In finite element analysis (FEA), shape functions (also known as interpolation functions) play a critical

role in describing how the field variable (e.g., displacement in structural analysis) varies across the
finite element. They are used to interpolate the solution (e.g., displacement) at any point within an
element based on the values at the element's nodes.

Key Concepts of Shape Functions:

1. Interpolation:
 Shape functions provide a mathematical relationship to interpolate the field variable within
an element based on the known values at the nodes.
 The choice of shape function depends on the type of element and the problem being
analyzed.
2. Element Types:
 One-dimensional elements (e.g., beams, trusses):
 Linear shape functions interpolate linearly between two nodes.
 Quadratic shape functions interpolate quadratically for higher-order elements.
 Two-dimensional elements (e.g., plates, shells):
 Triangular elements can have linear or higher-order shape functions.
 Quadrilateral elements often use bilinear or higher-order shape functions.
 Three-dimensional elements (e.g., solids):
 Tetrahedral elements can use linear, quadratic, or higher-order shape functions.
 Hexahedral elements often use trilinear or higher-order shape functions.
3. Continuity and Compatibility:
 Shape functions must ensure continuity of the solution across element boundaries (e.g.,
displacement at a shared node must be the same for both connected elements).
 They must also satisfy compatibility conditions within each element.
4. Formulation:
 Shape functions are formulated based on the geometry of the element and the order of
interpolation.
 For example, linear elements use linear interpolation functions (straight lines) while quadratic
elements use quadratic functions (parabolas).
5. Properties of Shape Functions:
 Interpolation property: Shape functions take the value of 1 at their associated node and 0
at other nodes.
 Continuity: Shape functions should be continuous within an element and across its
boundaries.
 Completeness: For a given order of interpolation, the shape functions must be able to
exactly represent polynomials of that order.
6. Usage in FEA:
 Shape functions are used to interpolate the unknown field variable (e.g., displacement) within
an element.
 They are also used to approximate derivatives of the field variable for calculating strain and
stress.
7. Mathematical Representation:
  Shape functions can be represented mathematically as functions of spatial coordinates.
 For example, a linear shape function for a one-dimensional element might be represented as
��(�)=��−���−��Ni(x)=xj−xixj−x, where ��xi and ��xj are the nodal
coordinates of the element.

Understanding shape functions and their properties is crucial for setting up an FEA model and
accurately solving engineering problems. Proper selection and implementation of shape functions
can greatly affect the accuracy and efficiency of the FEA simulation.