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12.1 Water Supply and Sanitation

Chapter 12: Other Services in Building
General Principles for Water Supply and Sanitation
 Supplying sufficient quantity of water supply in the
building.
 Providing efficient and effective fixtures, drainage
system in building.
 All water closets, bathrooms, kitchen etc. shall be
grouped one side of building.
Building Technology  All water closets, bathrooms, kitchen etc. shall be
Er. Bimala Piya (Shrestha) located on at least one external wall.
Mangsir, 2077
 Sustainable use of rainwater shall be promoted.
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12.1 Water Supply and Sanitation 12.1 Water Supply and Sanitation
Water Supply Distribution Methods Plumbing system in Building….

 Gravity System  The entire system of sanitary drainage, including

fittings and fixtures like wash basins, sinks, water
 Pumping System
closets, urinals, traps, soil pipes, waste pipes, vent
 Combined System pipes, sewers, septic tank etc.
Plumbing system in Building  The entire system of storm water, including
 The entire system of water supply and distribution collections and carrying of rain water from roof or
pipes, including fittings and fixtures like taps, valves, paved areas to public storm water drain.
pipes, tanks etc are used in connection with water
supply

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12.1 Water Supply and Sanitation 12.1 Water Supply and Sanitation

Water distribution system in Building Service Connection

• Direct system
• Indirect system
Types of Pipes
 Cast iron pipes
 Copper or brass pipe
 GI pipe
 Lead pipe
 Polyethylene pipe

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12.1 Water Supply and Sanitation
Internal Plumbing
 Service pipe is galvanized iron pipe is connected to
storage tank laid underground in a trench or placed
at highest possible elevation in the building.
 Distributing pipes are fitted with valves which are
taken from tank to bathroom, kitchen, flushing
cistern, shower etc.
 All pipes should be readily repairable and changes
in diameter should be gradual.
 Connection of pipe must be in such a way that
strength of pipe material may not be weakened.
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12.1 Water Supply and Sanitation
Guidelines for Pipe Layout
 Pipe lines should have to be laid as straight as
possible.
 Bending of GI pipe is prohibited.
 Pipeline without taps (dead ends) have to be
disconnected from water supply line for hygienically
reason.
 If pipe lines are going through floors with high
moisture, pipelines have to be protected with shield
pipe.
 Cold water and hot water pipes must run separately.
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12.1 Water Supply and Sanitation
Guidelines for Pipe Layout……
 Water Supply pipes should not be close to sewers or
waste water drains.
 When pipe lines are close to electric cables, Proper
precautions for insulation should be done.
 Every part of water pipes shall have access for the
purpose of inspection and cleaning.
 Number of joints, bends and tees should be less.
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12.1 Water Supply and Sanitation
Internal Plumbing
12.1 Water Supply and Sanitation
Guidelines for Pipe Layout….
 Cold water tap have to be on right side of hot water
tap.
 Plumbing layout should be such as not to permit
back flow.
 All joints shall be perfectly water tight and no
leakage or spill at taps or cocks should be allowed.
 Pipe lines should not be carried under walls or
foundations.
12.1 Water Supply and Sanitation
Types of drainage system
 Drainage below the ground
 Comprises system of underground house drain,
inspection chamber, main sewer, manhole,
ventilation shaft provided for conveying sanitary
sewage and storm water for disposal
 Separate system
 Combined system
 Partially combined or partially separate system
 Drainage above the ground
 Comprises system of vertical stacks, horizontal
branches, floor traps etc . 12
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12.1 Water Supply and Sanitation
Considerations for plumbing works of sanitary system
 Plumbing system shall be equipped with sufficient
number of seal traps at suitable points for avoiding
foul smell.
 The slope of drains shall be sufficient to maintain
self cleansing velocity.
 All the drains shall be laid straight between
inspection chambers.
 All sharp bends and junctions shall be avoided
except through the inspection chambers.
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12.1 Water Supply and Sanitation
Considerations for plumbing works of sanitary
system ……
 Plumbing materials shall have adequate strength
and durability.
 The drainage system should be designed,
constructed and maintained to prevent the fouling,
deposit of solids, clogging and with easily
accessible cleanouts or inspection chambers so
arranged that the pipes can be readily cleaned.
 All drains shall be adequately ventilated.
 Back flow of sewage should be prevented.
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12.1 Water Supply and Sanitation
Major Sanitation Components in Buildings
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12.1 Water Supply and Sanitation
Considerations for plumbing works of sanitary
system ..………
 To facilitate easy repair and maintenance, the house
sewers shall be laid by the sides of the buildings
rather than in walls or underground.
 The overall system shall be designed in such a way
that, formation of air locks, under deposits are
minimized or avoided.
 The joints shall be well maintained ensuring water
tight conditions to prevent pollution of water and
enhance aesthetics.
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12.1 Water Supply and Sanitation
Major Sanitation Components in Buildings
 Pipes( soil pipes, waste pipes, rainwater pipes,
ventilation pipes, floor traps)
 Soil appliances (Water closet, Flushing cistern,
Urinals)
 Waste appliances (Bath tub, Wash basin, sinks)
 Inspection chamber
 Septic tank
 Soak pit (Seepage pit)
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12.1 Water Supply and Sanitation
Major Sanitation Components in Buildings
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12.1 Water Supply and Sanitation 12.2 Electrification, CCTV and Telephone
Network
Major Sanitation Components in Buildings
Major Electrical Fittings
 Ceiling fans
 Tube lights
 Bulbs
 Lamps
 Switches
 Ceiling lights
 Wall brackets
 Call bell
 Fancy lights
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12.2 Electrification, CCTV and Telephone 12.2 Electrification, CCTV and Telephone
Network Network
Systems of House Wiring Systems of House Wiring
Types of internal wiring:
 Cleat wiring
 Casing and capping wiring
 Batten wiring
 Lead sheathed or metal sheathed wiring
 Conduit wiring

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12.2 Electrification, CCTV and Telephone 12.2 Electrification, CCTV and Telephone
Network Network

Systems of House Wiring Systems

of House
Wiring

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12.3 Fire Protection

 Passive fire protection system
 Fire resisting components
 Active fire protection system Smoke detectors Fire alarm

 Fire detection system

• Fire alarm
Manual fire extinguisher
• Automatic detectors (smoke/Heat/ Light/ Gas)
 Fire suppression system
• Manual fire extinguishing equipment
• Fire hydrants
• Sprinkler system
Fire hydrants Sprinkler system
 Ventilation and evacuation 25 26

12.4 Rain Water Harvesting 12.4 Rain Water Harvesting

 Collection and utilization of rain water that falls on
rooftops and other surfaces for immediate and future
use.
 Conducted either by using storage tanks or recharging
the rainwater into underground sources such as tube
wells.
 An ideal solution to water problems in areas having
inadequate water resources.
 Reduction in soil erosion as the surface runoff is
reduced.
 Construction, operation, and maintenance are not labor
intensive.
 Saving of energy, to lift ground water.
 Mitigation of the effects of drought and water scarcity.
 Decrease in the choking of storm water drains and
flooding of roads.
 Water harvesting provides an alternative source for good
quality water (rainwater is the cheapest form of raw water)
seasonally or even the year round.

 The physical and chemical properties of rainwater are  Increase water supply for potable water needs and water
usually superior as compared other sources of water. supply for low-quality household uses like gardening,
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washing clothes and for sanitary purposes 28

12.4 Rain Water Harvesting

12.4 Rain Water Harvesting
Major components of rainwater collection Water treatment
S. N. Techniques Location Usefulness
 Catchment area
1. Screens Roofs, gutters Filters organic matters
 Gutters and conduits 2. Sedimentation Storage tank Removes suspended
particles
 Screen/First Flush
3. Filter Before use Removes fine particles,
 Water treatment germs
 Storage reservoir 4. Boiling Before drinking Kills pathogens
/cooking (disease causing germs)
or recharge well
5. Chlorination pump or tank Kills pathogens
6. SODIS before drinking Kills pathogens

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12.4 Rain Water Harvesting

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