mm Principles

40 60 80
of Communication 100
Systems 120

(Subject Code: EC-3501)

40

Lecture 29
Date: 15/10/2020

60
Dr. Pawan Kumar
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
National Institute of Technology Rourkela
80
Rourkela, Odisha

navigation symbols
Autumn (2020-21)
1 / 20
Part 4: Analog to digital conversion and digital communications
Reviewmm
of the topics 40 60 discussed80so far
in this chapter 100 120
• Sampling - ideal and practical
∗ Nyquist criteria (fs ≥ 2fm ), Nyquist rate (fs = 2fm )
∗ Oversampling, downsampling, upsmapling
∗40Ideal and practical reconstruction, aperture error, equalizer
∗ Aliasing, antialiasing filter
• Pulse modulation schemes:
∗ Analog pulse modulations – PAM, PWM, PPM
∗60Digital pulse modulations – PCM, DPCM, ADPCM, DM, ADM
∗ Quantization (uniform and non-uniform), bit encoder
fs samples per second For L quantizer, we can represent 1
or 1 sample in 1/fs = Ts second sample by n ≥ log2(L) bits. This suggests,
we process 1 bit in Ts/n second

80
m(t) Low-pass filter 1011
Sampler Quantizer Bit encoder
(antialiasing)
navigation symbols

2 / 20
Baseband and passband digital communication
mm 40 schemes,60 80 100 120
• In pulse modulation there is no frequency translation
(modulation) of the information signal using the attributes of
continuous carrier signal as in analog modulation
• However,
40 the term ‘modulation’ in nomenclature comes from the fact
that:
∗ (in analog pulse modulation) – the attributes of short pulses are varied
according to continuous samples (PAM, PPM, PWM) or
∗60(in digital pulse modulation) – we basically represent discrete samples of
an analog signal by specific pulses of short duration. The discrete
samples of the analog signal can be obtained by techniques such as PCM,
DPCM, ADPCM, DM, ADM
• The80digital pulse signal now can be communicated in two ways
∗ Baseband transmission
∗ Passband transmission navigation symbols

3 / 20
 • The pulses occupy a large baseband frequency. Hence, they can be
transmitted
mm directly
40 without the
60 help of carrier baseband 120
80 signals –100
modulation. (channels – twisted pair wires, coaxial cables)
• To transmit the pulses over wireless medium/channel, we need to do
proper carrier modulation – passband modulation (wireless channel)
Digital communication
40 transmitter and receiver
• Transmitter
∗ Input is bit-stream which can be obtained from an analog signal using
sampling, quantization, and bit encoding. The input bit-stream can be
from a digital source such as computer, digital facsimile
∗60Source encoding is done to utilize available resources by reducing bit
redundancy in the input digital data – data compression (Huffman
coding, etc.)
∗ Then we apply channel encoding to combat the channel noise by
introducing redundancy bits in the data bits (Hamming coding,
80
convolution coding, LDPC, turbo coding, etc.)
∗ Pulse modulation/mapping of bits to specific pulses results in electrical
navigation symbols
signals which can be transmitted over baseband or passband channels
4 / 20
mm 40 60 80 100 120

40

60

80

navigation symbols

5 / 20
• Receiver
mm 40 60 80 100 120
∗ The operations done at the transmitting end are done in the reverse order
at the receiver to get the digital data
∗ The received signal is passed through a pulse detector to get bits which is
40processed through channel decoder and source decoder to get back the
original bit-stream

60

80

navigation symbols

6 / 20
Advantages of digital communication
mm noise performance
• Better 40 60
compared 80 communication
to analog 100 120

• Regenerative repeaters can be utilized more efficiently

• Flexible implementation of digital hardware
• It is40
easier to more efficient to multiplex several digital signals
• Digital storage is relatively easy and inexpensive
• A secure communication can be achieved
60
Disadvantages of digital communication
• Requires large transmission bandwidth
• High transmission power
80
• Sampling and quantization error
• Complex circuitry navigation symbols

7 / 20
Line coding
mm 40 60 80 100 120
• To transmit over a channel, the 0’s and 1’s are assigned with distinct
waveforms – line coding
40
• For electrical representation of a binary data stream
• There exist several line codes. Five important line codes are:
∗ Unipolar NRZ (non returning to zero) signaling
60
∗ Polar NRZ signaling
∗ Unipolar RZ (returning to zero) signaling
∗ Bipolar RZ signaling
80
∗ Split phase or manchester code
navigation symbols

8 / 20
Properties
mm of a line/transmission
40 code
60 80 100 120
• Transmission bandwidth should be as small as possible
• For a given bandwidth and error threshold, the transmitted power
40 be as low as possible
should
• It should have desirable error detection and correction capability
• Power spectral density (PSD) should be zero at DC frequency (f = 0)
60
– required for AC coupling and transformers used at repeaters
• It should be possible to extract timing or clock information from the
signal
80
We choose a line code depending on our requirement in an application
navigation symbols

9 / 20
Unipolar
mm NRZ signaling/code
40 60 80 100 120
• Bit 1 is transmitted by a pulse p(t) of amplitude A, while bit 0 is
transmitted by no pulse (zero signal)
• The40pulse does not return to zero (constant amplitude throughout bit
time Tb ).
• ‘Unipolar’ term in the name comes as the pulse for bit 1 attains only
positive
60 polarity. Also, the pulse does not attain zero level during the bit
time Tb . Hence, the second word of name ’NRZ’ appears
• Hence, it is also called as on-off signaling
80
• Disadvantages: (i) waste of power (ii) non-zero power at DC frequency

navigation symbols

10 / 20
mm 40 60 80 100 120

40

60

80

navigation symbols

11 / 20
Polar NRZ signaling/code
mm 40 60 80 100 120
• Bits 1 and 0 are transmitted by a rectangular pulse of amplitude A and
−A. Opposite amplitude signs for the two bits suggests the name ‘polar’
• Easy to generate
40
• Disadvantage: large power near DC frequency

60

80

navigation symbols

12 / 20
Unipolar RZ signaling/code
• Nommpulse for bit 040 60 80 100 120
• Rectangular pulse of half width (Tb /2) for bit 1
• The pulse for bit 1 returns to zero - RZ. Also, it has positive amplitude -
unipolar
• Can40be used for bit timing recovery
• Disadvantage: requires 3 dB more power than polar NRZ signaling

60

80

navigation symbols

13 / 20
Bipolar RZ signaling/code
• No pulse for bit 0
mm 40 60 80 100 120
• For consecutive 1’s, rectangular pulse of half width Tb /2 (the pulse
returns to zero) with alternative amplitude +A and −A (bipolar).
• Also known as alternate mark inversion (AMI)
• No DC component in PSD, and insignificant low-frequency
40
components for the case when 0’s and 1’s are equiprobable
• Disadvantage: requires 3 dB more power than polar NRZ signaling

60

80

navigation symbols

14 / 20
Split phase/manchester code
• Bitmm1 is represented
40 by a positive
60 pulse of amplitude
80 A followed
100 by a120
negative pulse of amplitude −A (phase split), with both levels being
half width Tb /2
• Similarly, bit 0 is represented by a negative pulse followed by a positive
pulse
40 of half width
• No DC component in PSD, and insignificant low-frequency
components irrespective of the signal statistics

60

80

navigation symbols

15 / 20
Example (Line coding)
mm 40 60 80 100 120

40

60

80

(a) Unipolar NRZ, (b) polar NRZ, (c) Unipolar RZ navigation symbols

16 / 20
 mm 40 60 80 100 120

40

60

(d) Bipolar RZ, (e) Split phase (manchester)

80

navigation symbols

17 / 20
Pulse demodulation/detection
• Matched
mm filter and 40 correlator receiver
60 are used
80 for detecting
100 the bits 120
from the received pulses
Matched filter
• It is basically a linear time-invariant system
• Consider
40 the case that 1’s and 0’s are mapped to a generalized pulse
g(t) = {p(t), q(t)} (pulse p(t) for 1’s and pulse q(t) for 0’s)
• Hence, in the presence of noise, the received signal at the input of the
matched filter is
x(t) = g(t) + w(t)
60
where w(t) is additive Gaussian noise with power spectral density N0 /2

80

navigation symbols

18 / 20
 mm signal x(t)40is passed through
• When 60 80having impulse
the filter 100 response
120
h(t), the corresponding output is

y(t) = x(t) ∗ h(t) = g(t) ∗ h(t) + w(t) ∗ h(t) = g0 (t) + n(t)

| {z } | {z } |{z} |{z}
40 g0 (t) n(t) signal noise

• To detect the pulse correctly, the power in the signal component should
be sufficiently larger than noise power.
• This60can be analyzed in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)

|g0 (t)|2
η=
E[n2 (t)]
80 E[·] is expectation operator
where

navigation symbols

19 / 20
 mm 40 60 80 100 120

• The filter h(t) has to be designed in such a way the SNR is maximum
• The40maximum SNR is achieved when
h(t) = kg(T − t)
where k is some constant
• We 60
can see the shape of the filter is matched to the shape of the pulse
g(t) – hence the name ‘matched filter’

80

navigation symbols

20 / 20