckycour
thousewasal
l
owed,
becauset
hepur
poseoft
hedi
spl
ay(
educat
ingt
he
[
56]
publ
i
conAmer
icanl
egal
tradi
ti
ons)wassecul
ari
nnat
ure. Inr
uli
ngont
heMountSol
edadcr
oss
cont
rov
ersyonMay3,
2006,
howev
er,
afeder
alj
udger
uledt
hatt
hecr
ossonpubl
i
cpr
oper
tyonMount
[
57]
Sol
edadmustber
emov
ed.

I
nwhatwi
l
lbet
hecasei
sTownofGr
eecev
.Gal
l
oway
,12-
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theSupr
emeCour
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egar
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herpr
ayer
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ownmeet
ings,
whi
char
eal
l
owed,
mustal
l
owv
ari
ousf
ait
hst
oleadpr
ayer
,or
[
58]
whet
hert
hepr
ayer
scanbepr
edomi
nat
elyChr
ist
ian. OnMay5,
2014,
theU.
S.Supr
emeCour
trul
ed5-
4in
f
avoroft
heTownofGr
eecebyhol
dingt
hatt
heU.
S.Const
it
uti
onnotonl
yal
l
owsf
orpr
ayeratgov
ernment
[
59]
meet
ings,
butal
sof
orsect
ari
anpr
ayer
sli
kepr
edomi
nat
elyChr
ist
ianpr
ayer
s.

Madal
ynMur
ray
O'
Hai
r'
s1963
l
awsui
tledt
oan
endof
mandat
orypr
ayer
 i
npubl
i
cschool
s
af
tert
he
Supr
emeCour
t
decl
aredi
t
unconst
it
uti
onal
.

TheSupr
emeCour
tinTheAmer
icanLegi
onv
.Amer
icanHumani
stAssoci
ati
on2019r
ever
sedt
heFour
th
Ci
rcui
t'
srul
i
ngi
na7-
2deci
sion,
det
ermi
ningt
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ncet
hegov
ernment
-mai
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ossi
n
Bl
adensbur
g,Mar
ylandhadst
oodf
ordecadeswi
thoutcont
rov
ersy
,itdi
dnotv
iol
atet
heEst
abl
i
shment
Cl
auseandcoul
dremai
nst
andi
ng.

Ear
lyt
reat
iesandcour
tdeci
si
ons

TheTr
eat
yofPar
is
…

I
n1783,
theUni
tedSt
atessi
gnedat
reat
ywi
thGr
eatBr
it
aint
hatwaspr
omul
gat
ed"
int
henameoft
heMost
[
60]
Hol
yandUndi
vi
dedTr
ini
ty"
. Itcr
edi
ted"
'
Div
inePr
ovi
dence'
wit
hhav
ingdi
sposedt
het
wopar
ti
est
o'f
orget
[
60]
al
lpastmi
sunder
standi
ngs,
'andi
sdat
ed'
i
nthey
earofourLor
d'1783.
"

TheTr
eat
yofTr
ipol
i
…

I
n1797,
theUni
tedSt
atesSenat
erat
if
iedat
reat
ywi
thTr
ipol
ithatst
atedi
nAr
ti
cle11:

Ast
heGov
ernmentoft
heUni
tedSt
atesofAmer
icai
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,inanysense,
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heChr
ist
ian
r
eli
gion;
asi
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sel
fnochar
act
erofenmi
tyagai
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hel
aws,
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i
gion,
ort
ranqui
l
li
ty,
ofMussul
men;
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ast
hesai
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atesnev
erent
eredi
ntoanywaroractofhost
il
it
yagai
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annat
ion,
iti
s
decl
aredbyt
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ti
es,
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etextar
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rom r
eli
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nter
rupt
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oft
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het
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Hi
stor
ianAnsonPhel
psSt
okes'
not
edt
hat"
thosewhowi
shedt
odenyt
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heUni
tedSt
atesasa
gov
ernmenthasanyspeci
alr
egar
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Chr
ist
ianr
eli
gion.
..
[hav
e]al
mosti
nvar
iabl
yfai
l
edt
ocal
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het
reat
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l
esst
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ater
,byanot
her'
Treat
yofPeaceandAmi
ty,
'si
gnedi
nTr
ipol
iJune4,
1805,
inwhi
cht
he
[
61]
cl
ausei
nquest
ion.
..
isomi
tt
ed.
"

Chur
choft
heHol
yTr
ini
tyv
.Uni
tedSt
ates
…

I
nthe1892caseChur
choft
heHol
yTr
ini
tyv
.Uni
tedSt
ates,
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idBr
ewerwr
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aunani
mousCour
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nopur
poseofact
ionagai
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gioncanbei
mput
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oanyl
egi
slat
ion,
stat
eor
[
62]
nat
ional
,becauset
hisi
sar
eli
giouspeopl
e..
..[
T]hi
sisaChr
ist
iannat
ion.
" Legal
hist
ori
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nkel
manwr
it
est
hat
:

Br
ewer
,thesonofaCongr
egat
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i
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edsev
eral
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ter
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it
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efer
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tanceofChr
ist
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i
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fai
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Amer
icanpeopl
e;ci
tedt
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act
iceofv
ari
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ayer
,
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edt
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it
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ery
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nthecount
ryasev
idencet
hatt
hisi
saChr
ist
iannat
ion.I
ndoi
ngso,
Brewerexpr
essedt
he
[
62]
pr
evai
l
ingni
net
eent
h-cent
uryPr
otest
antv
iewt
hatAmer
icai
saChr
ist
iannat
ion.

I
nter
pret
ivecont
rov
ersi
es

Someschol
arsandor
gani
zat
ionsdi
sagr
eewi
tht
henot
ionof"
separ
ati
onofchur
chandst
ate"
,ort
heway
[
63]
t
heSupr
emeCour
thasi
nter
pret
edt
heconst
it
uti
onal
li
mit
ati
ononr
eli
giousest
abl
i
shment
. Suchcr
it
ics
gener
all
yar
guet
hatt
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asemi
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esent
sthet
ext
ual
requi
rement
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heConst
it
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onwhi
l
enot
ingt
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sofchur
chandst
atewer
eint
ermi
ngl
edatt
het
imet
heConst
it
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ati
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ed.Thesecr
it
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ar
guet
hatt
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eval
entdegr
eeofsepar
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atecoul
dnothav
ebeeni
ntendedbyt
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const
it
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onal
framer
s.Someoft
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nter
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i
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uder
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giousr
efer
encesi
n
of
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cial
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ext
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oundi
ngdocument
sast
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tedSt
atesDecl
arat
ionofI
ndependence,
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chr
efer
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or"and"
Nat
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sGod"
,thought
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efer
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ely
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it
uti
onnordot
heyment
ionanypar
ti
cul
arr
eli
giousv
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Creat
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Nat
ure'
sGod.
"

Thei
ssuei
scompl
ex,
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er,
ast
hei
ncor
por
ati
onul
ti
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elybasesont
hepassageoft
he14t
h
Amendmenti
n1868,
atwhi
chpoi
ntt
hef
ir
stamendment
'sappl
i
cat
iont
othest
ategov
ernmentwas
[
64]
r
ecogni
zed. Manyoft
heseconst
it
uti
onal
debat
esr
elat
etot
hecompet
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nter
pret
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inci
pleoft
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andi
nAmer
icabei
ngdef
inednotj
ustbyt
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it
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emacyCl
ause,
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ectt
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ender
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isi
oni
sm i
rr
elev
antwhen
di
scussi
ngt
heConst
it
uti
on.

Tencommandment
s
monumentataMi
nnesot
a
cour
thouse.

The"
rel
i
gioust
est
"cl
ausehasbeeni
nter
pret
edt
ocov
erbot
hel
ect
edof
fi
cial
sandappoi
ntedones,
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eer
ci
vi
lser
vant
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laspol
i
tical
appoi
ntees.Rel
i
giousbel
i
efsort
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ackoft
hem hav
ether
efor
enotbeen
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missi
blet
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sorqual
i
ficat
ionswi
thr
egar
dtof
eder
alempl
oyeessi
ncet
her
ati
fi
cat
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it
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on.
Sev
enst
ates,
howev
er,
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elanguagei
ncl
udedi
nthei
rBi
l
lofRi
ght
sorDecl
arat
ionofRi
ght
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oft
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rconst
it
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equi
rest
ateof
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ce-
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epar
ti
cul
arr
eli
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t
hesehav
ebeensuccessf
ull
ychal
l
engedi
ncour
t.Thesest
atesar
eTexas,
Massachuset
ts,
Mar
yland,
Nor
th
[
65]
Car
oli
na,
Pennsy
lvani
a,Sout
hCar
oli
na,
andTennessee.

Ther
equi
redbel
i
efsoft
hesecl
ausesi
ncl
udebel
i
efi
naSupr
emeBei
ngandbel
i
efi
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utur
est
ateof
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ewar
dsandpuni
shment
s.(
Tennessee

Const
it
uti
onAr
ti
cl
eIX,
Sect
ion2i
sonesuchexampl
e.)Someoft
hesesamest
atesspeci
fyt
hatt
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hof
of
fi
cei
ncl
udet
hewor
ds"
sohel
pmeGod.
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oroat
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ehi
stor
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l
yrequi
red
ofj
uror
sandwi
tnessesi
ncour
t.Atonet
ime,
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est
ri
cti
onswer
eal
l
owedundert
hedoct
ri
neofst
ates'
r
ight
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heyar
edeemedt
obei
nvi
olat
ionoft
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eder
alFi
rstAmendment
,asappl
i
edt
othest
atesv
ia
t
he14t
hamendment
,andhenceunconst
it
uti
onal
andunenf
orceabl
e.

Rel
axedzoni
ngr
ulesandspeci
alpar
kingpr
ivi
l
egesf
orchur
ches,
thet
ax-
fr
eest
atusofchur
chpr
oper
ty,
the
f
actt
hatChr
ist
masi
saf
eder
alhol
i
day
,et
c.,
hav
eal
sobeenquest
ioned,
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ebeenconsi
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edexampl
es
oft
hegov
ernment
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erogat
ivei
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act
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andbenef
ici
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rangement
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ety
.The
nat
ional
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ust
"hasbeenchal
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uledt
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emoni
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sm i
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rmedOhi
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rom t
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ble,
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thGod,
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,becausei
tdi
spl
ayednopr
efer
encef
ora
[
66]
par
ti
cul
arr
eli
gion.

Jef
fri
esandRy
an(
2001)ar
guet
hatt
hemoder
nconceptofsepar
ati
onofchur
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atedat
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rom t
he
mi
d-t
went
iet
hcent
uryr
uli
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heSupr
emeCour
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ral
poi
nt,
theyar
gue,
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it
uti
onal
ban
agai
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giousschool
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oll
owedbyal
aterbanonr
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giousobser
vancei
npubl
i
ceducat
ion.Jef
fri
es
andRy
anar
guet
hatt
heset
wopr
oposi
ti
ons—t
hatpubl
i
cai
dshoul
dnotgot
orel
i
giousschool
sandt
hat
publ
i
cschool
sshoul
dnotber
eli
gious—makeupt
hesepar
ati
oni
stposi
ti
onoft
hemoder
nEst
abl
i
shment
Cl
ause.

Jef
fri
esandRy
anar
guet
hatt
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aidposi
ti
ondr
ewsuppor
tfr
om acoal
i
tionofsepar
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oni
stopi
nion.Most
i
mpor
tantwas"
theper
vasi
vesecul
ari
sm t
hatcamet
odomi
nat
eAmer
icanpubl
i
cli
fe,
"whi
chsoughtt
o
conf
iner
eli
giont
oapr
ivat
espher
e.Fur
ther
,thebanagai
nstgov
ernmentai
dtor
eli
giousschool
swas
suppor
tedbef
ore1970bymostPr
otest
ant
s(andmostJews)
,whoopposedai
dtor
eli
giousschool
s,whi
ch
wer
emost
lyCat
hol
i
catt
het
ime.Af
ter1980,
howev
er,
ant
i-
Cat
hol
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csent
imenthasdi
mini
shedamong
mai
nli
nePr
otest
ant
s,andt
hecr
uci
alcoal
i
tionofpubl
i
csecul
ari
stsandPr
otest
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cheshascol
l
apsed.
Whi
l
emai
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nePr
otest
antdenomi
nat
ionsar
emor
eincl
i
nedt
owar
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hest
ri
ctsepar
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onofchur
chand
st
ate,
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cal
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nionhasnowl
argel
ydeser
tedt
hatposi
ti
on.Asaconsequence,
str
ict
separ
ati
oni
sm i
sopposedt
odaybymember
sofmanyPr
otest
antf
ait
hs,
evenper
hapsecl
i
psi
ngt
he
opposi
ti
onofRomanCat
hol
i
cs.

Cr
it
icsoft
hemoder
nconceptoft
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separ
ati
onofchur
chandst
ate"ar
guet
hati
tisunt
ether
edt
oany
thi
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i
nthet
extoft
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it
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rar
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heconcept
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hephr
aseast
heFoundi
ngFat
her
s
under
stoodi
t.Phi
l
ipHambur
ger
,Col
umbi
aLawschool
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essorandpr
omi
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it
icoft
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under
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,mai
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nst
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,whi
chdev
iat
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rom t
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it
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onal
est
abl
i
shmentcl
ausej
uri
spr
udence,
isr
oot
edi
nAmer
icanant
i-
Cat
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i
cism andNat
ivi
sm.Br
ief
sbef
oret
he
Supr
emeCour
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ncl
udi
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heU.
S.gov
ernment
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ear
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ateconst
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onal
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r
elat
ingt
othemoder
nconcept
ionofsepar
ati
onofchur
chandst
ate(
Blai
neAmendment
s)wer
emot
ivat
ed
[
67]
byandi
ntendedt
oenactant
i-
Cat
hol
i
cism.

J.Br
entWal
ker
,Execut
iveDi
rect
oroft
heBapt
istJoi
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tzman,
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Fr
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Ref
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Secul
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orAmer
ica

Jef
1. fer
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ia

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nal
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nfor
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Bi
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shi
ngGr
oup.p.107.I
SBN978-
08054-
4387-
5.
 "
65.Rel
i
giousdi
scr
imi
nat
ioni
nst
ateconst
it
uti
ons". June2006

Rel
i
giousTol
erance.
org.Ret
ri
evedFebr
uar
y7,
2007.

71.Hay
nes,
Char
lesC.(
Apr
il7,
2013)
."Judge:
Athei
stgr akes66.Amer
oupt icanCi
vi
lLi
ber
ti
esUni
onofOhi
oandThe
Rev
.Mat
thew separ
ati
onofchur
chandst
atet
oof
aron'
GroundZer
oCr
oss'
".

Pet
ersonv
.Capi
tolSquar
eRev
iew&Adv
isor
yBoar
d, 3dTheWashi
243F. ngt
onPost
.
Ret
ri
evedNov
ember27,
2018.

289(
6thCi
r.2001)
.

72.Bel
l
ah,
Rober
tNeel
l
y(Wi
nter1967)
."Ci
vi
lRel
i
gioni
nAmer
ica".

LOCKEV.DAVEY540U.
67. S.712(
2004) Jour
naloft
heAmer
icanAcademyof
Ar
tsandSci
ences.96(
1):
1–

21.Ar
chi
vedf
rom t
heor
igi
nal
onMar
ch6,
2005.Fr
om t
hei
ssue

BookRev
68. iew:
Separ
ati
onofChur
chandSt
ateent
it
ledRel
i
gioni
nAmer
ica.

Fr
69. ankLamber
t,TheFoundi
ngFat
her
sandt
hePl
aceofRel
i
gioni
n

73.Far
mer
,Mol
l
y(June15,
2009)
,"U.
S.i
samodel
ofhowv
ari
etyofAmer
ica.r
eli
gionscanf
lour
i Deser
sh", et
News70.St
evenWal
dmanTheFr
amer
sandt
heFai
thf
ul:
Howmoder
nev
angel
i
cal
s
ar
eignor
ingt
hei
rownhi
stor
y.Washi
ngt
onMont
hly
,

Bi
bli
ogr
aphy
Bar
r Howt
yMcGowan, oSepar
ateChur
ch&St
ate:AManualf
rom t
heTr
enchesHuf
ton
Muel
l
er,
LLC,
2012I
SBN978-
0-615-
63802-
7

Phi
l
ipHambur
ger
,Separ
ati
onofChur
chandSt
ateHar
var
dUni
ver
sit
yPr
ess,
2002.
I
SBN0-
674-
00734-
4OCLC:
48958015

Mar
ciA.Hami
l
t Godv
on, s.t
heGav
el:Rel
i
gionandt
heRul
eofLaw,
Cambr
idge
Uni
ver
sit
yPr
ess,
2005,
ISBN0-
521-
85304-
4

Mar
kDeWol
feHowe.TheGar
denandt
heWi
l
der
ness:Rel
i
gionandGov
ernmenti
n
Amer
icanConst
it
uti
onalHi
stor
y(U.ofChi
cagoPr
ess,
1965)
Dani
elL.Dr
eisbach.ThomasJef
fer
sonandt
heWal
lofSepar
ati
onBet
weenChur
ch
andSt
ate(
NewYor
kUni
ver
sit
yPr
ess,
2003)

Dani
elL.Dr
eisbachandMar
kDav
i .TheSacr
dHal
l edRi
ght
sofConsci
ence:Sel
ect
ed
Readi
ngsonRel
i
giousLi
ber
tyandChur
ch-
Stat
eRel
ati
onsi
ntheAmer
icanFoundi
ng
(
Indi
anapol
i
s:Li
ber
tyFundPr
ess,
2009)

Dani
elL.Dr
eisbach,
Mar
kDav
idHal
l
,andJef
fryMor
rson.TheFor
i got
tenFounder
son
Rel
i
gionandPubl
i
cLi
fe(
Not
reDame:
Uni
ver
sit
yofNot
re

DamePr
ess,
2009)

JohnC.Jef
fri
esJr
.andJamesE.Ry
an,
"APol
i
tical
Hist
oryoft
heEst
abl
i
shment
Cl "100Mi
ause, chi
ganLawRev
.(2001)onl
i
nev
ersi
on

Mar
kDav
idHal
l
,"Jef
fer
soni
anWal
l
sandMadi
soni
anLi
nes:
TheSupr
emeCour
t'
sUseof
Hi
stor
yinRel
i
gionCl "85Or
auseCases, egonLawRev
iew(
2006)
,563-
614.
ht
tp:
//www.
law.
uor
egon.
edu/
org/
olr
/ar
chi
ves/
85/
852hal
l
.pdf

I
saacKr
amni
ckandR.Laur
enceMoor
e,TheGodl
essConst
it
uti
on:TheCaseAgai
nst
Rel
i
giousCor
rect
ness(
Nor
ton,
1996)

Phi
l
ipB.Kur
land,
ed.
,Chur
chandSt
ate:TheSupr
emeCour
tandt
heFi
rstAmendment
(
U.ofChi
cagoPr
ess,
1975)

Adam M.Samaha;
"Separ
ati
onofChur
chandSt
at "Const
e. it
uti
onalComment
ary
.
19#32002.pp713+.onl
i
nev
ersi
on

AnsonP.St
okesandLeoPf
eff
erChur
, chandSt
atei
ntheUni
tedSt
ates(
repr
int
,1964)

Ky
leG.Vol
k,Mor
alMi
nor
it
iesandt
heMaki
ngofAmer
icanDemocr
acy(
Oxf
ord
Uni
ver
sit
yPr
ess,
2014)

JayWex
ler
,Hol
yHul
l
abal
oos:ARoadTr
ipt
otheBat
tl
egr
oundsoft
heChur
ch/
Stat
e
War
s(BeaconPr
ess,
2009)I
SBN9780807000441

JayWex
ler
,OurNon-
Chr
ist
ianNat
ion:HowWi
ccans,
Sat
ani
sts,
Athei
sts,
andOt
her
s
Ar
eDemandi
ngThei
rRi
ght
fulPl
acei
nPubl
i
cLi
fe(
Stanf
ordUni
v.Pr
ess,
2019)I
SBN
9780804798990
Ext
ernal
li
nks

Wi
ki
quot
ehasquot
ati
onsr
elat
edt
o:Separ
ati
onofchur
chandst
atei
ntheUni
ted
St
ates

Amer
icancour
tbat
tl
esov
ersepar
ati
on
…

1947,
fir
stcaseconcer
ningsepar
ati
onofchur
chandst
ate;
suppor
ti
ngbussi
ngf
or
chi
l
drent
opr
ivat
erel
i
giousschool
sanddecl
ari
ngt
hatst
ateswer
erequi
redt
opr
ovi
de
t
hesameguar
ant
eesofr
eli
giousf
reedom ast
hef
eder
algov
ernment

1948,
banni
ngr
eli
giousi
nst
ruct
ioni
npubl
i
cschool
s

1952,
all
owi
ngr
eli
giousi
nst
ruct
ionof
fschool
proper
tydur
ingr
egul
arschool
hour
s

1962 ,
banni
ngt
eacher
-l
edpr
ayerf
rom publ
i
cschool
s

1963 ,
banni
ngBi
ble-
readi
ngandt
her
eci
tal
oft
heLor
d'sPr
ayeri
npubl
i
c
school
s

1973,
all
owi
ngst
atef
undi
ngf
ort
ext
booksandt
eacher
s'sal
ari
esi
nrel
i
giousschool
s;
cr
eat
ingt
heLemont
est

1987,
decl
aredt
heCr
eat
ionActi
nval
i
d,whi
chhadmandat
edt
het
eachi
ngofCr
eat
ioni
f
Ev
olut
ionwast
aught

1989,
banni
ngr
eli
giousdi
spl
aysdepi
cti
ngonl
yoner
eli
gion

1992,
banni
ngpr
ayer
sgi
venbycl
ergyasapar
tofanof
fi
cial
publ
i
cschool
graduat
ion
cer
emony
.

Ot
her
…

"
Right
soft
hePeopl
e-TheRoot
sofRel
i
giousLi
ber
ty".U.
S.Depar
tmentofSt
ate,
I
nter
nat
ional
Inf
ormat
ionPr
ogr
ams.Ar
chi
vedf
rom t
heor
igi
nal
onJune3,
2004.
Ret
ri
evedApr
il7,
2007.

"
Right
soft
hePeopl
e-Rel
i
giousl
i
ber
tyi
ntheModer
ner
a".U.
S.Depar
tmentofSt
ate,
 I
nter
nat
ional
Inf
ormat
ionPr
ogr
ams.Ret
ri
evedApr
il7,
2007.

Chr
ist
ianSci
enceMoni
toranal
ysi
sofGeor
geWashi
ngt
on'
slet
terandi
tsi
mpl
i
cat
ions

"
TheI
ntel
l
ect
ual
Ori
ginsoft
heEst
abl
i
shmentCl
ause"byNoahFel
dman,
Asst
.
Pr
ofessorofLaw,
NewYor
kUni
ver
sit
y,2002.

Roy
alC.Gi
l
key
,"ThePr
obl
em ofChur
chandSt
atei
nTer
msoft
heNonest
abl
i
shment
andFr
eeExer
ciseofRel
i
gion"
,Wi
l
li
am &Mar
yLawRev
iew,

Vol
.9,
IssueI
,1967,
149-
165

Rober
tSt
rubl
eJr
.,Tr
eat
iseonTwel
veLi
ght
s:ToRest
oreAmer
icat
heBeaut
if
ulunder
Godandt
heWr
it
tenConst
it
uti
on,
2007–08edi
ti
on.

Bapt
istJoi
ntCommi
tt
eef
orRel
i
giousLi
ber
ty

Separ
ati
onofChur
chandSt
ate

Mi
sunder
standi
ngJef
fer
son'
s"wal
lofsepar
ati
on"met
aphor

'
AWal
lofSepar
ati
on'
:FBIHel
psRest
oreJef
fer
son'
sObl
i
ter
atedDr
aft,
Libr
aryof
Congr
essi
nfor
mat
ionBul
l
eti
n,June1998–Vol
.57,
No.6,
byJamesH.Hut
son,
Chi
ef,
Manuscr
iptDi
vi
si
on,
Libr
aryofCongr
ess.

RELI
GIONGROUPI
NGSI
NGHANA

Rel
i
gioni
nGhana

Rel
i
giousaf
fi
li
ati
oni
nGhana

Af
fi
li
ati
on 2000 2010
census[1] census[2]
Chr
ist
ian 68.
8% 71.
2%

Pent
ecost
al/
Char
ism 24.
1% 28.
3%
at
ic

Pr
otest
ant 18.
6% 18.
4%

Cat
hol
i
c 15.
1% 13.
1%

Ot
herChr
ist
ian 11% 11.
4%

Musl
i
m 15.
9% 17.
6%

Tr
adi
ti
onal 8.
5% 5.
2%

None 6.
1% 5.
2%

Ot
her 0.
7% 0.
8%

Angl
i
canHol
yTr
ini
tyCat
hedr
al,
Accr
a,Ghana

Mosque,
Tamal
e,Nor
ther
nregi
on,
Dagbon.

Chr
ist
iani
tyi
sthel
argestr
eli
gioni
nGhana,
wit
happr
oxi
mat
ely71.
2%ofGhana'
s
[
3]
popul
ati
onbei
ngmemberofv
ari
ousChr
ist
iandenomi
nat
ionsasof2010census. The
r
eli
giouscomposi
ti
onofGhanai
nthef
ir
stpost
independencepopul
ati
oncensusof
1960was25per
centMusl
i
m,23per
centt
radi
ti
onal
i
st,
41per
centChr
ist
ian,
andt
her
est
(
about9per
cent
)ot
her
.Abr
eakdownoft
he1960popul
ati
onaccor
dingt
oChr
ist
ian
sect
sshowedt
hat25per
centwer
ePr
otest
ant(
non-
Pent
ecost
al)
;13per
cent
,Roman
Cat
hol
i
c;2per
cent
,Pr
otest
ant(
Pent
ecost
al)
;and1per
cent
,IndependentAf
ri
can
Chur
ches.The1970popul
ati
oncensusdi
dnotpr
esentf
igur
esont
her
eli
gious
[
4]
composi
ti
onoft
henat
ion.

Rel
i
gioust
oler
ancei
nGhanai
sver
yhi
gh.Themaj
orChr
ist
iancel
ebr
ati
onsof
Chr
ist
masandEast
erar
erecogni
zedasnat
ional
hol
i
day
s.I
nthepast
,vacat
ionper
iods
hav
ebeenpl
annedar
oundt
heseoccasi
ons,
thusper
mit
ti
ngbot
hChr
ist
iansandot
her
s
l
i
vingawayf
rom homet
ovi
sitf
ri
endsandf
ami
l
yint
her
ural
areas.Ramadan,
the
I
slami
cmont
hoff
ast
ing,
isobser
vedbyMusl
i
msi
nGhanaandi
mpor
tantt
radi
ti
onal
occasi
onsar
ecel
ebr
ated.Thesef
est
ival
sincl
udet
heAdae,
whi
choccurf
ort
night
ly,
andt
heannual
Odwi
raf
est
ival
s.Ther
eisal
sot
heannual
Apoof
est
ival
act
ivi
ti
es,
whi
ch
[
4]
i
saki
ndofMar
diGr
asandi
shel
dint
ownsacr
ossGhana. Ther
eisnosi
gni
fi
cantl
i
nk
[
5]
bet
weenet
hni
ci
tyandr
eli
gioni
nGhana.

Chr
ist
iani
ty

TheAccr
a
Ghana
Templ
ein
Accr
aist
he
117t
h
oper
ati
ng
 t
empl
eof
TheChur
ch
ofJesus
Chr
istof

Lat
ter
-daySai
ntsi
nGhanaandTheChur
chofJesus

Chr
istofLat
ter
-daySai
nts(
LDSChur
ch)

Thepr
esenceofChr
ist
ianmi
ssi
onar
iesont
hecoastofGhanahasbeendat
edt
othe
ar
ri
val
oft
hePor
tuguesei
nthef
if
teent
hcent
ury
.Itwast
he

Basel
/Pr
esby
ter
ianandWesl
eyan/
Met
hodi
stmi
ssi
onar
ies,
howev
er,
who,
int
he
ni
net
eent
hcent
ury
,lai
dthef
oundat
ionf
ort
heChr
ist
ianchur
chi
n

Ghana.Begi
nni
ngt
hei
rconv
ersi
onsi
nthecoast
alar
eaandamongool
sas"
nur
ser
iesof
t
hechur
ch"i
nwhi
chaneducat
edAf
ri
cancl
asswast
rai
ned.Ther
ear
esecondar
y
school
stoday
,especi
all
yexcl
usi
vel
yboy
sandgi
rl
sschool
s,t
hatar
emi
ssi
on-orchur
ch-
r
elat
edi
nst
it
uti
ons.Chur
chschool
shav
ebeenopenedt
oal
lsi
ncet
hest
ateassumed
[
6]
f
inanci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tyf
orf
ormal
inst
ruct
ionundert
heEducat
ionActof1960.

Var
iousChr
ist
iandenomi
nat
ionsar
erepr
esent
edi
nGhana,
incl
udi
ngEv
angel
i
cal
[
6]
Pr
esby
ter
ianandCat
hol
i
cism. TheChur
chofJesusChr
istofLat
ter
-daySai
nts(
LDS
Chur
ch)
,inaddi
ti
ont
ochapel
s,hasat
empl
einAccr
a,oneofonl
ythr
eeLDSt
empl
eson
t
heAf
ri
cancont
inent
.

Theuni
fyi
ngor
gani
zat
ionofChr
ist
iansi
nthecount
ryi
stheGhanaChr
ist
ianCounci
l
,
f
oundedi
n1929.Repr
esent
ingt
heMet
hodi
st,
Angl
i
can,
Mennoni
te,
Presby
ter
ian,
Ev
angel
i
cal
Presby
ter
ian,
Afr
icanMet
hodi
stEpi
scopal
Zioni
st,
Chr
ist
ianMet
hodi
st,
Ev
angel
i
cal
Lut
her
an,
andBapt
istchur
ches,
andt
heSoci
etyofFr
iends,
thecounci
l
ser
vesast
hel
i
nkwi
tht
heWor
ldCounci
lofChur
chesandot
herecumeni
cal
bodi
es.The
Sev
ent
hdayAdv
ent
istChur
ch,
notamemberofChr
ist
ianCounci
l
,hasast
rongpr
esence
i
nGhana.TheChur
chopenedt
hepr
emi
erpr
ivat
eandChr
ist
ian
[
6]
Uni
ver
sit
yinGhana.

TheNat
ional
Cat
hol
i
cSecr
etar
iat
,est
abl
i
shedi
n1960,
alsocoor
dinat
est
hedi
ff
erenti
n-
count
rydi
oceses.TheseChr
ist
ianor
gani
zat
ions,
concer
nedpr
imar
il
ywi
tht
hespi
ri
tual
af
fai
rsoft
hei
rcongr
egat
ions,
hav
eoccasi
onal
l
yact
edi
nci
rcumst
ancesdescr
ibedby
t
hegov
ernmentaspol
i
tical
.Suchwast
hecasei
n1991whenbot
htheConf
erenceof
Cat
hol
i
cBi
shopsandt
heGhanaChr
ist
ianCounci
lcal
l
edont
hemi
l
itar
ygov
ernmentof
t
he

Pr
ovi
sional
Nat
ional
Def
enceCounci
l(PNDC)t
oret
urnt
hecount
ryt
oconst
it
uti
onal
rul
e.
TheRomanCat
hol
i
cnewspaper
,TheSt
andar
d,wasof
tencr
it
ical
ofgov
ernment
[
6][
7]
pol
i
cies.

A2015st
udyest
imat
essome50,
000Chr
ist
iansf
rom aMusl
i
m backgr
oundi
nthe
[
8]
count
ry,
thoughnotal
loft
hem ar
enecessar
il
yci
ti
zens.

Apopul
arphenomenonamongChr
ist
iansi
stheendofy
earpr
opheci
esbyr
eli
gious
l
eader
s.Fol
l
ower
sar
eof
tenkeent
ohearwhatt
hecomi
ngy
earhol
ds.Manyoft
hese
pr
opheci
escent
eront
hedeat
hofaf
amousper
sonort
her
esul
tofkeenl
ycont
est
ed
[
9][
10]
[11]
nat
ional
elect
ions.

Sy
ncr
eti
crel
i
gion
…

Ther
iseofApost
oli
corPent
ecost
alchur
chesacr
osst
henat
ionpar
tl
ydemonst
rat
est
he
i
mpactofsoci
alchangeandt
heecl
ect
icnat
ureoft
radi
ti
onal
cul
tur
es.Some
est
abl
i
shment
shav
edr
um soci
eti
esandsi
ngi
nggr
oupsandt
hei
ndependentAf
ri
can
andPent
ecost
alchur
chesr
efl
ect
edi
nfi
gur
esf
ormember
shi
pthatr
osef
rom 1and2
per
cent
,respect
ivel
y,i
n1960,
to14and8per
cent
,respect
ivel
y,accor
dingt
oa1985
[
12]
est
imat
e.

I
slam
 Ahmadi
yyaCent
ral

Mosque,
Tamal
e,Dagbon.

I
nthenor
th,
Isl
am i
srepr
esent
edandt
hespr
eadofI
slam i
ntoDagbon,
wasmai
nlyt
he
r
esul
toft
hecommer
cial
act
ivi
ti
esofNor
thAf
ri
canMusl
i
ms.I
slam madei
tsent
ryi
nto
t
henor
ther
nter
ri
tor
iesofmoder
nGhanaar
oundt
hef
if
teent
hcent
ury
.Ber
bert
rader
s
[
6]
andcl
eri
cscar
ri
edt
her
eli
gioni
ntot
hear
ea. MostMusl
i
msi
nGhanaar
eSunni
,
[
13]
f
oll
owi
ngMal
i
kischool
ofj
uri
spr
udence.

Thosef
oll
owi
ngt
heMal
i
kiv
ersi
onofI
slami
clawandSuf
ism,
inv
olv
ingt
heor
gani
zat
ion
ofmy
sti
cal
brot
her
hoods(
tar
iq)f
ort
hepur
if
icat
ionandspr
eadofI
slam,
isnot
wi
despr
eadi
nGhana.TheTi
j
ani
yahandt
heQadi
ri
yahbr
other
hoodsar
erepr
esent
ed.
TheAhmadi
yyaMusl
i
m Communi
ty,
asector
igi
nat
ingi
nni
net
eent
h-cent
uryI
ndi
a,i
sthe
[
6]
onl
ynon-
Sunni
orderi
nthecount
ry.

Despi
tet
hespr
eadofI
slam i
ntheMi
ddl
eEastandNor
thAf
ri
casi
ncet
hemi
d-1970s,
Musl
i
msandChr
ist
iansi
nGhanahav
ehadexcel
l
entr
elat
ions.Gui
dedbyt
heaut
hor
it
y
oft
heMusl
i
m Repr
esent
ati
veCounci
l
,rel
i
gious,
soci
al,
andeconomi
cmat
ter
saf
fect
ing
Musl
i
mshav
eof
tenbeenr
edr
essedt
hroughnegot
iat
ions.TheMusl
i
m Counci
lhasal
so
beenr
esponsi
blef
orar
rangi
ngpi
l
gri
magest
oMeccaf
orbel
i
ever
swhocanaf
for
dthe
j
our
ney
.Nev
ert
hel
ess,
ther
eremai
nsagapbet
weenMusl
i
msandChr
ist
iansi
nGhana.
Associ
etyi
nGhanamoder
nized,
Musl
i
mswer
ebl
ockedf
rom t
aki
ngpar
tint
he
moder
nizat
ionpr
ocess.Thi
sisl
argel
ybecauseaccesst
ojobsr
equi
redWest
ern
educat
ion,
andt
hiseducat
ionwasonl
yav
ail
abl
einmi
ssi
onar
yschool
s.ManyMusl
i
ms
f
ear
edt
hatsendi
ngt
hei
rchi
l
drent
omi
ssi
onar
yschool
smayr
esul
tinr
eli
gious
[
14]
conv
ersi
on.

Tr
adi
ti
onal
rel
i
gion

Tr
adi
ti
onal
rel
i
gionsi
nGhanahav
eret
ainedt
hei
rinf
luencebecauseoft
hei
rint
imat
e
r
elat
iont
ofami
l
yloy
alt
iesandl
ocal
mor
es.Thet
radi
ti
onal
cosmol
ogyexpr
essesbel
i
ef
i
nasupr
emebei
ngr
efer
redas[
Nyogmo-
Ga,
Mawu-
DangmeandEwe,
Nyame-
Twi
]and
t
hesupr
emebei
ngi
susual
l
ythoughtofasr
emot
efr
om dai
l
yrel
i
giousl
i
feandi
s,
[
12]
[15]
t
her
efor
e,notdi
rect
lywor
shi
pped.
Ther
ear
eal
sot
hel
essergodst
hatt
ake"
resi
dency
"inst
reams,
riv
ers,
trees,
and
mount
ains.Thesegodsar
egener
all
yper
cei
vedasi
nter
medi
ari
esbet
weent
hesupr
eme
bei
ngandsoci
ety
.Ancest
orsandnumer
ousot
herspi
ri
tsar
eal
sor
ecogni
zedaspar
tof
[
12]
t
hecosmol
ogi
cal
order
. Thespi
ri
twor
ldi
sconsi
der
edt
obeasr
eal
ast
hewor
ldof
t
hel
i
ving.Thedual
wor
ldsoft
hemundaneandt
hesacr
edar
eli
nkedbyanet
wor
kof
mut
ual
rel
ati
onshi
psandr
esponsi
bil
i
ties.Theact
ionoft
hel
i
ving,
forexampl
e,can
af
fectt
hegodsorspi
ri
tsoft
hedepar
ted,
whi
l
ethesuppor
toff
ami
l
yancest
orsensur
es
[
12]
pr
osper
it
yoft
hel
i
neageorst
ate.

Vener
ati
onofdepar
tedancest
orsi
samaj
orchar
act
eri
sti
cofal
ltr
adi
ti
onal
rel
i
gions.
Theancest
orsar
ebel
i
evedt
obet
hemosti
mmedi
atel
i
nkwi
tht
hespi
ri
tual
wor
ld,
and
t
heyar
ethoughtt
obeconst
ant
lynear
,obser
vingev
eryt
houghtandact
ionoft
he
[
12]
l
i
ving. Toensur
ethatanat
ural
bal
ancei
smai
ntai
nedbet
weent
hewor
ldoft
hesacr
ed
andt
hatoft
hepr
ofane,
ther
olesoft
hef
ami
l
yel
der
sinr
elat
iont
othel
i
neagewi
thi
n
soci
etyar
ecr
uci
al.Ther
eli
giousf
unct
ions,
especi
all
yli
neageheads,
arecl
ear
ly
demonst
rat
eddur
ingsuchper
iodsast
heOdwi
ra,
Homowo,
ort
heAboaky
ir,
thatar
e
[
12]
or
gani
zedi
nact
ivi
ti
est
hatr
enewandst
rengt
henr
elat
ionswi
thancest
ors.

Rast
afar
ianr
eli
gion

TheRast
afar
imov
ementi
samov
ementt
hatar
osei
nJamai
cai
nthe1930s.I
ts
adher
ent
swor
shi
pHai
l
eSel
assi
eI,
Emper
orofEt
hiopi
a(1930–1974)
,asGodi
ncar
nat
e,
t
heSecondAdv
ent
,ort
her
eincar
nat
ionofJesus.Accor
dingt
obel
i
efs,
Hai
l
eSel
assi
e
wast
he225t
hinanunbr
okenl
i
neof

Et
hiopi
anmonar
chsoft
heSol
omoni
cDy
nast
y.Thi
sdy
nast
yissai
dtohav
ebeen
f
oundedi
nthe10t
hcent
uryBCbyMenel
i
kI,
thesonoft
heBi
bli
cal
KingSol
omonand
Makeda,
theQueenofSheba,
whohadv
isi
tedSol
omoni
nIsr
ael
.

TheRast
afar
imov
ementencompassest
hemessuchast
hespi
ri
tual
useofcannabi
s
andt
her
eject
ionofwest
ernsoci
ety
,cal
l
ed'
Baby
lon'
.I
tpr
ocl
aimsAf
ri
ca,
alsoknownas
'
Zion'
ast
heor
igi
nal
bir
thpl
aceofmanki
nd.Anot
hert
hemei
sRoy
alt
y,wi
thRast
as
seei
ngt
hemsel
vesasAf
ri
canr
oyal
tyandusi
nghonor
if
icssuchasPr
inceorKi
ngi
n
or
dert
ogi
ver
oyal
tyt
othei
rnames.
ManyRast
assayt
hati
tisnota"
rel
i
gion"atal
l
,buta"
WayofLi
fe"
.Rast
afar
iar
e
gener
all
ymonot
hei
sts,
wor
shi
ppi
ngasi
ngul
arGodwhom t
heycal
lJah.Rast
asseeJah
asbei
ngi
nthef
orm oft
heHol
yTr
ini
ty,
thati
s,Fat
her
,Sonandt
heHol
ySpi
ri
t.Rast
as
sayt
hatJah,
int
hef
orm oft
heHol
ySpi
ri
t,l
i
veswi
thi
nthehuman.

Af
rocent
ri
sm i
sanot
hercent
ral
facetoft
heRast
afar
icul
tur
e.Theyt
eacht
hatAf
ri
ca,
in
par
ti
cul
arEt
hiopi
a,i
swher
eZi
on,
orpar
adi
se,
shal
lbecr
eat
ed.Assuch,
Rast
afar
i
or
ient
sit
sel
far
oundAf
ri
cancul
tur
e.Rast
afar
ihol
dst
hatev
ilsoci
ety
,or"
Baby
lon"
,has
al
way
sbeenwhi
te-
domi
nat
ed,
andhascommi
tt
edsuchact
sofaggr
essi
onagai
nstt
he
Af
ri
canpeopl
east
heAt
lant
icsl
avet
rade.Despi
tet
hisAf
rocent
ri
sm andf
ocuson
peopl
eoft
hebl
ackr
ace,
member
sofot
herr
aces,
incl
udi
ngwhi
tes,
aref
oundand
accept
edbyBl
acksamongt
hemov
ement
,fort
heybel
i
eveRast
aisf
oral
lpeopl
e.

Ther
ear
eRast
acommuni
ti
esal
lar
oundt
hewor
ld.I
nGhana,
par
ti
cul
arl
yint
hecoast
,
t
her
ear
emanyRast
afar
ipl
acesofwor
shi
p.TheRast
acommuni
tyar
oundKokr
obi
tei
s
wel
lknownt
hroughoutGhana.ManyRast
amusi
cfest
ival
soccurandRast
aobj
ect
sar
e
sol
d.

Hi
ndui
sm

Hi
ndui
sm hasbeenpr
act
icedi
nGhanasi
nce1947.Hi
ndui
sm i
sspr
eadi
nGhanaact
ivel
y
byGhana'
sHi
nduMonast
eryheadedbySwami
GhananandSar
aswat
iandHar
e
Kr
ishnas.Sat
hyaSai
Organi
sat
ion,
AnandaMar
gaandBr
ahmaKumar
isar
eal
soact
ive
i
nGhana.Hi
ndut
empl
eshav
ebeenconst
ruct
edi
nAccr
a.Ther
ear
eabout25,
000or
0.
1%Hi
ndusi
nthecount
ry.

Af
ri
kani
aMi
ssi
on

Af
ri
kani
aMi
ssi
oni
saNeo-
Tradi
ti
onal
Mov
ementest
abl
i
shedi
nGhanai
n1982bya
f
ormerCat
hol
i
cPr
iest
,KwabenaDamuah,
whor
esi
gnedf
rom t
hechur
chandassumed
t
het
radi
ti
onal
pri
est
hoodt
it
les,
Osof
oOkomf
o.TheMi
ssi
onai
mst
oref
orm andupdat
e
Af
ri
cant
radi
ti
onal
rel
i
gion,
andt
opr
omot
enat
ional
i
sm andPan-
Afr
icani
sm.Rat
hert
han
bei
ngasi
ngl
enewr
eli
giousmov
ement
,Af
ri
kani
aal
soor
gani
zesv
ari
oust
radi
ti
onal
shr
inesandt
radi
ti
onal
heal
ersi
ntoassoci
ati
onsbr
ingi
nguni
tyt
oadi
ff
usedsy
stem and
t
her
ebyagr
eat
erv
oicei
nthepubl
i
car
ena.Af
ri
kani
ahasi
nst
it
utedanannual
conv
ent
ion
f
ort
het
radi
ti
onal
rel
i
gion.

I
thasbecomeamout
hpi
eceoft
radi
ti
onal
rel
i
gioni
nGhanat
hroughi
tspubl
i
cat
ions,
l
ect
ures,
semi
nar
s,pr
essconf
erences,
andr
adi
oandt
elev
isi
onbr
oadcasti
nwhi
chi
t
adv
ocat
esar
etur
ntot
radi
ti
onal
rel
i
gionandcul
tur
east
hespi
ri
tual
basi
sfort
he
dev
elopmentofAf
ri
ca.TheMi
ssi
oni
sal
soknownbyot
hernamessuchasAMENRA
(
der
ivedf
rom Egy
pti
anr
eli
gion,
andi
nter
pret
edt
omean‘
GodCent
red’
),Sankof
afai
th
(
impl
yi
ngar
etur
ntoAf
ri
canr
oot
sforspi
ri
tual
andmor
alv
alues)andGodi
anRel
i
gion,
whi
chi
tadopt
edbr
ief
lydur
ingaper
iodofassoci
ati
onwi
thGodi
ani
sm,
aNi
ger
ian-
based
neo-
tr
adi
ti
onal
Mov
ement
.

Buddhi
sm

I
n1998t
hef
ir
stNi
chi
renShoshuTempl
einAf
ri
cawasopenedi
nAccr
a.Ghanahast
he
l
argestNi
chi
renShoshuTempl
eout
sideofJapan.Thet
empl
eisl
ocat
edatAny
aa-
Abl
ekumaRoadatt
heFanMi
l
kJunct
ioni
nAccr
a.Ther
ear
eot
hersmal
lBuddhi
stpr
ayer
spacesi
nlar
gerci
ti
es,
andwi
thapr
operr
equestandasmal
ldonat
ion,
youwoul
dbe
wel
comef
ormedi
tat
ionandchant
ing.

I
rr
eli
gion

At
hei
sm andAgnost
ici
sm i
sdi
ff
icul
ttomeasur
einGhana.

Fr
eedom ofr
eli
gion

Fr
eedom ofr
eli
gionexi
stsi
nGhana.ARel
i
giousBodi
es(
Regi
str
ati
on)Law1989was
passedi
nJune1989t
oregul
atechur
ches.Byr
equi
ri
ngcer
ti
fi
cat
ionofal
lChr
ist
ian
r
eli
giousor
gani
zat
ionsoper
ati
ngi
nGhana,
thegov
ernmentr
eser
vedt
her
ightt
oinspect
t
hef
unct
ioni
ngoft
hesebodi
esandt
oor
dert
heaudi
ti
ngoft
hei
rfi
nanci
alst
atement
s.
TheGhanaCounci
lofChur
chesi
nter
pret
edt
heRel
i
giousBodi
esLawascont
radi
cti
ng
t
heconceptofr
eli
giousf
reedom i
nthecount
ry.Accor
dingt
oagov
ernmentst
atement
,
howev
er,
thel
awwasdesi
gnedt
opr
otectt
hef
reedom andi
ntegr
it
yofgenui
ner
eli
gious
or
gani
zat
ionsbyexposi
ngandel
i
minat
inggr
oupsest
abl
i
shedt
otakeadv
ant
ageof
bel
i
ever
s.ThePNDC.r
epeal
edt
hel
awi
nlat
e1992.Despi
tei
tspr
ovi
sions,
all
ort
hodox
Chr
ist
iandenomi
nat
ionsandmanyspi
ri
tual
chur
chescont
inuedt
ooper
atei
nthe
[
12]
count
ry.

Seeal
so

Abons
ma

Ref
erences

"
1.Adher
entSt
ati
sti
csofWor
ldRel
i
gionsby 9." NI
GELGAI
SIE2020Pr
opheci
esdr
ops!
Count
ry".Rel
i
gionFact
s. El
ect
ionr
esul
ts,
Akuf
oAddo'
swi
fe,
Chr
isAt
to

"
2.Ghana".TheWor
ldFact
book. i
tsDαngɛr
oʋs".

"
3. a".l
Dat cweb2.
loc.
gov
access-
dat
e=2019-
07-
17. www.
ghananewssummar
y.com.Ret
ri
eved2
-
01-
25.
Owusu-
4. Ansah(
1994)
,"Rel
i
gionandSoci
ety
".
"
10. RevOwusuBempahf
ull
2020Pr
opheci
e
"
5.Int
ernat
ional
Rel
i
giousFr
eedom Repor
t2006
Top2Past
ors&2Chi
efsD£ATHpr
onounce
Bur
eauof
www.
ghananewssummar
y.com.
Democr
acy
,HumanRi
ght
s,andLabor
".USA
Ret
ri
eved2020-
01-
25.
st
ate.
gov
.Ret
ri
evedDecember17,
2014.
"
11.Bi
shopSal
i
fuAmoakoal
sodr
opshi
s2020
Owusu-
6. Ansah(
1994)
,"Chr
ist
iani
tyandI
slam i
n
Pr
opheci
es;
Rev
eal
sNanaAddowi
l
lwi
n
Ghana"
.
el
ect
ion;
giv
esmar
gin".
HansWer
7. nerDebr
unner
,Ahi
stor
yofChr
ist
iani
ty
www.
ghananewssummar
y.com.Ret
ri
eved2
i
nGhana(
Wat
erv
il
lePub.House,
1967)
.
-
01-
25.
Johnst
8. one,
Pat
ri
ck;
Mil
l
er,
DuaneAl
exander
Owusu-
12. Ansah(
1994)
,"Tr
adi
ti
onal
Rel
i
gion"
.
(
2015)
."Bel
i
ever
sinChr
istf
rom aMusl
i
m
Backgr
ound:
AGl Census".I
obal JRR.11:14. Chapt
13. er1:
Rel
i
giousAf
fi
li
ati
onr
etr
iev
ed4
Sept
ember2013
Ret
ri
eved6December2015.
Hol
14. gerWei
ss(
2004)
,"Var
iat
ionsi
ntheCol
on
Repr
esent
ati
onofI
slam andMusl
i
msi
n
Nor
ther
nGhana,
ca.1900-
1930"
.
 15.MaxAssi
meng,
"Tr
adi
ti
onal
r
eli
gioni
nGhana:
a
pr
eli
minar
ygui
det
o
r
esear "Thoughtand
ch.
Pr
act
iceJour
nal
:The
Jour
naloft
hePhi
l
osophi
cal
Associ
ati
onofKeny
a3.
1
(
1976)
:65-
89.

Wor
ksci
ted

Owusu-
Ansah,
Dav
id."
Soci
etyandI
tsEnv
ironment
"(andsubchapt
er .ACount
s) ry
St
udy
:Ghana(
LaVer
leBer
ry,
edi
tor
).Li
brar
yofCongr
ess

Feder
alResear
chDi
vi
sion(
Nov .Thi
ember1994) sar
ti
clei
ncor
por
atest
extf
rom t
his
sour
ce,
whi
chi
sint
hepubl
i
cdomai
n(SeeAboutt
heCount
rySt
udi
es/Ar
ea
HandbooksPr
ogr
am )

Fur
therr
eadi
ng
Amanor
,KwabenaDar
kwa."
Pent
ecost
alandchar
ismat
icchur
chesi
nGhanaandt
he
Af
ri
cancul
tur
e:conf
ront
ati
onorcompr
omi
se?
."Jour
nalofPent
ecost
alTheol
ogy18.
1
(
2009)
:123-
140.

Assi
meng,
Max
."Tr
adi
ti
onal
rel
i
gioni
nGhana:
apr
eli
minar
ygui
det
oresear
ch.
"
ThoughtandPr
act
iceJour
nal
:TheJour
nal
oft
hePhi
l
osophi
cal
Associ
ati
onofKeny
a
3.
1(1976)
:65-
89.

At
iemo,
Abamf
oOf
or.Rel
i i
gionandt
hei
ncul
tur
ati
onofhumanr
ight
sinGhana(
A&C
Bl
ack,
2013)
.

Cogneau,
Deni
s,andAl
exanderMor
adi
."Bor
der
sthatdi
vi
de:
Educat
ionandr
eli
gioni
n
GhanaandTogosi
ncecol
oni
alt
i "Jour
mes. nalofEconomi
cHi
stor
y74.
3(2014)
:694-
729.onl
i
ne

Dov
lo,
Elom."
Rel
i
gionandt
hepol
i
ticsofFour
thRepubl
i
canel
ect
ionsi
nGhana"(
1992,
1996)
."(
2006)
.onl
i
ne
Langer
,Ar
nim."
Thesi
tuat
ional
impor
tanceofet
hni
cit
yandr
eli
gioni
nGhana.
"
Et
hnopol
i
tics9.
1(2010)
:9-
29.

Langer
,Ar
nim,
andUkohaUki
wo."
Ethni
cit
y,r
eli
gionandt
hest
atei
nGhanaandNi
ger
ia:
per
cept
ionsf
rom t
hest
reet
. nHor
"i izont
alI
nequal
i
tiesandConf
li
ct(
Pal
grav
eMacmi
l
lan,
London,
2008)pp.205-
226.onl
i
ne

Owusu-
Ansah,
Dav
id."
Soci
etyandI
tsEnv
ironment
"(andsubchapt
er .ACount
s) ry
St
udy
:Ghana(
LaVer
leBer
ry,
edi
tor
).Li
brar
yofCongr
essFeder
alResear
chDi
vi
sion
(
Nov
ember1994)
.

Venkat
achal
am, a.Sl
Meer aver
y,Memor
yandRel
i
gioni
nSout
heast
ernGhana,
c.
1850–Pr
esent(
Cambr
idgeUni
ver
sit
yPr
ess,
2015)
,ther
eli
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stor
yoft
heAnl
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Ewepeopl
es.

5.Azi
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ter
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ail
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-
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Nat
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it
uti
on-Supr
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t

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hest
ate’
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ntheconst
ruct
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Nat
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heest
abl
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shmentofaHaj
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i
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I
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erday
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oft
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t
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l
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aint
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f,MrJamesKwabena
Bomf
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fai
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orconst
it
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onal
int
erpr
etat
ionor
enf
orcementbyt
hecour
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Bomf
eh,
theact
ingGener
alSecr
etar
yoft
heConv
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ionPeopl
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sPar
ty(
CPP)
,had
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isdi
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hest
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Nat
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Nopr
efer
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treat
ment

But
,accor
dingt
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t,t
hest
atehadnotbr
eachedanypr
ovi
sionoft
he1992
Const
it
uti
onbecauset
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ruct
ionofaNat
ional
Cat
hedr
alandt
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abl
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aHaj
jBoar
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hest
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ty
orI
slam,
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veent
angl
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nrel
i
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ate.

I
tal
sohel
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het
woact
swer
enotav
iol
ati
onoft
he1992Const
it
uti
on,
ast
heyhad
notpr
event
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bodyf
rom pr
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isi
nghi
sorherr
eli
gion,
nei
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tdi
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imi
nat
ion
agai
nstanyr
eli
gion.

Rat
her
,theapexcour
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hev
iewt
hatt
hest
ate-
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ional
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Haj
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est
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ry,
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e
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han88percentoft
hecount
ry’
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ati
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eChr
ist
iansandMusl
i
ms.

“
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it
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ondoesnotpr
ohi
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atef
rom col
l
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ati
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oups;
it
r
atherpr
ohi
bit
sthei
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ti
onofar
eli
gionbyt
hest
ate,
’
’ithel
d.

Thej
udgementwasr
eadbyt
hepr
esi
dingj
ust
ice,
MrsJust
iceSophi
aAdi
nyi
ra.

Theot
hermember
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hepanel
wer
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icesJonesDot
se,
Ani
nYeboah,
Sul
e
Gbadegbe,
Ant
honyA.Beni
nandVi
daAkot
o-Bamf
o.

Bomf
eh’
scase

MrBomf
eh,
thr
oughhi
slawy
er,
DrBasi
tAzi
zBamba,
hadar
guedt
hatt
hest
ate-
led
Nat
ional
Cat
hedr
alandt
heHaj
jBoar
dwer
eunconst
it
uti
onal
becausei
tshowedt
hatt
he
count
ryhadpur
posel
yai
ded,
sponsor
ed,
endor
sedandof
fer
edspeci
alt
reat
mentt
o
Chr
ist
iani
tyandI
slam,
acl
earv
iol
ati
onofar
ti
cles17(
2),
35(
5)and37(
2)oft
he1992
Const
it
uti
on.
Ar
ti
cle17(
2)f
rownsondi
scr
imi
nat
ionofpeopl
ebasedonr
eli
gion,
whi
l
ear
ti
cles35(
5)
and37(
2)t
alkaboutt
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rect
ivepr
inci
pleofst
atepol
i
cyandhowt
hest
atemust
pr
ohi
bitdi
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imi
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iononal
lgr
ounds,
incl
udi
ngr
eli
gion,
andt
heneedf
ort
hest
atet
o
ensur
ethatev
eryci
ti
zenenj
oysequal
right
.

Thepl
aint
if
fwant
edt
hecour
ttogi
veani
nter
pret
ati
onont
heabov
econst
it
uti
onal
pr
ovi
si
onsandmakecer
tai
ndecl
arat
ionsi
nsuppor
tofhi
sar
gument
s.

I
twashi
scaset
hatbasedont
heConst
it
uti
on,
thest
atemustnotof
feranysuppor
tto
anyr
eli
gion,
buti
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oof
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hesuppor
tmustbegi
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t
oal
lrel
i
gionsandnotj
ustChr
ist
iani
tyandI
slam.

Al
so,
itwashi
scont
ent
iont
hatal
awmustbepassedbyPar
li
amentt
obackanysuppor
t
t
hest
ategav
etoanyr
eli
gion.

“
Ghanai
sasecul
arst
ateandmust
,ther
efor
e,showi
ndi
ff
erencet
orel
i
gionandmust
notconf
erbenef
it
sonanyspeci
fi
crel
i
gion,
’
’counsel
argued.

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aint
if
fal
sowant
edt
hecour
ttoenf
orcear
ti
cles258and265oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
whi
chdeal
wit
htheLandsCommi
ssi
on,
insuppor
tofi
tsot
herar
gumentt
hatPr
esi
dent
NanaAddoDankwaAkuf
o-Addoact
edunl
awf
ull
yinal
l
ocat
ingt
hel
andf
ort
he
const
ruct
ionoft
heNat
ional
Cat
hedr
al.

A-
G’scase

Thest
ate,
repr
esent
edbyaDeput
yAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al(
A-G)
,MrGodf
redYeboahDame,
ar
guedt
hatt
hepl
aint
if
fhadf
ail
edt
orai
seacasef
orconst
it
uti
onal
int
erpr
etat
ionor
enf
orcementand,
ther
efor
e,f
ail
edt
oinv
oket
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hecour
t.

Hef
urt
herar
guedt
hatt
hepl
aint
if
fhadmi
sconst
ruedt
hei
deaofsecul
ari
sm because
secul
ari
sm di
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hest
ateshoul
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etel
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r
eli
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tyoft
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eint
het
aki
ngandi
mpl
ement
ati
onofpol
i
cydeci
sionsf
oraj
ust
andf
reesoci
ety
”.

Cour
t’
sjudgement

I
nit
sjudgement
,thecour
tsi
dedwi
tht
heA-
Gandhel
dthatt
hepl
aint
if
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ndeed,
fai
l
edt
o
i
nvoket
hecour
t’
sjur
isdi
cti
ont
oint
erpr
etorenf
orcepr
ovi
sionsoft
heConst
it
uti
on.
Accor
dingt
othecour
t,al
ltheconst
it
uti
onal
prov
isi
onsonwhi
cht
hepl
aint
if
fwant
ed
i
nter
pret
ati
onwer
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earandunambi
guous.

I
tquot
edcopi
ousl
yfr
om t
he1992Const
it
uti
ont
oshowt
hatar
ti
cles17,
35,
37,
258and
265wer
ecl
earandneedednoi
nter
pret
ati
on.

“
Wedonotf
indanyambi
gui
tyi
ntheconst
it
uti
onal
prov
isi
ons.Thewor
dsar
e
expl
anat
ory
,si
mpl
eandeasyt
oappr
eci
ate,
’
’ithel
d.

Thecour
twasal
sooft
hev
iewt
hatPr
esi
dentAkuf
o-Addodi
dnotbr
eacht
he
Const
it
uti
oni
nal
l
ocat
ingt
hel
andf
ort
heconst
ruct
ionoft
heNat
ional
Cat
hedr
al,
since
t
heConst
it
uti
onv
est
sal
lpubl
i
clandsi
nthePr
esi
dent
.

“
Plai
nti
ffhasf
ail
edt
odemonst
rat
ethatt
heal
l
ocat
ionwasdonewi
thoutconsul
tat
ion
wi
tht
heLandsCommi
ssi
on,
’
’ithel
d.

Wi
thr
egar
dtowhet
herornott
heNat
ional
Cat
hedr
alandt
heHaj
jBoar
dpr
oject
ed
Chr
ist
iani
tyandI
slam ov
erot
herr
eli
gions,
thecour
thel
dthatt
hatwasnott
hecase.

“
Lendi
ngahel
pinghandt
oar
eli
giondoesnotmeant
hest
atehaspr
oject
edt
hatr
eli
gion
ov
erot
her
s,’
’i
tadded.

Backgr
ound

Pr
esi
dentNanaAddoDankwaAkuf
o-Addocutt
hesodf
ort
heconst
ruct
ionoft
he
Nat
ional
Cat
hedr
alonMar
ch6,
2017aspar
tofev
ent
sthatmar
kedGhana’
s60t
h
i
ndependenceanni
ver
sar
y.

Fundi
ngf
ort
he5,
000-
seat
eredi
fi
cei
stobesour
cedf
rom i
ndi
vi
dual
swi
thi
nthe
Chr
ist
iancommuni
ty.

Pl
ansbyt
hegov
ernmentt
odemol
i
shhouses,
incl
udi
ngt
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udges,
ont
he
l
andar
oundRi
dgei
nAccr
atomakewayf
ort
heconst
ruct
ionoft
hecat
hedr
algener
ated
adebat
e.

SECTI
ON21–PROCEEDI
NGSI
NVOLVI
NGTHESTATE
Theor
igi
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atepr
oceedi
ngst
akesi
tsor
igi
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om t
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Engl
and.Theki
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esi
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cal
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atedi
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esi
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t.Thesubst
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f
t
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ef.

Rul
esar
eal
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ri
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ti
cle293,
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icl
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88.

(
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(
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293.

(
1)Wher
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sonhasacl
aim agai
nstt
heGov
ernment
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aim maybeenf
orcedas
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ightbypr
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ight
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(
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itwoul
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(
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(
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(
7)Wher
etheGov
ernmenti
ssubj
ectt
oal
i
abi
l
itybyv
irt
ueoft
hisar
ti
cle,
thel
awr
elat
ing
t
oindemni
tyandcont
ri
but
ionshal
lbeenf
orceabl
e-

(
a)agai
nstt
heGov
ernmentbyanempl
oyeeoft
heGov
ernmentwhoi
sact
ingi
nthe
pr
operexecut
ionofhi
sdut
iesi
nrespectoft
hel
i
abi
l
ityorbyanyot
herper
soni
nrespect
oft
hel
i
abi
l
ityt
owhi
cht
hatper
soni
ssubj
ect
;or

(
b)byt
heGov
ernmentagai
nstanyper
sonot
hert
hananempl
oyeeoft
heGov
ernment
,in
r
espectoft
hel
i
abi
l
ityt
owhi
chi
tissosubj
ect
,asi
ftheGov
ernmentwer
eapr
ivat
e
per
sonoff
ull
ageandcapaci
ty.

Tuf
fourv.AttorneyGener
al.1980G.L.
R637
Theplai
nti
ffbroughtanactionagainstt
heSpeakerofpar
li
amenti
nthecour
tofappeal
act
ingast
hesupr
emecour
tthatt
hepur
por
tedv
ett
ingandr
eject
ionofJust
iceApal
oo
i
naschi
efj
ust
iceoft
her
epubl
i
cofGhanawascont
rar
ytoar
ti
cle127oft
he1979
const
it
uti
on.Hesoughtf
oradecl
arat
iont
hatJust
iceApal
ooshal
lbedeemedt
obe
chi
efj
ust
iceoft
heRepubl
i
cofGhana.

Hel
d:ThespeakerofPar
li
amentcoul
dnotbesuedi
nAct
ion.Member
sofPar
li
ament
coul
dnotbej
oinedi
nanact
ioni
naci
vi
lpr
oceedi
ng.Si
ncet
heSpeakerofPar
li
ament
wasamemberoft
hel
egi
slat
ureandwasact
ingonbehal
foft
hest
ate,
ther
ightper
son
t
obesuedwast
heAt
tor
neyGener
al.

NewPatri
oti
cPar
tyvRawli
ngsandAnot
her[
1993-
1994]2GLR
Fact
s:I
twasdeci
dedint
hecaseofNewPatr
iot
icPar
tyv.t
heElect
oral
commi
ssi
ont
hat
Di
str
ictChi
efExecut
ivesunderar
ti
cle243oft
he1992const
it
uti
oncoul
dnotbe
appoi
ntedbyt
hepr
esi
dent
.Af
ter
,anannouncementwasmadet
hatt
hesamenomi
nee
f
ort
hedi
str
ictchi
efexecut
iveshadbeenappoi
nted.I
twasal
l
egedt
hatsuch
nomi
nat
ionswer
eunconst
it
uti
onal
fort
her
easont
hatt
hedi
str
ictassembl
i
essetup
undersect
ion3(
1)oft
heLocal
Gov
ernmentLaw,
1988(
PNDCL207)hadnopowert
o
gi
vesuchappr
oval
.Thepl
aint
if
fapol
i
tical
par
ty,
broughtadecl
arat
iont
othesupr
eme
cour
tthati
)thepur
por
tedappoi
ntmentwasi
nconsi
stentt
oar
ti
cles242,
243,
244and
245oft
he1992const
it
uti
on.i
i
)Anor
derset
ti
ngasi
det
heappoi
ntmentandanor
der
r
est
ri
cti
ngt
heappoi
ntment
.

Hel
d:Thepr
esi
denti
nappoi
nti
ngt
hedi
str
ictsecr
etar
iesundersect
ion21oft
heLocal
Gov
ernanceactwasact
ingi
ncapaci
tyast
hepr
esi
dentofGhana.Ev
ent
hought
he
gov
ernmentofGhanawasv
est
edi
nhi
m,si
ncehewasact
ingast
hepr
esi
dentofGhana
andt
her
efor
ecoul
dnotbesuedasapar
tyi
napr
oceedi
ng.

St
atePr
oceedi
ngAct(
ACT555)

Sect
ion1oft
heActabol
i
shest
heFI
ATJUSTI
CIA.I
faci
ti
zenhasacl
aim agai
nstt
he
st
atewi
thoutt
hat
,hecanpr
oceedasamat
terofr
ight
.InAr
ti
cle293oft
he1992
const
it
uti
on,
theconst
it
uti
onusest
hewor
d‘gov
ernment
.’Const
it
uti
ondef
ines
gov
ernmentasExecut
iveaut
hor
it
ybuti
nAct555,
Legi
slat
urehassubst
it
uted‘
stat
e’f
or
gov
ernment
.Quest
ioni
swhet
hert
hesubst
it
uti
oni
sconsi
stentwi
tht
heconst
it
uti
on.

Persect
ion2and3t
hest
atei
sli
abl
eincont
ractl
awandt
ort
s

Accor
dingt
oSect
ion4,
thest
atewi
l
lnotbel
i
abl
eint
hef
oll
owi
ngway
s:

“
Nopr
oceedi
ngsshal
ll
ieagai
nstt
heSt
ateundert
hisActi
nrespectof
—

(
a)any
thi
ngdoneoromi
tt
edt
obedonebyanyper
sonwhi
l
edi
schar
gingorpur
por
ti
ng
t
odi
schar
ger
esponsi
bil
i
tiesofaj
udi
cial
nat
urev
est
edi
nhi
m;or

(
b)anyact
,negl
ectordef
aul
tofanof
fi
ceroft
heSt
ateunl
esst
hatof
fi
cer
—

(
i)hasbeendi
rect
lyori
ndi
rect
lyappoi
ntedbyt
heSt
ateandwas,
att
hemat
eri
alt
ime,
pai
dinr
espectofhi
sdut
iesasanof
fi
ceroft
heSt
atewhol
l
youtofpubl
i
cfundsorout
ofmoney
spr
ovi
dedbyPar
li
ament
;or

(
ii
)was,
att
hemat
eri
alt
ime,
hol
dinganof
fi
cei
nrespectofwhi
cht
hePubl
i
cSer
vices
Commi
ssi
oncer
ti
fi
est
hatt
hehol
deroft
hatof
fi
cewoul
dnor
mal
l
ybesopai
d.”

Accor
dingt
osect
ion5,

“
Wher
etheSt
atei
ssubj
ectt
oli
abi
l
itybyv
irt
ueoft
hisAct
,thel
awr
elat
ingt
oindemni
ty
andcont
ri
but
ionshal
lbeenf
orceabl
e—

(
a)agai
nstt
heSt
atebyanempl
oyeeoft
heSt
atewhoi
sact
ingi
nthepr
operexecut
ion
ofhi
sdut
iesi
nrespectoft
hel
i
abi
l
ityorbyanyot
herper
soni
nrespectoft
hel
i
abi
l
ityt
o
whi
cht
hatper
soni
ssubj
ect
;or
(
b)byt
heSt
ateagai
nstanyper
sonot
hert
hananempl
oyeeoft
heSt
ate,
inr
espectof
t
hel
i
abi
l
ityt
owhi
chi
tissubj
ect
,asi
ftheSt
atewer
eapr
ivat
eper
sonoff
ull
ageand
capaci
ty.
”

Accor
dingt
osect
ion7.Thest
atewi
l
lnotbel
i
abl
eforat
ortordonebyamemberoft
he
ar
medf
orces,
meanwhi
l
eitdoesn’
tpr
eventt
hem f
rom bei
ngl
i
abl
efort
hei
ract
ions.

Accor
dingt
osect
ion8,
rul
esoft
hecour
twi
l
lbeappl
i
edt
oci
vi
lpr
oceedi
ngsagai
nstt
he
st
ate.Thecour
tist
her
efor
etheonl
ypl
acewi
thsuchj
uri
sdi
cti
on.

Accor
dingt
oSect
ion9,

(
1)Ci
vi
lpr
oceedi
ngsbyt
heSt
ateshal
lbei
nst
it
utedandconduct
edbyt
heAt
tor
ney
-
Gener
aloranyper
sonaut
hor
isedbyhi
m.

(
2)Ci
vi
lpr
oceedi
ngsagai
nstt
heSt
ateshal
lbei
nst
it
utedagai
nstt
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al
asdef
endant
.

(
3)Nopr
oceedi
ngsi
nst
it
utedi
naccor
dancewi
tht
hisActbyoragai
nstt
heAt
tor
ney
-
Gener
aloranyot
herof
fi
cershal
labat
eorbeaf
fect
edbyanychangei
ntheper
son
hol
dingt
heof
fi
ce.

Ohenev.Pr
inci
palSecretar
y,Mini
sterofFi
nance[1971]1GLR102-104
Fact
s:Theplai
nti
ffsoughtforadeclar
ati
onthatundersect
ion9(1)and(
2)oft
he
Lot
ter
yandBet
ti
ngAct
,member
soft
hesoci
etydon’
tneedappr
oval
oft
heMi
nist
erof
Fi
nancet
oent
eri
ntoanyl
ott
eryact
ivi
ty.Apr
eli
minar
yobj
ect
ionwasr
aisedt
hatt
he
def
endantwasnotapr
operpar
tyt
othesui
t,r
athert
heact
ionshoul
dhav
ebeenbr
ought
agai
nstt
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al.Sect
ion10(
2)oft
heSt
atePr
oceedi
ngsAct
,1961(
Act51)
,
pr
ovi
dest
hat
:"Ci
vi
lpr
oceedi
ngsagai
nstt
heRepubl
i
cmaybei
nst
it
utedagai
nstt
he
At
tor
ney
-Gener
al,
oranyof
fi
ceraut
hor
isedi
nthatbehal
fbyhi
m,oranyof
fi
cerspeci
fi
ed
i
nthatbehal
funderanyl
awf
ort
het
imebei
ngi
nfor
ce,
"Sect
ion12f
urt
herpr
ovi
dest
hat
:

"
All
document
srequi
redt
obeser
vedont
heRepubl
i
cfort
hepur
poseofori
n
connect
ionwi
thci
vi
lpr
oceedi
ngsbyoragai
nstt
heRepubl
i
cshal
lbedel
i
ver
edatt
he
of
fi
ceoft
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alort
oanyof
fi
cerspeci
fi
edi
nthatbehal
funderanyl
awf
or
t
het
imebei
ngi
nfor
ce.
"

Hel
d:I
tiscl
eart
her
efor
ethati
ntheUni
tedKi
ngdom ci
vi
lpr
oceedi
ngsagai
nstt
heCr
own
canonl
ybebr
oughtei
theragai
nstanaut
hor
isedgov
ernmentdepar
tmentort
he
At
tor
ney
-Gener
al.Thepr
ovi
sionsar
emandat
ory
.InGhana,
howev
er,
Act51usest
he
wor
d"may
"whi
chundert
heI
nter
pret
ati
onAct
,1960(
C.A.4)
,isnotmandat
ory
.Thi
s
howev
erdoesnotabsol
vet
hecour
tfr
om i
tsdut
ytoenqui
rewhet
herornott
hebody
soughtt
obemadeapar
tyhast
her
equi
sit
ecapaci
ty,
thati
s,whet
hert
hepr
inci
pal
secr
etar
yorheadoft
hedepar
tmenthasbeeni
nvest
edwi
tht
her
ightt
osueorbesued.
Hecanat
tractt
hisl
egal
capaci
tyi
fhehasbeenaut
hor
isedi
nthatbehal
fbyt
heAt
tor
ney
-
Gener
alori
sspeci
fi
edi
nthatbehal
funderanyl
awf
ort
het
imebei
ngi
nfor
ce.I
fany
publ
i
cof
fi
cercanbesuedonbehal
foft
heRepubl
i
c,t
hepr
ovi
sionempower
ingt
he
At
tor
ney
-Gener
alt
oaut
hor
iseof
fi
cer
stodef
endsuchact
ionswoul
dbeunnecessar
y.
Ther
ewoul
dal
sobenoneedf
ort
hel
egi
slat
uret
odesi
gnat
ecer
tai
nof
fi
cer
sand
empowert
hem t
osueandbesuedonbehal
foft
heRepubl
i
c."
Off
icer
"hasnotbeen
def
inedi
nAct51,
but"
ser
vant
"hasbeen.Thedef
ini
ti
oni
ncl
udesanypubl
i
cof
fi
cer
,a
memberoft
heAr
medFor
cesandami
nist
er.I
tisnotnecessar
yfort
hepur
posesoft
his
Actt
odef
inewhi
chper
sonsf
all
wit
hint
hecat
egor
yofof
fi
cer
s,butIhol
dthati
tmust
i
ncl
udeal
lof
fi
cer
swi
thi
nthepubl
i
cser
viceheAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alhassof
arnot
publ
i
shedanyl
i
stofper
sonswi
tht
her
equi
sit
eaut
hor
it
yfr
om hi
mtor
esi
stcl
aims
br
oughtagai
nstt
heRepubl
i
c.Ther
ear
ecer
tai
nst
atut
esaut
hor
isi
ngcer
tai
nheadsof
depar
tment
stosueandbesuedonbehal
foft
heRepubl
i
c,e.
g.t
hosedeal
i
ngwi
th
r
ail
way
sandhar
bour
s.ThePr
inci
pal
Secr
etar
y,Mi
nist
ryofFi
nancedoesnotf
all
wit
hin
t
hiscat
egor
yandImusthol
dthathei
snotapr
operpar
tyt
oasui
tbr
oughtagai
nstt
he
Republ
i
c.I
ntheUni
tedKi
ngdom t
heCr
ownPr
oceedi
ngsAct
,sect
ion17(
4)pr
ovi
des
t
hat
:

"
Wher
eanyci
vi
lpr
oceedi
ngsagai
nstt
heCr
ownar
einst
it
utedagai
nstt
heAt
tor
ney
-
Gener
al,
anappl
i
cat
ionmayatanyst
ageoft
hepr
oceedi
ngsbemadet
othecour
tbyor
onbehal
foft
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alt
ohav
esuchoft
heaut
hor
isedGov
ernment
depar
tment
sasmaybespeci
fi
edi
ntheappl
i
cat
ionsubst
it
utedf
orhi
m asdef
endantt
o
t
hepr
oceedi
ngs;
andwher
eanysuchpr
oceedi
ngsar
ebr
oughtagai
nstanaut
hor
ised
Gov
ernmentdepar
tment
,anappl
i
cat
ionmayatanyst
ageoft
hepr
oceedi
ngsbemade
t
othecour
tonbehal
foft
hatdepar
tmentt
ohav
etheAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alorsuchoft
he
aut
hor
isedGov
ernmentdepar
tment
sasmaybespeci
fi
edi
ntheappl
i
cat
ionsubst
it
uted
f
ort
heappl
i
cantast
hedef
endantt
othepr
oceedi
ngs.
"

OurSt
atePr
oceedi
ngsActdoesnotcont
ainsi
mil
arpr
ovi
sions.Howev
er,
underOr
der16,
r
.11oft
heSupr
eme[
High]Cour
t(Ci
vi
lPr
ocedur
e)Rul
es,
1954(
L.N.140A)
,thi
scour
t
hast
hepowerei
theruponorwi
thoutt
heappl
i
cat
ionofei
therpar
tyt
osubst
it
uteapar
ty
aspl
aint
if
fordef
endantonsucht
ermsasmayseem j
ust
.It
her
efor
eor
dert
hatt
he
At
tor
ney
-Gener
albesubst
it
utedast
hedef
endanti
nthi
smat
terandt
hatt
henameof
t
hePr
inci
pal
Secr
etar
yoft
heMi
nist
ryofFi
nancebest
ruckout
.Thecaset
otakei
ts
nor
mal
cour
se.

Buobuhv.Mi
nist
erofI
nter
iorandAnot
her[1973]2GLR304
Fact
s:Thepl
aint
if
fcommencedanactionagainstt
wofel
l
owpr
isonof
fi
cer
sforassaul
t.
Hecont
endedt
hatt
heywer
eempl
oyedbyt
her
epubl
i
c.Theyf
ir
stsuedagai
nstt
he
mi
nist
erofI
nter
iorbutl
atersuedt
heat
tor
neygener
alhepl
aint
if
f'sact
ionwas
i
nst
it
utedunderar
ti
cl
e170oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1969,
whi
chhadabol
i
shedt
heAt
tor
ney
-
Gener
al'
sfi
atandmadet
hegov
ernmentl
i
abl
efort
ort
scommi
tt
edbyi
tsser
vant
sor
agent
sint
heexecut
ionoft
hei
rdut
y.Att
het
ri
alt
hedef
endant
stookapr
eli
minar
ypoi
nt
t
hatast
heact
ionwascommencedaf
tert
heexpi
rat
ionoft
hreemont
hsf
rom t
hedat
eof
t
heaccr
ual
oft
hecauseofact
ioni
twasst
atut
e-bar
redbyv
irt
ueofsect
ion2(
1)(
a)of
t
hePubl
i
cOf
fi
cer
sAct
,1962(
Act114)
.

Hel
d:

1.Thel
egi
slat
iveant
ecedent
sofAct114showedt
hatasf
arbackas1895andupt
il
l
N.
R.C.
D.54camei
ntof
orce,
act
ionsagai
nstpubl
i
cof
fi
cer
sper
sonal
l
yfort
ort
s
commi
tt
edbyt
hem i
ntheexecut
ionoft
hei
rdut
yhadt
obebr
oughtwi
thi
nthr
eemont
hs
i
naccor
dancewi
thsect
ion2(
1)(
a)ofAct114.Ther
ewashowev
eradi
sti
nct
ion
bet
weenact
ionsagai
nstt
hegov
ernmentort
heSt
ateandact
ionsagai
nstpubl
i
c
of
fi
cer
s.Thet
erm"
publ
i
cof
fi
cer
"di
dnoti
ncl
udet
hegov
ernmentort
heSt
atef
or
pur
posesofAct114.Whent
hegov
ernmentwassued,
Act51appl
i
edandt
het
hree-
mont
hst
atut
oryl
i
mit
ati
onhadnev
erappl
i
edt
oact
ionsagai
nstt
hegov
ernment
.Act
114wast
her
efor
eir
rel
evantf
ort
heconsi
der
ati
onoft
hiscase.Mor
eov
er,
whent
he
At
tor
ney
-Gener
alwassued,
hewasnotsuedasapubl
i
cof
fi
cer
,hemer
elyr
epr
esent
ed
t
heSt
atewhi
chcoul
dnotbebr
oughtt
ocour
tinf
leshandbone.
2.Ast
hepl
aint
if
fhadmadei
tcl
eart
hathi
sact
ionwasagai
nstt
heSt
ate,
hecoul
dsue
onl
yoner
epr
esent
ati
veoft
heSt
atei
naccor
dancewi
thsect
ion10(
2)ofAct51.Ther
e
wasnot
hingi
nthatsubsect
ionper
mit
ti
ngpl
ural
i
tyofdef
endant
sast
hepr
eposi
ti
on"
or"
di
dnotmean"
and.
"Si
ncet
her
ewasnoev
idencet
hatt
heMi
nist
erofI
nter
iorhadbeen
speci
fi
edi
nanyl
awort
hathehadbeenaut
hor
isedbyt
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alhemustbe
st
ruckoutasdef
endant

Persect
ion13,

I
nanyci
vi
lpr
oceedi
ngsbyoragai
nstt
heSt
ate,
thecour
tshal
l
,subj
ectt
othi
sAct
,hav
e
powert
omakesuchor
der
sasi
thaspowert
omakei
npr
oceedi
ngsbet
weenpr
ivat
e
per
sonsandmaygi
vesuchr
eli
efast
hecasemayr
equi
re

Peopl
e’sPopul
arPart
yv.Attorney-
Gener
al[1971]1GLR138
Fact
s:Theplai
nti
ffwasaregister
edpoli
ti
calpart
ywhichhadbeenr
efusedper
mitbyt
he
pol
i
cet
ohol
dapr
otesti
nthecount
ryconcer
ningcer
tai
npol
i
tical
issues.Meanwhi
l
e,
onepol
i
tical
par
tyhadbeengi
vent
hesamepr
ivi
l
ege.Thepol
i
cegav
eoutnor
easonf
or
i
tsact
ions.Thepl
aint
if
ffi
l
edf
oranappl
i
cat
iont
ocompel
thepol
i
cebyv
irt
ueofi
ts
f
reedoms,
right
sorpr
ivi
l
eges.

Hel
d:Appl
i
cant
sbyv
irt
ueofNLCD345hadcor
por
ater
esponsi
bil
i
ty.Const
it
uti
ondi
dn’
t
def
ineaper
sonbutt
heI
nter
pret
ati
onActi
ncl
udedbodi
escor
por
atet
her
efor
ethe
f
undament
alf
reedomsenumer
atedi
nAr
ti
cle12oft
heconst
it
uti
onandenf
orceabl
e
underAr
ti
cle28wer
eav
ail
abl
etot
heappl
i
cant
.Act165canbemodi
fi
edt
oaut
hor
izea
pol
i
ceof
fi
cert
ogr
antper
mit
sreasonabl
yrequi
redi
nthepubl
i
cint
erest
.Di
scr
eti
onar
y
power(
Art
icl
e296)v
est
edi
npol
i
ceof
fi
cer
s(Act165)mustbeexer
cisedi
naf
airand
candi
dmanner
.Whent
hepol
i
cer
efusedt
ogr
antper
mit
,theymusthav
eassi
gned
r
easonsf
ort
hepol
i
ceact
ion.Al
thoughSect
ion13ofAct51pr
ohi
bit
sthei
ssueofan
i
njunct
ionagai
nstt
hepol
i
ce,
itdoesaut
hor
izet
hecour
ttomakeadecl
arat
ionoft
he
r
ight
soft
heappl
i
cant
.Appl
i
cant
swer
ether
efor
eent
it
ledt
oadecl
arat
iont
hatpol
i
ce
wer
ewr
ongt
oref
useper
mitandt
heycanhol
dthei
rpr
otestmar
ches.Pol
i
cecanonl
y
r
efusei
fsuchpr
ocessi
oni
sli
kel
ytocauseabr
eachoft
hepeaceandappl
i
cant
sar
e
ent
it
ledt
oknowt
hegr
ounds(
inwr
it
ing)onwhi
cht
hepol
i
cer
elyi
ncomi
ngt
oadeci
sion
t
hatt
hemar
cheswoul
dcauseabr
eachoft
hepeace

Mouldv.Devi
ne[
1962]1GLR533-535
Fact
s:Devi
newasl
ivi
nginahouseandowedwat
erchar
ges.Mr
.deVi
ne,
for
mer
occupi
erofHouseNo.A.
162/
3Kor
leGonno,
Accr
ahadr
unupwat
erbi
l
lst
othet
uneof
£G122s.6d.TheWat
erwor
ksDepar
tmentcutof
fwat
ersuppl
i
est
othehousependi
ng
t
hepay
mentofal
lar
rear
sofwat
erbi
l
ls.Ont
he8t
hNov
ember
,1961,
asar
esul
tofa
cour
tact
ion,
owner
shi
pint
hehousewasv
est
edi
nAgnesMoul
d,t
heappl
i
canther
ein.
TheWat
erwor
ksDepar
tmentr
efusedt
oreconnectt
hewat
erunl
essshepai
dthear
rear
s.
Shecont
endedt
hatt
hear
rear
swer
eadebtduef
rom t
hepr
evi
ousoccupi
er,
whi
cht
he
depar
tmentcoul
drecov
ert
hroughaci
vi
lsui
t,andt
hatshewasent
it
ledt
ohav
ethe
houser
econnect
ed.Sheappl
i
edf
oranor
derofmandamust
ocompel
theWat
erwor
ks
Depar
tmentt
orest
oret
hewat
ersuppl
i
est
othehouse.

Hel
d:I
thasbeenar
guedt
hatmandamuswoul
dnotl
i
eagai
nstt
heCr
own.Thi
smaybe
so,
butmandamusmayl
i
eagai
nstt
heof
fi
cer
soft
heCr
ownwhoar
eobl
i
gedbyst
atut
e
t
odoami
nist
eri
alactandhav
efai
l
edt
odoso.

Akuf
o-AddoandOthersv.Quar
shi
eIdunandOther
s[1968]
Fact
s:Thepl
aint
if
fbroughtanact
ionagai
nstt
heChiefJust
ice,
theJudi
cial
Secr
etar
y
andt
heGener
alLegal
Counci
l
.Theysoughtf
oradecl
arat
ioni
nthehi
ghcour
tthatby
t
hei
ssueofacer
tai
nci
rcul
art
ojudi
cial
off
icer
stheyhadbeendeni
edt
hei
rri
ghtof
audi
enceasbar
ri
ster
sint
hecour
ts.

Af
teri
ssui
ngt
hei
rwr
itandf
il
ingt
hei
rst
atementofcl
aimt
her
espondent
sappl
i
edf
or
andobt
ainedanor
derf
ori
nter
imi
njunct
ionagai
nstt
heappel
l
ant
s.Theappel
l
ant
s
appeal
edagai
nstt
heor
dert
otheCour
tofAppeal
ont
hegr
ound t
hatt
het
ri
alcour
thad
noj
uri
sdi
cti
ont
omakeanor
derf
orani
nter
imi
njunct
ionagai
nstt
hef
ir
standsecond
appel
l
ant
sint
hei
rof
fi
cial
capaci
ti
esast
heywer
epubl
i
cser
vant
sint
ermsofsect
ion13
(
2)oft
heSt
atePr
oceedi
ngsAct
,1961(
Act51)
.

Hel
d:Whent
heI
nter
pret
ati
onAct
,1960,
s.32andt
heSt
atePr
oceedi
ngsAct
,1961(
Act
51)
,s.24wer
ereadt
oget
her
,ther
ecoul
dbenodoubtt
hatt
heChi
efJust
iceandt
he
Judi
ci
alSecr
etar
ywer
eser
vant
soft
heRepubl
i
c.TheGener
alLegal
Counci
lwasnotan
aut
onomousbodycompl
etel
yindependentoft
hegov
ernment
.Itwasagov
ernment
al
agencyspeci
fi
cal
l
ycr
eat
edt
oregul
atet
heaf
fai
rsoft
hel
egal
prof
essi
oni
nthi
s
count
ry.Ani
njunct
ionagai
nstt
heChi
efJust
iceandt
heJudi
cial
Secr
etar
yoper
atedas
ani
njunct
ionagai
nstt
heRepubl
i
c.Byv
irt
ueoft
heSt
atePr
oceedi
ngsAct
,1961(
Act51)
,
suchani
njunct
ioncoul
dnotbegr
ant
edagai
nstt
hedef
endant
s.

Percur
iam.TheSol
i
cit
or-
Gener
alseemst
osuggestt
hatt
heef
fectofsect
ion13(
2)of
Act51i
sthatnoi
njunct
ioncanev
erbegr
ant
edagai
nstaser
vantoft
heRepubl
i
cact
ing
i
nhi
sof
fi
cial
capaci
ty.Wear
enoti
nthi
scasepr
epar
edt
oacceptapr
oposi
ti
onofsuch
sweepi
ngef
fect
.Consi
der
ati
onsnotnowbef
oreusmayi
mposel
i
mit
ati
onsoni
tsal
l
-
embr
aci
ngchar
act
er.

LevandoskyvAttor
neyGeneral
NO.2[
1971]GLR49-
51
Facts:Theappl
i
cantrepeat
edanappl
i
cati
onunderrul
e28oft
heSupr
emeCour
tRul
es,
1962(
L.I
.218)
,af
tert
heHi
ghCour
thadr
efusedt
odecr
eet
hatanappeal
agai
nsta
deci
si
oni
ntheappl
i
cant
’sf
avourshoul
dnotoper
ateasast
ayofexecut
ion.I
twas
submi
tt
edbyt
heappl
i
cantt
hatt
hepr
ovi
sionsofsect
ion15(
4)ofAct51wer
enotabar
t
otheappl
i
cat
ionsi
ncet
heor
dersoughtwasnott
ogoi
ntoexecut
ionr
atheri
twast
o
putpr
essur
eont
her
espondent
.

Hel
d:Theor
dersoughtcoul
dnotbeenf
orcedev
eni
fthecour
tgr
ant
edi
tsi
ncesect
ion
15(
4)ofAct51woul
dpr
eventt
heappl
i
cantf
rom compet
ent
lyl
evy
ingexecut
ionagai
nst
t
her
espondent
.Theappl
i
cat
ionwaspoi
ntl
ess.

Ot
herSect
ions
Sect
ion15deal
swi
thsat
isf
act
ionofj
udgmentobt
ained

Sect
ion16deal
swi
thenf
orcementofpr
ocedur
es

Sect
ion17deal
swi
that
tachmentofMoney

Sect
ion18i
sappl
i
edt
opr
oceedi
ngsi
nwhi
cht
hest
atei
sapar
ty.

Accor
dingt
osect
ion19,
proceedi
ngsi
nrem shal
lnotbebr
oughtagai
nstt
hest
ate.

Persect
ion20,

“
(1)Thenot
icebef
orei
nst
it
uti
onofci
vi
lact
ionagai
nstt
heSt
atedoesnotappl
yto—
(
a)anact
iont
oinv
oket
heor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
onoft
heSupr
emeCour
tunderar
ti
cles2(
1)
and130(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on;
and

(
b)anact
ionwher
eaper
sonal
l
egest
hatapr
ovi
sionoft
heConst
it
uti
onont
he
f
undament
alhumanr
ight
sandf
reedomshasbeen,
ori
sbei
ngori
sli
kel
ytobe
cont
rav
enedi
nrel
ati
ont
ohi
m underar
ti
cle33(
1)oft
heConst
it
uti
on.

(
2)Wher
einanyact
ionagai
nstt
heSt
atet
her
eisf
ail
uret
ogi
vet
henot
icer
equi
redt
o
t
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
al,
thecour
tbef
orewhi
cht
heact
ioni
sinst
it
utedshal
lnotdi
smi
ss
t
heact
ionbutdi
rectt
hepl
aint
if
ftogi
vet
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alt
her
equi
sit
enot
iceand
adj
our
nthecaseaccor
dingl
y.
”

Kwaky
ev .Att
orney-
General[
1981]GLR9-15
Thepl
aint
if
fwasl i
stedbythepressasoneoft
he51per
sonswhohadbeent
ri
edbyt
he
AFRCDspeci
alcour
tsandsent
encedi
nabsent
ia.Thepl
aint
if
finv
oki
ngt
heor
igi
nal
j
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hesupr
emecour
tssoughtf
oradecl
arat
iont
hathewasnev
ert
ri
edby
t
hespeci
alcour
tsandt
hesent
enceof25y
ear
sofi
mpr
isonmentwasi
nbr
eachofhi
s
f
undament
alhumanr
ight
s.Theat
tor
neygener
alsoughtt
ohav
ethei
ssuest
ri
ckenout
ofcour
tont
hef
actt
hathewasn’
tgi
venpr
iornot
icebef
oret
hewr
itwasf
il
ed.

Hel
d:Thest
atepr
oceedi
ngsactamendmentwasi
nconsi
stentwi
tht
hear
ti
cle2(
1)of
t
heconst
it
uti
onwhi
chal
l
owedf
orsomeonet
oimmedi
atel
yinv
oket
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onof
t
hecour
tonaconst
it
uti
onal
mat
ter
.

Persect
ion21,
cost
swhi
chcomeoutf
rom pr
oceedi
ngsi
nvol
vi
ngt
hest
atewi
l
lbe
exer
cisedbyt
hedi
scr
eti
onoft
hecour
ts.

Sect
ion25(
Pendi
ngPr
oceedi
ngs)(
1.)Thi
sActshal
lnotaf
fectpr
oceedi
ngs
commencedbef
oret
hecomi
ngi
ntof
orceoft
hisActandf
ort
hepur
posesoft
his
sect
ionpr
oceedi
ngsshal
lber
egar
dedascommencedi
fthest
atementofcl
aim has
beendel
i
ver
edatt
heof
fi
ceoft
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alorsomeot
heraut
hor
izedof
fi
cer
bef
oret
hecomi
ngi
ntof
orceoft
hisAct
.(2.
)Pr
oceedi
ngscommencedbef
oret
he
comi
ngi
ntof
orceoft
hisActmaybecont
inuedandconcl
udedundert
hel
awunder
whi
cht
heywer
ecommenced
Accor
dingt
osect
ion25,
anypr
oceedi
ngswhi
chwer
ecommencedbef
oret
heActwi
l
l
notbeaf
fect
edbyt
henewAct
.

Any
onewhoact
sonbehal
fofast
atei
naf
orei
gncount
rywi
l
lenj
oysomef
orm of
i
mmuni
tyunderI
nter
nat
ional
law.

SeeAr
ti
cle73oft
he1992Const
it
uti
on

“
thegov
ernmentofGhanashal
lconducti
tsi
nter
nat
ional
aff
air
sinconsonancewi
tht
he
accept
edpr
inci
plesofpubl
i
cint
ernat
ional
lawanddi
plomacyi
namannerconsi
stent
wi
tht
henat
ional
int
erestofGhana.
”

What
everamemberofast
atedoesi
naf
orei
gnl
andwi
l
lnotbesubj
ectt
hel
i
tigat
ionof
t
heper
son’
snat
ional
cour
t.Pr
ivat
eindi
vi
dual
sar
eli
abl
efort
hei
rownof
fence
commi
tt
edi
naf
orei
gncount
ry.

Ni
ssanvAtt
orneyGener
al-[
1967]2Al
lER1238
On25December1963,t
hegover
nmentoft
heRepubl
i
cofCy
prus,
inr
esponset
oaj
oint
appeal
byt
heBr
it
ish,
GreekandTur
kishgov
ernment
saccept
edanof
fert
hatt
hef
orces
oft
hoset
hreegov
ernment
s,st
ati
onedi
nCy
prusandunderBr
it
ishcommand,
shoul
d
assi
stt
hegov
ernmentofCy
prusi
nther
est
orat
ionofpeace.Thi
s"t
rucef
orce"begant
o
oper
ateon26December1963.

Thepl
aint
if
fwasaBr
it
ishsubj
ectandwast
enantofahot
eli
nCy
prus.Br
it
isht
roopsof
t
het
rucef
orce,
act
ingi
naccor
dancewi
thor
der
s,t
ookpossessi
onoft
hehot
el,
except
t
hepl
aint
if
f'
sfl
att
her
ein,
on29December1963.Theyr
emai
nedi
npossessi
onf
rom 29
December1963,
to27Mar
ch1964(
"t
hef
ir
stper
iod"
).Thepl
aint
if
fal
l
egedt
haton29
December1963,
theBr
it
ishHi
ghCommi
ssi
oneri
nthepr
esenceoft
heSecr
etar
yof
St
atef
orCommonweal
thRel
ati
onsonbehal
foft
heCr
ownunder
tookt
hatt
hepl
aint
if
f
shoul
dbecompensat
edsot
hathewoul
dsuf
fernol
ossbyr
easonoft
heoccupat
ionof
t
hehot
el.On27Mar
ch1964,
theUni
tedNat
ionssetupapeace-
keepi
ngf
orcei
nCy
prus.
Fr
om 27Mar
ch1964,
to5May1964(
"t
hesecondper
iod"
)Br
it
isht
roopsf
ormedpar
tof
t
heUni
tedNat
ionsFor
ce;
theycont
inuedi
noccupat
ionoft
hehot
el.Thepl
aint
if
fsued
t
heCr
owni
nEngl
andi
nrespectoft
heoccupat
ionoft
hehot
eldur
ingt
hef
ir
stper
iod
andt
hesecondper
iod,
andofl
ossanddamageal
l
egedl
yresul
ti
ngt
her
efr
om,
clai
ming(
i)
j
ustcompensat
ionasofr
ightf
orl
ossordamaget
othehot
elandi
tscont
ent
s,
Hel
d:Wher
etheBr
it
ishCr
ownori
tsagent
stookt
hepr
oper
tyofaBr
it
ishsubj
ect
,
whet
herwi
thi
norout
sideHerMaj
est
y'
sdomi
nionsandwhet
herbyv
irt
ueoft
her
oyal
pr
erogat
iveori
nsomeot
herway
,ther
ewasanobl
i
gat
iont
opaycompensat
ionand,
as
agai
nstaBr
it
ishsubj
ect
,apl
eat
hatanactwasanactofst
atewasnodef
ence.

Meanwhi
l
e,af
orei
gneract
ingonbehal
fofast
atewi
l
lnotbegr
ant
edi
mmuni
tyi
fhi
s
act
ionsdi
dnothav
etodowi
thhi
swor
kingengagement
sonbehal
foft
hest
ate.

Amonv.Kat
z[1967]624-
637
Aminor
,whi
lstbei
ngdriv
enanot
hermi
nori
nacar
,sust
ainedser
iousi
njur
iesi
nan
acci
dentcausedbyt
hemi
nordr
iver
’snegl
i
gence.Thedr
iver
’sf
athergav
etheaddr
ess
oft
hei
rinsur
ers,
butt
hei
nsur
ersr
epudi
atedl
i
abi
l
ity
.Pl
aint
if
f’
smot
hert
her
efor
e
i
nst
it
uted,
thr
oughhernextf
ri
end,
anact
ionf
ordamagesf
ori
njur
iesandl
osses
suf
fer
edasar
esul
toft
heacci
dentagai
nstt
hedef
endantandhi
sfat
herbecauset
hey
wer
ebot
hmi
nor
s.Thedef
endant
sent
eredcondi
ti
onal
appear
anceandsubsequent
ly
appl
i
edt
osetasi
det
hewr
it
sforwantofj
uri
sdi
cti
on.I
ntheaf
fi
dav
iti
nsuppor
toft
he
appl
i
cat
ion,
thepl
aint
if
f’
smot
her
,ashi
snextf
ri
end,
deposedt
hatt
hedef
endant
’sf
ather
wast
heFi
rstSecr
etar
yoft
heEmbassyofI
srael
inAccr
aandt
hateachoft
he
def
endant
swasi
npossessi
onof"
GhanaGov
ernmentdi
plomat
ici
dent
it
ycar
d"si
gned
byt
hePr
inci
pal
Secr
etar
y,Mi
nist
ryofFor
eignAf
fai
rsandt
heywer
ethusent
it
ledt
othe
i
mmuni
ti
esandpr
ivi
l
egesaccor
deddi
plomat
sinGhanabyt
heVi
ennaConv
ent
ion
schedul
edt
oAct148andwer
econsequent
lyi
mmunef
rom t
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
he
cour
ts.I
nthecour
seoft
hepr
oceedi
ngsal
ett
erf
rom t
hePr
inci
pal
Secr
etar
y,Mi
nist
ry
ofFor
eignAf
fai
rst
otheJudi
cial
Secr
etar
ywasmadeav
ail
abl
etot
hecour
tinpur
por
ted
pr
oofoft
hedef
endant
'sdi
plomat
icst
atus.

Hel
d:Thepr
eambl
etoVi
ennaConv
ent
ionst
atedt
hatt
hepr
ivi
l
egesandi
mmuni
ti
es
gr
ant
edt
odi
plomat
swer
enott
obenef
itt
hem asi
ndi
vi
dual
sbutt
oensur
etheef
fi
cient
per
for
manceoft
hef
unct
ionsofdi
plomat
icmi
ssi
onsasr
epr
esent
ingst
ates.The
pr
esentcauseofact
ionnothav
ingar
iseni
nconnect
ionwi
tht
heper
for
manceoft
he
def
endant
s'of
fi
ci
alf
unct
ionst
heycoul
dnotcl
aimi
mmuni
tyf
rom t
hej
uri
sdi
cti
on.
SECTI
ON22-I
NDEPENDENTCONSTI
TUTI
ONALI
NSTI
TUTI
ONS
I
NTRODUCTI
ON
I
nadepar
tur
efr
om t
heconv
ent
ional
,Mont
esqui
eu-
inspi
redt
ri
par
ti
teor
gani
zat
ionof
gov
ernment
alpower
,const
it
uti
onsofcont
empor
aryr
epubl
i
csi
nAf
ri
caandel
sewher
e,
i
ncl
udi
ng Ghana'
s,f
eat
ure a setofi
ndependentst
atei
nst
it
uti
ons t
hatdef
yst
ri
ct
cl
assi
fi
cat
ionasl
egi
sl
ati
ve,execut
iveorj
udi
cialbodi
es.I
nGhana'
sFour
thRepubl
i
c,
t
hese “
four
th br
anch”i
nst
it
uti
ons i
ncl
ude t
he Commi
ssi
on on Human Ri
ght
s and
Admi
nist
rat
iveJust
ice(
“CHRAJ”
),t
heEl
ect
oralCommi
ssi
on,t
heAudi
tor
-Gener
al,and
t
heNat
ionalMedi
aCommi
ssi
on.Eachoft
heseconst
it
uti
onalbodi
esi
schar
gedwi
th
car
ryi
ngout
,independent
lyoft
hepol
i
ticalbr
anches,cer
tai
nspeci
ali
zedf
unct
ionst
hat
ar
epr
otect
iveofi
mpor
tantconst
it
uti
onal
commi
tment
s.Thef
oll
owi
ngdi
scussest
woof
t
hei
ndependentconst
it
uti
onal
inst
it
uti
onswi
thcases:

TheCommi
ssi
ononHumanRi
ght
sandAdmi
nist
rat
iveJust
ice(
CHRAJ)

A)Lawsset
ti
ngupCHRAJ

CHRAJwasest
abl
i
shedi
n1993byanAct456oft
hePar
li
amentofGhanaasdi
rect
ed
byAr
ti
cle216oft
he1992Ghanaconst
it
uti
on.

B)I
sCHRAJaquasi
-j
udi
cial
body
?

TheCommi ssi
ononHumanRi ghtsandAdmi
nist
rat
iveJust
icev
.At
tor
ney
-Gener
al
[
23/06/99]Wri
tno.3/
96
PerJusti
ceCharl
esHayf
ron-
Benjamin

"
The pl
aint
if
f owes i
ts exi
stence t
o t
he Commi
ssi
on on Human Ri
ght
s and
Admi
nist
rat
iveJust
iceAct
,1993(
Act
456)
.Iti
sther
efor
enecessar
yatt
heout
sett
o
exami
net
heActandt
odi
sti
ngui
sht
hepur
poseoft
hepl
aint
if
ffr
om t
hemanneri
tseeks
t
oef
fecti
tandt
hescopeandambi
twi
thi
nwhi
chsuchf
unct
ionmaybeexer
cised.
..
.Act
456was,
ofcour
se,
madei
npur
suanceofaut
hor
it
ygr
ant
edt
oPar
li
amentunderchapt
er
18oft
heConst
it
uti
on,
1992.Thef
unct
ions-andt
hisi
stheexpr
essi
onusedi
nar
ti
cle
218oft
heConst
it
uti
onwhi
cht
hepl
aint
if
fmayexer
cisear
etakenal
mostv
erbat
imf
rom
t
heConst
it
uti
on,1992andr
est
atedi
nsect
ion7ofAct456.Si
mil
arl
y,t
hemanneri
n
whi
chsuchf
unct
ionsmaybeexer
cisedar
ecopi
edv
erbat
imf
rom ar
ti
cle219oft
he
Const
it
uti
on,1992andar
econt
ainedi
nsect
ions8and9ofAct456.Takent
oget
her
,it
i
scl
eart
hatt
heobj
ect
soft
hepl
aint
if
far
einv
est
igat
iveandeducat
ional
.Fort
he
pur
posesofef
fect
iveexer
ciseofi
tsi
nvest
igat
iveobj
ect
s,t
hepl
aint
if
fhascer
tai
n
power
saki
ntot
hoseoft
her
egul
arcour
tsandt
ri
bunal
s.Buti
tmustbesai
dthatwhi
l
e
exer
cisi
ngt
hosepower
sthepl
aint
if
fdoesnott
her
ebyconst
it
uteacour
tort
ri
bunal
pr
oper
lysocal
l
ednordoesi
tther
ebyassumeanyj
uri
sdi
cti
ont
odoany
thi
ngi
nit
s
i
nvest
igat
ions.Howev
er,t
hepl
aint
if
fmayi
nst
it
utel
egalact
ion“
bef
oreanyCour
tin
Ghanaandmayseekanyr
emedywhi
chmaybeav
ail
abl
efr
om t
hatCour
t.
”

Pr
inci
ple:CHRAJi
spur
elyani
nvest
igat
iveandeducat
ionalbodywhi
chl
acksj
udi
cial
capaci
tyofanyf
orm.

C)Funct
ionsofCHRAJ

 I
nvest
igat
ivef
unct
ionsofCHRAJ

Republ
i
cvHi ghCourt(FastTr
ackDi
visi
on)
,Accr
a;ExparteCHRAJ( Anane,
Int
erest
ed
Part
y)[
2007-2008]SCGLR213
Fact
s:The appli
cant,CHRAJ,purport
edl
yacting underart
icl
e 218(a)ofthe 1992
Const
it
uti
on,wi
thoutaf
ormalcompl
aintf
rom ani
dent
if
iabl
ecompl
ainantandoni
ts
owni
nit
iat
ive,i
nvest
igat
edal
l
egat
ionsofcor
rupt
ionandabuseofof
fi
cemadei
nthe
medi
aagai
nstDrRi
char
dAnane,amemberofPar
li
amentandt
het
henMi
nist
erof
Tr
anspor
tat
ion.Thei
nvest
igat
ionscul
minat
edi
nadv
ersef
indi
ngsofabuseofpower
andper
jur
yagai
nsthi
m,andr
ecommendat
ions,i
nteral
i
a,t
hatheber
emov
edf
rom
of
fi
ce.

Di
ssat
isf
iedwi
tht
hesef
indi
ngsandr
ecommendat
ions,
DrAnanei
nst
it
utedpr
oceedi
ngs
underOr
der55oft
heHi
ghCour
t(Ci
vi
lPr
ocedur
e)Rul
es,2004(
CI47)chal
l
engi
ngt
hei
r
const
it
uti
onal
i
ty.

TheFastTr
ackHi
ghCour
tgr
ant
edt
hecer
ti
orar
iappl
i
cat
ionandquashedt
hef
indi
ngs,
deci
si
onsandr
ecommendat
ionsoft
heappl
i
cantcommi
ssi
on.

CHRAJi
nst
it
utedpr
oceedi
ngsi
ntheSupr
emeCour
tpur
suantt
oar
ti
cle132oft
he1992
Const
it
uti
on,pr
ayi
ngf
oranor
derofcer
ti
orar
itoquasht
hesai
ddeci
sionoft
heFast
Tr
ackHi
ghCour
t.

Hel
d:CHRAJ coul
d notcommence i
nvest
igat
ion i
ntoi
nst
ances ofal
l
egat
ions,as
cont
ainedi
npar
agr
aphs(
a)–(
c)ofar
ti
cle218wi
thoutaf
ormalcompl
aintl
odgedwi
th
t
heCommi
ssi
on.

I
nchoosi
ngwhatshedescr
ibedasahy
bri
dappr
oacht
oai
dheri
nint
erpr
eti
ngt
hewor
d
“
compl
i
ant
”,WoodCJsai
d:

“
Int
heor
dinar
ycour
seofev
ent
s,wher
eaper
son(
nat
uralorl
egal
)isempower
edt
o
i
nvest
igat
ecompl
aint
sorcer
tai
nmat
ter
s,i
ntheabsenceofanyexpr
essori
mpl
i
ed
aut
hor
it
ytot
hecont
rar
y,nat
ural
lawandcommonl
ogi
corsensedi
ctat
est
hatt
hepower
i
sexer
cisabl
eonl
ywhenacompl
aint– anex
pressi
onofdi
ssat
isf
act
ion– f
rom an
aggr
iev
edper
soni
slodgedwi
tht
heper
sonsochar
gedt
oconducti
nvest
igat
ions.
..
”

Br
obbeyJSC,al
soi
nhi
sopi
nion,f
ormi
ngpar
toft
hemaj
ori
ty'
ssai
d:“
Ther
efor
e,i
fthe
CHRAJhast
oinv
est
igat
efundament
alhumanr
ight
sandf
reedomsunderAr
ti
cle218(
a)
or218(
c),t
her
emustbei
nexi
stencehumanbei
ngswhoser
ight
sorf
reedomscanbe
sai
dtohav
ebeenv
iol
ated:Thosehumanbei
ngshav
etobeknownorspeci
fi
ed.I
t
f
oll
owst
hatt
hosehumanbei
ngswhoar
ethecompl
ainant
shav
etobei
dent
if
iabl
e
compl
ainant
s.Thespeci
fi
cquest
ionbef
oret
hiscour
taf
fect
sonl
y218(
a).Bef
oret
he
appl
i
cantcancommencei
nvest
igat
ionunder218(
a),t
her
emustbeani
dent
if
iabl
e
compl
ainantwhomaybeani
dent
if
iabl
eindi
vi
dual
ori
dent
if
iabl
ebodycor
por
ate.
"

CHRAJv.At
torneyGener
alandOt
her
s(J1/3/
2010)[
2011]GHASC19
Fact
s:The Commission f
orHuman Ri
ghtsand Admini
str
ati
ve Just
ice (
her
einaf
ter
r
efer
red t
o as‘
CHRAJ’or‘
the Pl
aint
if
f’
)agai
nstt
he At
tor
neyGener
al(
her
einaf
ter
r
efer
redt
oast
he‘
AG’
or‘
the1stDef
endant
)andMr
.BabaKamar
a(her
einaf
terr
efer
red
t
oas‘
the2ndDef
endant
’)t
hePl
aint
if
fpr
ayedt
heCour
tfort
hef
oll
owi
ngr
eli
efs:
-

a. Adecl
arat
iont
hatuponat
rueandpr
operconst
ruct
ionand/
ori
nter
pret
ati
onof
Ar
ti
cle 218(
e) of t
he Const
it
uti
on .
..t
he Commi
ssi
on on Human Ri
ght
s and
Admi
nist
rat
iveJust
icehast
hemandat
etoi
nvest
igat
eapr
ivat
eindi
vi
dual
,ent
it
yand/
or
per
sonwhoi
sal
l
egedt
obei
nvol
vedori
mpl
i
cat
edi
nanactofbr
iber
yorcor
rupt
ion
al
l
egedl
ycommi
tt
ed(
by)apubl
i
cof
fi
cialorof
fi
ci
alsandwhoi
s/ar
ebei
ngi
nvest
igat
ed
byt
heCommi
ssi
on.

b. Adecl
arat
iont
hatonat
rueandpr
operi
nter
pret
ati
onofAr
ti
cle218(
e)oft
he1992
Const
it
uti
on,t
hemandat
eoft
heCommi
ssi
ononHumanRi
ght
sandAdmi
nist
rat
ive
Just
ice ‘
to i
nvest
igat
e al
linst
ances of al
l
eged or suspect
ed cor
rupt
ion and
mi
sappr
opr
iat
ionofpubl
i
cmoney
sbyof
fi
cial
s’cov
erssi
tuat
ionsi
nwhi
chani
ndi
vi
dual
,
ent
it
yand/
orper
sont
houghnota‘
publ
i
cof
fi
cial
’i
sal
l
egedt
obei
nvol
vedori
mpl
i
cat
ed
i
nanactofal
l
egedbr
iber
yorcor
rupt
ioni
nvol
vi
ngpubl
i
cof
fi
cial
sandwhi
chi
sunder
i
nvest
igat
ionbyt
heCommi
ssi
on.
’

I
tisnoti
ncont
rov
ersyt
hatt
hei
nst
antwr
itar
oseoutofi
nvest
igat
ivepr
oceedi
ngs
commencedbyCHRAJi
ntoal
l
egedact
sofbr
iber
yandcor
rupt
ioni
nvol
vi
ngcer
tai
n
per
sonswho,att
hemat
eri
alt
imes,wer
epubl
i
cof
fi
cial
s,andt
he2ndDef
endant
.The
2ndDef
endant
,whoatal
lti
mesmat
eri
alt
othemat
terunderi
nvest
igat
ionhadbeena
pr
ivat
ebusi
nessman,chal
l
engedt
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onofCHRAJt
oinv
est
igat
ehi
m ont
he
gr
oundst
hat
,byt
hepr
ovi
sionsofAr
ti
cle218(
e)CHRAJhadt
hemandat
etoi
nvest
igat
e
onl
ypubl
i
cof
fi
ci
alsandnotpr
ivat
eci
ti
zenssuchashi
msel
f.Ont
hebasi
soft
his
chal
l
enget
he2ndDef
endantr
efusedt
osubmi
thi
msel
ftoCHRAJand,consequent
ly,
CHRAJbr
oughtt
hei
nst
antsui
t.

Hel
d,perDat
e-BahJSC:“
Weconsi
dert
hatt
hepl
aint
if
f’
sar
gumentont
hisi
ssuei
s
i
rr
esi
sti
ble.Toi
nsi
stt
hatt
hepl
aint
if
f’
smandat
erel
atesexcl
usi
vel
ytoani
nvest
igat
ion
ofpubl
i
cof
fi
ci
als,ev
enwher
eapubl
i
cof
fi
cialhaspar
ti
cipat
edi
nacor
ruptt
ransact
ion
wi
thapr
ivat
eindi
vi
duali
nasi
tuat
ionwher
eacompr
ehensi
vei
nvest
igat
ionoft
he
t
ransact
ioni
sneededi
nor
dert
oexposet
hecor
rupt
ion,
woul
dbesi
mil
ar,
inasense,
to
aski
ngofShy
locki
nShakespear
e’sMer
chantofVeni
cet
otakehi
spoundoff
lesh,but
nott
ospi
l
lanybl
ood.I
tissi
ngul
arl
yunr
eal
i
sti
c!”

AmpofovCHRAJ[2005-2006]SCGLR227
The Def
endant
,(her
einaft
ercall
ed “
the Commi
ssi
on”
)inv
est
igat
ed a compl
aintof
cor
rupt
ionl
odgedbyMr
.KwekuBaako,Edi
torofCr
usadi
ngGui
de,agai
nstt
hePl
aint
if
f.
Att
heconcl
usi
onoft
hei
nvest
igat
ionst
heCommi
ssi
onmadeadv
ersef
indi
ngsagai
nst
t
hePl
aint
if
fandmadeanumberofr
ecommendat
ionsi
ncl
udi
ng:

(
a)t
hatMr
.Appi
ahAmpof
obebar
redf
ort
hwi
thf
rom hol
dinganypubl
i
cof
fi
ce.

(
b)t
hathe shoul
d be bar
red f
rom member
shi
p ofany I
nsur
ance I
nst
it
uti
on or
Associ
ati
on.

(
c)t
hatt
heAt
tor
ney
-Gener
alshoul
dconsi
derbr
ingi
ngcr
imi
nalpr
osecut
ionagai
nstMr
.
Appi
ahAmpof
oforcor
rupt
ion.

Thepl
aint
if
fsoughtf
oradecl
arat
ion,
int
eral
i
a,t
hati
nvest
igat
ionsmadeabouthi
m wer
e
unconst
it
uti
onal
.

Hel
d:I
twashel
dthatCHRAJCompl
aintPr
ocedur
eRegul
ati
ons,1994CI7i
snot
unconst
it
uti
onal
;thatPanelSy
stem ofi
nvest
igat
ion pr
escr
ibed by CI7 enabl
i
ng
i
nvest
igat
ionst
obeconduct
edbyaCommi
ssi
onMemberofLegalOf
fi
cerasChai
rman
oft
hePanel
andt
woot
her
sisl
awf
ul.

 Educat
ional
funct
ion

PerWoodCJ:"
Ther
oleoft
heCommi
ssi
onasperi
tsOmbudsmanf
unct
ionsi
snot
l
i
mit
edt
oonl
yinv
est
igat
ionsaspr
ovi
dedi
npar
ti
cul
arunderar
ti
cle218(
e),butt
he
equal
l
yimpor
tantr
oleofeducat
ing t
hepubl
i
con human r
ight
sand f
reedomsas
pr
ovi
dedunderar
ti
cl
e218(
f).I
ndeed,
theCommi
ssi
oncani
nvest
igat
emedi
aandpubl
i
c
f
oraal
l
egat
ionsofhumanr
ight
svi
olat
ions,suchas,TROKOSIandFEMALEGENI