HEART MONITORING SYSTEM FOR HEART DISEASE PATIENT

ABSTRACT:

In the realm of healthcare, continuous monitoring systems play a crucial role in managing
chronic conditions such as heart disease. This abstract outlines the development of a heart
monitoring system leveraging microcontroller technology, temperature sensor, and MAX30100
sensor, facilitated by UART communication. The proposed system aims to provide real-time
monitoring of vital signs, including heart rate and body temperature, enabling timely intervention
and personalized care for patients with heart disease. The microcontroller serves as the central
processing unit, collecting data from the sensors and facilitating communication with external
devices. The temperature sensor ensures accurate measurement of body temperature, while the
MAX30100 sensor specializes in detecting heart rate and blood oxygen saturation levels.
Utilizing UART communication, the system establishes a reliable connection for data
transmission to external displays or medical professionals' devices. This abstract highlights the
integration of hardware components and communication protocols to create an efficient and
dependable heart monitoring solution, fostering improved patient outcomes and quality of life.
 EXISTING SYSTEM:

Current heart monitoring systems for heart disease patients predominantly rely on
standalone devices such as wearable fitness trackers or traditional hospital-grade monitoring
equipment. While these systems offer valuable insights into heart rate and other vital signs, they
often lack seamless integration and real-time data sharing capabilities. Additionally, standalone
devices may not provide continuous monitoring outside of controlled environments, limiting
their effectiveness in detecting potential cardiac events or abnormalities. Furthermore, these
systems may not offer personalized insights or actionable recommendations tailored to individual
patients' needs. As a result, there is a growing need for an integrated and comprehensive
monitoring solution that combines hardware sensors, microcontroller technology, and
communication protocols to deliver continuous, accurate, and personalized monitoring for heart
disease patients.

EXISTING SYSTEM DISADVANTAGES:

 Lack of Seamless Integration: Current systems, including wearable fitness trackers and
hospital-grade monitoring equipment, often struggle to integrate seamlessly with other
healthcare systems, resulting in fragmented data and incomplete patient records.

 Limited Battery Life: Many standalone devices have limited battery life, requiring
frequent recharging or replacement, which can disrupt continuous monitoring and
compromise patient care.

 Accuracy Variability: The accuracy and reliability of measurements from existing

devices can vary, leading to potential inaccuracies in detecting cardiac events or
 abnormalities and undermining the confidence of healthcare professionals in the data
provided.

 Lack of Personalized Insights: Current systems may not offer personalized insights or
actionable recommendations tailored to individual patients' unique health profiles,
limiting their effectiveness in guiding timely interventions or lifestyle modifications.

 Real-time Data Sharing Challenges: The absence of real-time data sharing capabilities
outside of controlled environments can impede timely communication between patients,
caregivers, and medical professionals, potentially delaying appropriate medical attention
during critical situations.

 Inadequate Monitoring Outside Controlled Environments: Standalone devices may not

provide continuous monitoring outside of controlled environments, limiting their
effectiveness in detecting potential cardiac events or abnormalities during everyday
activities.

 Limited Compatibility: Existing systems may not be compatible with a wide range of
devices or platforms, hindering interoperability and data exchange between different
healthcare providers or systems.

 High Cost: Some current monitoring systems can be prohibitively expensive, making
them inaccessible to certain patient populations or healthcare facilities, thereby widening
health disparities and limiting equitable access to care.
  Complexity in Data Interpretation: The complexity of data interpretation from existing
systems may pose challenges for both patients and healthcare providers, requiring
additional resources and expertise to derive meaningful insights and actionable
recommendations.

 Regulatory and Privacy Concerns: Current systems may face regulatory and privacy
concerns related to data security, patient confidentiality, and compliance with healthcare
regulations, which can affect their adoption and usage in clinical settings.

PROPOSED SYSTEM:

The proposed heart monitoring system aims to overcome the limitations of existing systems by
leveraging advanced technology and integrated design. This system integrates a microcontroller,
temperature sensor, and MAX30100 sensor to provide comprehensive monitoring of heart
disease patients' vital signs in real-time. Unlike standalone devices, the proposed system offers
seamless integration with healthcare systems, enabling continuous data sharing and facilitating
comprehensive patient care. The microcontroller serves as the central processing unit, collecting
data from sensors and facilitating communication with external devices via UART
communication. The inclusion of a temperature sensor ensures accurate measurement of body
temperature, while the MAX30100 sensor specializes in detecting heart rate and blood oxygen
saturation levels, offering a more holistic view of the patient's health status. Additionally, the
proposed system can provide personalized insights and recommendations tailored to individual
patients' unique health profiles, enabling proactive interventions and lifestyle modifications. By
addressing the shortcomings of existing systems, the proposed solution aims to enhance patient
outcomes, improve quality of care, and empower both patients and healthcare providers with
valuable insights for better management of heart disease.
PROPOSED SYSTEM ADVANTAGES:

 Integrated Monitoring : The proposed system integrates multiple sensors and a

microcontroller to offer comprehensive monitoring of vital signs, including heart rate and
body temperature, in a single platform.

 Real-Time Data Sharing : Unlike existing systems, the proposed system facilitates
seamless data sharing with healthcare systems and external devices in real-time, enabling
timely interventions and comprehensive patient care.

 Accurate Measurements : Utilizing advanced sensors such as the MAX30100, the

system ensures accurate measurement of heart rate and blood oxygen saturation levels,
enhancing the reliability of monitoring.

 Personalized Insights : The system can provide personalized insights and

recommendations tailored to individual patients' health profiles, enabling proactive
interventions and lifestyle modifications for improved management of heart disease.

 Continuous Monitoring : With the proposed system, patients can benefit from
continuous monitoring of vital signs outside controlled environments, allowing for early
detection of cardiac events or abnormalities.

 Efficient Communication : The use of UART communication ensures efficient and

reliable data transmission between the monitoring system and external devices,
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

TEMPERATURE
SENSOR UART
COMMUNICATION

MICROCONTROLLER

MAX 30100
SENSOR

POWER SUPPLY UINT

230V AC FILTER
STEP DOWN RETFIER 12V
SUPPLY TRANSFOREMER CIRCUIT RAGULATER
CICUIT
SYSTEM SPECIFICATION

HARDWARE CONFIGURATION:

 MICROCONTROLLER

 MAX 30100 SENSOR

 TEMPERATURE SENSOR

 UART COMMUNICATION

 SOLDERING KIT

 CONNECTING WIRES

 POWER SUPPLY UNIT

SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION:

 EMBEDDED C

MODULES:
o SENSOR INTERFACING
o PREPARING POWER SUPPLY UNIT
o MICRO-CONTROLLER PROGRAMMING
o READING ANALOG DATA
o TEST AND DEBUG
o SUBMISSION
MODULE DESCRIPTION:

SENSOR INTERFACING
 Sensor interfacing is a mix of amplification, filtering, and other signal conditioning as
well as analog-to-digital conversion. The analog-to-digital converter (ADC) may be in
your microcontroller, but you will still need to make the sensor compatible with the ADC
input.
PREPARING POWER SUPPLY UNIT
 A power supply unit (or PSU) converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC power for
the internal components of a controller. A power supply is used to reduce the mains
electricity at 240 volts AC down to something more useable, say 12 volts DC. There are
two types of power supply, linear and switch mode. A linear power supply uses a
transformer to reduce the voltage. The AC signal is rectified and regulated to produce a
high DC voltage.
 An AC adapter, AC/DC adapter, or AC/DC converteris a type of external power supply,
often enclosed in a case similar to an AC plug. Adapters for battery-powered equipment
may be described as chargers or rechargers (see also battery charger). AC adapters are
used with electrical devices that require power but do not contain internal components to
derive the required voltage and power from main power. The internal circuitry of an
external power supply is very similar to the design that would be used for a built-in or
internal supply.

MICRO-CONTROLLER PROGRAMMING
 A microcontroller is a programmable IC, capable of multiple functions depending on how
it’s programed. Many different kinds of microcontrollers exist that offer a wide range of
functionality. The versatility of the microcontroller is what makes it one of the most
powerful tools in modern design. This guide will explain the basics of microcontrollers
and how they are programmed.
READING ANALOG DATA
 The microcontroller of the board has a circuit inside called an analog-to-digital converter
or ADC that reads this changing voltage and converts it to a number between 0 and 1023.
 When the shaft is turned all the way in one direction, there are 0 volts going to the pin,
and the input value is 0. When the shaft is turned all the way in the opposite direction,
there are 5 volts going to the pin and the input value is 1023. In between, analog Read()
returns a number between 0 and 1023 that is proportional to the amount of voltage being
applied to the pin.

TEST AND DEBUG

 Testing means verifying correct behavior. Testing can be done at all stages of module
development: requirements analysis, interface design, algorithm design, implementation,
and integration with other modules. In the following, attention will be directed at
implementation testing. Implementation testing is not restricted to execution testing. An
implementation can also be tested using correctness proofs, code tracing, and peer
reviews, as described below.
 Debugging is a cyclic activity involving execution testing and code correction. The
testing that is done during debugging has a different aim than final module testing. Final
module testing aims to demonstrate correctness, whereas testing during debugging is
primarily aimed at locating errors. This difference has a significant effect on the choice of
testing strategies.
6. SUBMISSION
Submitting the prototype for the presentation to the faculty guide for review purpose
 LITERATURE SURVEY

TITLE: The IoT-based heart disease monitoring system for pervasive healthcare
service

AUTHOR: Chao Li a, Xiangpei Hu a, Lili Zhang b

YEAR:2017

ABSTRACT:

In China, most of heart attack results in death before the patients get any treatment. Because the
traditional healthcare mode is passive, by which patients call the healthcare service by
themselves. Consequently, they usually fail to call the service if they are unconscious when the
heart disease attacks. The Internet of Things (IoT) techniques have overwhelming superiority in
solving the problem of heart diseases patients care as they can change the service mode into a
pervasive way, and trigger the healthcare service based on patients’ physical status rather than
their feelings. In order to realize the pervasive healthcare service, a remote monitoring system is
essential. In this paper, we proposed a pervasive monitoring system that can send patients’
physical signs to remote medical applications in real time. The system is mainly composed of
two parts: the data acquisition part and the data transmission part. The monitoring scheme
(monitoring parameters and frequency for each parameter) is the key point of the data acquisition
part, and we designed it based on interviews to medical experts. Multiple physical signs (blood
pressure, ECG, SpO2, heart rate, pulse rate, blood fat and blood glucose) as well as an
environmental indicator (patients’ location) are designed to be sampled at different rates
continuously. Four data transmission modes are presented taking patients’ risk, medical analysis
needs, demands for communication and computing resources into consideration. Finally, a
sample prototype is implemented to present an overview of the system.
TITLE: Heart failure patients monitoring using IoT-based remote monitoring
system

AUTHOR: Muhammad Umer , Turki Aljrees , Hanen Karamti , Abid Ishaq ,

Shtwai Alsubai , Marwan Omar , Ali Kashif Bashir & Imran Ashraf

YEAR:2021

ABSTRACT:

intelligent health monitoring systems are becoming more important and popular as
technology advances. Nowadays, online services are replacing physical infrastructure in
several domains including medical services as well. The COVID-19 pandemic has also
changed the way medical services are delivered. Intelligent appliances, smart homes, and
smart medical systems are some of the emerging concepts. The Internet of Things (IoT)
has changed the way communication occurs alongside data collection sources aided by
smart sensors. It also has deployed articial intelligence (AI) methods for better
decision-making provided by ecient data collection, storage, retrieval, and data
management. This research employs health monitoring systems for heart patients using
IoT and AI-based solutions. Activities of heart patients are monitored and reported using
the IoT system. For heart disease prediction, an ensemble model ET-CNN is presented
which provides an accuracy score of 0.9524. The investigative data related to this system
is very encouraging in real-time reporting and classifying heart patients with great
accuracy.
TITLE: Heart failure patients monitoring using IoT-based remote monitoring
system

AUTHOR: Muhammad Umer , Turki Aljrees , Hanen Karamti , Abid Ishaq ,

Shtwai Alsubai , Marwan Omar , Ali Kashif Bashir & Imran Ashraf

YEAR:2021

ABSTRACT:

An intelligent cardiac auscultation is the process of monitoring the heart beat signals variations

of a patient monitoring system for monitoring the patients’ health condition automatically
through sensors based connected networks in Internet of Things (IoT). The critical condition of a
patient is detected by processing sensors data and instantly provides push notification to doctors.
In our proposed system, coronary heart disease monitoring based on wireless sensors are used to
monitor without any human intervention for cardiac patients using piezoelectric sensors which is
used to measure artery thickness by the flow of blood vessels and extract the waveform. The
waveforms can be classified as normal and abnormal. These abnormal waveform is sent to
mobile app where the data is received and plots the signal curves. The mobile app acts as the
display device and uploads the data into the cloud platform for further analysis and an intimation
is sent to the cardiologist. The authorized Cardiologist can access the datasets and results from
the cloud
TITLE: Monitoring Acute Heart Failure Patients Using Internet-of-Things-Based
Smart Monitoring System

AUTHOR: Nouf Abdullah Almujally,Turki Aljrees ,,Oumaima

Saidani,,Muhammad Umer ,Zaid Bin Faheem ,Nihal Abuzinadah ,Khaled
Alnowaiser andImran Ashraf

YEAR:2023

ABSTRACT:

With technological advancements, smart health monitoring systems are gaining growing
importance and popularity. Today, business trends are changing from physical infrastructure to
online services. With the restrictions imposed during COVID-19, medical services have been
changed. The concepts of smart homes, smart appliances, and smart medical systems have
gained popularity. The Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized communication and data
collection by incorporating smart sensors for data collection from diverse sources. In addition, it
utilizes artificial intelligence (AI) approaches to control a large volume of data for better use,
storing, managing, and making decisions. In this research, a health monitoring system based on
AI and IoT is designed to deal with the data of heart patients. The system monitors the heart
patient’s activities, which helps to inform patients about their health status. Moreover, the system
can perform disease classification using machine learning models. Experimental results reveal
that the proposed system can perform real-time monitoring of patients and classify diseases with
higher accuracy.

TITLE: Heart failure patients monitoring using IoT-based remote monitoring

system

AUTHOR: Muhammad Umer, Turki Aljrees, Hanen Karamti, Abid Ishaq,1Shtwai

Alsubai,4 Marwan Omar, Ali Kashif Bashir,corresponding author

and Imran Ashrafcorresponding author

YEAR:2023

ABSTRACT:

Intelligent health monitoring systems are becoming more important and popular as technology
advances. Nowadays, online services are replacing physical infrastructure in several domains
including medical services as well. The COVID-19 pandemic has also changed the way medical
services are delivered. Intelligent appliances, smart homes, and smart medical systems are some
of the emerging concepts. The Internet of Things (IoT) has changed the way communication
occurs alongside data collection sources aided by smart sensors. It also has deployed artificial
intelligence (AI) methods for better decision-making provided by efficient data collection,
storage, retrieval, and data management. This research employs health monitoring systems for
heart patients using IoT and AI-based solutions. Activities of heart patients are monitored and
reported using the IoT system. For heart disease prediction, an ensemble model ET-CNN is
presented which provides an accuracy score of 0.9524. The investigative data related to this
system is very encouraging in real-time reporting and classifying heart patients with great
accuracy.

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION:

TEMPERATURE SENSOR

DEESCRIPTION
A temperature sensor is a device, typically, a thermocouple or RTD, that provides
for temperature measurement through an electrical signal. A thermocouple (T/C) is made from
two dissimilar metals that generate electrical voltage in direct proportion to changes
in temperature.

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature devices with an output
voltage linearly-proportional to the Centigrade temperature. The LM35 device has an advantage
over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large
constant voltage from the output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling.
 TEMPERATURE SENSOR

The LM35 device does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical
accuracies of ±¼°C at room temperature and ±¾°C over a full −55°C to 150°C temperature
range. The low-output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration of the LM35
device makes interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy.

LM35 is a precision IC temperature sensor with its output proportional to the temperature
(in oC). The sensor circuitry is sealed and therefore it is not subjected to oxidation and other
processes. With LM35, temperature can be measured more accurately than with a thermistor. It
also possess low self heating and does not cause more than 0.1 oC temperature rise in still air.

The device is used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As the
LM35 device draws only 60 µA from the supply, it has very low self-heating of less than 0.1°C
in still air. The LM35 device is rated to operate over a −55°C to 150°C temperature range .
FEATURES

 Calibrated Directly in Celsius (Centigrade)

 Linear + 10-mV/°C Scale Factor
 0.5°C Ensured Accuracy (at 25°C)
 Rated for Full −55°C to 150°C Range
 Suitable for Remote Applications

APPLICATIONS

 Power Supplies
 Battery Management
 HVAC

 Appliances

HEART BEAT SENSOR

DESCRIPTION

The heartbeat sensor is based on the principle of photo phlethysmography. It measures

the change in volume of blood through any organ of the body which causes a change in the light
intensity through that organ (a vascular region). In case of applications where heart pulse rate is
to be monitored, the timing of the pulses is more important. The flow of blood volume is decided
by the rate of heart pulses and since light is absorbed by blood, the signal pulses are equivalent to
the heart beat pulses.
 HEART BEAT SENSOR

The operation of the board is very simple. After powering the board from a 3-5.5V
supply, the Enable (EN) pin must be pulled high to activate the IR sensor. Next, place the tip of
your forefinger gently over the sensor on its face. Your finger should be still and should not press
too hard on the sensor. Within a couple seconds the circuit stabilizes and you will see the LED
flashing synchronously with your heart beat. You can feed the output signal (Vout) to either a
digital I/O or an ADC input pin of the microcontroller for measurement of the heart beat rate in
BPM. The output voltage waveform can also be viewed on an oscilloscope. I connected
Digilent’s Analog Discovery tool to check the input PPG and the output waveforms from the two
LPF stages.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Heart beat sensor works on a very basic principle of optoelectronics. All it takes to
measure you heart rate is a pair of LED and LDR and a microcontroller. IR led emits infrared
radiation and surface reflects the infrared light. Depending on reflectivity of the surface amount
of light reflected varies this reflected light is made incident on reverse biased IR sensor which
results in reverse leakage current. Amount of electron-hole pairs generated depends on intensity
of incident IR radiation. More intense radiation results in more reverse leakage current. This
current can be passed through a resistor to get proportional voltage. Thus as intensity of incident
rays varies, voltage across resistor will vary accordingly.

FEATURES

 Heat beat indication by LED.

  Instant output digital signal for directly connecting to microcontroller.
 Compact Size.
 Working Voltage +5V DC

APPLICATIONS

 Navigation systems.
 Environmental control systems
 Augmentative communication devices.
 Emergency response systems

ARDUINO

DESCRIPTION

Arduino is an open source, computer hardware and software company, project, and user
community that designs and manufactures Single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller
kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the
physical world.

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and

software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a
Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing
something online.

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has
14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.
 ARDUINO UNO

Arduino is an open-source project that created microcontroller-based kits for building

digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control physical devices. The project is
based on microcontroller board designs, produced by several vendors, using various
microcontrollers. These systems provide sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that
can interface to various expansion boards (termed shields) and other circuits. The boards feature
serial communication interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, for
loading programs from personal computers. For programming the microcontrollers, the Arduino
project provides an integrated development environment (IDE) based on a programming
language named Processing, which also supports the languages C and C++.

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14 digital

input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz
crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter. Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for
communicating with a computer, another Arduino board, or other microcontrollers.
FEATURES

 Microcontroller: ATmega328P
 Operating voltage: 5V
 Input voltage: 7-12V
 Flash memory: 32KB
 SRAM: 2KB
 EEPROM: 1KB

APPLICATIONS

 Real time biometrics

 Robotic applications
 Academic applications

POWER SUPPLY UNIT

DESCRIPTION

A power supply unit (or PSU) converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC

power for the internal components of a computer. Modern personal computers universally use
switched-mode power supplies. Some power supplies have a manual switch for selecting input
voltage, while others automatically adapt to the mains voltage.

A power supply is used to reduce the mains electricity at 240 volts AC down to some thing
more useable, say 12 volts DC. There are two types of power supply, linear and switch mode. A
linear power supply uses a transformer to reduce the voltage. The AC signal is rectified and
regulated to produce a high DC voltage.
 An AC adapter, AC/DC adapter, or AC/DC converter is a type of external power supply,
often enclosed in a case similar to an AC plug. Adapters for battery-powered equipment may be
described as chargers or rechargers (see also battery charger). AC adapters are used with
electrical devices that require power but do not contain internal components to derive the
required voltage and power from main power. The internal circuitry of an external power supply
is very similar to the design that would be used for a built-in or internal supply.

ADAPTER (12V 1AMP)

An adapter is a device that converts attributes of one electrical device or system to those
of an otherwise incompatible device or system. Some modify power or signal attributes, while
others merely adapt the physical form of one electrical connector to another. In a computer, an
adapter is often built into a card that can be inserted into a slot on the computer's motherboard.
The card adapts information that is exchanged between the computer's microprocessor and the
devices that the card supports.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

An electric power adapter may enable connection of a power plug, sometimes called,
used in one region to a AC power socket used in another, by offering connections for the
disparate contact arrangements, while not changing the voltage. An AC adapter, also called a
"recharger", is a small power supply that changes household electric current from distribution
voltage) to low voltage DC suitable for consumer electronics.

Some modify power or signal attributes, while others merely adapt the physical form of
one electrical connector to another. For computers and related items, one kind of serial port
adapter enables connections between 25-contact and nine-contact connectors, but does not affect
electrical power- and signalling-related attributes

FEATURES

 Output current:1A
 Supply voltage: 220-230VAC
 Output voltage: 12VDC
 Reduced costs
 Increased value across front-office and back-office functions
 Access to current, accurate, and consistent data
 It generates adapter metadata as WSDL files with J2CA extension.

APPLICATIONS

 Back-end systems which need to send purchase order data to oracle applications send it to
the integration service via a integration server client.
 SMPS applications.

UART COMMUNICATION PORT

DESCRIPTION

A universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) is a block of circuitry

responsible for implementing serial communication. Essentially, the UART acts as an
intermediary between parallel and serial interfaces.

A universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART /ˈjuːɑːrt/), is a computer hardware

device for asynchronous serial communication in which the data format and transmission speeds
are configurable. ... UARTs are commonly used in conjunction with communication standards
such as TIA (formerly EIA) RS-232, RS-422 or RS-485.

UART COMMUNICATION

The UART that is going to transmit data receives the data from a data bus. The data
bus is used to send data to the UART by another device like a CPU, memory, or microcontroller.
Data is transferred from the data bus to the transmitting UART in parallel form. After the
transmitting UART gets the parallel data from the data bus, it adds a start bit, a parity bit, and a
stop bit, creating the data packet. Next, the data packet is output serially, bit by bit at the Tx pin.
The receiving UART reads the data packet bit by bit at its Rx pin. The receiving UART then
converts the data back into parallel form and removes the start bit, parity bit, and stop bits.
Finally, the receiving UART transfers the data packet in parallel to the data bus on the receiving
end.

START BIT
The UART data transmission line is normally held at a high voltage level when it’s
not transmitting data. To start the transfer of data, the transmitting UART pulls the transmission
line from high to low for one clock cycle. When the receiving UART detects the high to low
voltage transition, it begins reading the bits in the data frame at the frequency of the baud rate.
DATA FRAME
The data frame contains the actual data being transferred. It can be 5 bits up to 8 bits long
if a parity bit is used. If no parity bit is used, the data frame can be 9 bits long. In most cases, the
data is sent with the least significant bit first.

PARITY
Parity describes the evenness or oddness of a number. The parity bit is a way for the
receiving UART to tell if any data has changed during transmission. Bits can be changed
by electromagnetic radiation, mismatched baud rates, or long distance data transfers. After the
receiving UART reads the data frame, it counts the number of bits with a value of 1 and checks if
the total is an even or odd number. If the parity bit is a 0 (even parity), the 1 bits in the data
frame should total to an even number. If the parity bit is a 1 (odd parity), the 1 bits in the data
frame should total to an odd number. When the parity bit matches the data, the UART knows
that the transmission was free of errors. But if the parity bit is a 0, and the total is odd; or the
parity bit is a 1, and the total is even, the UART knows that bits in the data frame have changed.

STOP BITS
To signal the end of the data packet, the sending UART drives the data transmission line
from a low voltage to a high voltage for at least two bit durations.

ADVANTAGES

 Only uses two wires

 No clock signal is necessary
 Has a parity bit to allow for error checking
 The structure of the data packet can be changed as long as both sides are set up for it
 Well documented and widely used method

DISADVANTAGES
  The size of the data frame is limited to a maximum of 9 bits

 Doesn’t support multiple slave or multiple master systems

 The baud rates of each UART must be within 10% of each other

 Continue on to part three of this series, Basics of the I2C Communication Protocol to
learn about another way electronic devices communicate. Or if you haven’t already,
check out part one, Basics of the SPI Communication Protocol.

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE:

Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C programming language by the C Standards
Committee to address commonality issues that exist between Cextensions for
different embedded systems.

Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C programming language by the C Standards
Committee to address commonality issues that exist between C extensions for
different embedded systems. Historically, embedded C programming requires nonstandard
extensions to the C language in order to support exotic features such as fixed-point arithmetic,
multiple distinct memory banks, and basic I/O operations

An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical
or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a
complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. Embedded systems control
many devices in common use today. Ninety-eight percent of all microprocessors are
manufactured as components of embedded systems.

Examples of properties of typical embedded computers when compared with general-purpose

counterparts are low power consumption, small size, rugged operating ranges, and low per-unit
cost. This comes at the price of limited processing resources, which make them significantly
more difficult to program and to interact with. However, by building intelligence mechanisms on
top of the hardware, taking advantage of possible existing sensors and the existence of a network
of embedded units, one can both optimally manage available resources at the unit and network
levels as well as provide augmented functions, well beyond those available. For example,
intelligent techniques can be designed to manage power consumption of embedded systems.

Modern embedded systems are often based on microcontrollers (i.e. CPU's with integrated
memory or peripheral interfaces), but ordinary microprocessors (using external chips for memory
and peripheral interface circuits) are also common, especially in more-complex systems. In either
case, the processor(s) used may be types ranging from general purpose to those specialized in
certain class of computations, or even custom designed for the application at hand. A common
standard class of dedicated processors is the digital signal processor (DSP).

Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it to
reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and performance. Some
embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.

Embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to
large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, and largely complex systems
like hybrid vehicles, MRI, and avionics. Complexity varies from low, with a
single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted
inside a large chassis or enclosure.

ARDUINO IDE:

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) - contains a text
editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common
functions and a series of menus. It connects to the Arduino and Genuino hardware to upload
programs and communicate with them.

Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These sketches are written
in the text editor and are saved with the file extension .ino. The editor has features for
cutting/pasting and for searching/replacing text. The message area gives feedback while saving
and exporting and also displays errors. The console displays text output by the Arduino Software
(IDE), including complete error messages and other information. The bottom righthand corner of
the window displays the configured board and serial port. The toolbar buttons allow you to verify
and upload programs, create, open, and save sketches, and open the serial monitor.

Before uploading your sketch, you need to select the correct items from the Tools >
Board and Tools > Port menus. The boards are described below. On the Mac, the serial port is
probably something like /dev/tty.usbmodem241 (for an Uno or Mega2560 or Leonardo)
or /dev/tty.usbserial-1B1 (for a Duemilanove or earlier USB board),
or /dev/tty.USA19QW1b1P1.1 (for a serial board connected with a Keyspan USB-to-Serial
adapter). On Windows, it's probably COM1 or COM2 (for a serial board)
or COM4, COM5, COM7, or higher (for a USB board) - to find out, you look for USB serial
device in the ports section of the Windows Device Manager. On Linux, it should
be /dev/ttyACMx , /dev/ttyUSBx or similar. Once you've selected the correct serial port and
board, press the upload button in the toolbar or select the Upload item from the Sketch menu.
Current Arduino boards will reset automatically and begin the upload. With older boards (pre-
Diecimila) that lack auto-reset, you'll need to press the reset button on the board just before
starting the upload. On most boards, you'll see the RX and TX LEDs blink as the sketch is
uploaded. The Arduino Software (IDE) will display a message when the upload is complete, or
show an error.

When you upload a sketch, you're using the Arduino bootloader, a small program that has been
loaded on to the microcontroller on your board. It allows you to upload code without using any
additional hardware. The bootloader is active for a few seconds when the board resets; then it
starts whichever sketch was most recently uploaded to the microcontroller. The bootloader will
blink the on-board (pin 13) LED when it starts (i.e. when the board resets).
RESULT :

The proposed heart monitoring system represents a significant advancement in the field of
healthcare technology, offering integrated monitoring capabilities, real-time data sharing, and
personalized insights for heart disease patients. Through the integration of sensors such as the
MAX30100 and temperature sensor with a microcontroller, the system enables accurate and
continuous monitoring of vital signs, including heart rate and body temperature. By leveraging
UART communication, the system facilitates seamless data sharing with healthcare systems and
external devices, ensuring timely interventions and comprehensive patient care. The personalized
insights provided by the system enable proactive interventions and lifestyle modifications
tailored to individual patients' health profiles, ultimately aiming to improve patient outcomes and
enhance the quality of care for heart disease patients. Overall, the results demonstrate the
potential of the proposed system to address the limitations of existing monitoring systems and
provide a more efficient and effective solution for managing heart disease.

CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, the development of the proposed heart monitoring system represents a significant
step forward in addressing the challenges faced by existing monitoring systems for heart disease
patients. By integrating advanced sensors, a microcontroller, and efficient communication
protocols, the system offers comprehensive monitoring, real-time data sharing, and personalized
insights tailored to individual patient needs. Through continuous monitoring of vital signs and
proactive interventions, the system has the potential to improve patient outcomes and enhance
the quality of care for individuals living with heart disease. Furthermore, the system's seamless
integration with healthcare systems and external devices ensures efficient communication and
enables timely interventions, ultimately contributing to better management of heart disease and
improved patient well-being. Moving forward, further research and development efforts can
refine the system's capabilities and expand its applicability to benefit a broader range of patients
and healthcare settings. Overall, the proposed heart monitoring system holds promise for
revolutionizing patient care and making significant strides towards better managing heart disease
in the modern healthcare landscape.

References
1. Uniyal D, Raychoudhury V. Pervasive
healthcare-a comprehensive survey of tools and
techniques. Computing Research Repository
2014:
1411(1821).
2. Lin, Q., Zhang, D., Ni, H., Zhou, X., Yu, Z.
An integrated service platform for pervasive
elderly care. Proceedings of the IEEE Asia-
Pacific In
Services Computing Conference (APSCC)
2012: 165–172.
3. Ganz, A., Schafer, J., Gandhi, S., Puleo, E.,
Wilson, C., Robertson, M. PERCEPT indoor
navigation system for the blind and visually
impaired:
architecture and experimentation. International
Journal of Telemedicine and Applications
2012: 19.
4. Hu, Y.X., Chen, Y., Li, L.M., Hao, H.W.
Wireless wrist-wearable wake/sleep
identification device for closed-loop deep brain
stimulation.
Proceedngs of the Electronics Letters 2013,
49(7): 452–453.
5. Lee, J., Jung, J., Kim, Y.T. Design and
development of mobile cardiac marker
monitoring system for prevention of acute
cardiovascular
disease. Proceedings of IEEE Sensors 2011:
1724–1727.
6. Poorejbari S, Vahdat-Nejad H, Mansoor W.
Diabetes patients monitoring by cloud
computing. Cloud Computing Systems and
Applications in
Healthcare 2016: 99.
7. Varshney U. Pervasive healthcare and wireless
health monitoring. Mobile Networks and
Applications 2007; 12(2-3): 113-127.
8. Rofouei, M., Sinclair, M., Bittner, R., Blank,
T., Heffron, J. A non-invasive wearable neck-
cuff system for real-time sleep monitoring.
Proceedings of International Conference on
Body Sensor Networks, Dallas, TXm USA, 23-
25 May 2011.
9. Majdi Bsoul, Hlaing Minn, Lakshman Tamil.
Apnea MedAssist: real-time sleep apnea
monitor using single-lead ECG. IEEE
Transactions on
Information Technology in Biomedicine 2011;
15(3): 416-427.
10. C.T. Lin et al. Wireless and wearable EEG
system for evaluating driver vigilance. IEEE
Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and
Systems
2014; 8(2): 165-176.
11. W.Y. Lin, M. Y. Lee and W. C. Chou. The
design and development of a wearable posture
monitoring vest. 2014 IEEE International
Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE),
Las Vegas: NV, 2014: 329-330.
12. E.Sardini, M. Serpelloni and V. Pasqui.
Wireless wearable T-shirt for posture monitoring
during rehabilitation exercises. IEEE
Transactions
on Instrumentation and Measurement 2015;
64(2): 439-448.
13. E.E. Stone and M. Skubic. Fall detection in
homes of older adults using the Microsoft
Kinect. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health
Informatics 2015; 19(1): 290-301.
14. Mitra, U., Emken, B. A., Lee, S., Li, M.,
Rozgic, V., Thatte, G., Vathsangam, H., Zois,
D., Annavaram, M., Narayanan, S., et al.
KNOWME:
A case study in Wireless Body Area Sensor
Network design. IEEE Commun. Mag 2012; 50:
116-125.
15. G. Shanmugasundaram, P. Thiyagarajan,
A. Janaki. A survey of Cloud based healthcare
monitoring system for hospital management.
Proceedings of the International Conference on
Data Engineering and Communication
Technology. Springer Singapore, 2017: 549-557.
16. Hu, S., Shao, Z., Tan, J. A real-time cardiac
arrhythmia classification system with wearable
electrocardiogram. Proceedings of International
Conference on Body Sensor Networks, Dallas,
TX, USA, 23-25 May, 2011.
17. B.A. Reyes et al. Novel electrodes for
underwater ECG monitoring. IEEE Transactions
on Biomedical Engineering 2014; 61(6): 1863-
1876.
References
1. Uniyal D, Raychoudhury V. Pervasive
healthcare-a comprehensive survey of tools and
techniques. Computing Research Repository
2014:
1411(1821).
2. Lin, Q., Zhang, D., Ni, H., Zhou, X., Yu, Z.
An integrated service platform for pervasive
elderly care. Proceedings of the IEEE Asia-
Pacific In
Services Computing Conference (APSCC)
2012: 165–172.
3. Ganz, A., Schafer, J., Gandhi, S., Puleo, E.,
Wilson, C., Robertson, M. PERCEPT indoor
navigation system for the blind and visually
impaired:
architecture and experimentation. International
Journal of Telemedicine and Applications
2012: 19.
4. Hu, Y.X., Chen, Y., Li, L.M., Hao, H.W.
Wireless wrist-wearable wake/sleep
identification device for closed-loop deep brain
stimulation.
Proceedngs of the Electronics Letters 2013,
49(7): 452–453.
5. Lee, J., Jung, J., Kim, Y.T. Design and
development of mobile cardiac marker
monitoring system for prevention of acute
cardiovascular
disease. Proceedings of IEEE Sensors 2011:
1724–1727.
6. Poorejbari S, Vahdat-Nejad H, Mansoor W.
Diabetes patients monitoring by cloud
computing. Cloud Computing Systems and
Applications in
Healthcare 2016: 99.
7. Varshney U. Pervasive healthcare and wireless
health monitoring. Mobile Networks and
Applications 2007; 12(2-3): 113-127.
8. Rofouei, M., Sinclair, M., Bittner, R., Blank,
T., Heffron, J. A non-invasive wearable neck-
cuff system for real-time sleep monitoring.
Proceedings of International Conference on
Body Sensor Networks, Dallas, TXm USA, 23-
25 May 2011.
9. Majdi Bsoul, Hlaing Minn, Lakshman Tamil.
Apnea MedAssist: real-time sleep apnea
monitor using single-lead ECG. IEEE
Transactions on
Information Technology in Biomedicine 2011;
15(3): 416-427.
10. C.T. Lin et al. Wireless and wearable EEG
system for evaluating driver vigilance. IEEE
Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and
Systems
2014; 8(2): 165-176.
11. W.Y. Lin, M. Y. Lee and W. C. Chou. The
design and development of a wearable posture
monitoring vest. 2014 IEEE International
Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE),
Las Vegas: NV, 2014: 329-330.
12. E.Sardini, M. Serpelloni and V. Pasqui.
Wireless wearable T-shirt for posture monitoring
during rehabilitation exercises. IEEE
Transactions
on Instrumentation and Measurement 2015;
64(2): 439-448.
13. E.E. Stone and M. Skubic. Fall detection in
homes of older adults using the Microsoft
Kinect. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health
Informatics 2015; 19(1): 290-301.
14. Mitra, U., Emken, B. A., Lee, S., Li, M.,
Rozgic, V., Thatte, G., Vathsangam, H., Zois,
D., Annavaram, M., Narayanan, S., et al.
KNOWME:
A case study in Wireless Body Area Sensor
Network design. IEEE Commun. Mag 2012; 50:
116-125.
15. G. Shanmugasundaram, P. Thiyagarajan,
A. Janaki. A survey of Cloud based healthcare
monitoring system for hospital management.
Proceedings of the International Conference on
Data Engineering and Communication
Technology. Springer Singapore, 2017: 549-557.
16. Hu, S., Shao, Z., Tan, J. A real-time cardiac
arrhythmia classification system with wearable
electrocardiogram. Proceedings of International
Conference on Body Sensor Networks, Dallas,
TX, USA, 23-25 May, 2011.
17. B.A. Reyes et al. Novel electrodes for
underwater ECG monitoring. IEEE Transactions
on Biomedical Engineering 2014; 61(6): 1863-
1876.
REFERENCES :
1. Uniyal D, Raychoudhury V. Pervasive healthcare-a comprehensive survey of tools and
techniques. Computing Research Repository 2014: 1411(1821).

2. Lin, Q., Zhang, D., Ni, H., Zhou, X., Yu, Z. An integrated service platform for pervasive
elderly care. Proceedings of the IEEE Asia-Pacific In Services Computing Conference (APSCC)
2012: 165–172.

3. Ganz, A., Schafer, J., Gandhi, S., Puleo, E., Wilson, C., Robertson, M. PERCEPT indoor
navigation system for the blind and visually impaired: architecture and experimentation.
International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications 2012: 19.

4. Hu, Y.X., Chen, Y., Li, L.M., Hao, H.W. Wireless wrist-wearable wake/sleep identification
device for closed-loop deep brain stimulation. Proceedngs of the Electronics Letters 2013, 49(7):
452–453.

5. Lee, J., Jung, J., Kim, Y.T. Design and development of mobile cardiac marker monitoring
system for prevention of acute cardiovascular disease. Proceedings of IEEE Sensors 2011: 1724–
1727.
 6. Poorejbari S, Vahdat-Nejad H, Mansoor W. Diabetes patients monitoring by cloud
computing. Cloud Computing Systems and Applications in Healthcare 2016: 99.

7. Varshney U. Pervasive healthcare and wireless health monitoring. Mobile Networks and
Applications 2007; 12(2-3): 113-127.

8. Rofouei, M., Sinclair, M., Bittner, R., Blank, T., Heffron, J. A non-invasive wearable neck-
cuff system for real-time sleep monitoring. Proceedings of International Conference on Body
Sensor Networks, Dallas, TXm USA, 23-25 May 2011.

9. Majdi Bsoul, Hlaing Minn, Lakshman Tamil. Apnea MedAssist: real-time sleep apnea
monitor using single-lead ECG. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine
2011; 15(3): 416-427.

10. C.T. Lin et al. Wireless and wearable EEG system for evaluating driver vigilance. IEEE
Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems 2014; 8(2): 165-176.

11. W.Y. Lin, M. Y. Lee and W. C. Chou. The design and development of a wearable posture
monitoring vest. 2014 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), Las
Vegas: NV, 2014: 329-330.

12. E.Sardini, M. Serpelloni and V. Pasqui. Wireless wearable T-shirt for posture monitoring
during rehabilitation exercises. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 2015;
64(2): 439-448.

13. E.E. Stone and M. Skubic. Fall detection in homes of older adults using the Microsoft
Kinect. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics 2015; 19(1): 290-301.

14. Mitra, U., Emken, B. A., Lee, S., Li, M., Rozgic, V., Thatte, G., Vathsangam, H., Zois, D.,
Annavaram, M., Narayanan, S., et al. KNOWME: A case study in Wireless Body Area Sensor
Network design. IEEE Commun. Mag 2012; 50: 116-125.

15. G. Shanmugasundaram, P. Thiyagarajan, A. Janaki. A survey of Cloud based healthcare

monitoring system for hospital management. Proceedings of the International Conference on
Data Engineering and Communication Technology. Springer Singapore, 2017: 549-557.
16. Hu, S., Shao, Z., Tan, J. A real-time cardiac arrhythmia classification system with wearable
electrocardiogram. Proceedings of International Conference on Body Sensor Networks, Dallas,
TX, USA, 23-25 May, 2011.

17. B.A. Reyes et al. Novel electrodes for underwater ECG monitoring. IEEE Transactions on
Biomedical Engineering 2014; 61(6): 1863-1876.